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Marine and Freshwater Beach Testing in Massachusetts Annual Report

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Marine and Freshwater Beach Testing in Massachusetts Annual Report Marine and Freshwater Beach Testing in Massachusetts Annual Report: 2015 Season Massachusetts Department of Public Health Bureau of Environmental Health Environmental Toxicology Program http://www.mass.gov/dph/beaches May 2016 PART ONE: THE MDPH/BEH BEACHES PROJECT 4 I. Overview .......................................................................................................... 5 II. Background ...................................................................................................... 5 A. Beach Water Quality & Health: The Need for Testing ...................................................... 5 B. Establishment of the MDPH/BEH Beaches Project .......................................................... 6 III. Beach Water Quality Monitoring ....................................................................... 7 A. Sample collection .............................................................................................................. 7 B. Sample analysis ................................................................................................................ 7 1. The MDPH contract laboratory program .................................................................... 7 2. The use of indicators .................................................................................................. 7 3. Enterococci ................................................................................................................. 8 4. E. coli .......................................................................................................................... 8 5. Laboratory Methods ................................................................................................... 8 6. Bacterial Standards .................................................................................................... 8 C. Reporting .......................................................................................................................... 9 1. The Beaches Website ................................................................................................ 10 2. Exceedances: Beach Closures & Public Notification ................................................. 10 3. Data Management ...................................................................................................... 11 D. Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................. 11 E. The Tier System and Frequency of Testing ..................................................................... 11 1. The Three Tiers .......................................................................................................... 12 2. Sanitary Surveys and Variances ................................................................................ 12 IV. Limitations ........................................................................................................ 13 PART TWO: THE 2015 BATHING SEASON 14 I. MDPH ACCOMPLISHMENTS .......................................................................... 15 A. Beaches Website/Data Management ............................................................................... 15 B. Trainings ........................................................................................................................... 15 C. Quality Assurance ............................................................................................................. 16 D. Laboratory Program .......................................................................................................... 16 E. 2014 Amendments to Bathing Beach Regulations ........................................................... 16 F. Emergency Response ...................................................................................................... 17 II. MONITORING .................................................................................................. 19 A. Results .............................................................................................................................. 19 1. Marine Beaches ......................................................................................................... 19 2. Freshwater Beaches .................................................................................................. 21 B. Analysis of Results ........................................................................................................... 22 FUTURE PLANS ..................................................................................................... 27 A. Direct Web-Based Reporting ............................................................................................ 27 B. Training and Community Outreach ................................................................................... 27 C. Sanitary Surveys ............................................................................................................... 27 D. USEPA Recreational Water Quality Criteria ..................................................................... 28 III. SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 28 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 30 REFERENCES 31 TABLES 34 FIGURES 99 APPENDICES 108 2 TABLES 41 FIGURES 93 APPENDICES 103 3 PART ONE: THE MDPH/BEH BEACHES PROJECT 4 I. OVERVIEW There are over 1,000 marine and freshwater public and semi-public bathing beaches in Massachusetts. Depending on weather and a variety of other changing conditions, beach water can sometimes contain bacteria at levels that create health impacts such as sore throat, gastroenteritis, or even meningitis or encephalitis.1 Therefore, it is critical to monitor bacteria levels at beaches and ensure levels are acceptable within U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and state regulatory standards. In 2015, 4.5% (n=720) of all samples collected during the bathing season exceeded bacterial standards, resulting in temporary beach closures in some cases. In Massachusetts, bathing beach water quality is regulated by the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) under Massachusetts General Law2 and the Code of Massachusetts Regulations.3 These require that all public and semi-public bathing beaches (e.g., beaches at camps, campgrounds, hotels, condominiums, country clubs) in the state be monitored for bacterial, and on occasion environmental, contamination during the bathing beach season. The exact dates of a given bathing season vary from beach to beach and are determined by the operators of each individual beach. Some open as early as Memorial Day, but the majority of beaches begin operation when the school year ends in mid-June, and most close for the season during the week of Labor Day. II. BACKGROUND A. Beach Water Quality & Health: The Need for Testing The health risks associated with both marine and freshwater swimming have been demonstrated in numerous studies. Swimmers may ingest or come in contact with pathogens (illness-causing microorganisms), and several prospective and retrospective epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased risk of disease among swimmers relative to non-swimmers in both marine and fresh waters that are polluted with pathogens (e.g., bacteria and viruses).4 One retrospective study found the relative risk of gastrointestinal (GI) illness among swimmers in polluted waters to be one to three times that of non-swimmers.5 Swimming in polluted marine water can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), respiratory symptoms (e.g., sore throat, cough, chest cold, runny nose, sneezing), eye and ear symptoms (e.g., irritation, earache, itchiness), dermatological symptoms (e.g., skin rash, pruritis), or constitutional symptoms (e.g., fever, chills). Several studies conducted by the USEPA and others have also associated gastrointestinal symptoms with swimming in polluted fresh waters, and more recent studies 1 Cabelli, 1983; USEPA, 1986; Cabelli, 1989; Haile, 1996; Pruss, 1998. 2 MGL Chapter (C) 111, § Section (S) 5. See Appendix B. 3 105 CMR 445.000: Minimum Standards for Bathing Beaches (State Sanitary Code, Chapter VII). See Appendix A. 4 Cabelli et al., 1982; Cabelli, 1983; USEPA, 1986; Cabelli, 1989; Coye and Goldoft,1989; CDC, 1990-2004; Corbett et al., 1993; Haile, 1996; Pruss, 1998. 5 Pruss, 1998. 5 have reaffirmed that there is a significant association between swimming in contaminated water and gastrointestinal illness.6 Pathogens in beach waters typically have a fecal source, and pathogens associated with human fecal matter (e.g., some strains of Escherichia coli) may enter both marine and fresh beach waters in a variety of ways. Many of these pathways involve sewage: system failures in human sewage treatment facilities, leaking sewer pipes, combined sewer overflows, illegal sewer hookups, leachate from septic systems, or discharge of sewage by boats. Other sources of pathogens in beach waters include (but are not limited to) rainfall and resulting surface water runoff (washing contaminants such as animal wastes from dogs or farms into beach water). Bathers may also contribute significantly to pathogen concentrations in recreational waters,7 and swimmer-to-swimmer contamination is another potential source for microbial contamination. All of these factors contribute to elevations in bacteria which can cause illness among swimmers. B. Establishment of the MDPH/BEH Beaches Project Responding to these health concerns, state
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