DOCSLIB.ORG

Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Benzoic Acid and Sodium Benzoate This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, or the World Health Organization. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26 BENZOIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE Note that the pagination and layout of this pdf file are not identical to those of the printed CICAD Corrigenda published by 12 April 2005 have been incorporated in this file First draft prepared by Dr A. Wibbertmann, Dr J. Kielhorn, Dr G. Koennecker, Dr I. Mangelsdorf, and Dr C. Melber, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research, Hanover, Germany Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 2000 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety. The purpose of the IOMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate. (Concise international chemical assessment document ; 26) 1.Benzoic acid - toxicity 2.Sodium benzoate - toxicity 3.Risk assessment 4.Environmental exposure I.International Programme on Chemical Safety II.Series ISBN 92 4 153026 X (NLM Classification: QD 341.A2) ISSN 1020-6167 The World Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. ©World Health Organization 2000 Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany, provided financial support for the printing of this publication. Printed by Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-70009 Stuttgart 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD .................................................................................. 1 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................... 4 2. IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ............................................. 6 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS ...................................................................... 6 4. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ....................................... 7 4.1 Natural sources of benzoic acid ............................................................... 7 4.2 Anthropogenic sources ...................................................................... 7 4.2.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 7 4.2.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 7 4.3 Uses .................................................................................... 7 4.3.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 7 4.3.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 8 4.4 Estimated global release ..................................................................... 8 5. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, TRANSFORMATION, AND ACCUMULATION ............................................................................ 8 5.1 Transport and distribution between media ...................................................... 8 5.1.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 8 5.1.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 8 5.2 Transformation ............................................................................ 8 5.2.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 8 5.2.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 9 5.3 Accumulation ............................................................................. 10 5.3.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 10 5.3.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 10 6. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE ............................................ 11 6.1 Environmental levels ....................................................................... 11 6.2 Human exposure ........................................................................... 11 7. COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS .................................................................................... 13 7.1 Precursors of benzoic acid ................................................................... 14 8. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS ........................... 14 8.1 Single exposure ........................................................................... 14 8.2 Irritation and sensitization ................................................................... 15 8.2.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 15 8.2.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 15 8.3 Short-term exposure ........................................................................ 15 8.3.1 Oral exposure ...................................................................... 15 8.3.2 Inhalation exposure ................................................................. 18 iii Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 26 8.3.3 Dermal exposure .................................................................... 18 8.4 Long-term exposure ........................................................................ 18 8.4.1 Subchronic exposure ................................................................. 18 8.4.2 Chronic exposure and carcinogenicity ................................................... 18 8.4.3 Carcinogenicity of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde .......................... 20 8.5 Genotoxicity and related end-points ........................................................... 20 8.5.1 Benzoic acid ....................................................................... 20 8.5.2 Sodium benzoate ................................................................... 20 8.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity ....................................................... 21 8.6.1 Fertility .......................................................................... 21 8.6.2 Developmental toxicity .............................................................. 21 8.6.3 Reproductive toxicity of benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, and benzaldehyde ..................... 21 9. EFFECTS ON HUMANS ........................................................................ 26 10. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD ............................. 26 10.1 Aquatic environment ....................................................................... 26 10.2 Terrestrial environment ..................................................................... 28 11. EFFECTS EVALUATION ......................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol Using Nanosized Cu/Ni Schiff-Base Complexes and Their Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
