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Environmental Manual for Cottagers

Environment Ontario

An Environmental Manual for Cottagers

Produced by:

Environment Ontario

Sixth Edition 1989

For additional copies, contact: Environment Ontario 135 St. Clair Avenue West Suite 100 Toronto, Ontario M4V1P5

ISBN 0-7729-5085-7

? 1989 Queen's Printer for Ontario

o^^ Cette publication existe egalement en franijais. iyi, r fii: V . ^:|g^:^. -^^ t^;||\;i;;^^,r. v'i^^^ .^%i^'<3^ ^. %f.. .

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How do I purify my water for drinking? What spat, and juvenile stages of fish, can I do about lake water quality? Are sport shellfish, crustaceans and marine animals. fish safe to eat? Can I use pesticides? How shall I dispose of my garbage? How much "Fish habitat" means spawning grounds of a pollution problem does boating cause? and nursery, rearing, food supply and migration areas on which fish depend These, and countless other questions, are directly or indirectly in order to carry continually being asked by the cottager. out their life processes. We, at Environment Ontario, recognized

the need to provide a readily available Changes or alterations to habitat need reference source to help cottagers protect not be large or widespread to do their environment. serious harm or damage to the fish community in a lake or stream. With the co-operation of many technical Therefore, before removing aquatic experts and the Federation of Ontario vegetation, clearing shoreline, dredging, Cottagers Associations, we have updated filling or any other activity that could this manual specifically examining cottage impact fish habitat, visit your local country environmental problems. District Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources to discuss the project and Certain sections of this manual describe apply for the appropriate approval. activities and techniques that manipulate Owners or contractors who undertake habitat to make it more suitable for such work without the necessary permit swimming or boating. It is important, may be in violation of the Fisheries Act however, that before undertaking any and subject to a fine as well as a court activity in or near the water that the local order to correct the situation at their own District Office of the Ministry of Natural expense. Resources first be contacted in order to

assess the impact of the project on fish We have tried to answer as many of habitat. your questions as possible. Where appropriate, we've also detailed sources Section 35, (1) of the federal Fisheries Act, of further information, including states that "No person shall carry on any available literature and contact points work or undertaking that results in the at various government agencies. harmful alteration, disruption or destruction Feel free to contact them. There will offish habitat". likely be an office close to you.

"Fish" includes shellfish, crustaceans, Meanwhile, good reading and good marine animals and the eggs, spawn. cottaging. V . ^^n.-'

CH.\PTERI Test Your Water 14

— How Many Samples Should be Collected . . W ATER Ql Aim and When? 14 Good Bacteria, Bad Bacteria 1 — Sampling from Wells 15 — ( Till- litkct ot Bacteria on )x\;t;cn 1 Treating Your W ater 15 — Rainfall RunoH - A Hidden Polluter 1 — Boiling 15 — What's a Coliform? 2 — Chlorination 16 Excessive Fertilization 2 — Chlorination in Batches 16 — W In \\c Need Weeds. W liy We Doni 2 — Continuous (;hl()rinati()n 16 — Water Quality Chanjies w itli Depth 2 — Chlorination Procedures for Wells 16 — Algae Aggra\ ates 2 — Chlorine Use 17 — Algae Problems Associated w ith Nutrient — Water Treatment Devices tor Home Use 18 Hnrichnient 3 — Lsefiii Advice 18 — Pine Pollen Problems 3 — Disinfection 18 — How to Limit Nutrients 3 — Esthetic and Chemical Improvements 19 — The Phosphorus in 'lour Detergents 4 — Facts About Laundry Detergents ^ — How to Measure Enrichment in Your Lake 5 — What's a Sccchi Disc? 6 — Start Your Own Self-Help Program 6

CHAPTER II CONTROL OF AQUATIC PLANTS AND ALGAE Mechanical Methods 7 Habitat Manipulation 7 Chemical Methods 7 — Permits and Licences 7 — W here to Get Permits/Licences 8 — Types of Aquatic Plants 8 — When to Treat 8 CHAPTER — General Suggestions on Herbicides TOILETS AND WATERLESS WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS and Algicides 8 Summarv' of Sewage Systems, by Class 20 — Facts on Chemicals 9 . '.

— Class 1 System . ' 20 — Further Information 9 — Class 2 System 20 — Class 3 System 20 CHAPTER III — Class 4 System 20 — Class 5 System 20 THE ACID RAIN PROBLEM — Class 6 System 20 ^Tiat Is Acidic Precipitation? 10 WTiat to Do with Your Sewage 20 Concerns and Effects in Ontario 10 The Septic Tank System (Class4) 20 Acid Rain — The pH Parameter 10 — What Does it Do? 20 Turning Off the Sources 11 — How Does it Work? 21 Solutions — Abatement the Only Answer 11 — Tlie Septic Tank 21 Find Out About Your Lake 12 — Operation and Maintenance 21 — Drawbacks 21 Leaching Beds 22 CHAPTER IV — Conventional Bed 22 — Using Imported Soil 22 PURIFYING \X ATER FOR DRINKING — Raised Bed 22 Bacteriological Safet\' 13 — Location of Leaching Bed 22 — How Is Bacteriological Safety Determined? 13 — Separation Distances 23 ater How Does W Become Contaminated? 13 — Soil Assessment 24 Minimizing Contamination of Lake Water 13 The Aerobic Sewage System (Class 6) 24 Minimizing Contamination ofW ell Water 14 Privies, Chemical Toilets, etc. (Class 1) 24 — How to Keep Wells Clean 14 — Privies 25 .

— Pit Privy 25 CHAPTER IX — Pail and \aiilt Privies 2S WASTE — Drawbacks 25 MANAGEMENT Hazardous Wastes Chemical Toilets 26 38 - W hat you shouldn't — Buckets 26 do 38 — \V hat you siiould do — Spiasii pan and drop pipe 26 38 - Safe handling — Recirculating 26 38 Try Composting Cottage Wastes — Portal-lie 26 39 — — Drawbacks 26 How to (Compost 39 — Locate aw'a\ from Water — Incinerator Toilets 2^ 39 — (Construction — Composting Toilets 2"' 39 — Composting Methods Alternative Approaches 28 39 — What to CCompost 40 — UwAolunie (Minimum-Flush) Toilets 28 — W hat Not to — Water Saving Devices 28 (Compost 4O About Open Burning 4O Cesspools (Class 3) 28 Holding Tanks (Class 5) 28 CHAPTER X CHAPTER VI BOATING FISH CONTAMINATION A Look at the Environmental Issues 41 WTiat to with Sewage >^Tjich Sport Fish to Eat? Do 41 The Contaminants of Concern Environmental Tips for the Boat Operator 4I Fuel Spills — — Mercury The Major Problem 42 Marina and Yacht Club Requirements 42 — Effects on Fish Visitors Must Comply Too! — Effects on Humans 42

— Polychlorinated Biphenyls ( PCBs)

— ( Mirex Deehlorane ) CHAPTER XI — DDT — Dioxin DE\TLOPMENT Ontario's Fish Contaminant Monitoring Program How to Protect a Finite Resource 43 — How Lakes Are Selected for Testing Controlling Development 43 — \\ hat Fish Species Are Selected' Keeping the View Natural 43 — W hat About Your Lake? Keeping the W ildlife 44 More Information Keeping the Fish 44

CHAPTER VH

CONTROL OF BITING INSECTS AND OTHER PESTS

Controlling Mosquitoes and Blackflies . . Without Using Pesticides! — Ways to Eliminate Mosquito Breedmg Sites — How to Avoid Bites y^ Chemical Control Controlling Other Pests — Eastern Tent (;aterpillars 34 — Forest Tent Caterpillars — Leeches ( Bloodsuckers ) — Swimmer's Itch — Carpenter Ants CHAPTER XH — Powder Post and Furniture Beetles — Bees. Wasps and Hornets FOR FURTHER INFORMATION — House Mouse Environment Ontario 45 — Rats Ministry of Natural Resources 45 Ministry of Northern Development and Mines 46 Ministry of Health 47 CHAPTER VIII

PESTICIDE SAFETY CHAPTER XIII Purchasing 3" Storage 3- FURTHER READING Application 3"' Environment Ontario 48 Disposal of Empty Containers 3'' Ministry of Health 48 In An Emergency 38 Ministry of Natural Resources 48 -

7^

Ca\PTERI

is Countless factors affect } our lake's quality should return to satisfactory where manure spreading carried water quality. Some you can do some- conditions within approximately one out in winter on top of snow.

tiling about. Some you can't. In either year after remedial measures are Scientific research suggests that, at case, you should know the facts. implemented sampling points 15 to 30 metres from

Let's look at the major influences. shore, any contamination generally ap- TheEfifectof pears within 12 to 48 hours after a Bacteria on Oxygen heavy rainfall. Good Bacteria, To combat this hidden polluter, nat- The remaining bacteria, instruments ural vegetation between the cottage Bad Bacteria of normal and necessary decay, live and the lake should be preserved to and thrive within a lake environment. absorb the runoft and seepage. For the sake of simplicity, water Any organic matter in the water will Vegetation slows down runoff and

micro-organisms can be divided into be used as food by these organisms acts as a natural filter of storm water

two groups: and cause a subsequent increase in from roads, parking lots, patios and

1. bacteria that thrive in a lake envi- their number cottage roofs. ronment and make up the natural These lake bacteria play an impor- In places w here the natural vegeta- bacterial flora; and tant role in breaking down natural or- tion has been removed, cottagers 2. disease-causing micro-organisms, ganic matter, as well as sewage, should plant new trees and shrubs. called pathogens, which can infect kitchen wastes, oil and gasoline. Unfor- Mature trees and shrubs on a cottage

human tissues. tunately degradation of organic waste lot dissipate the energy of rainfall and

Tlie pathogens are generally intro- by micro-organisms uses large reduce soil erosion. duced to an aquatic environment by amounts of dissolved oxygen. If the or- The area over septic tank tile beds raw or inadequately treated sewage, ganic content of the lake gets higli should be planted with grass and left althougli a few are found naturally in enougli, the action of these bacteria open to the sun and wind so that the soil. Other sources of patliogens will deplete the dissolved oxygen sup- maximum evaporation can take place. include cats and dogs, chipmunks and ply in the bottom waters and threaten The natural filtering by trees, grass even loons. the sunival of many deep-water fish. and shrubs around a cottage provides The presence of these bacteria significant protection for lake waters. does not change (he appearance of Rainfall Runoff During the summer, the vegetation water, but it poses an immediate A Hidden Polluter also uses nutrients that reach the health hazard if the w ater is used for ground water from septic tank drinking or swimming (hence, the ob- The "rainfall effect" relates to a systems. vious need to disinfect the water sup- phenomenon in which heavy precipi- However note that when you fer-

). lake ply from the lake tation flushes the land around a tilize your lawn, you also fertilize the This hazard does not necessarily and carries contaminants (including algae and weeds in the lake. mean that you will contract such seri- sewage organisms and natural soil ous waterborne infections as typhoid bacteria) into the water

fever, polio or hepatitis, but you may In this way, total coliforms, fecal catch the less serious gastroenteritis conforms and fecal streptococci, as

(stomach flu ). dysentery or diarrhea. well as other bacteria and viruses from Included in this minor category arc human waste disposal systems and ani- eye, ear and throat infections that mal droppings, can contaminate a

.swimmers encounter every year and lake. This phenomenon is particularly the more insidious, but seldom diag- evident in Precambrian areas, where

nosed, subclinical infections usually there is inadequate soil cover, and in

associated with several waterborne fractured limestone areas, where fis- viruses. sures in the rocks provide access to

