DOCSLIB.ORG

Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Targets Portable C-Arm X-Ray System

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Targets Portable C-Arm X-Ray System CaseCase Study Study Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Targets Portable C-Arm X-Ray System Attack at Major Hospital Network Reveals Security Vulnerabilities in Network-Connected Devices Project Background This case study reviews the deployment of TrapX’s Deception technology within a major hospital network. The hospital’s IT team included several IT-security specialists, as well as an outsourced security consultant. The organization had already deployed a typical suite of cyber defense products including firewall, intrusion detection, endpoint security, and anti-virus solutions. Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Uses C-Arm X-Ray Unit to Penetrate Hospital Network The compromise of a medical device connected to a network is known as a Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK). MEDJACK activity targets vulnerabilities of medical devices to establish a persistent presence within healthcare networks. These are sophisticated attacks that threaten hospital operations as well as patient data, and can potentially impact patient safety. MEDJACK attacks usually begin within a single compromised endpoint or IoT device and can propagate in various ways throughout a network before detection. Long dwell time gives the attackers plenty of opportunities to access critical care systems and medical records. Indications of Compromise After deploying DeceptionGrid® from TrapX, the IT team received an alert indicating a persistent attack within the hospital network. By reviewing the alert details, they were able to identify the presence of an active human attacker and his specific actions. In this specific example, a portable C-arm X-ray unit was the point of attack. The X-ray unit gave the attacker repeated opportunities to create a point of entry, and then pivot to other valuable network resources. The hospital’s existing cyber defenses were not able to scan or remediate anything within the X-ray system. In addition, the C-arm X-ray is designed to be used with patients who can’t easily move. Therefore the machine was being transported though the hospital, connecting to various VLANs to transmit the data to centralized systems. This provided easy attacker access to new VLANs and became an ongoing point for lateral movement across the healthcare enterprise. TrapX Security I Case Study I Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Targets Portable C-Arm X-Ray System Page 1 Case Study Attack Remediation Once the source of the compromise was identified, the offending C-arm X-ray system was removed from the network, and the IT team contacted the system’s vendor to re-provision the software. This process has become a necessary regular occurrence. It’s relatively easy to clean email-based malware with standard security software, but malware can still find safe harbor within IoT devices such as a C-arm unit until it’s detected and then manually removed. DeceptionGrid Deployment TrapX DeceptionGrid delivers a full suite of Deception techniques, including Tokens (lures) and medium and high-interaction Traps (decoys). To defeat attackers, DeceptionGrid can be deployed with a variety of devices and IT assets and maintained automatically, with no changes to existing healthcare network infrastructure. To a cyber attacker, the DeceptionGrid X-ray system Traps appear virtually identical to the actual device. A wide range of other medical devices can also be emulated, including PACS systems, blood gas analyzers, PET/CT scan and MRI systems, and more. DeceptionGrid even creates convincing network traffic among the Traps to further enhance the illusion and deceive cyber threats. When an attacker penetrates an enterprise network and attempts to compromise any X-ray system, the DeceptionGrid Traps will respond to the attacker in the same way a real X-ray system would, occupying his time and resources. As soon as an attacker starts the attack, the security team is immediately alerted, and remediation actions can be taken. The emulated X-ray system will continue to keep the attacker engaged while our TSOC is providing analytics on methods and techniques being used. Unlike traditional security methods, which generate alerts with varying probabilities, DeceptionGrid alerts identify attacks with nearly 100 percent probability, sparing IT analysts the need to handle false-positives. One touch of a Trap is all that’s needed to identify an attacker and generate a high-confidence alert. DeceptionGrid integrates with key elements of the network and security ecosystem to contain attacks and enable a return to normal operations. Unlike traditional security methods, which generate alerts with varying probabilities, DeceptionGrid alerts identify attacks with nearly 100 percent probability, sparing IT analysts the need to handle false-positives. TrapX Security I Case Study I Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Targets Portable C-Arm X-Ray System Page 2 Case Study BENEFITS OF DECEPTIONGRID FOR HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATIONS Unparalleled visibility. Deception creates new levels Comprehensive visibility and coverage. of visibility into specialized healthcare devices that are Deception-in-Depth provides comprehensive