DOCSLIB.ORG

Open Mycoplasma Dissertation 2011.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open Mycoplasma Dissertation 2011.Pdf The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MYCOPLASMA BOVIS A Dissertation in Pathobiology by Marty K. Soehnlen 2011 Marty K. Soehnlen Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2011 ii The dissertation of Marty K. Soehnlen was reviewed and approved* by the following: Bhushan Jayarao Professor of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Subhashinie Kariyawasam Assistant Professor/Veterinary Microbiologist Arthur L. Hattel Associate Professor of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences/Senior Research Associate Eugene J. Lengerich Professor of Public Health Sciences David R. Wolfgang Field Studies Director/Extension Veterinarian Special Member Jeanne Lumadue Pathologist/Research Associate Special Member Anthony P. Schmitt Assistant Professor of Molecular Immunology Program Officer for the Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen causing pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, otitis, genital infections, and septicemia in cattle. A molecular epidemiological analysis of M. bovis strains submitted to the Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory (PA- ADL) between December 1, 2007 and November 30, 2008 was conducted. During this period, M. bovis represented 63.6% of Mycoplasma species isolated from samples submitted to PA-ADL. The ability to separate isolates into clonally distinct groups showing strong genetic heterogeneity was demonstrated through the utilization of a novel technology, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). The results were consistent with the existence of at least two clonally distinct groups, although there was no clear geographical, month of isolation, or source origination relationship, indicating a currently unclassified characteristic is responsible for the strain heterogeneity. AFLP may serve as a valuable tool for molecular characterization of M. bovis strains from the United States. Mycoplasma bovis isolates submitted to the PA-ADL (n=192) were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to enrofloxacin, erythromycin, florfenicol, spectinomycin, ceftiofur, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline using a broth micodilution testing method which incorporated a redox color change reagent. The antimicrobials which were most effective for M. bovis using the broth microdilution method were florfenicol, enrofloxacin, and tetracycline with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 2 - 32 µg/mL, 0.1 - 3.2 µg/mL, and 0.05 - >12.8 µg/mL, respectively. A significant difference in the susceptibility levels between quarter milk and lung M. bovis isolates was found for spectinomycin. Using CLSI-approved breakpoints for other bovine respiratory disease pathogens it was determined that enrofloxacin, spectinomycin, ceftiofur, erythromycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and florfenicol demonstrated resistance in 2.1%, 58.3%, 100%, 100%, 12.5%, 22.4%, and 11.4% of isolates, respectively. iv MIC values of a subset of the M. bovis isolates (n=12) were tested using a novel side- scatter flow cytometric technique with concurrent staining using SYBR green I and propidium iodide. The most effective antimicrobials for the 12 isolates were determined to be enrofloxacin and florfenicol. Flow cytometry offers potential in clinical applications due to high throughput- capability, quick turn-around time, and the objective nature of interpreting results. Based upon the increasing resistance patterns of M. bovis to several currently administered veterinary antimicrobials, novel small molecule compounds were screened for potential inhibition of Mycoplasma bovis growth and dose-dependent response was evaluated. The determination of inhibition of M. bovis growth in a milk environment using novel small molecule natural compounds was also studied. The data suggest that 32 of the 483 compounds tested were able to inhibit growth of M. bovis using a tetrazolium salt assay. Methanesulfonic acid, 3-[(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyloxy](1S,3R,4R,5R)-1,4,5- trihydroxycyclohexane carboxylic acid, S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine, L-aspartic acid, dihydrotachysterol, eriodictyol, and (+)-alpha-tocopherol acid succinate demonstrated a dose response in the tetrazolium broth culture assay and at 3 hours and 24 hours in fresh quarter milk. Small molecule natural compounds offer the potential for prophylactic or therapeutic use on organic and natural farms as a viable alternative to traditional antimicrobial agents. A longitudinal study was conducted to determine the cumulative incidence and prevalence of M. bovis in special-fed veal calves from 4 Pennsylvania herds. The period prevalence of M. bovis colonization was 90.5% for the nasal swabs and 38% for swabs collected