This type of microbial pollution the lake. can be remedied by preventing wastes Melting snow provides the same from reaching the lake. Since disease- transportation function for bacteria,

causing bacteria usually do not thrive especially in an agricultural area in an aquatic environment, water Wliat's a Coliform? Excessive Fertilization Bacteriological tests on water are made primarily to determine the pre- sence of organisms of the coliform Why We Need Weeds, Water Quality group. These exist in the intestines of Why We Don't Changes with Depth some warm-blooded animals ( includ-

ing humans) and are used as an index In recent years, most cottagers ha\e Changes in water qualit) with depth of the presence of fecal material. become well aware of the problems arc a very important characteristic of Tlieir presence in any significant associated with nutrient enrichment any lake. Water temperatures are uni- amount in water samples is an indi- (eutrophication ) of recreaticjnal lakes. form througliout a lake in the early cator of pollution, and the presence of The symptoms are well known; spring and winds generally keep the other harmful pathogenic bacteria algae and excessive weeds. entire volume well mixed, must be assumed until proved But it's important to realize that .Shallow lakes may remain well otherwise. small to moderate amounts of aquatic mixed all summer so that water qual- Conversely, the absence of col- plants and algae are necessary to main- ity will be the same througliout. iforms is considered sufficient evi- tain a balanced aquatic environment. In deep lakes, on the other hand, dence of the absence of pollution and They provide food and a suitable the surface waters warm up during indicates the water is suitable for environment for the growth of aquatic late spring and early summer and float drinking, bathing, etc., at the time of invertebrate organisms, which serve on the cooler, denser water below sampling. However, no surface water as food for fish. Moreover, shade from Tlie difference in density offers a is recommended for drinking even large aquatic plants also provides pro- resistance to mixing by wind action though coiiforms are absent. tection for young game and forage fish and many lakes do not become fully and helps keep the lower water cool, mixed again until the surface waters

which is essential to certain fish. cool down in the tall The bottom In addition, numerous aquatic water receives no oxygen from the plants are used for food and/or protec- atmosphere during this unmixed tion by many species of waterfowl. period, and the dissolved oxygen

Too much growth, however, creates supply may be all used up by bacteria an imbalance in the natural plant and as they decompose organic matter.

animal community Tlie end result is Cold-water fish, such as trout, will that there may be too much cover for have to move to the warm surface fish, causing their growth to be waters to get oxygen, and because of stunted. Also, such desirable forms of the higli water temperatures they will

life as sport fish can be eliminated, and not thrive, so that the species will unsiglitly algal scums can form, caus- likelv die out. ing interference to recreation.

Tlie lake is not "dead " but is consi- dered esthetically unpleasant with its Algae Aggravates abundance of growth. Perhaps \ou'vc seen ponds and Low oxygen conditions in the bottom lakes covered with dense mats of de- Ti'lllulc iivcils. syiiipldiii of waters are not necessarily an eutr

accumulate in the bottom of lakes,

they do so to a much greater extent if

there is no oxygen present. )

W lu-n ihu lake mixes in the fall, material is usually quite small from this lin route to shore, the pollen traps these nutrients beeome available for source and dissipates rapidly as soon floating algae and other aquatic debris, aljjae in the surface waters, and dense as the w ind and wave action ceases. llie accumulation of material that algae growths can result Fnvironment Ontario has facilities reaches the shore may be unsightly and Consequently, lakes that ha\e no for identihing most forms of fresh- may create an unpleasant odor when oxygen in the bottonnvaler during the water algae, be it microscopic, free- it decomposes. summer are more prone to having algal floating phytoplankton or larger But this condition is seasonal and problems and are more vulnerable to attached forms that appear as visible by earlyjuly most traces of the yellow nutrient inputs. green strands in the water A small scum will disappear due to wind and sample (2S niL) submitted to any of wave action and will eventually settle the ministry's offices, can, if preserved to the lake bottom where it will properly with I.ugol's solution, be Algae Problems decompose naturally forwarded to our Toronto laborat()r\^ Associated with Ih'CDiiifxjslliiiii Nutrient Enrichment I if plant malter al the kike hiitUmi can lead to death When algae become so abundant that of deep- water they create visible shoreline scums, specie.^; slime or ooze, then they are a nuisance impairing the water for recreational, domestic and esthetic pursuits. Microscopic blue-green algae (a component of the phytoplankton which grow throughout the lake may become buoyant and concentrate at the surface of the water during quiet weatlier. A sliglit onshore breeze can concentrate this buoyant accumula- tion so that it forms a pea-green scum which fouls beaches as it piles along When excmive nutrienh entering a lake resuil in the shoreline. heavy growths of algae and weeds, the bottom waters are often depleted of dissolved oxygen when Filamentous green algae, such as these plants decompose. Cold-water ipecies o/fish Spirog]ra and Cladopbora. can create areforced to enter the warm surface waters to obtain oxygen where the high temperatures mas be large cottony tufts or clouds that are fatal suspended in the w ater or attached to suitable substrates such as rocks, logs and other rooted vegetation. When these masses break loose during storms, they can be blown to shore along with any other debris in the lake.

There they may accumulate in thick for analysis. (MOE Aquatic Biology- mats that rapidly decompose creating How to Limit Section, Aquatic Plant Unit (416) 2^5- a foul-smelling black ooze. 5792). Less noticeable, but equally Nutrients upsetting, are microscopic algae capable of imparting chemical tastes Pine Pollen Problems Like humans, aquatic plants and algae and odors to water. The algae may not require a balanced "diet " for growth. be large or abundant, but the odors Pine pollen, a mustard yellow powder Other special requirements, including

(cucumber, grassy musty, fish}, rotten found floating on the water surface in light and temperature, are needed for cabbage, etc. ) they impart may make June, is frequently mistaken for an oil certain algae and plants. Chemical the water unpalatable for washing, or chemical spill. Nevertheless, the elements such as nitrogen, cooking or drinking. yellow scum is natural and not a health phosphorus, carbon, and several Foaming conditions obsened along hazard. others are also required, and must be many lakeshores in the cottage Yellow pollen from coniferous trees in a form available for uptake by plants country are usually the result of the or sandy brown or gray pollen from and algae. release of emulsifving agents in aquatic deciduous trees is most prevalent in Algal growth can be limited by a plants and algae during the natural June. It finds its way into the lakes and scarcity of any single "critical" decomposition process. streams, or accumulates along nutrient. Nitrogen and phosphorus are Wind and wave action will cause shorelines and beaches when high usually considered "critical" nutrients some shoreline foaming. Some foaming winds transport it from surrounding because they are usually in scarce may also be seen at the base of a forests. It is buoyant and easily blown supply in natural waters, particularly waterfall or rapids. The amount of foam across the surface of the water. in Precambrian Shield lakes. Human and livestock wastes can be a very signilkant source of these and otlier nutrients for lakes.

It is extremely important, therefore, Table 1 that cottage waste disposal systems function so that seepage of nutrients Laundry Detergents to the lake does not occur hideed, ex- cessive growths of algae and aquatic (a) Samples of the following laundry detergents for domestic, plants in a lake may well indicate a commncial or industrial use were found to ontain less than seepage problem. one per cent P2O3 or "No Phoq^hate* at the time of testing in 1991:

ABC The Phosphorus in Your Detergents

Scientists have recognized that phos- phorus is the key nutrient in stimulat- ing algal growlh in lakes and streams. In past years, approximately 50 per cent of the phosphorus contributed by municipal sewage was added by deter- gents. Federal regulations reduced the phosphate content ( as P^O^ ) in laun- dry detergents from approximately SO per cent to 20 per cent on August I,

1970, and to 5 per cent on Januarv I, 1973. But automatic dishwashing com- pounds were not subject to the govern- ment regulations and are consequently higli in phosphorus. Surprisingly many automatic dishwashers are present in resort areas ( a questionnaire indicated that about 30 per cent of the cottages

in the Muskoka lakes have automatic dishwashers). Cottagers, therefore, may unknowingly be contributing sig- nificant amounts of phosphorus to

their lakes.

Fortunately in much of Ontario's vacationland, the source of domestic water is soft enougli to allow the exc- lusive use of liquid dishwashing

compounds, soap and soap flakes, which are generally relatively low

in phosphorus. The Environmental Protection Service ofEnvironment Canada regularly sam- ples a large number of domestic, com- mercial and industrial laundry deter- gents to ensure that its phosphorus regulations are met. (b) Samples of the following Uundry detergente were found within the Table 2 Your Lake's Enrichment Status

SECCHIDISC(S.D.) CHLOROPmu a (Chloro-a)

(depth in metres - m) (microgramsper litre- figiL)

Enriched 0-3 m High Algal Density 4 fig/L orgreater Moderately

Enriched 3-5 m Moderate Algal Density 2-4 iigIL

Unenriched 5 m orgreater Low Algal Density 0-2 fig/L

KB. These data do not apply to many northern lakes where water color limits Secchi disc visibility p )

CIL\PTERII

You have extensive aquatic plant and algal growths in your lake TIkv inter- fcrc w ith boating and swimming, and may ultimately diminish shoreline property values. What are you going to do? The answer ma\- be chemical or mechanical controls, or habitat manipulation.

Mechanical Methods

Temporar) control of aquatic plants may be achieved by renio\ ing the plants with rakes or dragging chains through the weeds. In some cases, small boat mounted cutters have been used. Whatever the means, remember floating plant fragments may develop roots and grow elsewhere or wash on- shore and decompose ("utting the Exli'usiriuujiuilic phiiit ciiHl (ilgtil gniwtlxsaniinfeiic'iv will) b(Hili)ifiiiutl sirininiing. vegetation w ithout removing material often makes the problem w orse. On a larger scale, har\ esting and action and traffic over poorly weigh- only a single season, and sometimes dredging machines may be used to re- ted plastic have caused it to shift and less. Tlie decay of dead vegetation will move vegetation from large areas; sometimes tear. Plants may also grow use large quantities of dissolved oxt- however, the cost and maintenance of througlT the air holes or re-establish gen, reducing the amount that is avail- tills equipment is prohibitive for indi- after a period of years on the overlying able for a healthy fish population. (For vidual cottagers. substrate, particularly if the sand con- this reason, mechanical removal of

tains organic matter. weeds is the better solution.

