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Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments

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United States International Trade Commission Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments Investigation No. 332-534 USITC Publication 4421 August 2013 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Irving A. Williamson, Chairman Daniel R. Pearson Shara L. Aranoff Dean A. Pinkert David S. Johanson Meredith M. Broadbent Robert B. Koopman Director, Office of Operations Karen Laney Director, Office of Industries Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments Investigation No. 332-534 USITC Publication 4421 August 2013 This report was prepared principally by Project Leader Lisa Ferens Alejandro [email protected] Deputy Project Leader Samantha Pham [email protected] Office of Industries Laura Bloodgood, Andrew David, Erick Oh, Samira Salem, Alan Treat, and Isaac Wohl Office of Economics Aimee Larsen and Alan Fox Content Reviewers Aimee Larsen and Brian Allen Administrative Support Phyllis Boone, Trina Chambers, and Cindy Payne Office of Analysis and Research Services Peg Hausman and Jeremy Wise Help Desk and Customer Service Division Under the direction of Robert Carr, Chief, Natural Resources and Energy Division Abstract Renewable Energy and Related Services: Recent Developments offers estimates of the U.S. and global markets for trade and investment in services essential to energy production in the solar, wind, small hydropower, and geothermal sectors, as well as discusses trade barriers affecting these services. The services span a range of industries, including consulting, engineering, construction, and equipment maintenance and repair. Global demand for such services has grown rapidly in the past five years as more and more countries strive to meet rising energy needs, reduce carbon output, and strengthen energy security by developing renewable energy. Global capacity in the field more than doubled to 653 gigawatts between 2007 and 2012, while global investment stood at a record $244 billion in 2012, up 71 percent during the period. Europe, the United States, and Asia, particularly China, are consistently among the largest markets for renewable energy services. Trade in renewable energy services occurs chiefly through foreign direct investment, in which a firm sets up a commercial presence abroad. Although the United States is a leading supplier and consumer of renewable energy services, evidence suggests it is likely a net importer, given the large presence of foreign affiliates providing these services in the U.S. market. Nonetheless, U.S. providers export substantial amounts of renewable energy services, primarily to Canada, while Mexico, other Latin American countries, and other large emerging markets present opportunities for U.S. service providers. Local-content requirements are the most significant trade barrier in this field. Although largely applied to renewable energy equipment, these requirements often act as de facto barriers to services exports because many renewable energy equipment manufacturers also provide services in support of their products. Restrictions on investment and on temporarily moving employees into foreign markets also hinder exports of renewable energy services. Some regional and bilateral trade negotiations are now working to liberalize the market by loosening these requirements. i CONTENTS Page Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... ix Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... xi Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1-1 Purpose and background ............................................................................................................ 1-1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 1-2 Classification of renewable energy services ......................................................................... 1-2 Approach and data sources .................................................................................................... 1-3 Organization .............................................................................................................................. 1-5 Chapter 2 Overview of the Markets for Renewable Energy and Renewable Energy Services .................................................................... 2-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 2-1 Overview of global and U.S. renewable energy markets ........................................................... 2-2 Global market ........................................................................................................................ 2-2 U.S. market ............................................................................................................................ 2-6 Factors affecting supply and demand for renewable energy ...................................................... 2-8 Policies supporting renewable energy ................................................................................... 2-8 Other factors affecting demand and supply for renewable energy ........................................ 2-11 Overview of renewable energy services .................................................................................... 2-12 Factors affecting demand and supply for renewable energy ................................................. 2-13 Estimates of the size of the global and U.S. market for renewable energy services .................. 2-15 Size of the global market ....................................................................................................... 2-15 Size of the U.S. market.......................................................................................................... 2-16 Global and U.S. investment in renewable energy services ........................................................ 2-17 Global investment ................................................................................................................. 2-17 U.S. investment ..................................................................................................................... 2-19 Global and U.S. trade in renewable energy services ................................................................. 2-19 Barriers to trade and investment in renewable energy services ................................................. 2-21 Horizontal measures affecting trade and investment in renewable energy services ............. 2-21 Specific measures affecting trade and investment in renewable energy services ................. 2-22 Efforts to liberalize trade and investment in renewable energy services ................................... 2-23 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 2-26 Chapter 3 Solar PV Industry .................................................................................... 3-1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3-1 Overview of PV services segments ........................................................................................... 3-1 Residential and nonresidential services ................................................................................. 3-2 Utility-scale services ............................................................................................................. 3-3 iii CONTENTS—Continued Page Chapter 3 Solar PV Industry—Continued U.S. market for PV services ....................................................................................................... 3-5 Market size ............................................................................................................................ 3-5 Factors affecting U.S. supply and demand for PV services .................................................. 3-9 U.S. industry trends ............................................................................................................... 3-11 Global market for PV services ................................................................................................... 3-17 Market size ............................................................................................................................ 3-17 Factors affecting global supply and demand for PV services ............................................... 3-19 Global industry trends ........................................................................................................... 3-19 Trade and investment ................................................................................................................. 3-21 Imports and exports ..............................................................................................................
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