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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UM! films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, som e thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMJ UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL CARTOONS; A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By OLAYEMIAKANDE Norman, Oklahoma 2002 UMI Number; 3045839 UMI UMI Microform 3045839 Copyright 2002 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 © Copyright by OLAYEMI AKANDE 2002 All Rights Reserved A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL CARTOONS: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA A Dissertation APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION BY T. E. Kramer, Committee Chair r. S. Ragan Dr. S. Ram: Dr.,CARodri^uez 1 DpvD. L. Wieder r. G. Henderson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I deeply appreciate the guidance, feedback, mentoring, support and encouragement that I received throughout this process from Dr. Kramer and members of my advisory committee. This di"" ertation began as a paper in Dr. Kramer’s Semiotic Analysis class during my second year of graduate school at the University of Oklahoma. Since then it has been nourished by the careful attention and enthusiasm of Dr. Kramer, who read and re-read it’s various incarnations, and always offered something to think about, despite some long breaks on my part. But I feel blessed to have had the opportunity to work with such outstanding individuals, scholars and Professors. Graduate school has been rewarding and challenging. But I persevered and have reaped the benefits of such scholarship. A number of family members also deserve special mention for the encouragement and guidance they provided during these years as well as examples they set. My parents. Rev. Dr.& Mrs. S. T. Ola Akande and my siblings, Nike, Benjamin, Abimbola and Fola. To my Dad and sister, Abimbola I dedicate this dissertation because their insight and steadfast nagging (with love, of course) and cheerleading motivated me in completing this dissertation. But everyone’s love has sustained me in ways that words cannot express. As my Mom always said, “Iwoyi Amodun” (this time next year). Indeed my time is here! IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS...................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ viii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose and Significance ............................................................ 3 Political Cartoon Analysis............................................................. 4 Research Questions ...................................................................... 8 Chapter Organization ................................................................... 9 Political Cartoons ...................................................................... 11 Humor and Political Cartoons..................................................... 14 Political Cartoons as Satire.......................................................... 19 2. POLITICAL CARTOONS AS NARRATIVES............................................... 23 3. M ETHODOLOGY................................................................................................ 32 Sem iotics............................................................................................ 32 Hermeneutics..................................................................................... 41 Data Collection.................................................................................. 44 Framework for Analysis.................................................................. 45 4. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF POLITICAL/EDITORIAL......................... 48 Political Cartoon in the Context of Nigeria ................................. 54 5. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA ....................................................... 56 Political Economic Setting .............................................................. 64 Media History of Nigeria .................................................................. 68 History of Newswatch, African Guardian and Tell ..................... 71 6. SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF NIGERIAN POLITICAL CARTOONS 76 Substantive Themes.......................................................................... 83 Econom y............................................................................... 83 Domestic Policy .................................................................. 87 Human Rights ..................................................................... 92 Press Freedom ....................................................................... 95 Foreign Policy ...................................................................... 98 Democratic Governance ...................................................... 101 Non-Substantive Themes.................................................................... 104 Electoral Strategies ............................................................... 104 Military and Politicians Characteristic and Behavior 107 Binary Opposition ................................................................................. 110 June 12: Timelessness and Time........................................... 112 Democracy: Truth versus Lies.............................................. 113 Military and Citizens: Power versus Powerlessness 117 Intertextuality.......................................................................................... 129 Intertexts in Depiction of June 12 ........................................ 130 Intertexts in Depiction of Democracy ..................................... 138 Intertexts in Depiction of Military ........................................ 142 Intertexts..in Depiction of Citizens ......................................... 151 Hermeneutics Analysis......................................................................... 155 Archaic Structure of Consciousness ...................................... 155 Magic Structure of Consciousness ....................................... 156 Mythical Structure of Consciousness....................................... 161 Mental Structure of Consciousness....................................... 170 Integral Structure of Consciousness...................................... 172 7. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... 174 Summary of Findings ............................................................ 174 Future Research ................................................................... 178 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................... 180 APPENDIXES.......................................................................................................... 195 Appendix A .......................................................................... 196 Appendix B .......................................................................... 209 Appendix C .......................................................................... 253 VI LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Saussure’s Dyadic Sign Model ....................................................................... 36 2. Barthes’s Model of Myth ................................................................................. 40 3. Federal Regime Changes in Nigeria: 1960-1999 .......................................... 59 4. Substantive Thematic Content of Editorial Cartoons ................................... 80 5. Non-Substantive Thematic Content of Editorial Cartoons .......................... 80 V ll LIST OF FIGURES Page 1. Figure 1 ................................................................................................................

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