Other habitat manipulation Habitat Manipulation techniques, including dredging and

water drawdown ( lowering water Permits and Licences To develop a small sw imming area, levels o\er the winter to freeze and

kill plants ), have tried vari- hca\T-dut) black construction been with It's obviously important to ensure that able polyethylene can be placed on the success. an algicide or herbicide which kills lake bottom to prevent weed growtli. Other vegetation control methods the nuisance plants does not, at the investigated, In sheltered areas of a lake, this can be arc being which largely same time, affect fish or other desira- accomplished by placing the sheet of involve habitat alteration to discour- ble aquatic plants. plastic on the ice in late winter, and age plant growth. Under The Pesticides Act and Regu- weigliing it down with sand, gra\el lations, a person applying a pesticide and small stones. W hen the ice melts, directly to water must obtain a water the plastic will sink to the bottom. Chemical Methods extermination licence, and a permit to Once the plastic has settled to the purchase and'or perform a water ex- bottom, it can be covered with addi- Chemical control methods are cur- termination (unless exempt under the tional sand. Numerous small air holes rently the most practical for tempo- Regulations). should be punctured in the plastic to van control of weeds in small shore- No licence or permit is required by allow gases that form on the lake bot- line areas, considering the ease w ith the owner to treat a pond located en- tom to escape. which they are applied. However, the tireh- within the owners propertv' and Individuals who have used this herbicides and algicides currently with no outflow- beyond the property- technique report mixed results. Wave available usually provide control for boundaries. The licence requirement ensures eflort is made to process applications In many lakes, these temperatures that pesticide applications to areas o( as quickly as possible, six weeks may are not reached until well into the significant size, which are accessible be required for issuing a permit, since summer months, after the time of

to the public, are made safely it is often necessary to correspond optimum control with a herbicide. Through the licencing system, a per- with the appropriate district However since weather conditions son may be educated on safe handling, ofike of the Ministry of Natural ( particularly the severity of winter correct storage and use of a pes- Resources or to investigate the area. and the rate of snow melt ) will influ- ticide, and its impact on the aquatic Acquiring a permit or a licence ence time of new growths of plants, it media. does not absolve anyone from respon- is important to I ) monitor the site sibilitv for effects arising A permit authorizes the purchase undesirable each .spring season and 2 ) start your and use of a registered pesticide under from a treatment. control program when the nuisance specific conditions. Permits are issued Anyone applying a substance with- species are showing new growth. This out the authority of on an annual basis by Environment a licence or per- may be early mid- or late June Ontario in co-operation with the mit, or who violates the terms and througli earlyjuly Ministry of Natural Resources. conditions provided in a permit, is Control of emergent vegetation A cottage association proposing to liable to prosecution. should be undertaken about the time control submergent aquatics in a bay of flower or seedhead formation on or lake area fronting numerous cot- Types ofAquatic Plants days that are calm and sunny Windy tages will require a "multiple prop- weather increases the hazard to the

erty" water extermination permit if person applying the chemical and to Aquatic plants may be divided into they plan to carry out the treatment nearby valuable plants. three categories: themselves or a permit and a licenced If rain falls shortly after a spray is I Submerged rooted aquatics — exterminator to carry out the treat- applied, it will wash the chemical off which ma\ have leaves that float ment for them An individual treating the plants, thus reducing the eftective- on the water surface: his/her own cottage frontage will re- ness of the treatment. 2. Emergent plants - which may quire only a permit. Read the herbicide label carefully have most of their foliar structures A water extermination permit ( is- to determine time and conditions of above the water surface: and sued for one year) ensures that there application, since each product be- 3. Algae - which color the water will be no unreasonable infringements haves differently green or brown, or appear as on the riglits of other water users, and "pond scum." that the substance applied will not be General Suggestions toxic to humans, fish, domestic ani- Aquatic herbicides vary greatly in mals, or wildlife. the range of vegetation that they will on Herbicides and Tlirough the control. It is therefore important to permit system, the Algicides area of vegetation treated in any one consult the label when control of a lake may be regulated so that impor- particular kind of nuisance species is Before any chemical control measures tant fisheries and other wildlife desired. It is also very important to are undertaken, all owners adjacent to habitat will not be significantly identify the species of vegetation pre- and in the general vicinity of the treat- affected. sent accurately as some plants are not ment area must be notified. To secure a permit for applying a controlled by any of the currently Due consideration must be given chemical or other substances to con- registered herbicides. to any objections voiced by other par- trol nuisance conditions in any area of ties who may use water from the sur- water, an individual or commercial rounding area for drinking, swimming, agency must submit pertinent infor- When to Treat fishing, watering domestic animals or mation on an official application form. Algae and rooted irrigation. In this way the nature of a project and submergent plants Llse of treated water following any possible consequences may be should be treated during the spring or application should be restricted ac- evaluated. early summer, while the plants are de- veloping rapidly and befijre they cording to label directions. reach nuisance proportions. Where fish are present and there is

During this period, chemicals will a heavy growth of algae or aquatic Where to Get provide more eftective control, and plants, the entire pond or ba\ should

Permits/Licences there will be less likelihood that fish not be treated at one time As men- will die as a result of shortage of oxy- tioned previously decomposition of a Application forms may be obtained by gen, which can be one result of the de- large plant mass can deplete the dis- writing to Agricultural and Industrial composition of a large number of solved oxygen supply .so that the fish Chemicals Section, Environment On- dead and dying plants will suffocate. Inder such circum- stances, difterent parts of tario, Suite 100, l.^') St. Clair Avenue Algicides and herbicides are gener- the water West, Toronto. Ontario M^V IPS. ally more effective in warmer water body should be treated in sequence, about a apart. An application should be submitted and better control will be achieved if each week well in advance of the time that the the water temperature is above I8°(;. chemical is lo be applied While every W licrc algic'idcs or luTliicitks arc actually mixed with or distributed throtigiiout the water it is important that the eiiemieai he ilistributed evenly througiiout tiie area to he treated It localized high concentra- tions develop, fish and other aquatic life may be destroyed and control of the plants may be spotty The amount of chemical applied should be in prop- ortion to the depth of water to be treated. If there is an obvious current due to wind action, a larger propor- tion of herbicide should be applied to the upwind side of the treatment area.

All herbicides and algicides must be handled carefiilly because of their toxic properties and often corrosive Mvdhinicul iMinvsliiii^ i>j invtls is njlcii iisvd l

Facts on Chemicals

Information on specific herbicides

;ind algicides has not been included in this publication since new products and changes in formulations are con- tinually being developed. Tlie Ontario Weed Committee pub- lishes recommendations each year in Publication "5 ("Guide to Chemical Weed Control" ) of the Ontario IN Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Pertinent extracts from this publica- tion are available upon request from IK the Public Information Centre,

Environment Ontario, l.^S St. Clair Av- enue West, Toronto, Ontario M4V1P5.

Further Information

Methods of chemical application, calculations of water volumes and 1 dosage rates and illustrations to help you identify plants can be found in the booklet "Aquatic Plant and Algae Control," Write to your nearest office of Environment Ontario, Ik Acid ^OM Pndkm

CHAPTER III

ceptible to acid rain are the central fore the lake itself reaches a low pH. What is Acidic and northern parts, because of their li- As lakes acidify, the diversity of Precipitation? mited watershed buffering capacities. species declines. Indesirable species The buffering capacity is related to of slimy filamentous algae appear local geology. Areas within the Cana- more frequently as other species die Acidic precipitation, commonly refer- dian Shield are dominated by granite out Communit)' composition is red to as "acid rain," kills aquatic life, bedrock rather than limestone, which changed and the food chain is dis- erodes buildings and structures, dam- provides buft'ering or neutralization of rupted. These algae also reduce the ap- ages soils and forests, and can affect incoming acid. Many recreational peal of the water body for recreational human health. lakes in Muskoka. Haliburton. Parr\- use. Acid rain generally evolves through Sound and Algonquin Park will lose Tlie situation is aggravated since a series of four consecutive stages: their fisheries if no abatement action particulates of certain metals and 1 ) emissions of sulphur and nitrogen is taken. ozone, known to harm the environ- oxides, which originate chiefly from .Soils with low buffering capacity ment, are also transported great dis- the combustion of fossil fuels ( coal can acidif)- and release nutrients and tances by prevailing winds. and oil ); 2 ) long-range transport of hea\T metals such as aluminum. Tliese Most threatened by acid rain is these contaminants by winds; .-^ ) trans- metals may enter lakes and streams Ontario's and eastern Canada's fresh- formation of chemical properties in and are potentially toxic to various water heritage. Tens of thousands of the atmosphere to form acidic com- forms of aquatic life and wildlife if Ontario's lakes are threatened and, of pounds; and 4 ) fallout of these pollut- concentrations are higli enougli. Tlie those surveyed, about 2SU are already ants to earth toxic metals accumulate as they are acidified and 93-i are extremely Fallout from the atmosphere oc- passed up the food chain from mol- sensitive. curs througli either "wet deposition" lusks and crustaceans to the fish, birds precipitation in the form of rain, mist and mammals that feed on them. or snow, or by "dr\ deposition," such \cid rain threatens mollusks, in- - as fine particulate matter or dust that Acid Rain sects such as mayflies and stoneflies, becomes acidic. amphibians and fish by pre\ enting suc- The pH Parameter Sulphur dioxide (SO, ) emissions, cessful reproduction. Calcium uptake largely from coal-fired electric Scientists mea.sure the acidity or alka- in common species of crayfish is inhi- utilities, smelters or industrial fur- bited, resulting in delayed hardening linity of a solution by a parameter naces, account for rouglily two-thirds of the exoskeleton, increased called the pH, which is a logarithmic of acidic pollution in North America. parasitism, and egg and young measure of the hydrogen ion concen- Nitrogen oxide ( N(.)^ ) emissions ac- mortality tration on a scale ranging from to l4. count for about one-third, half of scale, a neutral Fish, such as hike trout, spawn in On the pH chemically which is due to motor vehicle com- solution has a value of seven. The the fall and their eggs de\ elop through bustion of gasoline. aciditv, the lower the the winter and hatch in the spring. greater the pH. A Since the greater part of the world unit Tile spring emergence of sensitive change of one pH downward im- depends upon fossil fuel, it's not sur- plies a tenfold in the hydrogen young fish coincides with the "spring change prising that acidic precipitation is a and ice ion concentration or a tenfold in- world-wide phenomenon. melt," when melting snow acidity; a of two is dump large amounts of acidic water crease in change and sometimes toxic metals into lakes, hundredfold If tor example, a pH is

four, it is 10 times more acidic than a Concern and Effects rapidly changing pH The fish experi- pH of five; a pH of three is a hundred- ence a pH shock, so this event is also acidic a of five. in Ontario referred to as "spring shock." Since the fold more than pH to carbon dioxide naturalh' early life stages offish are particularly Due Environmental scientists have known sensitive to acid pulses, failure to sus- present in the atmosphere, the pH of normal "clean rain" in eastern for several decades that atmospheric tain new generations has been impli- or North America is about S.6. sources of acid had caused damage to cated as a major factor in the decline areas of southern Ontario, such lakes in Sweden, .Norway and .New offish populations in acidifying lakes. In as Muskoka and the Kav\ artha York State. Environment Ontario Many amphibians spawn in pools of the lakes, of the rain is often found studies in 1975 revealed that this pro- meltwater, making them \er\ suscepti- the pH 4.S to -iX), that rain vince was also seriously ;iftected ble to spring acid shock, which will to be meaning the is times more acidic than that of Tlie areas of the province most sus- often wipe out these .species long be- many "clean rain." Aquatic life in susceptible North American lakes is considered to be \ iilnerable Areas Containing when the pll ot the lake drops below Lakes Sensitive to Precipitation six. Acid

There is widespread concern that if acidic conditions are sustained over

long periods, serious detrimental ef-

fects will be experienced by aquatic

and terrestrial ecosystems.

Turning Off The Sources

In Ontario, about 50 per cent of the Source: James N. Galloway acid rain comes from I'nitcd States' and Ellis B. Cowling, sources. Because of tall smoke stacks Journal of the Air and prevailing w eather conditions, the Pollution Control Association 28, no. 3 U.S. Environmental Protection .\gency (March 1978). (EPA) acknowledges that Canada re- ceives from the IS. two to four times

as much SOj and 1 1 times as much

NO, as the l.S. gets from Canada. In the 19"0s, the governments of North America were preoccupied

witli local or "ambient" air quality. SO,

emissions in Ontario were cut in half as provisions under the Environmen- tal Protection Act forced the use of abatement technology on polluters.