at the bronchial bifurcation. A total of 90 lung lesions were identified from the 252 calves in the study. A total of 42% of the lung lesions collected were culture positive for M. bovis, while 37% of bronchi swabs were culture positive. Evidence suggests that M. bovis, in concert with other respiratory pathogens, is responsible for pneumonic lesions in veal calves. It was determined that v calves with a member of the Pasteurellaceae family cultured from a lung lesion was 10.8 (OR=10.7885; 95% CI 2.2245-52.3231) times more likely to also have M. bovis present in the lesion than Pasteurellaceae alone. The data suggest that nasal swab testing on special-fed veal farms can be used to screen calves for the presence of M. bovis, but are unlikely to be successful at determining exactly which calves are at increased risk of developing lung lesions. A blinded, controlled trial of two commercially available M. bovis bacterin vaccines for the prevention of respiratory disease associated with M. bovis infection in special-fed veal calves was conducted. Vaccine A efficacy was compared to a placebo and vaccine B efficacy was compared to 0.9% sterile saline solution. Upper-respiratory tract colonization was not impacted by vaccination status. The presence of lung lesions was significantly reduced by treatment of vaccine A (p=0.0325), however lung lesions from tissues positive for M. bovis was not significantly reduced. Vaccine B was not shown to significantly reduce total lung lesions or M. bovis-specific lung lesions. There was no association between specific antibody concentrations and M. bovis-associated morbidity in the veal calves. Approximately 30% of all calves in the study were found to be seropositive for M. bovis upon acclimation to the barn, indicating a potential problem of maternal M. bovis in Pennsylvania. A detectable difference in the IL-1β and TNF-α level for vaccinated calves (vaccine A and vaccine B) was seen as compared to control calves. Under the field conditions of this study, vaccine efficacy for special-fed veal calves was determined to be 44% and less than 1% for vaccine A and vaccine B, respectively. In summary, the findings presented indicate that M. bovis is an important public health concern in Pennsylvania. Although virulence specific factors or environmental factors contributing to the severity of M. bovis-associated disease have yet to be discovered, this work has provided a basis for continued investigation. Further understanding of the changing vi epidemiology of M. bovis in Pennsylvania will provide valuable information for the design and implementation of M. bovis prevention and management strategies in the United States. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... xiii Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 3 1.3 Research Objectives ................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 5 Review of Literature ........................................................................................................ 5 2.1 Mycoplasmas ...................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Isolation and Detection Methods ........................................................................ 10 2.3Mycoplasma bovis ............................................................................................... 13 2.3.1 Pathogenesis ............................................................................................ 14 2.3.2Trasmission and Risk of Disease .............................................................. 20 2.3.3Clinical Disease and Pathology ................................................................ 23 2.3.4 Epidemiology .........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bovine Mycoplasmosis
    Bovine mycoplasmosis The microorganisms described within the genus Mycoplasma spp., family Mycoplasmataceae, class Mollicutes, are characterized by the lack of a cell wall and by the little size (0.2-0.5 µm). They are defined as fastidious microorganisms in in vitro cultivation, as they require specific and selective media for the growth, which appears slower if compared to other common bacteria. Mycoplasmas can be detected in several hosts (mammals, avian, reptiles, plants) where they can act as opportunistic agents or as pathogens sensu stricto. Several Mycoplasma species have been described in the bovine sector, which have been detected from different tissues and have been associated to variable kind of gross-pathology lesions. Moreover, likewise in other zoo-technical areas, Mycoplasma spp. infection is related to high morbidity, low mortality and to the chronicization of the disease. Bovine Mycoplasmosis can affect meat and dairy animals of different ages, leading to great economic losses due to the need of prophylactic/metaphylactic measures, therapy and to decreased production. The new holistic approach to multifactorial or chronic diseases of human and veterinary interest