visibility otherwise impossible to monitor for threats. into internal networks, revealing attacker activity and intentions, and terminating the attack. Targets the new breed of cyber attackers. Improves compliance with PCI and HIPAA Deception technology finds sophisticated attackers data-breach laws, along with other regulatory that may already be inside your network, undetected requirements in various countries. by existing security products. Reduces or even eliminates economic losses. Lowest cost of implementation. Deception-in-Depth Rapid, accurate detection reduces the risk of destruction provides the greatest breadth and depth of deception of enterprise assets, data theft, and overall impact on technology at the lowest cost. business operations. Reduces time to breach detection. Highly accurate, Compatible with existing investments. Deception real-time forensics and analysis uniquely empowers your technology can integrate with your existing operations security operations team to take immediate action to and defense-in-depth vendor solutions. disrupt all attacks within your network perimeter. DIFFERENTIATION Real-time detection of cyber attacker movement anywhere in your network and cloud environments TrapX’s alerts are more than 99% accurate Complete automated forensic analysis of captured malware and the attacker tools though an integrated Active Defense Scorecard Automated deployment of thousands of DeceptionGrid Traps with minimal resources Powerful emulation technology: Traps can be camouflaged as specific healthcare devices, including PACS systems, blood gas analyzers, X-ray machines, PET/CT scan and MRI systems, and more Deception-in-Depth architecture integrates the benefits of Tokens, emulated Traps, FullOS Traps, and our Active Networks feature in one integrated multi-tier architecture, for rapid detection, deep attacker engagement, and comprehensive threat containment Comprehensive integrations create end to-end integration in the ecosystem: from early threat detection to remediation, and increase the value of your existing ecosystem investments TrapX Security, Inc. About TrapX Security 303 Wyman Street TrapX Security is a pioneer and global leader in cyber Deception technology TrapX DeceptionGrid rapidly detects, deceives, Suite 300 and defeats advanced real-time cyber-attacks and human attackers in real-time. The DeceptionGrid provides automated, Waltham, MA 02451 highly accurate insight into malicious activity unseen by other forms of cybersecurity. By deploying DeceptionGrid, users can create proactive security to fundamentally halt the progression of an attack. This strategy shifts the economics of +1–855–249–4453 cyberattacks to cost the attacker instead of the victim. TrapX Research Labs clients include several Forbes Fortune 500 www.trapx.com commercial and government customers worldwide. Sectors include defense, healthcare, finance, energy, consumer products, and other key industries. Learn more about this cybersecurity solution at www.trapx.com. [email protected] TrapX, TrapX Security, DeceptionGrid and CryptoTrap are trademarks or registered trademarks of TrapX Security in the United [email protected] States and other countries. Other trademarks used in this document are the property of their respective owners. [email protected] © TrapX Software 2021. All Rights Reserved. TrapX Security I Case Study I Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Targets Portable C-Arm X-Ray System Page 3 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach and Education for Resilience in Hybrid Threats Model
    S S symmetry Article Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach and Education for Resilience in Hybrid Threats Model William Steingartner 1,* , Darko Galinec 2 and Andrija Kozina 3 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia 2 Department of Informatics and Computing, Zagreb University of Applied Sciences, Vrbik 8, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] 3 Dr. Franjo Tudman¯ Croatian Defence Academy, 256b Ilica Street, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper aims to explore the cyber-deception-based approach and to design a novel conceptual model of hybrid threats that includes deception methods. Security programs primarily focus on prevention-based strategies aimed at stopping attackers from getting into the network. These programs attempt to use hardened perimeters and endpoint defenses by recognizing and blocking malicious activities to detect and stop attackers before they can get in. Most organizations implement such a strategy by fortifying their networks with defense-in-depth through layered prevention controls. Detection controls are usually placed to augment prevention at the perimeter, and not as consistently deployed for in-network threat detection. This architecture leaves detection gaps that are difficult to fill with existing security controls not specifically designed for that role. Rather than using prevention alone, a strategy that attackers have consistently succeeded against, defenders Citation: Steingartner, W.; are adopting a more balanced strategy that includes detection and response. Most organizations Galinec, D.; Kozina, A. Threat Defense: Cyber Deception Approach deploy an intrusion detection system (IDS) or next-generation firewall that picks up known attacks and Education for Resilience in or attempts to pattern match for identification.