In the United States, passage of the Clean Air Act also provided a means to

protect local air qualitv'. Some states reduced their total SO, and particu-

late emissions to safeguard their cities, while other states increased their SO, emissions. Typical development However, local air qualitv' legisla- of Northeastern North tion was inappropriate for addressing America weather the problem of long-range transport of phenomena acid rain. In some cases, laws designed

to protect local air qualitv' led to the construction of tall smoke stacks that per cent of our acid rain deposition Solutions-Abatement increased the long-range transport of that comes from the United States. acid rain. The severity of the situation in On- the Only Answer Ontario became the first jurisdic- tario, and the need for quick abate-

tion in North America to require SO, ment action, results from the increase It is essential that Canada and the U.S. reductions from companies already in in acidity of precipitation over the develop an effective mechanism to

compliance with local air qualitv' past several decades. U.S. sulphur deal with the long-range transport of

regulations. emissions from the electrical utility transboundary airborne pollutants. If In December 1985, Ontario an- sector have nearly quadrupled during Ontario eliminated every source of nounced a new program, "Countdown the past 25 years and now account for sulphur and nitrogen oxides in the

Acid Rain," which was aimed at major two-thirds of the U.S. total. It is pro- province, it would have virtually no Ontario polluters. The program will jected that 300 new power plants will impact on the continuing damage to

significantly reduce acid rain in On- be built in the US. during the 1980s our lakes, unless the U.S. jointly re-

tario, Quebec. New York State, and and 199()s. duced its emissions (Table 3)- New Hampshire. Acid rain has increased to the point Moreover, we now expect more

Ontario hopes that by setting yet where the average pH of rainlall in the use of fossil fuels, especially coal and

another example it will encourage its part of Ontario lying south of the 50th oil, and, therefore, more potential pro-

,\merican neighbors to demand parallel is less than 5.0. Many regions duction of S0_, and NO,. We must con-

further action from their state and na- of the province regularly receive rain tinue to work for abatement at the in-

tional governments to reduce the 50 ofpH4.5 to4.0. ternational level. Table 3 1984 SOJotal Emission in North America (Thousands of metric tonnes/year)

Country Province/State Total SO, UtU.

CANADA Newfoundland 37.8 Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia New Brunswick Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia N.W. Terr./Yukon UNITED Ohio STATES Indiana Pennsylvania Illinois Texas Missouri W. Virginia Georgia Tennessee Florida PcvU(

CR\PTERI\

Bacteriological Safety

In cottage countn you're surrounded

b\ water, and it looks clean. But can

you drink it?

You have to remember that all

water ( from a lake, river or any other

surface water source) is open to con- tamination by humans, animals and

birds, all of which can be carriers of disease. Consequently, no surface water ma\ be considered safe for himian consumption without prior treatment, including disinfection.

Only water that comes from a pro-

tected source, such as a well, or that which has been subject to some kind of treatment, should be considered suitable for drinking.

Howls Bacteriological Safety Determined?

To determine their safety for drinking, samples of drinking water are tested or prior for the presence of two groups of bac- Only wakr which is treated from protected sources is siife to drink witljout testing. teria: total coliforms and fecal col-

iforms. Total coliform bacteria are al-

ways present in animal wastes and sewage but are also found in soil and How Does Water Minimizing on vegetation. Fecal coliform bacteria Become Contaminated? Contamination of arc only found in intestinal contents of warm-blooded animals. Lake Water Water sources may become The presence of fecal coliforms is contaminated by: A lake is subject to contamination at therefore more likely to indicate sew- • runoff or ground drainage seeping any time, either through natural age contamination, which is of greater into unprotected surface waters or surface runoff or througl: human concern because of the risk of disease inadequately sealed wells and intenention. agents that may be present in sewage. springs; Common sense suggests that any Fecal coliforms tend to die off more • pipes and .soil during construction water intake should not be located rapidly outside the body; con- of a new w ell ( new wells should be near where people swim or where sequently, their presence in water in-

disinfected before testing and use ): boats leak gasoline or stir up dicates relatively recent sewage • surface drainage and ground sediment. Private sewage disposal contamination. percolation into shallow dug wells systems should be located far enough No one should drink water contain- that are improperly sealed; from the lake so as not to pollute. ing fecal coliform bacteria. • sewage disposal systems close by Even if these precautions are taken,

or up hill from the water source; never assume or depend upon the • pipes, pumps, aerators or splash purity of untreated lake water. preventers, non-sterile sample containers, dust and human hands. Minimizing this procedure: submitted unless some form of 1. Secure a water sample hotlle from treatment has been applied hrst. Contamination of your local Medical Officer of Health or from one of the Public Well Water Health Laboratories (Table ^) Samples 2. Fill the bottle w ith a .sample of the How Many Well water, too, can easily become water to be tested, follow ing the Should Be Collected? contaminated. Regular testing is an sampling instructions provided essential precaution. w ith the bottle . . . and When?

A well may become contaminated 3. Send the sample immediately in in one of two ways: 1 ) the ground- the mailing tube provided, to the • For well water in general, three water that supplies it may itself be nearest Public Health Laboratory samples with acceptable results polluted, or 2) the well may admit Ontario Ministrv of Health ( Table collected one to three weeks pollution through faulty location or 4). apart indicate a safe supply Test- construction. I'nprotected surface waters are al- ing once or twice a year after that

If the groundwater is polluted, ways considered unsafe, and samples is sufficient, unless there has been continuous chlorination of the well is from these sources should not be some change in source conditions essential. If the groundwater is pure and the well is faulty the fault can usually be corrected and the well disinfected.

How to Keep Wells Clean

Pollution usually enters a well

througlT the top. It may get in directly

througli a loose lid, or indirectly, by way of unsealed sidewalls. To prevent

this sort of pollution, do the following;

1, Make sure that surface water

cannot drain into the well. If the

well is located in a dip of land, raise the top above the surrounding area

so that the rim is well above the

trickle level of even a hea\7 rainstorm.

2, Have the walls of the well sealed

for a distance of at least three to four metres below ground level.

3, See that the lid is sealed — around the rim of the well, around the pimip base, and around the

manhole, if there is one.

If the well is already contaminated, make these corrections before

disinfecting it, or it will quickly become contaminated again, restoring the risk of disease ,\ew wells, renovated wells, or wells upon which anv construction work has been done should be disinfected before use.

Test Your Water

The Ministry of Health provides

sterile bottles in which you can sub- mit samples of your drinking water for bacteriological testing The tests are performed w ithout charge To

have a water sample anah/ed, follow "

or physical appearance- of the water t At the cottage, two or three sam- Table 5 ples should be taken during a

season, il all are acceptable lor How to Interpret a Bacteriological Report drinking Remember tliat strict numerical limits for safety are difficult to • A well supplying a snmmer cot- establish and that as the of eoliform bacteria increases tage should be tested as soon as number so does the risk of disease agents being present in the water. the cottage is opened each spring, and the water shoukl not be driuik w ithout treatment before Conform bacteria the resultMif the test are ob- per 100 ml tained. In addition, a well should Total Fecal Interprelation be tested once or twice during >160 >60 Unsafefor drinking. This water is contaminated and the season, preferably after heavy shoukl not he usedfor drinking under any circum- rains. sta>ues. Do not attenipl to aj)ply tlx'se sUindanIs and t A new or repaired well should be interpretations to surface waters usedf)r swimming. sampled after disinfection and 10- again one to three weeks later to 160 1-60 Unsafefor drinking. Polluti

tion. If repeat samples show con- 10- 160 Unsafefor drinking Contaniinatiim is not likely to be tinuing contamination, some cor- ofsewage origin unlessfar removedfrtmi the water

rective action is necesary to elimi- source or unless there has been a delay in receipt of nate the source of the contamina- sample. Omiimm with new wells before disinfection tion. Repeated testing alone will and shallow dug wells which are not properly sealed. not provide a safe water supply- 2-10 Doubtfulfor a single sample, hut safefir drinking if

conditi(m remains stable and supply is protected and Sampling From located at least jO -iO mfrom any source ofhuman Wells or animal wastes. <2 Safefor drinking. Repeat samples may not show Following the general instructions exactly the same results because bacteria are not provided with the sample bottle, the distributed uniformly in water Contamination tends following additional steps should be to enter intermittently and numbers can change during taken if sampling directly from the sample transit time. well: Est Unsafefor drinking. Number has been estimated due 1. If the well has a mechanical to some interference with the test. Exact number is pump, take the sample from a pre- not really critical, especially limits viously cleaned tap on the rising if in excess of slmwn above, main or from a nearby tap before forjudging safety. the water reaches the reservoir or OIG Doubtful condition and not recommendedfor cistern. drinking. No eoliform bacteria could be detected 2. If the well has a hand pump, pump because of "overgrowth" by other bacteria. This the water continuously for at condition frequently occurs with neiv wells, dug

least five minutes before taking a u 'ells receii ing soil drainage or u 'ells u 'hich hai 'e sample. Then clean the mouth of been idlefor some time. Collect another sample and the pump and pump several more identify clearly "REPEAT SAMPLE. gallons of v\ater to waste. Take the sample by allowing the pump water to flow directly into the bottle. Treating Your Water Boiling .^. If the well has only a bucket or a

can. do not fill the sample bottle from this bucket. Rather, lower If you are not sure of the quality of Heat the water to a rolling boil for at

the bottle itself into the water. the water, treat it by boiling or by least five minutes to destroy any Table S shows how to interpret the chlorination. Never use water of un- bacteria. bacteriological report you receive known quality for drinking, brushing One disadvantage of boiling is after submitting your sample. your teeth, washing dishes, or wash- that the gases dissolved in water are ing fruits and vegetables that are to driven out. resulting in a flat "boiled" be eaten raw. taste. This can be removed, however, Q if the water is left to sit in a covered fects when consumed in drinking H is the number of metres of

container ( to prevent contamina- water. water in the well casing, and

tion ) for a few hours. The taste can Where a clilorinator is used, it is es- Q is the number of litres or fluid also be restored by pouring the sential to have a means of testing the ounces that must be added to the

water back and forth from one clean amount of free chlorine residual in- well water container to another jected into the water A "DPI)" B. Measure the diameter of the well.

chlorine testing kit should be used, Determine, by measurement, the Chlorination which is available from most equip- number of metres of water in the ment suppliers. well From Table 6, obtain the vol- Add a small amount of chlorine to The water supply should carry a ume of water in litres, contained the water to make it safe to drink. free available chlorine residual of 0.2 in the well for every metre of water to O.S parts per million ( ppm ), as de- Chlorination in Batches termined by a test made after at least After calculating the number of 15 minutes chlorine contact time. Using a dropper, add eight drops litres of water in the well, calculate While the operation of the chlorinator of household bleach ( 4 to S.2S per the amount of chlorine or com- is relatively simple, it is a good idea to cent available chlorine) to four litres pound containing chlorine that must ensure that the person who is respon- of water; stir, and allow the mixture be added to the well water to obtain sible for the chlorination is familiar to stand for minutes before using H the desirable concentration. Numer- with both the operation of the it. At the end of that time, there ous household bleach solutions ( e.g. machine and the required tests. should still be a faint odor of Javex) containing sodium hypochlo- chlorine left. If there is not, repeat Note: Solid particles in the water can rite are available, and they contain the process. shield bacteria from the action of about 3 to 5.25 per cent available This is a strong dose of chlorine, chlorine. If the water is cloudy, filter it chlorine. Calcium hypochlorite is and it will make most water safe to before you chlorinate it. also available in granular or tablet drink. However, if the water does not form and contains 70 per cent availa- need that much (i.e., if the "chlorine Chlorination Procedures ble chlorine by weiglit. Either of demand" is low) the chlorine not for Wells these two products may be used. used up will leave a taste. Tlie following relationship will Ontario Regulation 612/84 requires If the treated water has too strong a help you to determine the amount that all newly-constructed wells be taste, it can be made more palatable of these products to add to your well chlorinated by the well contractor by allowing it to sit exposed to the air water: with 250 mg/L available chlorine over for a few hours. \bu can also pour the For every 1000 L of well water a contact time of 12 hours. contents from one container to add 1 L of household bleach (five The chlorination of existing wells, several another times. per cent) or 71 of calcium because of poor bacteriological g If the strength of the bleach is not 4 hypochlorite to obtain a 50 mg/L analysis results or following repairs to to 5. 25 per cent available chlorine concentration of chlorine and 5 either the well or the pump, requires labels read "active ingre- (some may L of household bleach or 355 only 50 mg/L over a contact time of 12 g dient sodium hypochlorite S.2S per of calcium hypochlorite to obtain hours. cent" ) and do not have a testing you a 250 mg/L concentration of Tile following steps are necessary kit, of re- calculate the number drops chlorine. to chlorinate a well: -iO percen- quired. Just divide by the Tables 7 and 8 give the amounts 1. Calculate the Amount of tage of available chlorine in the of household bleach to be added to Chlorine Solution bleach. dug wells up to I metre in diameter The following are two examples of Chlorine tablets can also be purch- or drilled wells up to 15 cm in diame- procedures recommended to calcu- ased with instructions on how to use ter at various depths late the amount of bleach required to them. If there are no instructions, then chlorinate a well. 2. Let the Chlorine Work use one tablet for each quart or litre of Stir the water if possible. If the water water Al. A simple formula (Environmental is piped to the house, pump the chlori-