has led to a greater attention also to Mycoplasma spp., which despite their elementary characteristics are considered fast-evolving microorganisms. These kind of bacteria, historically considered of secondary importance apart for some species, are assuming nowadays a greater importance in the various zoo-technical fields with increased diagnostic request in veterinary medicine. Also Acholeplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. are described as commensal or pathogen in the bovine sector. Because of the phylogenetic similarity and the common metabolic activities, they can grow in the same selective media or can be detected through biomolecular techniques targeting Mycoplasma spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Analysis of the Mycoplasma Bovis Genome Identified Non-Essential, Adhesion- and Virulence-Related Genes
    fmicb-10-02085 September 13, 2019 Time: 16:34 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 September 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02085 Large-Scale Analysis of the Mycoplasma bovis Genome Identified Non-essential, Adhesion- and Virulence-Related Genes Christoph Josi1,2, Sibylle Bürki1, Sara Vidal1, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni3, Christine Citti3, Laurent Falquet4† and Paola Pilo1*† 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3 UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France, 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Edited by: Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle causing bovine mycoplasmosis. Feng Gao, Tianjin University, China Clinical manifestations are numerous, but pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis cases are Reviewed by: mainly reported. Currently, no efficient vaccine is available and antibiotic treatments Yong-Qiang He, are not always satisfactory. The design of new, efficient prophylactic and therapeutic Guangxi University, China Angelika Lehner, approaches requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible University of Zurich, Switzerland for M. bovis pathogenicity. Random transposon mutagenesis has been widely used in *Correspondence: Mycoplasma species to identify potential gene functions. Such an approach can also be Paola Pilo used to screen genomes and search for essential and non-essential genes for growth. | downloaded: 29.4.2020 [email protected] Here, we generated a random transposon mutant library of M. bovis strain JF4278 †These authors have contributed equally to this work containing approximately 4000 independent insertion sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Culture and PCR for Detection of Field Isolates of Bovine
    Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi ISSN: 1300-6045 e-ISSN: 1309-2251 26 (3): 337-342, 2020 Journal Home-Page: http://vetdergikafkas.org Research Article DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2019.23106 Online Submission: http://submit.vetdergikafkas.org Comparison of Culture and PCR for Detection of Field Isolates of Bovine Milk Mollicutes Abd Al-Bar AL-FARHA 1,a Farhid HEMMATZADEH 2,b Rick TEARLE 3,c Razi JOZANI 4,d Andrew HOARE 5,e Kiro PETROVSKI 6,f 1 Department of Animal Production, Technical Agricultural College, Northern Technical University, Mosul, IRAQ 2 University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, AUSTRALIA 3 Davies Centre, The University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, AUSTRALIA 4 Tabriz University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Tabriz, IRAN 5 South East Vets, South Australia, AUSTRALIA 6 Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, The University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, South Australia, AUSTRALIA a ORCID: 0000-0003-1742-6350; b ORCID: 0000-0002-4572-8869; c ORCID: 0000-0003-2243-5091; d ORCID: 0000-0003-2889-4686 e ORCID: 0000-0002-5848-6707; f ORCID: 0000-0003-4016-2576 Article ID: KVFD-2019-23106 Received: 25.07.2019 Accepted: 07.02.2020 Published Online: 07.02.2020 How to Cite This Article Al-Farha AAB, Hemmatzadeh F, Tearle R, Jozani R, Hoare A, PetrovskI K: Comparison of culture and PCR for detection of field isolates of bovine milk mollicutes. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 26 (3): 337-342, 2020. DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2019.23106 Abstract Mycoplasma mastitis raises significant concerns in the dairy industry worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Analysis of the Mycoplasma Bovis Genome Identified Non-Essential, Adhesion- and Virulence-Related Genes