    catalysts Article Catalytic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol Using Nanosized Cu/Ni Schiff-Base Complexes and Their Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi 1, Laila H. Abdel-Rahman 2,*, Ahmed M. Abu-Dief 2, Shimaa M. Abdel-Fatah 2, Tawfiq M. Alotaibi 3, Ali M. Alsalme 4 and Ayman Nafady 4,* 1 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82534, Egypt; [email protected] (A.M.A.-D.); [email protected] (S.M.A.-F.) 3 King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; tawfi[email protected] 4 Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.H.A.R.); [email protected] (A.N.); Tel.: +966-569-407-110 (A.N.) Received: 26 September 2018; Accepted: 10 October 2018; Published: 13 October 2018 Abstract: In this work, nanosized Cu and Ni Schiff-base complexes, namely ahpvCu, ahpnbCu, and ahpvNi, incorporating imine ligands derived from the condensation of 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine, with either 3-methoxysalicylaldehyde (ahpv) or 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (ahpnb), were synthesized using sonochemical approach. The structure and properties of the new ligands and their complexes with Ni(II) and Cu(II) were determined via infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electronic spectra (UV-Vis), elemental analysis (CHN), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), molar conductivity (Lm), and magnetic moment (meff). The combined results revealed the formation of 1:1 (metal: ligand) complexes for ahpvCu and ahpvNi and 1:2 for ahpnbCu.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial and Fungal Degradation of Pyrene: Mechanism Pathway Including Biochemical Reaction and Catabolic Genes
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial and Fungal Degradation of Pyrene: Mechanism Pathway Including Biochemical Reaction and Catabolic Genes Ali Mohamed Elyamine 1,2 , Jie Kan 1, Shanshan Meng 1, Peng Tao 1, Hui Wang 1 and Zhong Hu 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; [email protected] (A.M.E.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (P.T.); [email protected] (H.W.) 2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Comoros, Moroni 269, Comoros * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Microbial biodegradation is one of the acceptable technologies to remediate and control the pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Several bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria strains have been isolated and used for bioremediation purpose. This review paper is intended to provide key information on the various steps and actors involved in the bacterial and fungal aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pyrene, a high molecular weight PAH, including catabolic genes and enzymes, in order to expand our understanding on pyrene degradation. The aerobic degradation pathway by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PRY-1 and Mycobactetrium sp. KMS and the anaerobic one, by the facultative bacteria anaerobe Pseudomonas sp. JP1 and Klebsiella sp. LZ6 are reviewed and presented, to describe the complete and integrated degradation mechanism pathway of pyrene. The different microbial strains with the ability to degrade pyrene are listed, and the degradation of Citation: Elyamine, A.M.; Kan, J.; pyrene by consortium is also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
    Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Harmful Effects of Food Preservatives on Human Health Shazia Khanum Mirza1, U.K
    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery ISSN: 2347-9027 International peer reviewed Journal Special Issue Analytical Chemistry Teacher and Researchers Association National Convention/Seminar Issue 02, Vol. 02, pp. 610-616, 8 January 2017 Available online at www.jmcdd.org To Study The Harmful Effects Of Food Preservatives On Human Health Shazia Khanum Mirza1, U.K. Asema2 And Sayyad Sultan Kasim3. 1 -Research student , Dept of chemistry, Maulana Azad PG & Research centre, Aurangabad. 2-3 -Assist prof. Dept of chemistry,Maulana Azad college Arts sci & com.Aurangabad. ABSTRACT Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non- biological components. Food additives are chemicals added to foods to keep them fresh or to enhance their color, flavor or texture. They may include food colorings, flavor enhancers or a range of preservatives .The chemical added to a particular food for a particular reason during processing or storage which could affect the characteristics of the food, or become part of the food Preservatives are additives that inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds in foods. Additives and preservatives are used to maintain product consistency and quality, improve or maintain nutritional value, maintain palatability and wholesomeness, provide leavening(yeast), control pH, enhance flavour, or provide colour Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. Some preservatives are known to be harmful to the human body. Some are classified as carcinogens or cancer causing agents. Keywords : Food , Food additives, colour, flavour , texture, preservatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Benzyl Alcohol Formulation
    SAFETY DATA SHEET Benzyl Alcohol Formulation Version Revision Date: SDS Number: Date of last issue: 10.10.2020 1.2 09.04.2021 4702904-00003 Date of first issue: 29.07.2019 SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1 Product identifier Trade name : Benzyl Alcohol Formulation 1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Use of the Sub- : Veterinary product stance/Mixture 1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Company : MSD 20 Spartan Road 1619 Spartan, South Africa Telephone : +27119239300 E-mail address of person : [email protected] responsible for the SDS 1.4 Emergency telephone number +1-908-423-6000 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture Classification (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008) Not a hazardous substance or mixture. 2.2 Label elements Labelling (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008) Not a hazardous substance or mixture. Additional Labelling EUH210 Safety data sheet available on request. 2.3 Other hazards This substance/mixture contains no components considered to be either persistent, bioaccumula- tive and toxic (PBT), or very persistent and very bioaccumulative (vPvB) at levels of 0.1% or higher. SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients 3.2 Mixtures Components Chemical name CAS-No. Classification Concentration 1 / 13 SAFETY DATA SHEET Benzyl Alcohol Formulation Version Revision Date: SDS Number: Date of last issue: 10.10.2020 1.2 09.04.2021 4702904-00003 Date of first issue: 29.07.2019 EC-No. (% w/w) Index-No. Registration number Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6 Acute Tox.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Large Effects of Gut Microflora on Mammalian Blood Metabolites
    Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites William R. Wikoffa, Andrew T. Anforab, Jun Liub, Peter G. Schultzb,1, Scott A. Lesleyb, Eric C. Petersb, and Gary Siuzdaka,1 aDepartment of Molecular Biology and Center for Mass Spectrometry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; and bGenomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121 Communicated by Steve A. Kay, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, December 19, 2008 (received for review December 12, 2008) Although it has long been recognized that the enteric community of found to extract energy from their food more efficiently compared bacteria that inhabit the human distal intestinal track broadly impacts with lean counterparts due to alterations in the composition of their human health, the biochemical details that underlie these effects gut microflora that resulted in an increased complement of genes remain largely undefined. Here, we report a broad MS-based metabo- for polysaccharide metabolism (10). It has also been observed that lomics study that demonstrates a surprisingly large effect of the gut bile salt hydrolase encoding genes are enriched in the gut micro- ‘‘microbiome’’ on mammalian blood metabolites. Plasma extracts biome, and that enteric bacteria carry out a wide range of bile acid from germ-free mice were compared with samples from conventional modifications (6, 14). These metagenomic studies suggest that the (conv) animals by using various MS-based methods. Hundreds of metabolites derived from this diverse microbial community can features were detected in only 1 sample set, with the majority of have a direct role in human health and disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Scabies PAUL JOHNSTONE, Blenheim House, Leeds, United Kingdom MARK STRONG, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
    Clinical Evidence Handbook A Publication of BMJ Publishing Group Scabies PAUL JOHNSTONE, Blenheim House, Leeds, United Kingdom MARK STRONG, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom This is one in a series of Scabies is an infestation of the skin by the • Although tested in randomized chapters excerpted from mite Sarcoptes scabiei. In adults, the most controlled trials (RCTs), oral ivermectin is the Clinical Evidence Handbook, published by common sites of infestation are the fingers not presently licensed for the treatment of the BMJ Publishing Group, and the wrists, although it may manifest in scabies in most countries. It is only avail- London, U.K. The medical older persons as a diffuse truncal eruption. able on a named patient basis in the United information contained herein is the most accurate • Scabies is a very common public health Kingdom. available at the date of problem. In many resource-poor settings, it Topical lindane use has been restricted publication. More updated is an endemic problem; whereas in indus- or is not available in many parts of the and comprehensive infor- trialized countries, it is most common in world owing to the mounting evidence mation on this topic may be available in future print institutionalized communities. for serious adverse effects. We have not editions of the Clinical Evi- • Topical permethrin seems highly effec- included it in this review. However, it may dence Handbook, as well tive at increasing clinical cure of scabies be the most effective treatment that is as online at http://www. within 28 days. locally available in some countries. Harms clinicalevidence.bmj.com (subscription required).
    [Show full text]
  • TITLE: Lindane and Other Treatments for Lice and Scabies: a Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety
    TITLE: Lindane and Other Treatments for Lice and Scabies: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness and Safety DATE: 11 June 2010 CONTEXT AND POLICY ISSUES: Head lice infestation (Pediculosis capitis) affects millions of children and adults worldwide each year.1 Direct head-to-head contact is the most common mode of transmission.2 The highest prevalence of infestation occurs in school aged children aged three to eleven years, with girls being more commonly affected than boys.1,2 Although head lice are not generally associated with serious morbidity, they are responsible for significant social embarrassment and lost productivity in schools or offices.1 Scabies, an infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, represents a common public health concern particularly in overcrowded communities with a high prevalence of poverty.3 Scabies is transmitted by close-person contact and occasionally by clothing or linens.3 Complications include secondary bacterial infections and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis.3 Topical products available in Canada for the treatment of head lice and scabies are presented in Appendix 1 and Appendix 2. Insecticidal agents such as permethrin and lindane have historically been considered the standard treatments for head lice and scabies.2,3 Toxicity is low following topical administration of permethrin due to minimal percutaneous absorption.4 However, several jurisdictions have banned lindane due to concerns of neurotoxicity and bone marrow suppression, as well as potential negative effects on the environment (contamination of waste water).5 Furthermore, widespread use of permethrin, pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide, and lindane has led to resistance and higher rates of treatment failure.6 Resistance patterns and rates to these agents in Canada have not yet been studied.6 Due to concerns surrounding resistance and neurotoxicity, patients and caregivers have searched for alternative treatments.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Growth of Or Inactivates Listeria Monocytogenes
    525 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 51, No. 7, Pages 525-530 (July 1988) Copyright© International Association of Milk, Food and Environmental Sanitarians Sodium Benzoate Inhibits Growth of or Inactivates Listeria monocytogenes MOUSTAFA A. EL-SHENAWY and ELMER H. MARTH* Department of Food Science and The Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (Received for publication February 26, 1988) Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/51/7/525/1658063/0362-028x-51_7_525.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 ABSTRACT Recognition of Listeria monocytogenes as an agent of foodborne disease has increased in the last few years. The The ability of Listeria monocytogenes to grow or survive was pathogen'can cause abortion in pregnant women as well as determined using tryptose broth at pH 5.6 or 5.0, supplemented meningitis in newborn infants and immunocompromised with 0, 0.05. 0.1, 0.15. 0.2. 0.25 or 0.3% sodium benzoate, and adults (17,26,31). Also, this bacterium is pathogenic for incubated at 4,13,21 or 35°C. The bacterium grew in benzoate- animals and can cause abortion (33) and mastitis (15). L. free controls under all conditions except at 4°C and pH 5.0. At pH 5.6 and 4°C, after 60 d, L. monocytogenes (initial population ca. monocytogenes can be transmitted from infected animals to 103/ml) was inactivated by 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3% sodium benzoate. humans (16,21,24,25) and also can be transmitted to hu­ Other concentrations of benzoate permitted slight growth during mans through consumption of some foods of animal origin.