Health Review, Spring ) for 1986 nated water through the piping sys- Chlorination Continuous directly calculating, in cither the tem. imperial or metric systems, the For continuous water disinfection, Before disinfecting the water distri- of household bleach you may obtain a small domestic amount bution system, remove or isolate any (5.25 per cent sodium hypochlo- water hypochlorinator ( sometimes carbon filter from the system, since a rite) to add to your well water to coupled with activated carbon filters) filter will tend to remove the chlorine. obtain available These are supplied by firms listed 250 mg/L In addition, the water heater should chlorine is given in the following: in the Yellow Pages imder "Water be completely drained and be allowed 15 R^H = Purification." Q to fill with chlorinated water Do not load these hypochlorinators A2. To obtain 50 nig/L available

chlorine, the is: with the "stabilized" chlorine tablets, formula = or "pucks," supplied for use in swim- 3R^H Q is the radius ming pools. These contain a substance where R of the well in feet or metres, which could have potential health ef- Table 6 Water Treatment not be expected to present a Ceramic filters do not provide com- virus problem, but when human plete protection against the buildup of Devices for pathogenic viruses are present, micro-organisms in the distribution certain devices should not be system. Initially and after a period of Home Use used. non-use, disinfection of the plumbing

(c) Presence Protozoan Parasites system downstream of the filter is re- Althougli no regulations currently of Protozoan parasites require the commended, in some circumstances, exist to control the sale of these de- use of a filter with a pore size before putting it into operation. vices, information has been developed equal to, or less than, S|a.m. to protect the public. Tliis was pre- (d) Excessive Color Turbidity, Iron Ultraviolet Irradiation pared by a joint voluntary' government or Organic Impurities committee in co-operation with the The unit should incorporate a device Appropriate devices for esthetic Canadian Water Quality Association, for monitoring or sensing ultraviolet or chemical treatment may be re- whose members manufacture many of transmission througli the maximum quired to address any of these the devices on the market, depth of water in the chamber The factors. It is important that sub- Tlie following provides extracts monitoring or sensing device should sequent bacterial analyses of the from an Environment Ontario publica- be designed to trigger an alarm should treated water be made with suffi- tion, "Information on the Use of Home the lamp or sensor fail or if insufficient cient frequency to demonstrate Water Treatment Devices." Full infor- ultraviolet light reaches the sensor the efficacy of the device in use. mation may be obtained by referring Ultraviolet irradiation will work (e) Storage Recommendation to the original document. best when voltage or cycle variations Treated water by any process, do not exceed manufacturers' should not be stored indefinitely Useful Advice specifications. It is preferable to keep treated Since ultraviolet treatment does Any device should be cleaned regu- water under refrigeration, but not provide residual bactericidal ac- larly, following manufacturers' instruc- not for more than two days. tion, disinfection of the distribution tions, especially after a period of non- system is recommended after any use. Ceramic Filters period of non-use. Tlie construction material of these devices and contact systems should To ensure the proper functioning of The device should be cleaned regu- not react with water or with disinfec- the equipment, consumers should be larly tion chemicals, nor give toxic con- aware that care is required when hand- Tlie output of an ultraviolet device stituents to the treated water The de- ling, transporting, installing and clean- decreases with age, so the lamp vice should be constructed to avoid ing a filter unit. A cracked or other- should be changed periodically as any risk of contamination or any elec- wise damaged filter may be rendered required.

trical or fire hazard. ineffective.

Disinfection

These guidelines were developed

specifically to cover the aspects of dis-

infecting water Municipal supplies al- ready meet microbiological require- ments for drinking water Certain conditions may prevent the satisfactory treatment of a raw water source by these devices alone. Differ- ent raw water quality requires a case-

by-case review of a combination of treatment processes to produce water of drinking quality

The following situations require careful consideration: (a) Excessive Bacterial Populalioii

It is recommended that raw water should not contain greater than 1000 total coliforms per 100 ml or greater than 100 fecal

coliforms per 100 ml,. (h) The Known Presence ofHuman I'tilhoiienic Viruses Raw water within these limits lor I Ivliicdl Itipiibtorindliiiii syslciii ,1 typicdl l\ irrudiiitiiin deviw coliform levels would normallv m Distillation used year-round because of possible bers than the effluent water This po-

adverse physiological effects of iodine tential health hazard, together w ith During tin- procc^N oriliMiiiatiun, any on certain indi\ iduals. the possible interference with any col- steam volatile- organics in ilic input iforni test, limits the use of this device vvattT ( sucli aN plK-nolics ) may be car- Ozonation to microbiologically safe water only It ried over and concentrated in the con- The device should provide a measura- is recommended that the tap be densate. (Claims tor the removal of ble amount of free residual ozone to flushed for at least 30 seconds after chloroform, pesticides, herbicides or the treated water immediately after any period of non-use. other organics should be backed by treatment. An ozone-specific test kit (Chemical impurities may be re- adequate test data. for residuals in tlie range of 0,1 to 1.5 leased when the capacity of the car- Nhcrobial recontaminatlon of the mg/L ozone should be provided with bon filter has been exceeded, 'lliis distilled water in the reservoir with the unit, to enable the user to periodi- stage is very difficult to determine undesirable micro-organisms may be a cally test for the desired residual without extensive chemical analyses, problem, unless the reservoir is effec- levels. and, therefore, frequent changes of tively washed and cleaned regularly Excess unused ozone ft"om the the cartridge are recommended. Distilled water should be stored in treatment compiu^tment should not non-metallic containers or in recepta- be released to the immediate cles specitically designed for distilled Reverse Osmosis environment. water. Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water con- Ozonation does not provide persis- ditioning process by which water is tent residual bactericidal action. After Chemical Methods separated from dissolved minerals or a period of non-use, the distribution ions by the use of a semi-permeable lodination, chlorination and ozona- system should be disinfected before membrane. tion processes require a test kit putting it back into operation with the Evidence should be available from supplied with the de\ ice. Regular test- ozonation device. the vendor that each model/type has ing for residual levels is essential. Car- Esthetic and Chemical the potential to operate effectively bon filtration could eliminate chemi- over its lifetime at the minimum re- cal residuals. Improvements commended pressure. Appropriate Activated carbon and reverse osmosis data should be generated over the Chlorination devices are used to improve the chem- claimed lifetime of the device to sub- The device should be capable of pro- ical composition and the esthetics of stantiate removal claims (for exam- viding a dose that will produce a free the water, but diey do not disinfect. ple, evidence of the removal of inor- available chlorine residual of at least They may support the growth of en- ganic and organic substances should

0.5 mg L following a contact time of at trapped bacteria, which will be re- be recorded ). least 20 minutes. Other dose/time leased into the effluent water. The use The permeate in the resenoir combinations may be used to achieve of these devices should be limited to should not be considered as a source at least ct = 10 (where c = concen- microbiologically safe water or com- of sterile water. tration of free available chlorine re- bined with one of the disinfection For more information, complete sidual and t = time in minutes). A re- devices. guidelines may be obtained from the tention tank, in addition to a pressure Drinking Water Section, Water tank, may be required to achieve this. Activated Carbon Devices Resources Branch. Environment

Ontario, 3rd Floor, 1 St. Clair Avenue The vendor should be able to provide lodination West, Toronto, Ontario, M4V 1K6. evidence that each model/type has the Tlie iodinator should be capable of potential to operate effectively over providing a dosage of iodine that will its lifetime at the maximum recom- produce a continuous iodine residual mended flow rate. Appropriate data of between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L. following should be generated over the claimed a contact time of: lifetime of the device to substantiate

15 minutes for well waters removal claims (for example, evi- 30 minutes for surface waters dence for the removal of chloroform,

A retention tank, in addition to a pesticides, herbicides and other chem- conventional pressure tank, may be icals should be provided ). required to achieve proper contact The major drawback and concern time. ir the use of activated carbon units is Because the rate of disinfection that they may support the growth of may be slower at low temperatures, a bacteria, which may feed on the nut- contact time of 30 minutes is re- rient base of particulate matter and quired, particularly in near-freezing organic or inorganic compounds ab- waters. sorbed onto the surface of the carbon

An appropriate activated carbon fil- filter. Bacteria, including pathogenic ter positioned after the iodinator's re- species, may multiply and be released tention tank may be advisable when into the effluent water at higher num- d I v'^*r I ^ immf V w ^111^? , If W iPm -^.mW ^-

T)(4MMiS( CHAPTERV

Summary of Sewage What To Do With The Septic Tank Systems by Class Your Sewage System (Class 4) What Does It Do? Class 1 System With more than 30(),()0() cottages in Ontario, it's not surprising that the dis- Where you can't connect to municipal

Includes various types of waterless posal of human waste is one problem sewers, a septic tank system is a good

toilets. Its use with new construction all cottagers have in common. choice. It consists of a septic tank to

is uncommon due to the sewage Where toilet facilities can be con- settle the solids out of the sewage, fol- disposal requirements for non-human nected to municipal sewage systems, lowed by an underground leaching

waste (see Class 2 system), unless the solution is obvious. bed in which the sewage is treated

water conservation is important. With But in most cases, municipal servicc-s and dispersed into the soil.

a Class 4 or 6 system installed to ;ire not provided. A good ;iltemati\v is a Tile big advantage of this system is

handle a pressurized water system, septic tank sTstcm or a sy stem using an that it will accept all household waste

there is no advantage to a Class 1 aerobic packaged plant. Tliese systems water: from the bath, the dishwasher

system. Does not require a certificate are capable of treating all tlie sewage and washing machine, as well as the

of approval. from a cottage residence. toilet.

Otlier sy stems include privies and If treated with reasonable consider- Class 2 System chemical toilets. ation, a septic tank system will accept all these waste waters without com- A soak or leaching pit. Only used for plaint for several years, until it's time non-human waste and only suitable to pump the accumulated sludge out where waterborne waste volumes are of the tank. If the system can be lo- low. Not normally authorized with cated so that the sewage flows by new construction, as a sewage system gravit) to the tank and then to the capable of treating all waste from leaching bed, it needs no machinery modern plumbing and appliances is or power and ( apart from pumping preferred. May be authorized for use out the tank occasionally) little in conjunction with a Class 1 sewage maintenance. system and requires a certificate of approval.

Class 3 System DANGER LEAVE CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE A cesspool. Similar in construction to TO THE PROFESSIONALS. a Class 2 leaching pit, but only used to Non-licensed persons should never enter septic or holding tanks. receive waste from a Class 1 system, the years many people have died in them, owing to lack of oxygen, such as human waste. Requires Over or the effects of the toxic gases found in the tanks. approval to install.