    fmicb-10-02085 September 13, 2019 Time: 16:34 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 September 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02085 Large-Scale Analysis of the Mycoplasma bovis Genome Identified Non-essential, Adhesion- and Virulence-Related Genes Christoph Josi1,2, Sibylle Bürki1, Sara Vidal1, Emilie Dordet-Frisoni3, Christine Citti3, Laurent Falquet4† and Paola Pilo1*† 1 Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2 Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3 UMR 1225, IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, Toulouse, France, 4 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Edited by: Mycoplasma bovis is an important pathogen of cattle causing bovine mycoplasmosis. Feng Gao, Tianjin University, China Clinical manifestations are numerous, but pneumonia, mastitis, and arthritis cases are Reviewed by: mainly reported. Currently, no efficient vaccine is available and antibiotic treatments Yong-Qiang He, are not always satisfactory. The design of new, efficient prophylactic and therapeutic Guangxi University, China Angelika Lehner, approaches requires a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible University of Zurich, Switzerland for M. bovis pathogenicity. Random transposon mutagenesis has been widely used in *Correspondence: Mycoplasma species to identify potential gene functions. Such an approach can also be Paola Pilo used to screen genomes and search for essential and non-essential genes for growth. [email protected] Here, we generated a random transposon mutant library of M. bovis strain JF4278 †These authors have contributed equally to this work containing approximately 4000 independent insertion sites.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Mycoplasma Bovis Field Strains
    J Vet Res 60, 391-397, 2016 DE DE GRUYTER OPEN DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-00058 G Prevalence of pathogens from Mollicutes class in cattle affected by respiratory diseases and molecular characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis field strains Ewelina Szacawa1, Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska1, Krzysztof Niemczuk1, Katarzyna Dudek1, Grzegorz Woźniakowski2, Dariusz Bednarek1 1Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, 2Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland [email protected] Received: October 3, 2016 Accepted: November 23, 2016 Abstract Introduction: Mycoplasma bovis is one of the main pathogens involved in cattle pneumonia. Other mycoplasmas have also been directly implicated in respiratory diseases in cattle. The prevalence of different Mycoplasma spp. in cattle affected by respiratory diseases and molecular characteristics of M. bovis field strains were evaluated. Material and Methods: In total, 713 nasal swabs from 73 cattle herds were tested. The uvrC gene fragment was amplified by PCR and PCR products were sequenced. PCR/DGGE and RAPD were performed. Results: It was found that 39 (5.5%) samples were positive for M. bovis in the PCR and six field strains had point nucleotide mutations. Additionally, the phylogenetic analysis of 20 M. bovis field strains tested with RAPD showed two distinct groups of M. bovis strains sharing only 3.8% similarity. PCR/DGGE analysis demonstrated the presence of bacteria belonging to the Mollicutes class in 79.1% of DNA isolates. The isolates were identified as: Mycoplasma bovirhinis, M. dispar, M. bovis, M. canis, M. arginini, M. canadense, M. bovoculi, M. alkalescens, and Ureaplasma diversum. Conclusion: Different Mycoplasma spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycoplasma Bovis: Sources of Infection, Prevalence and Risk Factors
    Mycoplasma bovis: Sources of infection, prevalence and risk factors Linde Gille Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Science (PhD) 2018 Promoters: Dr. B. Pardon Prof. dr. P. Deprez Prof. dr. F. Haesebrouck Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Mycoplasma bovis: Sources of infection, prevalence and risk factors Mycoplasma bovis: Infectiebronnen, prevalentie en risicofactoren Linde Gille Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium Cover: Linde Gille Printing: University Press Printing of this thesis was financially supported by Research published in this thesis was in part made possible by MEMBERS OF THE JURY Prof. dr. P. Deprez, promoter Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium Dr. B. Pardon, promoter Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium Prof. dr. F. Haesebrouck, promoter Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium Prof. dr. E. Claerebout, head of the jury Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium Dr. R. Ayling Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom Dr. I. Lysnyansky, Mycoplasma unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel Dr. K. Supré Milk Control Centre Flanders (MCC-Vlaanderen), Lier, Belgium Prof. dr. D. Maes, Department of Obstetrics, Reproduction and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium Dr. F. Boyen, secretary Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Merelbeke, Belgium TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 PREFACE 3 CHAPTER 1 General introduction 5 CHAPTER 2 Scientific Aims 65 CHAPTER 3 Prevalence and risk factors of M.
