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Preoperative Nodal Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Tc

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Preoperative Nodal Staging of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Tc CLINICS 2011;66(11):1901-1909 DOI:10.1590/S1807-59322011001100009 CLINICAL SCIENCE Preoperative nodal staging of non-small cell lung cancer using 99mTc-sestamibi spect/ct imaging Juliana Muniz Miziara,I Euclides Timo´ teo da Rocha,I Jose´ Elias Abra˜ o Miziara,I Gustavo Fabene Garcia,I Maria Izilda Previato Simo˜ es,I Marco Antoˆ nio Lopes,I Lı´gia Maria Kerr,I Carlos Alberto BuchpiguelII I Hospital de Caˆ ncer de Barretos, Barretos/SP, Brazil. II Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade da Sa˜ o Paulo, Hospital das Clı´nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sa˜ o Paulo, Radiologia, Sa˜ o Paulo/SP, Brazil. OBJECTIVES: The proper nodal staging of non-small cell lung cancer is important for choosing the best treatment modality. Although computed tomography remains the first-line imaging test for the primary staging of lung cancer, its limitations for mediastinum nodal staging are well known. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of hybrid single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography using 99mTc-sestamibi in the nodal staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and to identify potential candidates for surgical treatment. METHODS: Prospective data were collected for 41 patients from December 2006 to February 2009. The patients underwent chest computed tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomogra- phy examinations with 99mTc-sestamibi within a 30-day time period before surgery. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography was considered positive when there was focal uptake of sestamibi in the mediastinum, and computed tomography scan when there was lymph nodes larger than 10 mm in short axis. The results of single-photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography were correlated with pathology findings after surgery. RESULTS: Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography correctly identified six out of 19 cases involving hilar lymph nodes and one out of seven cases involving nodal metastases in the mediastinum. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in the hilum assessment were 31.6%, 95.5%, 85.7%, and 61.8%, respectively. The same values for the mediastinum were 14.3%, 97.1%, 50%, and 84.6%, respectively. For the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes, chest tomography showed sensitivity values of 47.4% and 57.1%, specificity values of 95.5% and 91.2%, positive predictive values of 90% and 57.1% and negative predictive values of 67.7% and 91.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography with 99mTc-sestamibi showed very low sensitivity and accuracy for the nodal staging of patients with non-small cell lung cancer, despite its high level of specificity. In addition, the performance of single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography added no relevant information compared to computed tomography that would justify its use in the routine preoperative staging of non-small cell lung carcinoma. KEYWORDS: Lung cancer; Lymph nodes; MIBI; Single-photon emission computed tomography; Functional imaging. Miziara JM, Rocha ET, Miziara JEA, Garcia GF, Simo˜ es MIP, Lopes MA, et al. Preoperative nodal staging of non-small cell lung cancer using 99mTc- sestamibi spect/ct imaging. Clinics. 2011;66(11):1901-1909. Received for publication on May 28, 2011; First review completed on June 16, 2011; Accepted for publication on July 18, 2011 E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 55 17 3321-6600 INTRODUCTION mediastinal lymph nodes is a major determinant of both the prognosis and the therapeutic approach. Proper staging is The survival of lung cancer patients is related to the important for selecting patients who may benefit from extent of their disease at the time of diagnosis. In the surgical resection and for defining the treatment modalities absence of distant metastases, the spread of tumors to the of patients who will undergo radiotherapy. The histopathologic evaluation of lymph nodes is consid- ered the gold standard in assessing the presence or absence of Copyright ß 2011 CLINICS – This is an Open Access article distributed under metastases in the mediastinum. There are several invasive the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non- methods that can be used for this purpose: mediastinoscopy, commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the anterior mediastinotomy, transthoracic needle aspiration, original work is properly cited. endobronchial or esophageal ultrasound with needle aspira- No potential conflict