Class 4 System

A septic tank system. Requires Solutions May Vary approval. Please note: the disposal methods described in this chapter are not equally acceptable everywhere. Local bylaws, as well as soil conditions, may rule out Class 5 System some methods.

A holding lank, only used to correct Note also that all figures and specifications mentioned in this chapter are problems or in temporary situations. for guidance only To find out which forms of sewage disposal are approved

Rarely approved with new in your area (and details of the regulations), contact your local Environment construction Requires approval. Ontario or health unit office. See Chapter 12 for offices nearest you.

All sewage disposal installations, except c:iass 1 sewage systems, require Class 6 System approval and a permit for use.

Packaged aerobic treatment plant system. Requires approval. ment facility) It should never go into washers and dishwashers are used, How Does It Work? a ditch or w atercoursel make sure full loads are washed

The only way to dispose ot sewage, as \\ ith the tank capacities listed in each time. 1-xcessive use of water distinjjulslitil troiii nurely sending il Table '). it may not he necessary to (such as doing numerous washings somewhere else. Is to prepare a com- pump out the tank more than once in one day ) could flush solids from fortable home for the micro-organ- every three years It should, however, the tank to the leaching bed. Or isms that eat it. be inspected at least once a year and better still. o\ersize your system

Many strains, often known as pumped out if necessary. Failure to for the future,

"tiugs." perform tiiis useful function pump out a septic tank when required .i Moderate use of household drain They can be di\ ided into two groups: will result in sludge or scum being car- solvents, cleaners, disinfectants,

the aerobic ones, wiiich need oxygen, ried into the leaching bed. which in etc , should not interfere w ith the and tile anaerobic ones, which can't turn w ill clog and cease to fimction. In operation of the sewage disposal abide it this event, not only will the tank have sy.stem; however, indiscriminate to be pimiped out, but the leaching use may cause problems The Septic Tank bed w ill ha\e to be replaced 4. Various preparations are on the

Anaerobic bacteria live and work in market which are said to start, ac- celerate or improve the action in the septic tank, w hich is just that, a Operation and the septic tank. There is no to tank It's big enough to hold several need Maintenance add any such product, since all the days' worth of sewage and is shaped so necessary bacteria are already con- that the flow is slow and reasonably An on-site sewage system should, w ith tained in the sewage entering the uniform. proper care and maintenance, provide system. Environment Ontario does Sew age from the cottage enters the many years of senice. There are, how- not promote or endorse the use of tank, w here the solids settle to the bot- ever, some things which you, the any of these products. tom as a sludge; fats and greases rise to homeowner, should be aware of that the top to form a scum The sludge is will help the system to fimction prop- 5. The system should be inspected at partly decomposed by the anaerobic erly least once each year and the tank bacteria. If the is working well, pumped out when necessary — system 1. Do not allow roof drains to dis- the liquid portion that flow s out of the charge to the system or surface ever)' two or three years is tank is relatively clear, althougli it still waters to drain towards the area of suggested. Failure to pump out a has an odor and carries disease. the leaching bed. tank when required may result in

It carried shouldn't go anywhere but into 2. Water usage in the home should be sludge or scum being over in soil the leaching bed (or equivalent treat- kept to a minimum. If automatic to the leaching bed resulting clogging and complete failure of the system. MANHOLES 6. Vehicular traffic ( including snow- mobiles) should not be allowed over the leaching bed.

7. The area over a leaching bed should have a good cover of grass INLET but shrubs or trees should not be _ OUTLET planted over the area. Good \enti- lation and adequate sunliglit

should be maintained in the area of the leaching bed.

Drawbacks Cross-section of the Actual Septic Tank There are few disadvantages to the septic tank system since the system

handles all household wastes.

Table 9 One major drawback is simply that Minimum Septic Tank Working Capacities it can't be used everywhere. Consult your local Environment Ontario or

(Household and Cottage Systems) healtli unit office for more information.

Number of Bedrooms Minimum Total Also, remember access by road or (2 persons per bedroom) Working Capacity L boat is required for installation and pump-out servicing. 2 or less 2700 3 3600 4500 4500 l^E. —- ——»'- ^ tb '«a: MM(«^ -c

Leaching Beds of percolation time between one and or otherwise protected for stability SO min/cm and at least 2S m in and erosion control. depth imder the bed and beyond the Conventional Bed Clearance distances outlined in the outer pipes in any direction that the following sections must be increased A coincntioiial Ic.icliing bed is con- effluent from the bed v\ ill move in the by an amount equal to two imits hori- structed entirely in the native soil and soil. If the percolation time of the man- zontal for each unit vertical height of consists of two or more rows of tel material is greater than IS min/cm, the surface of the leaching bed above buried distribution pipe, each row of material any placed above it to form natural grade. which is set in a bed of 2-cni stone in a the leaching bed must have a percola- trench, known as an absorption trench tion time not greater than ''S per cent system. Sucii beds are frequently of the percolation time of the mantel Location of Leaching called "tile" beds. Earlier practice, material. Beds which is still permitted, was to use For example, if the first layer of the lengths of clay or cement pipe about The preferred location for a leaching mantel material has a percolation time 30 cm long, called "tiles," which were bed is on a level site with well of 40 min/cm, then the second layer set in a row 6-12 mm apart, allowing drained, sandy loam soil, remote from must be "'S per cent of -lO, which is .^0 the sewage to flow into the stone any wells or surface water. For the min/cm. This is still not less than IS layer Tlie distribution pipe now com- leaching bed to work satisfactorily the min/cm. Therefore, another layer is re- monly used is plastic pipe and is perfo- maximum elevation of any rock forma- quired, at ^S per cent of 30, which is

rated with small holes ( usually at the tion or layer of impervious material 22.S min/cm. Then the next layer will

4 and 8 o'clock position ) along its must be at least 0.9 m below the eleva- be 7S per cent of 22 S, which is 16.9 length. Tlu' stone layer acts as a reser- tion of the bottom of the absorption min/cm, and so on, until the final layer voir from which the sewage can seep trenches or the surface of the filter is less than IS miii'cm. Then the bed slowly into the soil. medium. The minimum separation be- can be built. The result of this is many The dimensions of the trench and tween the highest ground water table layers of material at great expense. It the details of how it should be filled and the surface of a filter or the bot- is cheaper and easier to use material in, the characteristics of the soil, the tom of an absorption trench is 05 m. in the 10- IS min/cm range to start required length of the distributit)n WTiere the water table is the limit- with. pipe, and other particulars of the bu- ing factor, it is the highest water table

rial are important and are specified in that is of concern, rather than the aver- Dntario Regulation 374/81. A Raised Bed age or that found at the time of site minimum of I.t m of .soil is required investigation.

for a conventional absorption trench In an absorption trench system, Trickle (gravity ) discharge from

system. selected material is used to form a the tank to the bed is permitted for Sewage leaving the septic tank mound in which the absorption leaching beds with up to ISO m of dis- flows down the rows of distribution trenches can be set so that the desired tribution pipe. If the length of distribu- pipe, leaking continuously into the 0.9 111 clearance below the trenches is tion pipe is more than ISO m, either a soil through the holes or gaps. In the obtained. pump or a syphon must be used to soil it encounters a flourishing popula- The filter bed is a leaching bed in dose the bed. If the land is sloping, a

tion of aerobic bacteria, which finish which the sewage from the treatment pump may be used to lift the effluent the good work begun in the tank by tank is spread evenly over the surface to a point where gravity flow will re- the anaerobic "bugs." of a sand filter by a network of distri- sume. A minimum of 3" trade-size pipe

bution pipes set in a stone layer con- must be used for gravity flow systems tinuous over and UA" trade-size pipe for pressure Using Imported Soil the area of the filter sand. Tile regulation specifies the gradation systems.

Where it is not possible to install a of the sand that is acceptable, and it is The maximum length of any single conventional absorption trench-type important that only sand meeting the run of distribution pipe is 30 m. bed (eg. where a minimum of It m of requirements is used. The filter Leaching beds may be constructed acceptable soil is not available) the medium must be at least 0.~S m deep. on a sloping site providing the slope regulation permits the installation of a Depending on the nature of the under- does not exceed 25 per cent. Tlie cost leaching bed in imported soil This lying soil, the filter medium may have and other problems of levelling the re- type of bed is obviously more expen- to be extended at its base to prov ide a quired area will generally limit con- sive, nie regulation permits two types suitable contact area Full particulars ventional construction methods to slopes of not greater than one in of imported soil leaching beds: 1 ) an are in the regulation and should be ob- 10 absorption trench system, which is tained from the health unit or Fnviron- ( 10 per cent ). similar in design, layout and si/e to a ment Ontario office. The only advan- Special installation methods are re-

quired for sites. conventional bed; and 2 ) a filter bed, tage of a filter is that it requires less more steeply sloped which, while smaller, requires the im- space than an absorption svsteni and Information on these may be obtained porting of specially nianutaclured can be used providing that the under- from ministry or health unit offices sand. lying and surrounding soils can dis- and may be used on slopes up to 25 perse the bed effluent percent (one in four). All leaching beds constructed in The soil surface should be planted imported soil must have a soil mantel Separation Distances Table 10

In loc.iiing an ()n->itc Ncuam- Nystcni, Clearances for Septic Tanks and all ciiaranccs arc to be measured Proprietary horizontally Aerobic Treatment Plants

TIkm- (JiMaiiccs are a mininiiini ac- cording to the regulation. Tlie\ may lia\e to he increased to prevent pollu-

tion it soil or other site conditions dictate.

Soil Assessment

The suitability of the soil tor absorbing the liquid w aste depends on such

characteristics of the soil as its grain

size and gradation, the presence of or- ganic compounds, its structure, den- sity moisture content, "plastic" prop- erties and chemical composition, lliese characteristics must be assessed and a judgement made on the percola- ti\e capacity of the soil for handling septic tank eftluent.

To make this assessment, an inspec- tion must be made of the property Tile result of the inspection and an\ soil testing is the selection of a perco- lation rate, "T" time, expressed in mi- nutes per centimetre. The Aerobic Sewage AIR INLET PIPE System (Class 6) VENT PIPE HOUSING WITH REMOVABLE COVER

Tlicsc systems are, in many ways, simi- lar to septic tank systems, except that the "anaerobic" septic tank treatment is replaced by an "aerobic" treatment facility This system features an aera- INFLUENT EFFLUENT tion tank and, like a septic tank, can INLET LINE r j]-k DISCHARGE •"^ accept all normal household waste TUBE water

The system is, in effect, a small acti- vated sludge plant, similar to the sec- ondar) treatment plant of many SLOPE 3 SIDES municipal sewage works. Air, vigor- ously stirred or bubbled into the 54';2° wa.stes, nourishes aerobic bacteria, which brciik down the complex or- ELBOW ganic compounds of the wastes into Typical Aenihic TreatmenI System simpler inoffensive ones

Tile products of their labor are a reasonably clear liquid and sludge

The liquid is discharged to a leaching Privies, Chemical

like from a bed. Tile sludge, sludge Toilets, etc. septic tank, must be pumped out periodically by a licensed contractor (Class 1) and disposed of in a manner approxed WTiere the water system is pres- by your local health unit or ministry- There are other types of sys- sewage surized, a soak or leaching pit is gener- district office. tems which may be used in Ontario, ally inadequate, and a septic tank or Although these aerobic units are under certain circumstances to treat aerobic system is needed. Under these more expensive than septic tanks, sewage. Various types of waterless circumstances, the cottager will fire- they give a purer effluent. For this toilets ( earth or pit privies, vault quently use either a Class -i or a Class reason, in comparison with a septic privies, removable pail privies, chemi- 6 septic system for all sewage. tank system, less distribution pipe is cal toilets, incinerating and compost- As a final point it should be noted required in an absorption trench ing toilets) are used to dispose of that the contents of a Class I sewage leaching bed, and in a filter-type bed, a human waste and are collectively system must be disposed of in an ap- smaller area is permitted. This often called 1 Class sewage systems. proved Class 3 sewage system. means, for example, that trees which They are usually used because of would have to be cleared for a septic their simplicity and low installation tank system may be saved if an aerobic costs. When properly installed, used, system is used. and maintained, they can give good Before purchasing an aerobic sys- ser\'ice without damaging the tem, be sure that it is accepted by the environment.