    [Show full text]
  • Jun-2018 | CDM-CYBER-DEFENSE
    …Over 150+ Packed Pages… How will GDPR affect your business? Will Deception Technology help win the cyber battle? Stopping Phishing Attacks Requires a New Approach Is Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning all Hype or critical to our future cyber defenses? Let's Shine a Light on Application Security... …and much more… 1 Cyber Defense eMagazine – June 2018 Edition Copyright © Cyber Defense Magazine, All rights reserved worldwide CONTENTS How GDPR costs could widen the gap between small and large businesses ........ 12 On the Clock .............................................................................................................................. 15 5 Things Everyone Needs to Know About Cybersecurity............................................. 20 Should Hacking Course Be A Part Of University Curriculum ...................................... 23 Protect your business with layers of defense.................................................................. 27 How Deception Technology Helps CIOs Meet the Challenges of Cyber security .. 30 How to Ensure Shared Responsibility for Internet Security ........................................ 35 The Impact of Usability on Phishing ................................................................................... 37 One in Five Android Apps Have Numerous Known Security Flaws .......................... 44 How Artificial Intelligence based Machine Learning will Affect IT Security ............. 47 Being Prepared to Keep Your E-commerce Store's Data Safe ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • MEDJACK Attacks: the Scariest Part of the Hospital
    MEDJACK Attacks: The Scariest Part of the Hospital Sinclair Meggitt Comp 116 Tufts University December 12th, 2018 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 2 To the Community 2 Medical Device Vulnerabilities 3 I. The Internet of Things 3 II. A Black Hole 3 MEDJACK Attack 3 I. History 3 II. Anatomy of Attack 4 III. Malware 4 MEDJACK Defense 5 I. Remediation 5 II. Recommendations and Best Practices 5 Conclusion 6 Works Cited 7 Abstract As of 2015, the healthcare industry became the most attacked industry, experiencing 32.7% of all known breaches nationwide. (TrapX, 2015) The increased targeting is due to three main reasons: patient records are extremely valuable. the healthcare industry is notoriously slow to evolve making it an easy target, and hospitals will pay ransom for life or death information. (James, Simon, 2017) One form of attack, known as a MEDJACK or medical device hijack, is particularly effective at exploiting these weakness. Moshe Ben Simon, VP of TrapX Security, describes it as “the attack vector of choice in healthcare…[it] is designed to rapidly penetrate [medical] devices, establish command and control, and then use these as pivot points to hijack and exfiltrate data from across the healthcare institution.”(TrapX, 2015, p. 5) Unfortunately, knowing about the attack is not enough to protect hospitals from being attacked. The goal of this paper will be to outline why MEDJACK attacks are so effective and what actions need to be taken in order to protect hospitals and their patients from a potentially lethal attack. Introduction The last thing on any patient’s mind should be the fear of their hospital being attacked by cyber criminals.
    [Show full text]
  • MEDJACK.2 Hospitals Under Siege
    ANATOMY OF ATTACK : MEDJACK.2 | 1 TrapX Investigative Report ANATOMY OF ATTACK MEDJACK.2 Hospitals Under Siege By TrapX Research Labs ©2016 TrapX Software. All Rights Reserved. 2 | ANATOMY OF ATTACK : MEDJACK.2 Notice TrapX Security reports, white papers and legal updates Please note that these materials may be changed, are made available for educational purposes only. Our improved, or updated without notice. TrapX Security is purpose is to provide general information only. At the not responsible for any errors or omissions in the con- time of publication all information referenced in our tent of this report or for damages arising from the use of reports, white papers and updates, is as current and this report under any circumstances. accurate as we could determine. As such, any additional developments or research, since publication, will not be reflected in this report. Disclaimer The inclusion of the vendors mentioned within the have reduced or eliminated cyber attacks, may not have report is a testimony to the popularity and good reputa- been installed. Network configurations and firewall set- tion of their products within the hospital community and ups that may have reduced or eliminated cyber attacks, our need to accurately illustrate the MEDJACK.2 attack. may not be in place. Current best practices may not have been implemented - this is in some cases a subjective Medical devices are FDA approved devices and determination on the part of the hospital team. additional software for cyber defense cannot be easily integrated in to the device, especially after the FDA New best practices that utilize advanced threat detection certification and manufacture.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Care Cyber Breach Research Report for 2016 December 2016
    1 | RESEARCH PAPER : 2016 Health Care Report Health Care Cyber Breach Research Report for 2016 December 2016 by TrapX Labs A Division of TrapX Security, Inc. © 2016 TrapX Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 | RESEARCH PAPER : 2016 Health Care Report Contents Notice ...................................................................................................................................................3 Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................3 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................4 Important Trends in 2016 .....................................................................................................................5 Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) ......................................................................................................6 Ransomware .........................................................................................................................................7 The Top Ten Health Care Cyber Attacks of 2016 ................................................................................8 #1 Banner Health ...........................................................................................................................................................8 #2 Newkirk Products, Inc. .............................................................................................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Resources Deception As a Security Strategy
    TrapX Security, Inc., 3031 Tisch Way, 110 Plaza West +1–855–249–4453 San Jose, CA 95128 www.trapx.com Deception as a Security Strategy By: Boyd Brown On August 2, 1991, Iraq invaded Kuwait in a two-day operation to seize Kuwait’s oil fields and establish Kuwait as Iraq’s 19th province. As the Coalition forces deployed, military press conferences focused on US Marine and Coalition naval actions in the Persian Gulf, as well as other indicators that the Coalition would attack directly into Kuwait, caused the Iraqis to concentrate their defenses on the Kuwaiti beaches and border with Saudi Arabia. Iraq wrongly believed their western flank was secure, as they discovered when three Coalition armored corps appeared out of the supposedly impassable western desert. The Iraqis’ misunderstanding of the direction and timing of the Coalition ground attack, combined with Coalition use of emergent technology such as the Global Positioning System, stealth aircra, and ship-launched cruise missiles allowed the Coalition to defeat the entrenched Iraqi Army in fewer than four days. Throughout the history of warfare, armies have employed surprise and misdirection to confuse and outmaneuver their opponents, transforming defeat into victory. Deception is not a tool of last resort, employed from a position of weakness, but instead provides deceivers with the ability to conserve their resources by causing adversaries to expend time and energy against false targets. Deception quite literally alters the enemy’s understanding of reality, allowing the deceiver to seize the initiative even if they are in the defense. For those readers who may not be familiar with deception in warfare, deception also plays a prominent role in sports.