of interest was reported. tion, and thorachoscopy.1,2 Mediastinoscopy is the most 1901 Lung cancer nodal staging with SPECT/CT CLINICS 2011;66(11):1901-1909 Miziara JM et al. common invasive test. It has a mean sensitivity of up to 80%, CT scanners. Sequentially, data from both CT and SPECT with a range of 44% to 97%. With this method, only high and are acquired. The two images are merged, creating SPECT low paratracheal, pre-tracheal, and subcarinal lymph nodes images that are superimposed on corresponding anatomical are accessible; there is also a low but real risk of morbidity planes. This image fusion may help to differentiate between and mortality.1 tumors and other areas of physiological activity.14,15 In an attempt to reduce the frequency of invasive methods The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of or to guide the most appropriate procedures for lymph node SPECT/CT using the radiotracer 99mTc-sestamibi in the biopsies, noninvasive imaging tests are used when applic- mediastinal lymph node staging of patients with non-small able. Computed tomography (CT) is the imaging method of cell lung cancer and candidates to surgical treatment. choice in the evaluation and staging of primary cancers. The diagnostic CT criteria for the involvement of lymph nodes are MATERIALS AND METHODS based on their sizes, especially when their minor axes are longer than ten millimeters. However, small lymph nodes Patients that are considered normal according to such criteria may A cross-sectional study with prospective data collection contain tumor cells, while inflammatory and infectious was conducted from December 2006 to February 2009 at the diseases may be responsible for enlarged lymph nodes, Hospital de Caˆncer de Barretos-SP. The study was approved limiting the overall effectiveness of this diagnostic test. In a by the Institutional Ethics Committee. The inclusion criteria meta-analysis by Toloza that evaluated 20 studies, chest CT were as follows: 1) patients of either sex, 2) patients who examinations showed a sensitivity of 57%, specificity of 82%, were at least 18 years old, 3) patients with histological and positive and negative predictive values of 56% and 83%, diagnoses of non-small cell lung cancer (e.g., squamous cell respectively.3 carcinoma, adenocarcinoma or large cell carcinoma) or Tomographic imaging in nuclear medicine is based on the pulmonary lesions that were strongly suspicious for metabolic activity of tissues and may be useful for neoplasia, 4) patients with clinical stages I, II, or III, as identifying pathological changes before they are detected classified by the sixth edition of TNM16 with performance by radiological examinations such as CTs. PET (positron status that allowed surgery enrollment (ECOG PS zero or 1), emission tomography) scans with 18F-FDG (18F-fluorodeox- and 5) patients who agreed to participate in the study and yglucose) have superior sensitivity and specificity com- signed the informed consent form. Patients were excluded if pared to chest CTs and are considered the most accurate their diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer was not imaging method for staging patients with lung cancers.3-5 confirmed after surgical resection. Patients with bulky However, there are limitations related to positive predictive lymph node metastases that were considered unresectable value of this method because there may be FDG uptake in and pregnant patients were also excluded. inflammatory cells.6 The sensitivity can also be decreased The clinical evaluation included: physical examination, when lymph node metastasis is microscopic or below the hematologic and biochemic screening, cardiologic evalua- spatial resolution threshold of current, state-of-the-art tion, bronchoscopy when the pulmonary lesions were scanners.7 In Brazil, the availability of PET is restricted to considered accessible for this method, bone scan, chest a few institutions because of equipment costs and avail- and upper abdomen CT, brain MRI or CT. Forty one ability of comercial doses of FDG regarding the number of patients were enrolled in the study. All of the patients were cyclotrons installed in Brazil. submitted to surgical procedures for diagnosis and treat- Alternatively, single-photon emission computed tomo- ment which were performed within 30 days after chest CT graphy (SPECT) is widely available, has lower costs than and SPECT/CT. The type of resection performed on each PET, and does not require the presence of a cyclotron patient was defined by the thoracic surgery team in adjacent to the hospital. Sestamibi (hexakis-2-methoxyiso- accordance with the extent of the primary tumor. butyl-isonitrile) labeled with technetium (99mTc-sestamibi) Mediastinal systematic lymph node dissection was per- is a lipophilic
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