Ministry of the Environment. Check When a Class 1 sewage system is with your local health unit or ministr)' used, a second separate sewage sys- district office. tem is needed to dispose of the water-

borne wastes from the kitchen sink,

batlis, showers, laundry, etc. This

waste is frequently referred to as "grey water." Providing the quantity of grey

water is low, as in a cottage without a

pressure water system, a leaching pit or Class 2 sewage system may be used.

It should be stressed that the fol-

lowing "solutions" to toilet waste dis- posal may be unacceptable in many parts of Ontario because of terrain

and in any event, they are only suita- ble for primitive cottage installations. Privies The ground should slope away Pail and Vault Privies from the hole on all sides. Do not dig Variations on the privy theme include Pit Privy your pit in the centre of a hollow. Also, the pail privy and the vault privy. build a low mound around the privy A pit privy is a hole in the ground, fit- Tliese difier from the self-contained to keep out rainw ater runoff. ted witli a seat for comfort and a shed pit privy in that neither of them ulti- Be sure you stop digging the pit for privacy. It is popular because of its mateh disposes of waste. They merely 0.6 m abo\e the water table. Re- simplicity and has been w idely used collect it and postpone the problem. member that it \ aries during the year in the past. — higlier in wet weather and lower in Despite this simplicity a privy must drouglits, (iheck the level shortly after be planned the spring thaw. To begin with, the pit should be A final safety note: don't let a small large enough to last at least five years child use the pri\ y unattended. before it fills up. For sizing a privy based on year-round family use in well-drained soil, estimate 600 L per HINGED DOOR FOR person per year. Bear in mind that this REMOVING PAIL figure may not apply to camping con- ventions or busy resorts, where the pit may fill too quickly for normal drainage and decomposition. Build the shed stoutly include a GROUND SURFACE window, and assemble screens to keep Privy out flies, rodents, and other carriers Pail of filth. Metal sheathing on the outside r^L] walls may discourage porcupines. GROUND The pail priw substitucs a pail for Don't forget to vent the pit. Fresh SURFACE the pit, while the vault pri\T uses a air and foul should balance themselves small holding tank, the "vault." (The througli an adequate vent system, pref- latter, in liglitw eiglit plastic, is often erably two \ent pipes, rather than encountered at construction sites and through the seat. clubhouses.) A screen on the top of the vent pipe Tlie pail or vault prin will need to will discourage flies, and a sloped roof be emptied periodically It is permissi- will keep out the rain. Environment ble to dispose of the contents into a Pit Privy Ontario supplies a working drawing Class 3 sewage system (cesspool) con- on request. structed on the property providing Well-vented and considerately the necessarv' apprt)\al has been used, a privy is reasonably inoffensive received and should not cause odor problems. Consider also the soil in which the pit will be dug. There must be enough of it to surround the pit with 0.6 m of earth in all directions around it a,s w ell as below it.

The soil must have the right com- position. If it's too sandy the walls of the pit will have to be shored to pre- vent cave-ins. If it's solid cla\, the liq- uids will just sit.

Idealh, the soil should be porous enough to permit liquid to seep through it, tight enough to keep liq- GROUND SURF.ACE uids from running through too fast, and deep enough so that there will be Vault Privy at least 0.6 m of it below the bottom of the pit before you reach rock, an Drawbacks impervious soil layer, or water table,

("Groundwater " is the water that Waste from a pail pri\T ma\' be saturates the ground beneath the sur- dumped into a cesspool. But this will face. This water feeds springs and is be more difficult in the case of the tapped by wells. The "water table" is vault pri\T, which is generally the top level of groundwater,) emptied by a contractor who pumps m the contents into a tank truck for dis- posal elsewhere. Tile contractor must

be licensed by tlie province and have VENT TO ROOF

a certificate of approval for the final disposal of the sewage.

Unless suitable soil is a long walk from the house, you're better off with REMOVABLE BUCKET a pit pri\i'. However, if the choice is WITH PLASTIC LINER between a pail pri\y or a vault privy, METAL CABINET

the vault is the better choice. Tlie pail

is cheaper, but you may not enjoy

carrying it.

Chemical Toilets

There are various forms of chemical Chemical Toilet (Bucket Type)

toilets, ranging from a temporary- homemade unit to a sophisticated

commercial unit. and dye, which may stain clothing. drop IS usually suftkient to eliminate The chemical used in the unit can There is also the problem of the the need for a spla.sh pan. The tank act in one of three ways: as a caustic, a bags, which have a limited capacity, fil- must be pumped out by a licensed preservative, or a dye. Accordingly it ling quickly They must be disposed of hauler at suitable intervals and the may decompose the waste, preser\c in an approved Class 3 sewage system, contents disposed of at an approved it, or merely improve its appearance. and steps must be taken to prevent site. Tlic first two kinds of chemicals punctures. make the waste harmless. Tlie caustic Recirculating soda or lye liquifies and partly decom- Splash Pan and Drop Pipe poses the waste. At the same time, it The recirculating chemical toilet is Other models of the chemical toilet kills bacteria and destroys parasite similar to the splash-pan toilet, except offer refinements to the basic concept. eggs, a significant feature in control- that it uses the contents of the tank to splash pan is available, shaped ling disease. A flush the bowl. like the bowl of the standard flush A chemical preservative, such as Tlie contents are liquified and dyed toilet, which prevents all but a rare formaldehyde, also destroys bacteria blue by the chemical charge. Tlie unit splash. To allow room for the splash present; however, it prevents waste is designed to eliminate splashing and pan, however, the bucket containing from decomposing. is esthetically similar to the standard

the charge becomes a small tank { the Killing bacteria reduces odor and flush toilet. (Tliis is the toilet of the

plastic bag is no longer used ) and the many chemical charges also contain a aircraft washroom. ) The need for a re- contents of the tank must be drained perfume and. possibly a blue or green circulating pump, however, increases at intervals to an approved Class 3 dye. the cost of this unit and limits its use system or pumped out by a licensed Killing the bacteria also means that to areas where electricity is available, hauler a chemical toilet (using either a caus- althougli some units can be operated

\\ itii a hand tic or a preservati\e ) may safeh' be lo- pump. cated in the cottage. Portable If the chemical charge consists of only dye and perfimie and lacks either A useful variant on the chemical toilet

kind of bactericide, the improvement is the portable model. This is much

in appearance is deceptive. like the basic bucket model, thougli it

may have a .splash pan and is fitted Buckets with a fairly tiglit lid and carrving

The most basic version of the chemi- handle.

cal toilet is a simple bucket, often fit- It must be carried with some care

ted with a removable plastic liner and to avoid splashing or spilling. Its ca- CLEANING - pacity is limited by the need for porta- placed in a small, vented metal cabinet OUTLET • DROP PIPE in the bathroom. bility and the usual requirement for - CHEMICAL TANK The approach is simple and the safe disposal of the contents.

imit is odorless when properly instal- Clwiuiciil Toik't I Drop Pipe) led and operated.

( )n the negative side, the contents

of the are to at all bucket open view Another \ersi()n locates the toilet times. Furthermore, the bucket when o\er a tank buried in the ground be- is more than half fiill, a user may be neath the cottage. The connection is splashed with caustic, which burns. usually made by a drop pipe, and the Tlicsc units iii.u bi- (.IraiiH'd into a products away Operation may require dinavia. Its principle is simple. Like standard toilet and Hushed to munici- burning after each use, or permit stor- the compost heap in the garden or the pal sewers or to a septic tank, provid- age of sewage for incineration at a manure pile beside the barn, the com- ing the quantit) is limited in compari- more convenient time. In the former posting toilet allows organic materials son to other tlows recei\ed h\ the type, the burning cycle may be inter- to decompose in the presence of air. tank rupted at any time for further use, but UTien fully composted, the residual

\V hile looking at portable toilets, the frequency of interruptions is li- material is an inoffensive earth-like

you should consider weight and stabil- mited by the "storage " capacity of the substance. I'nfortunately, not all ity. By the time it's ready for emptying, equipment. toilets of this type will produce a fully the toilet may weigh 3()-.-^S kg; for Toilet wastes are mainly composed composted end product. many people, that's a lot to lift. Also, of water Consequently, before the sol- The toilet of a large unit is located some models are unstable and may ids can be burned, they must be dried. in your bathroom, connected by a need a frame for convenient use by Tlie drying process consists of boiling, drop pipe to the tank directly below. children or older people and this, as well as the actual incinera- If your cottage does not have a

tion, may create odors. Good design, basement, particularly if you're on

high combustion temperatures and thin soil, you have a problem.

catalysts are used to attempt to over- Odor is eliminated by an insulated

come this problem. vent pipe connecting the interior of In a well-designed system, the end the tank with the out-of-doors. When

product is a light ash, which may be all goes well, this vent is not merely a

easily removed. Operating costs in- passive conduit, but a chimney The

clude the electric power or gas used composting material in the tank is in incineration, and may be expensive. warm, as are the water vapor and car-

As with other forms of toilets, the ad- bon dioxide rising from it.

vantages and disadvantages should be Since warm air rises, the warm

considered in light of individual cir- gases in the toilet flow upward and cumstances and preferences. out through the vent, creating a partial AGITATOR WORKED vacuum within the composting tank. BY OUTSIDE HANDLE Only toilets whose electrical or gas (NOT SHOWN) burning components have been ap- This vacuum draws replacement air

into the tank from sources: ) an PorUible Chemiad Toilet proved by the Canadian Standards As- two 1 sociation, the Underwriters Labora- air intake, designed to flow air tory of Canada, or the Canadian Gas through the wastes and keep them and the toilet seat, when Drawbacks Association should be used. aerobic; 2) the lid is up. The slight down-draft The chief disadvantage of the chemi- Composting Toilets through the toilet seat also prevents cal toilet is that like the pail and vault odors from reaching the bathroom. privies, it does not solve the problem. A comparative newcomer to North

Using a chemical disinfectant is America, the composting toilet has also a coin w ith tw o sides. The same been available for some years in Scan- chemical that so conveniently inhibits decomposition during use continues to inhibit it afterwards, and disposing EXHAUST VENT of wastes must ultimately take place through bacterial decomposition. A chemical toilet may discharge through an overflow, or be emptied TOILET, into a cesspool. Otherwise, it must be periodically pumped out by a service contractor in the same manner as a I I I ' I I I I I I I I

vault privy Even if a cesspool is used, periodic cleaning out of settled solids and removal by a pump-out contrac- REMOVAL HATCH tor are required

Incincerator Toilets AIR INTAKE

In these units, which may be heated by either gas or electricity, the wastes are burned to a dry, sterile ash.