    [Show full text]
  • Deception Defense Platform for Cyber-Physical Systems
    PNNL-30387 Model Driven Deception for Defense of Operational Technology Environments September 2020 Thomas W. Edgar William Hofer Marc Feghali Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor Battelle Memorial Institute, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORY operated by BATTELLE for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830 Printed in the United States of America Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, P.O. Box 62, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062; ph: (865) 576-8401 fax: (865) 576-5728 email: [email protected] Available to the public from the National Technical Information Service 5301 Shawnee Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312 ph: (800) 553-NTIS (6847) email: [email protected] <https://www.ntis.gov/about> Online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov PNNL-30387 Model Driven Deception for Defense of Operational Technology Environments September 2020 Thomas W.
    [Show full text]
  • MEDJACK.3 Medical Device Hijack Cyber Attacks Evolve
    #RSAC SESSION ID: HT-R02 MEDJACK.3 Medical Device Hijack Cyber Attacks Evolve Anthony James & Moshe Ben Simon Corporate Marketing Officer & VP Trapx Labs TrapX Security #RSAC Agenda State of Cybersecurity in Healthcare An Introduction to MEDJACK MEDJACK Case Studies and the Evolution of MEDJACK.3 Anatomy of the MEDJACK.3 Attack How Deception Technology Can Stop MEDJACK #RSAC The Facts - 2016 Year in Review #RSAC The Facts - 2016 Year in Review 27% of all reported breaches are in the Healthcare industry which is the most attacked industry in 1st Half 2016 27% (Source: Gemalto 1st Half Findings from 2016 Breach Level Index Data) 93 major* Healthcare data breaches happened in 2016 - this is a 63% increase over 2015 to a total of 12,057,759 records 63% (Source: Healthcare Cyber Breach Research Report for 2016, TrapX Security, Dec 2016) 31% of all HIPAA data breaches are caused by IT/Hacking in 2016, an increase of over 200% since 2014 31% (Source: Healthcare Cyber Breach Research Report for 2016, TrapX Security, Dec 2016) Ransomware experienced a 300% increase from 2015 to 2016 Q1 300% (Source: Symantec Security Response - Q1 2016 Data) Why Healthcare? Why Healthcare? Cyber-criminals Seeking Financial Gains No Nation States Yet Ease of Attack Value of Rewards – Patient Records are Still the Best Target for Ransomware The price of the ransom is less than financial loss #RSAC An Introduction to MEDJACK Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Defined Medical Device Hijack (MEDJACK) Defined Healthcare institutions are targeted by medical device hijack
    [Show full text]
  • Deception Technology for Financial Institutions
    Deception Technology for Financial Institutions Cyberattacks continue to build in volume and complexity with many of the most advanced strains targeted at financial institutions. Despite highly advanced security infrastructure, financial institutions suffer from malicious threat actors and insiders that are able to evade even the most advanced preventions systems. As organizations work to detect and respond to a high volume of suspicious incidents, they are burdened with a considerable drain on resources. Financial institutions are data-rich and, based on the value of their assets, will continue to remain in the spotlight as primary targets for attackers. Additionally, with each new technology added to the handling, transfer, and storage of critical financial information, new points of entry for attackers are introduced, which inadvertently increase the risk of a breach. This paper will explore cybersecurity challenges faced by financial organizations and how deception technology can change the game on attackers with reliable in-network threat detection and response capabilities. © 2017 Attivo Networks. All rights reserved. www.attivonetworks.com Deception Technology for Financial Institutions Overview...................................................................................................................................................3 Challenges..................................................................................................................................................4 Regulatory...................................................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Automatically Traceback RDP-Based Targeted Ransomware Attacks