    [Show full text]
  • Zn-Nx Sites on N-Doped Carbon for Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25118-0 OPEN Zn-Nx sites on N-doped carbon for aerobic oxidative cleavage and esterification of C(CO)-C bonds ✉ ✉ Chao Xie1, Longfei Lin 2, Liang Huang 3, Zixin Wang1, Zhiwei Jiang 1, Zehui Zhang1 & Buxing Han 2 Selective cleavage of C-C bonds is very important in organic chemistry, but remains chal- lenging because of their inert chemical nature. Herein, we report that Zn/NC-X catalysts, in 1234567890():,; which Zn2+ coordinate with N species on microporous N-doped carbon (NC) and X denotes the pyrolysis temperature, can effectively catalyze aerobic oxidative cleavage of C(CO)-C bonds and quantitatively convert acetophenone to methyl benzoate with a yield of 99% at 100 °C. The Zn/NC-950 can be applied for a wide scope of acetophenone derivatives as well as more challenging alkyl ketones. Detail mechanistic investigations reveal that the catalytic performance of Zn/NC-950 can be attributed to the coordination between Zn2+ and N species to change the electronic state of the metal, synergetic effect of the Zn single sites with their surrounding N atoms, as well as the microporous structure with the high surface area and structural defects of the NC. 1 Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South- Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China. 2 Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. 3 The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, ✉ Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect Off Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid 4 the Antimicrobial Properties of Benzoic
    University of Nigeria Virtual Library Serial No ISSN: 1118-1028 Author 1 MBAH, Chika J. Author 2 Author 3 Title The Effect of Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid on the Antimicrobial Properties of Benzoic Acid and Cetrimide Keywords Description Pharmaceutical Chemistry Category Pharmaceutical Sciences Publisher Publication Date 1999 Signature * - ' 8 - . 1 I r/ Journal of I PHARMACEUTICAL 1 RESEARCH AND i .DEVELOPMENT Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 4: 1 (1 999) 1 -8 - 1 : The Effect offEthylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid 4 the Antimicrobial Properties of Benzoic ) Acid and Cetrimide C. 0. Esirnonel* M. U. ~dikwu';D.B. Uzuegbu' and 0. P. Udeo 4 'Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department of Pharmz Faculty of Phyackutical Sciences University of Nigeria, Ws I 'Department of ~harmacolo~~and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceut ' . University of Nigeria,fisukka. i I I : I. The effect of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the in-vp antimicrobial activities of cetrimide and benzoic acid was evaluated by the checkerboardland killing curve method. The effect sf EDTA aid benzoic acid was evaluated against an isolate of Pseirdonionas aeruginosa (Ps. 021) which is highly resistant to either of the drugs alone. The effect of EDTA and cetrimide was evaluated against isolates of Aspergillus niger and Candidn albicarls resistant to either of the agents. The results show that in the'presence of EDTA, the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects of benzoic acid and cetrimide against the test microorgan,isms were greatly enhanced. Checkerboard analy& revealed striking synergy (FIC indices > 1 and negative values of activity indices) between almost all the ratios of EDTA and the antimicrobial agents against the various test microorganisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Working with Hazardous Chemicals
    A Publication of Reliable Methods for the Preparation of Organic Compounds Working with Hazardous Chemicals The procedures in Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices. In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red “Caution Notes” within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices. The procedures described in Organic Syntheses are provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein.
    [Show full text]