    [Show full text]
  • APP204024 Application.Pdf(PDF, 698
    APPLICATION FORM Containment To obtain approval for new organisms in containment Send to Environmental Protection Authority preferably by email ([email protected]) or alternatively by post (Private Bag 63002, Wellington 6140) Payment must accompany final application; see our fees and charges schedule for details. Application Number APP204024 Date 4/9/20 www.epa.govt.nz 2 Application Form Approval for new organism in containment Completing this application form 1. This form has been approved under section 40 of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act 1996. It only covers importing, development (production, fermentation or regeneration) or field test of any new organism (including genetically modified organisms (GMOs)) in containment. If you wish to make an application for another type of approval or for another use (such as an emergency, special emergency or release), a different form will have to be used. All forms are available on our website. 2. If your application is for a project approval for low-risk GMOs, please use the Containment – GMO Project application form. Low risk genetic modification is defined in the HSNO (Low Risk Genetic Modification) Regulations: http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2003/0152/latest/DLM195215.html. 3. It is recommended that you contact an Advisor at the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) as early in the application process as possible. An Advisor can assist you with any questions you have during the preparation of your application including providing advice on any consultation requirements. 4. Unless otherwise indicated, all sections of this form must be completed for the application to be formally received and assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding the Interaction Between Mycoplasma Bovis and Bovine Respiratory Macrophages
    UNDERSTANDING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN MYCOPLASMA BOVIS AND BOVINE RESPIRATORY MACROPHAGES A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Department of Veterinary Microbiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon By TERESIA W. MAINA © Copyright. Teresia. W. Maina, March 2019. All rights reserved. PERMISSION TO USE 1 In presenting this thesis/dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Post-graduate 2 degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may 3 make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this 4 thesis/dissertation in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by 5 the professor or professors who supervised my thesis/dissertation work or, in their absence, by 6 the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done. It is 7 understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis/dissertation or parts thereof for 8 financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due 9 recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use 10 which may be made of any material in my thesis/dissertation. 11 Requests for permission to copy or to make other uses of materials in this thesis/dissertation in 12 whole or part should be addressed to: 13 Head of the Department of Veterinary Microbiology 14 University of Saskatchewan 15 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 16 Canada 17 OR 18 Dean 19 College of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies 20 University of Saskatchewan 21 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place 22 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada 23 24 i ABSTRACT 25 Mycoplasma bovis is the most pathogenic bovine mycoplasma in Europe and North America.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of a Dual Target Mycoplasma Bovis Taqman Real-Time PCR System for the Rapid Analysis of Bovine Semen THESIS Pres
    The Development of a Dual Target Mycoplasma bovis TaqMan real-time PCR System for the Rapid Analysis of Bovine Semen THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kristina Marie McDonald, B.A. Graduate Program in Veterinary Preventive Medicine The Ohio State University 2012 Master's Examination Committee: Dr. Gustavo Schuenemann, Advisor Dr. Ziv Raviv Dr. Päivi Rajala-Schultz Copyrighted by Kristina Marie McDonald 2012 Abstract Mycoplasma bovis is a major bovine pathogen causing respiratory disease, arthritis, otitis media, mastitis, and genital disorders in cattle worldwide. M. bovis infections tend to persist in affected herds and are often resistant to antibiotics. Spread by close contact of infected animals or a heavily contaminated environment, M. bovis can colonize mucosal surfaces and disseminate to other organ sites. Rapid identification and isolation of diseased animals is critical to prevent the spread of infection. Artificial insemination with M. bovis contaminated semen is a common source of infection of the female bovine genital tract. In this study, we report the development and validation of a dual target TaqMan real-time PCR system for the rapid detection of M. bovis in bovine semen. The assays target the housekeeping genes fusA and oppD/F. Both assays exclusively amplified M. bovis when tested against a panel 15 bovine mycoplasma species including 59 field and laboratory strains of M. bovis. Quantification was determined by testing serial dilutions of plasmids containing the target sequences; both the fusA and oppD/F assays demonstrated a detection limit of 1 plasmid copy/uL and efficiencies of 1.975 and 1.977 respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycoplasma Bovis; a Neglected Pathogen in Nigeria- a Mini Review
    Journal of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences ISSN: 2573-2196 Mini Review Dairy and Vet Sci J Volume 4 Issue 2 - October 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Francis Markus Isa DOI: 10.19080/JDVS.2017.04.555633 Mycoplasma Bovis; A Neglected Pathogen in Nigeria- A Mini Review Francis Markus Isa* Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nigeria Submission: September 19, 2017; Published: October 17, 2017 *Corresponding author: Francis Markus Isa, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria, Tel: ; Email: Abstract Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is the second most pathogenic bovine mycoplasmas known worldwide. It is associated with various diseases in cattle including calf pneumonia, mastitis, arthritis, otitis media, kerato conjunctivitis and genital disorders. Few antimicrobials like tulathromycin, M. bovis infection worldwide. Antibiotic treatment must be instituted early in the course of the disease, and pain relief should be provided for sick cows and calves. Vaccines have been reported to be availableflorfenicol, against fluoroquinolones the infection, and but gamithromycin have not been are proved currently protective. approved Early for detection treatment of of disease, improved husbandry conditions and treatment with effective antimicrobial are currently the best approach in the control of the disease. Mycoplasma bovis infection being a most important molecular basis and distribution of the disease in Nigeria is recommended. emerging disease of cattle is new and poorly understood among cattle owners and field veterinarians in Nigeria. Research to establish the Keywords: Cattle; Disease; Mycoplasma bovis; Nigeria Introduction and impaired feeding [13,14]. It adversely affects growth rates Mycoplasma bovis is the second most pathogenic resulting in increased cost of production and additional treatment mycoplasma after Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides cost, resulting in large economic losses to the cattle industry the causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia [15].
