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The Gilded Age Conspiracy and Secret Railroad Expedition That Turned Florida Upside-Down and Led to the Taming of America’S Last Frontier

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The Gilded Age Conspiracy and Secret Railroad Expedition That Turned Florida Upside-Down and Led to the Taming of America’S Last Frontier Surviving Hell to Gain Paradise: The Gilded Age Conspiracy and Secret Railroad Expedition That Turned Florida Upside-Down and Led to the Taming of America’s Last Frontier The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Minchin, Robert Edward. 2019. Surviving Hell to Gain Paradise: The Gilded Age Conspiracy and Secret Railroad Expedition That Turned Florida Upside-Down and Led to the Taming of America’s Last Frontier. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42004185 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Surviving Hell to Gain Paradise: The Gilded Age Conspiracy and Secret Railroad Expedition That Turned Florida Upside-Down and Led to the Taming of America’s Last Frontier R. Edward Minchin Jr. A Thesis in the Field of History for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University May 2019 © 2019 R. Edward Minchin Jr. Abstract Florida’s Everglades are like no place on earth: beautiful but dangerous, forbidding, and unforgiving. Prior to 1892, no expedition had ever crossed the Everglades and its surrounding swamps between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. For a little over a decade after Florida was “opened up,” men with money and vision, and one significant woman, were among the few who realized the enormous potential in the land below the 27th parallel. The story of the Everglades Exploration Expedition of 1892 is just a footnote in history—and this should not be—it is an amazing story that should be more widely known. Before the expedition, Florida was the poorest state in the union and the least populated, making the expedition even more unlikely. Like the Lewis and Clark Expedition, this “Voyage of Discovery” was fraught with danger, uncertainty, difficulty, and many discoveries, but the intrigue surrounding it is remarkable. Unlike Lewis and Clark, this expedition was not publicly funded; rather, it was funded solely by a private multi-millionaire. And while the Lewis and Clark Expedition is part of any comprehensive elementary school history book and is common knowledge to millions, the Everglades Exploration Expedition of 1892 (a/k/a the Ingraham Expedition) is known only to a few. What these two nineteenth-century expeditions do share is the fact that both led to extraordinary change in the areas through which the expeditions traversed. Dedication To Susan, my best friend, partner, and helpmeet. iv Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge Dr. Donald Ostrowski for his mentorship in the art of being a historian, and his patience through multiple changes to the application of the Thesis concept. I would like to acknowledge Dr. John Stilgoe for reading multiple versions of a work in progress, and for his guidance as well as (and especially) his kind and encouraging comments. He made me feel like I could do anything. Additionally, I thank the following people for their help and encouragement in gathering the data through which I learned about this remarkable adventure and wrote this thesis: • John Nemmers, Archivist and Associate Chair, Special and Area Studies Collections, Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville. • The team at the Southwest Florida Historical Society, Ft. Myers, Florida: Glenn Miller, Helen Farrell, and Genevieve Bowen. • Cherie Potts for her encouragement and the scores of hours spent editing the thesis. • Michelle Leonard, Assistant Librarian, Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, Gainesville. • Mary Beth Rosebrough, Archivist and Research Coordinator, Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum, Clewiston, Florida. • John Huse, Assistant Librarian/Florida Studies, USF History, and Archives, University of South Florida, Tampa. • The team at the State Archives of Florida, Tallahassee. • The team at the State Archives of Georgia, Morrow. • The teams at the National Archives in Washington, DC; Morrow, Georgia; and College Park, Maryland. v Table of Contents Dedication.......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................v List of Figures.................................................................................................................. viii Foreword............................................................................................................................ ix I. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................7 II. Background............................................................................................................11 No Place Like It on Earth: The Everglades ...........................................................11 Geography and Topography ......................................................................12 River of Grass ............................................................................................14 They Changed the World: Locomotives and Railroads.........................................22 William D. Chipley....................................................................................27 Henry B. Plant............................................................................................28 Henry M. Flagler...................................................................................................30 Mystery, Misery, and Adventure: Early Settlers and Everglades Expeditions......33 Chasing Utopia: America and the World in 1892..................................................49 Gloom and Depression in the Gay ’90s: Florida in 1892 ......................................65 Ham, Jim, and All Those Henrys: Laying the Foundation for Ingraham’s Expedition.........................................................................................................92 vi Hamilton Disston .......................................................................................94 Henry B. Plant..........................................................................................101 Henry M. Flagler......................................................................................125 III. The Expedition.....................................................................................................147 Why Do It? The Expedition as Part of the Conspiracy........................................148 Why So Secretive? The Planning ........................................................................171 Stepping into Hell: The Journey ..........................................................................179 IV. Booms, Busts, and Wonders: The Impact of the Expedition...............................310 Miami: The Epitome of the Metropolitan Corridor .............................................311 1898–1905: Building South Florida While Preparing to Connect It ...................335 1905–1912: Flagler’s Folly..................................................................................356 Florida before the Great Depression....................................................................378 V. Conclusions .........................................................................................................399 Suggestions for Further Research ........................................................................417 References........................................................................................................................419 vii List of Figures Figure 1 News article, Fort Myers Press, May 5, 1892 .........................................172 Figure 2 Entry from Ingraham’s diary, March 14, 1892........................................187 Figure 3 Two letters written by John W. Newman, Captain of the Corps. ............188 Figure 4 Article in Fort Myers Press, March 17, 1892..........................................201 Figure 5 Article in Fort Myers Press, March 31, 1892..........................................253 Figure 6 Sanford Chronicle article hailing the success of the Expedition .............304 Figure 7 Letter from Henry Flagler to Julia Tuttle, April 22, 1895 .......................322 viii Foreword My advice is to let every discontented man take a trip through the Everglades; if it don’t kill, it will certainly cure him. All those who are suffering from “ennui,” who have no taste for the good things of the world, and can feed on nothing but the dainties of the table, after a few days of such experience as we went through, fat white bacon warmed through, will be as delicate to his taste as turkey’s breast, and “sinkers” will set as lightly on the stomach as the lightest white bread; he may have been raised to think iced champagne the only drink fit for a gentleman, but he will grow to think cold coffee without milk or sugar equal to nectar. If a man is a dude, a trip through the glades is the thing to cure him. A day’s journey in slimy, decaying vegetable matter which coats and permeates everything it touches, and no water with which to wash it off, will be good for him; but his chief medicine will be his
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