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History the History of Archery in Competition

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History the History of Archery in Competition History The exact origins of archery cannot be traced, as there are examples of bows and arrows being used throughout the history of many cultures. Primitive prehistoric cave drawings dating from around 25,000 years ago depict people using bows and arrows, as do elaborate tomb paintings from the ancient Egyptians. In Britain, although archery was used long before this period, the earliest documentation of archery as a sport comes from the rule of James II, when golf was banned as it interfered with the archery tournaments that were used to train archers who were used in national defence. Prior to this point, other sports like football and bowls had been prohibited purely for the purpose of bolstering the ranks of archers in the military. The bow probably originated to be used in hunting, and then developed into a tool for use in warfare. In classical civilisations, archers formed the dominant body of their armies, with arrows proving particularly successful at attacking the massed formations of combat. In Western Europe in the Middle Ages, archers were not as dominant and were seen as one of the lower ranks of the army, both due the fact bows and arrows were relatively cheap compared to armour and swords, and the level of training required. Archery has been particularly prevalent in Asia and the Islamic world, and persists even today in some Asian countries. Moreover, modern Hungarians and tribesmen of the Central Asian and American Plains have revived and still practice horsed archery in competition. Indeed, archery is the national sport in the Kingdom of Bhutan! The history of archery in competition With the advent of firearms, archery in warfare was made obsolete. However, the consequence was simply archery's evolution into a fully fledged sport. Its status was improved by developments in the equipment used for competitions. The oldest extant archery tournament is the Ancient Scorton Arrow, which was founded in Yorkshire in 1673. In about 1790, the Royal Toxophilite Society was formed with the aim of promoting and advancing the sport in the United Kingdom. The Grand National Archery Society was introduced in 1844, and has governed all major archery competitions in Great Britain since. Archery as an Olympic sport was first represented in 1900, which is relative to its long history, and both women’s and men’s games were played from this time. It became permanently established as part of the Olympic Games in 1972, and Britain has been well-represented, winning 9 medals in the last two Olympic Games alone The Bow To optimise its use, the bow should be able to fit properly into your body, hence the number of sizes available on the market. To be able to select the best and most appropriate bow for you, you should be able to understand the different parts of the bow and how they work. Although bows do vary in size and function, they are all curved when strung and share other similar characteristics. The archer holds onto the central part of the bow, which is called 'the handle'. If this separates from the rest of the bow, it may also be referred to as 'the riser'. The limbs that form the curve are situated above and below the handle. A bowstring is attached at the end of each limb, and this is what brings the bow into its curved shape. Bowstrings are usually made from synthetic fibres, which are then protected by wrappers at the end and in the middle by a wrapper, referred to as 'servings'. This centre serving will usually have a brass ring or thread attached to it, which provides support for 'the nock' of the arrow, hence its name the nock locator. It is located at the precise spot in which the arrow should rest. On the bow handle, there is a form of cutout, which may also be referred to as 'the window' and is where the arrow rests when the bow is being drawn back. On more advanced, manufactured bows, the cutout may have metal inserts which hold the arrow in place for you. Other bows have self-adhesive pads, which are used to rest the arrow on the side of the bow, or may simply have coloured pins or elaborate rings with fibre optics as a cutout. Some cutouts may also have a sighting aid, which allows more precision with your shot. The draw length is the distance the archer pulls back the arrow at full draw, and depends on your body style and shooting technique. It is measured from the front of the arrow rest on the bow to the front of the nock on the arrow. The draw weight refers to the amount of pull exerted by a bow when at full draw. As every archer’s draw length differs, this also means that every archer’s draw weight will also differ as well. There are five main types of bow: The longbow The Longbow Also referred to as the straight bow, this is the tallest type of bow and is typically the same height as or taller than the person using it. It is usually made from one single stick of material that is relatively narrow. The bow is widest at the handle, straight when not strung and falls into a simple backward curve when strung. The handle usually consists of a wrapped strip of leather, and the arrow rests on either the archer’s glove or on a notch which has been cut into the bow above the handle. The traditional English longbow must be at least 5/8ths of its width; if the measurements were less than this then the longbow would be disqualified from use in most modern competitions. The longbow originated in Europe and traditionally was used for hunting and warfare, with the English longbow being the most renowned example, associated with Robin Hood in the Middle Ages. Today, longbows are used by archers who want a traditional, wooden feel from their bow. The shortbow Technically this is not a distinct category of bow, as it is simply a smaller version of the longbow. It is lighter and therefore more manoeuvrable than the longbow, but this also means that it cannot store as much energy and subsequently cannot shoot the arrows at such a long range. Historically, West Coast American tribes used shortbows for hunting. The compound bow The Compound Bow This is a relatively modern style of bow, which was designed to decrease the force the archer must provide yet increase the energy stored by the bow. The design uses a series of pulleys and cams to do this, which are positioned at the end of the limbs to optimise the archer’s leverage, yet reduce the holding force when the bow is fully drawn. This means that the bow stores the energy and then “lets off” the pulling weight at the end of draw length. This is done by rotating the cams at either or both ends of the limbs, and is known as a 'let-off'. As the force which the archer must hold is less, the archer’s muscles are not fatigued as fast. Therefore, they have longer to hold and aim the bow and arrow, making the shot more accurate. The bow can be adjusted so that the let-off occurs at the appropriate length for the archer. There are a variety of compound bows available which usually fall into one of four categories: - ones with single limbs, split limbs or double limbs, or those with a single cam on the bottom limb which have a rotating round idler wheel on the top. Compound bows are frequently used by archers performing field-style archery, or in bow hunting, and in some non-Olympic target archery. It has been debated whether beginners should use compound bows. On the one hand, as they are so advanced, it is thought that beginners should have access to this type of equipment straight away. However, the compound bow has to be properly sized and fitted for the particular draw length. New archers may not know enough about archery to be able to discover what the right draw length is for them, so they may actually cause themselves injury if they do not use the bow correctly. To overcome this problem one manufacturer, Mathews, designed a compound bow called the 'Genesis Compound'. This bow does not have to be let-off like other compounds, and so can be used by archers of varying draw lengths. Recurve bow The Recurve Bow When strung, the limbs of a recurve bow curve in two directions - backwards near the centre rise, and forwards at the tips. This makes a smoother draw and release than with other straight bows. Some recurve bows are made using one piece of material, usually laminated wood or synthetics, and have a very small handle which means that the limbs can be shorter making the bow easier to handle. Another type of recurve bow is available, called 'the takedown'. This is longer than the one-piece bow and separates into a handle and two limbs. These bows are more portable and most bows used in competition are unsurprisingly takedown models. They also have the ability to carry different accessories, which can be added to improve accuracy and stability. Recurve bows have the greatest engineering and manufacturing quality of all bows today. Crossbow The Crossbow The crossbow is a variation on the typical design for a bow, although the basic concept of firing is the same. However, crossbows cannot fire arrows. Instead, shortened versions are used called 'quarrels' or 'bolts'.
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