    [Show full text]
  • Phylum XVI. Tenericutes Murray 1984A, 356VP (Effective Publication: Murray 1984B, 33.) Da N I E L R
    Phylum XVI. Tenericutes Murray 1984a, 356VP (Effective publication: Murray 1984b, 33.) DANIEL R. BR OWN Ten.er¢i.cutes. L. adj. tener tender; L. fem. n. cutis skin; N.L. fem. n. Tenericutes prokaryotes of a soft pliable nature indicative of a lack of a rigid cell wall. Members of the Tenericutes are wall-less bacteria that do not syn- the organisms are evolutionarily related to certain clostridia, thesize precursors of peptidoglycan. the absence of a cell wall cannot be equated with Gram reac- tion positivity or with other members of the Firmicutes. It is Further descriptive information unfortunate that workers involved in determinative bacteriology The nomenclatural type by monotypy (Murray, 1984a) is the have a reference in which wall-free prokaryotes are described as class Mollicutes, which consists of very small prokaryotes that Gram-positive bacteria” (Tully, 1993a). Despite numerous valid are devoid of cell walls. Electron microscopic evidence for the assignments of novel species of mollicutes to the Tenericutes dur- absence of a cell wall was mandatory for describing novel species ing the intervening years, the class Mollicutes was still included of mollicutes until very recently. Genes encoding the pathways in the phylum Firmicutes in the most recent revision of the Taxo- for peptidoglycan biosynthesis are absent from the genomes of nomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA), which is based more than 15 species that have been annotated to date. Some solely on the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes (Garrity et al., 2007). species do possess an extracellular glycocalyx. The absence of The taxon Tenericutes is not recognized in the TOBA, although a cell wall confers such mechanical plasticity that most molli- paradoxically it is the phylum consisting of the Mollicutes in the cutes are readily filterable through 450 nm pores and many spe- most current release of the Ribosomal Database Project (Cole cies have some cells in their populations that are able to pass et al., 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) MEDICAL SCIENCES – Mycoplasmology - Meghan May, Amanda V
    MEDICAL SCIENCES – Mycoplasmology - Meghan May, Amanda V. Arjoon, Jessica A. Canter, Dylan W. Dunne and Brittney Terrell MYCOPLASMOLOGY Meghan May, Amanda V. Arjoon, Jessica A. Canter, Dylan W. Dunne and Brittney Terrell Towson University, United States of America. Keywords: Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, mycoplasmosis, atypical bacteria, pleuropneumonia-like organisms, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, walking pneumonia, nongonococcal urethritis, synthetic biology, minimal genome concept Contents 1 Introduction to Mycoplasmology 1.1. History 1.2. Evolution and Taxonomy 1.3. Metabolism and Cell Biology 1.4. Molecular Biology 2. Clinical Manifestations of Mycoplasmosis 2.1. Human Disease 2.2. Veterinary Diseases 2.3. Treatment and Control 3. Pathogenesis and Virulence 3.1. Cytadherence 3.2. Additional Virulence Factors 3.3. Immunopathology, Immune evasion, and Immunomodulation 4. Societal Impacts of Mycoplasmas 4.1. Agricultural losses 4.2. Genomics and Synthetic Cells Concluding Remarks Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary Members of the genus Mycoplasma and the class Mollicutes are highly unusual organismsUNESCO-EOLSS in that they lack a cell wall, are orders of magnitude smaller than most known bacteria, and have minimalist genomes. This lineage of bacteria has undergone intensive degenerateSAMPLE evolution, and as such, allCHAPTERS species are obligate parasites that must live in association with other organisms. Most species are commensals or causes of minor infections, but a small number are major pathogens that contribute to substantial economic losses relating to both human and animal infections. Finally, the reduced genome size of Mollicutes made them excellent targets for pioneering work in genome sequencing projects, attempts to define the minimal genome required for life, and the creation of the first known self-replicating synthetic cells.
    [Show full text]