Étude Du Livre De Daniel Lerner « the Passing of Traditional Society ; Modernizing the Middle East » Et De Sa Réception Par La Communauté Scientifique

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Étude Du Livre De Daniel Lerner « the Passing of Traditional Society ; Modernizing the Middle East » Et De Sa Réception Par La Communauté Scientifique Étude du livre de Daniel Lerner « The passing of Traditional Society ; Modernizing the Middle East » et de sa réception par la communauté scientifique Mémoire Maziar Jafary Maîtrise en sociologie Maître ès arts (M.A.) Québec, Canada ©Maziar Jafary, 2016 Étude du livre de Daniel Lerner « The passing of Traditional Society ; Modernizing the Middle East » et de sa réception par la communauté scientifique Mémoire Maziar Jafary Sous la direction de : Gilles Gagné, directeur de recherche Résumé Cette étude a pour but de mettre en contexte la thèse de la modernisation psychique de Daniel Lerner, de faire une analyse interne de l’ouvrage et d’étudier sa réception par les sociologues de l’époque. Comme démarche de recherche, dans un premier temps, nous replacerons l’ouvrage dans la situation historique des deux premières décennies de la guerre froide (les années 50 et 60). Ce faisant, nous tenterons de comprendre la logique de la politique de développement des États-Unis à l’endroit des pays en voie de développement et la place des recherches universitaires dans la politique coloniale américaine. L’approche du développement exogène a largement inspiré les politiques étrangères des pays occidentaux et leurs efforts pour lancer le développement des pays plus nécessiteux. C’est pour cela que Lerner se concentre sur l’effet des médias américains, et surtout du Voice of America, pour analyser le rôle que ceux-ci jouent dans le processus de transformation de la personnalité. Pour aborder cette étape de la recherche, nous devrons comprendre davantage le contexte de l’ouvrage et mieux analyser la relation entre les facteurs externes et les éléments internes qui ont influencé la formation de l’ouvrage. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudierons l’ouvrage de Lerner et nous discuterons des différents aspects relatifs aux changements sociaux que l’ouvrage a examinés. Dans notre analyse de l’ouvrage, nous critiquerons divers aspects de la pensée sociologique de Lerner et sa manière d’interpréter les faits sociaux et les statistiques. Dans un troisième temps, nous réviserons la réception de l’ouvrage par la communauté scientifique de son époque pour obtenir une large vision de la place de l’œuvre dans l’histoire de la pensée sociologique américaine du développement. Nous établirons une catégorisation des recensions de l’ouvrage portant sur l’approche sociologique de Lerner et nous mettrons ces recensions dans l’éclairage des champs de recherches universitaires américaines. Nous nous concentrerons sur la réception de cette théorie chez les sociologues de l’époque pour comprendre la dialectique entre la thèse qui y est défendue et la société. Ce faisant, nous éviterons de nous éloigner de la sociologie comme étant la discipline de iii l’étude des liens sociaux et des interactions symboliques et nous éviterons de réduire notre démarche sociologique à une simple étude historique des idées. En gros, nous discuterons de la vision sociologique de l’auteur, de la façon dont son ouvrage a été formé au fil du temps et comment il a été influencé par l’esprit de son époque. De plus, nous verrons comment l’écrivain s’est nourri des théories sociologiques et à quel point il a influencé la pensée sociologique de son temps. Tout cela, en parallèle à l’analyse interne de l’ouvrage, nous permettra de saisir la place de «The Passing of Traditional Society» dans la pensée sociologique américaine. Cette recherche nous aidera à mieux comprendre la vision américaine de l’empathie en tant qu’un élément modernisateur, par rapport à la question du développement dans le contexte historique de l’époque. Cette compréhension nous mènera à approfondir notre analyse des programmes de développement des États-Unis dans le monde en voie du développement. Cette étude nous amènera aussi à élargir notre vision quant aux idées construites et formées dans leur contexte historique (en général) et à découvrir comment la communauté scientifique reste toujours en parti prisonnière de son contexte historique. Cette étude nous permettra de mieux voir les idées (le texte) en relation avec la société, ce qui est vital pour ne pas tomber dans la réduction des idées seulement au texte ou seulement au contexte. En outre, elle nous aidera à comprendre davantage la façon dont la société intervient dans la formation des idées et comment en retour les idées influencent la société. iv Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................... iii Table des matières .......................................................................................................................... v Remerciements ............................................................................................................................... ix 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Objectifs de l’étude ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2. L’école de la modernisation et la modernisation psychique ; la nécessité d’une nouvelle étude approfondie ....................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Pourquoi une relecture de la pensée modernisatrice ?............................................... 8 2. La démarche de l’étude ; la sociologie des idées ........................................................... 12 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 13 2.2. Qu’est-ce que la sociologie des idées (la sociologie de la connaissance) ? ............... 13 2.3. La vieille sociologie des idées (approche classique) .................................................. 14 2.4. La nouvelle sociologie des idées : une quatrième approche ..................................... 16 2.5. Les distinctions de l’approche classique et la nouvelle approche ............................ 18 2.5.1. La vieille sociologie des idées : ................................................................................ 18 2.5.2. La nouvelle sociologie des idées :............................................................................ 20 2.6. La sociologie comme un sujet d’étude sociologique ................................................. 23 2.7. La méthode de notre étude ......................................................................................... 24 3. Le contexte ........................................................................................................................... 25 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 27 3.2. Contexte historique ..................................................................................................... 28 3.3. Contexte intellectuel .................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1. Qu’est-ce que la « modernisation » ? ..................................................................... 31 3.3.2. Les courants de pensée autour de la modernisation ............................................. 34 3.3.3. Les types de théories de la modernisation ............................................................. 35 3.3.3.1. Modernisation économique ................................................................................. 37 3.3.3.2. Modernisation sociale .......................................................................................... 38 3.3.3.3. Modernisation psychique .................................................................................... 39 3.3.4. La formation de la structure du livre .................................................................... 42 3.4. Le contexte académique .............................................................................................. 49 v 3.4.1. Une nouvelle période d’après-guerre autour des sciences sociales ..................... 49 3.4.2. Les institutions et la théorisation du développement ........................................... 50 3.5. La vie de Lerner ; un vétéran de la guerre psychologique ...................................... 52 4. Une lecture sociologique du livre ....................................................................................... 55 « The Passing of Traditional Society, Modernizing the Middle East » ...................................... 55 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 57 4.2. Le système de pensée du livre ..................................................................................... 58 4.3. « The Passing of Traditional Society » et la modernisation ..................................... 63 4.4. Les transformations des personnalités et le rôle de l’empathie ............................... 66 4.5. La modernisation comme un processus métahistorique .......................................... 69 4.6. Le contenu du livre ...................................................................................................... 71 4.6.1. L’épicier et le chef ! ................................................................................................. 71 4.6.2. Les médias de masse comme multiplicateurs de la mobilité ................................ 72 4.6.3. Le modèle de la transition ......................................................................................
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