    Hindawi Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Volume 2018, Article ID 7943586, 13 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7943586 Research Article Automatically Traceback RDP-Based Targeted Ransomware Attacks ZiHan Wang ,1 ChaoGe Liu ,1 Jing Qiu ,2 ZhiHong Tian ,2 Xiang Cui,2 and Shen Su2 1 Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 2Cyberspace Institute of Advanced Technology Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China Correspondence should be addressed to ChaoGe Liu; [email protected], Jing Qiu; [email protected], and ZhiHong Tian; [email protected] Received 13 July 2018; Revised 24 October 2018; Accepted 22 November 2018; Published 6 December 2018 Guest Editor: Vishal Sharma Copyright © 2018 ZiHan Wang et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. While various ransomware defense systems have been proposed to deal with traditional randomly-spread ransomware attacks (based on their unique high-noisy behaviors at hosts and on networks), none of them considered ransomware attacks precisely aiming at specifc hosts, e.g., using the common Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). To address this problem, we propose a systematic method to fght such specifcally targeted ransomware by trapping attackers via a network deception environment and then using traceback techniques to identify attack sources. In particular, we developed various monitors in the proposed deception environment to gather traceable clues about attackers, and we further design an analysis system that automatically extracts and analyze the collected clues. Our evaluations show that the proposed method can trap the adversary in the deception environment and signifcantly improve the efciency of clue analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • DECEPTION 2.0 ALL WAR Is Based on Cybersecurity Manual for DECEPTION Distributed Deception Solutions (Sun Tzu) Foreword by Dr
    DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO DECEPTION 2.0 ALL WAR is based on Cybersecurity Manual for DECEPTION Distributed Deception Solutions (Sun Tzu) Foreword by Dr. CoverGerhard Eschelbeck VP of Security and Privacy Engineering at Google © 2017 Acalvio, Inc. Acalvio Technologies Written by 2520 Mission College Blvd, #110, Santa Clara, CA 95054 www.acalvio.com Acalvio Technologies Copyright © 2017 by Acalvio Technologies All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to the publisher at the address below. Acalvio Technologies 2520 Mission College Blvd, #110, Santa Clara, CA 95054 www.acalvio.com ACALVIO TECHNOLOGIES DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO DECEPTION 2.0 Foreword I am an ardent believer that we can and should out-innovate the threat actor. I am also a huge believer in the power and potential of Deception technologies to delay, deflect and ensnare the threat actor in a high fidelity, timely and cost-effective fashion. Currently, there exists a fundamental asymmetry in the security industry – we must get it right all the time, the threat actor must get it right only once. Deception turns this asymmetry on its head to our benefit – with Deception, the bad guy must be wrong only once to get caught. Having said that, there are several practical challenges in the design of effective Deception solutions.
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Cybersecurity and the Cyber Resilience Oversight Expectations (CROE)
    ECB-RESTRICTED Fundamentals of cybersecurity and the Cyber Resilience Oversight Expectations (CROE) CEMLA Emran Islam & Constantinos November 2019, Mexico Christoforides Rubric Agenda 1 Context, main definitions and the CROE 2 Governance and Continuous Evolution 3 Identification & Situational Awareness 4 Protection 5 Detection 6 Response and Recovery 7 Annexes 2 www.ecb.europa.eu © RubricContext, main definitions Main definitions of cyber… Cyber “Relating to, within, or through the medium of the interconnected information infrastructure of interactions among persons, processes, data, and information systems” Source: FSB Cyber Lexicon (adapted from CPMI-IOSCO Cyber Guidance) Cyber security “Preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information and/or information systems through the cyber medium. In addition, other properties such as authenticity, accountability, non-repudiation and reliability can also be involved ” Source: FSB Cyber Lexicon (adapted from ISO/IEC 27032:2012) Cyber resilience “The ability of an organisation to continue to carry out its mission by anticipating and adapting to cyber threats and other relevant changes in the environment and by withstanding, containing and rapidly recovering from cyber incidents” Source: FSB Cyber Lexicon (adapted from3 CPMI-IOSCO, NIST, and CERT glossary)www.ecb.europa.eu © RubricContext, main definitions Strategic relevance of cyber threats • Characteristics of cyber threats • Quickly increasing in number, typology, persistence and complexity • Can make existent controls
    [Show full text]