The toilet consists of the in- Large Composting Toilet cinerator unit, the necessary insula- tion, and the stack to lead combustion Q Alternative Water-Saving Devices Holdmg Tanks

Some cottagers are installing water- Approaches (Class 5) saving devices (in the tank of conven- tional toilets) to conserve water. Low-Volume Tliere are instances for existing dwell- While this will not affect the size of ings where, because of inadequate soil (Minimum-Flush) the tile bed required, using less water on the lot or the limited size of the lot, will extend the bed's life and reduce Toilets a satisfactory Class 4 or Class 6 sub- the chances of nutrients reaching your surface sewage disposal system is not lake. These toilets closely resemble the possible. Incidentally putting a brick in your standard flush toilet, except for the re- In these circumstances, the only toilet tank to save w ater is a questiona- duction in water use. If purchasing a solution may be to install a holding ble solution. Tile brick displaces water low-volume toilet, make sure it is CSA tank. and reduces the water available for a approved. A holding tank is exactly what the flush, i.e., you will not get such an effi- In areas lacking pumped water, name implies. It is a tank that will hold cient flush. Also, over the years the some units can be flushed manually by the sewage untU it can be pumped out brick will deteriorate, and brick parti- pouring a litre or so of water into the and disposed of cles w ill likely then prevent the tank's bowl. The disadvantages tend to A holding tank, by regulation, must outlet flapper from closing, which centre around the seal. Toilet paper be of at least 9000 L capacity and means you will lose water can prevent the plate from sealing equipped with either a visible or continuously audio alarm system (preferably both). A better alternative to the brick is a This alarm system should be set to

1 -2 L hea\T-gauge polyethylene bag, trigger while there is still a sufficient such as a sandwich or milk bag Fill capacity left in the tank until the the bag with water, tie it oft' with a tin pump-out truck arrives. tie, and hook the bag over the tank. It Holding tanks are not recom- will mold to any shape. mended, as the annual pumping cost

is extremely high and ministry policy GROUND SURFACE does not permit the use of holding CLEANING OUTLET TO LEACHING Cesspools (Class 3) tanks for new development, except 'rn' PIT OR TILE under very exceptional A cesspool, known as Class 3 sewage circumstances. system, is similar in construction to a

Class 2 sewage system or leaching pit.

Minimum-Flush Toilet The difference is that a Class 3 system may receive only human waste from a

Class 1 system, whereas a Class 2 sys-

tem is only for non-human waste, properly so the water seal is lost and, A cesspool requires approval and with it, odor protection. to stan- Repeated use can distort the plate must be constructed meet the of the regulation. or gasket slightly with the same result. dards The clearance distances from a cesspool to wells, sur- And don't let your foot slip off the are in pedal controlling that spring-loaded face waters, etc., contained the regulation. plate. The plate has been known to .snap back into place with such vigor that the cuntcnts arc spilled Low-volume flushing toilets do not reduce the solid content of the sew- age. For this reason, the requirements for a Class 4 or Class 6 sewage system are the same as a normal flush toilet system.

m CHAPTER VI

Which Sport Fish attaches to small sediment particles and settles to the lake or river bed. In to Eat? these bottom sediments, micro-or- ganisms convert almost any mercury

Fish in many parts i)t the world have compound to the organic or methyl- been affected by industrial or natural mercury form.

contaminants. In Ontario, the metal It is thus readily available for rapid

mercur) has been tlie principal trace absorption by a fish, either directly

contaminant aftecting fish. The gov- from the water passing over its gills or ernment's continuous testing program ingested with the organisms that form

has also detected such compounds as its diet. Since fish eliminate mercury polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), at a very slow rate, concentrations mirex and DDT in some fish from gradually accumulate.

some water bodies. We're all con- The longer a fish has been exposed cerned about tliis because prolonged to mercury in the environment and consumption of contaminated fish the more mercury-contaminated food

could lead to health problems. it has consumed, the higher its mer-

These contaminants, however, have Mercury cury level. Thus, large or old fish that

never been detected in water in suffi- consume primarily smaller fish will Mercury is a naturally occurring cient quantities to make any Ontario contain much more mercury than metallic element familiar to people lakes or rivers unfit for swimming or smaller and younger fish, or fish that through its widespread use in ther- as a source of treated drinking water have a varied diet. mometers. It is found in low concen- Thousands of Ontario's lakes and trations in most rocks and soils and is rivers have fish that are free from sig- Effects on Humans particularly abundant in some areas of nificant contamination. Others con- the Precambrian Shield. tain fish that are contaminated to Humans eliminate methylmercury at a Natural deposits are thought to re- some degree and may be consumed much faster rate than fish. Therefore, if sult in elevated levels of mercury in occasionally Fish from some lakes fish are consumed only during a fish- fish in areas far removed from human contain enough contaminants to make ing trip of a few days or weeks ( or ff activity. Airborne mercury from both them unsuitable tor consumption. fishermen limit their long-term intake natural and industrial sources may Usually these are the larger, more ma- of mercury-contaminated fish to occa- fijrther be contributing to mercury in ture fish that have accumulated the sional meals) dangerous levels will fish in some areas. contaminant over manv vears. not accumulate in the body Mercury has also been widely used Mercury, however, is present in in industrial and commercial applica- small concentrations throughout the tions, such as the production of environment. Consequently everyone chlorine and caustic soda in chlor- The Contaminants has small amounts of mercury in their alkali plants and the manufacture of body Most individuals have a level of of Concern scientific and technical equipment. up to 2 or 3 mg total body burden, a Mercury compounds have also level not known to cause any The contaminants detected in Ontario been used to prevent the growth of problems. sport fish that can cause health prob- fiangi in pulp and paper mills, treat Based on methylmercury poison- lems arc mercur\. PCBs. dioxin, mirex seed grains, and prevent snow mould ing epidemics in Japan and Iraq, signs and DDT Other substances, such as on golf courses. or symptoms of mercur\- poisoning lead, arsenic and cadmium, are also Action by government and industry are not found in individuals with body being monitored, but concentrations during the late 1960s and early 1970s burdens of less than 20 mg of mercury found to date indicate that these do has virtually eliminated mercury dis- (or about seven to 10 times the body not pose a hazard. charges from major industrial sources. burden of average Canadians). Fish containing mercury, PCBs dioxin, mirex or DDT show no out- Effects on Fish ward effects, and only modern labora-

tory techniques can determine levels Mercury — whether naturally occur- of contamination. ring or from an industrial source —

Q] The central nervous system is most Polychlorinated Mirex (Dechlorane) atfectcd by methylmereiiry. Biphenyls (PCBs) Mircx is a chlorinated carbon com- Some signs ot poisoning include pound used as a pesticide in die south- lack of co-ordination, the feeling of PCBs are a group of chlorinated or- ern United States, but never registered "pins and needles," numbness of the ganic compounds developed in the for such use in Canada. Because of its lips and mouth, constricted visual 1920s. These chemicals are not chemical stability, mirex ( also known field, niglit blindness, tremors, deaf- formed in the natural environment so as Dechlorane) was used by two ness and diminished taste and smell. their presence in fish can always be at- southern Ontario companies in the At the extreme, mercury poisoning tributed to human activities. 1960s as a fire retardant in their man- may result in death. PCBs are very stable; they do not ufactured products. It should be pointed out that many easily break down chemically or natur- The behaviour of mirex in the symptoms listed above are common ally, and burn only at extremely high aquatic environment is similar to that to other ailments not associated with temperatures. of PCBs in that it does not break down mercury. Extensive medical testing is These properties led to widespread easily by natural processes. It too has a required to confirm mercury use of PCBs in transformer fluids, hy- high affinity for fats and, following in- poisoning. draulic fluids, oils, greases, fire retar- gestion, accumulates in the fatty tis- The consumption guidelines de- dants, and plasticizers in such prod- sues offish. veloped for use by Ontario's anglers ucts as paints, inks and adhesives. Animal experiments have shown are based on federal guidelines PCBs are of human health concern that mirex is a possible cause of supplemented by recommendations because of two types of effects which cancer. prepared by the World Health have been identified in scientific In Ontario, mirex has been de- Organization. studies. PCBs are considered to be tected primarily in fish from Lake On- Consumers following the cancer-causing and have been shown tario. The sources were found to be a guidelines can be assured that mer- to affect normal fertility, pregnancy former processor of mirex in Niagara cury levels in their bodies will remain birth and development of offspring Falls, New York, and a manufacturing far below levels where poisoning when tested on laboratory animals. plant in Oswego, New York. Mirex in symptoms begin to appear Until the environmental and health water or fish hazards of PCBs were discovered, no from sources adjacent to die two former Ontario users has not special precautions were taken to pre- been detected. vent losses to the environment. Today The provincial guideline for the use and disposal of PCBs or PCB- the commercial sale offish containing contaminated equipment is very mirex is 0.1 ppm. The angler's guide- closely regulated. These user restric- lines suggest that fish with tions have resulted in declining levels mirex above 0.1 ppm should be eaten only of PCBs in the aquatic ecosystem, as by adults occasionally (except women demonstrated by recent sport fish and of childbearing age and children minnow data.

under 15 ) as outhned in the consump- The high affinity of PCBs for fats is a tion guidelines. (See Chapter significant factor affecting concentra- 13)

tions in fish. Species with a high fat content, such as salmon, will tend to

accumulate more PCBs than lean fish such as walleye. Even within one

species, individual fish with a higher

fat content will generally contain more PCBs. The federal guideline for die com- The guidelines were developed for mercial sale offish containing PCBs is adults and, since the mercury level an upper limit of 2.0 ppm. The angler's within the body is directly related to guidelines, based on the advice of weiglit, extra body caution must be medical specialists, suggest that fish taken to protect or a child a fetus. It is with a PCB level above 2.0 ppm therefore recommended that children should be eaten only by adults occa- under IS and women of child-bearing sionally ( except women of childbear- age should only consume fish with a ing age and children under 15) as out- mercury content of less than 0.5 parts lined in the consumption guidelines. per million (ppni ), the federal (See Chapter 13.) guideline for commercially marketed fish. DDT Obviously every lake and river can- Ontario's Fish not be tested. To make the best use of DDT was developed during the Sec- resources, sampling site selection is a ond World War to control a wide vari- Contaminant most critical challenge. The selection ety' of insects. Afterwards, it gained Monitoring Program program is carried out principally by widespread use as an insecticide for the .Ministries of Natural Resources agricultural and public health use. and linvironment. Test areas are Since the mid- I96()s. when DDT was DDT is also not easih broken down selected for one or more of the follow- first measured in fish, Ontario has in the natural environment Tlie ac- ing reasons: completed an extensi\e monitoring cumulation of DDT in fish caused mar- • a popular angling area; program. During 1969 and the early kedly reduced reproductive capability • a commercial fishery; I9"0s, intensi\e sampling for mercury in a number of species and led to re- • a major source of food for local in- in fish was undertaken in the Hnglish- strictions on its use in the mid-1960s. habitants (usually lakes in the vic- Wabigoon system of northwestern On- In 1969. the Ontario Pesticides Act li- inity of Indian Reserves): tario and the St. Vhir River-Lake St. mited its use to very specific purposes • a known or suspected source of Clair system (of the dreat Lakes) in by special permit only. No permits pollution nearby; southwestern Ontario. Both these ba- have been issued this year. • kikes opened for recreational de- sins were affected by mercury dis- As a result of these actions, there velopment. charges from industrial sources. Since have been substantial reductions of Some areas are also .sampled for sci- that time, the program has expanded DDT levels in fish. Therefore, there are entific studies of the long-term be- to in\cstigate the impact of other in- now no restrictions on the consump- haviour of contaminants in fish popu- dustries, mining sites, areas of natural tion of Ontario sport fish due to DDT lations. For example, the analysis of an- mineral deposits, commercial fishing nual fish samples from Lake St. Clair areas, and lakes used as a source of Dioxin since 19^0 has revealed a steady de- food supply by Ontario's native cline in mercury levels since major in- Dioxins are a group of "5 chemicals of peoples. In more recent years, the pro- dustrial sources were stopped. the chlorodibenzodioxin family. One gram has been broadened to include compound, 2, 3. ". 8-TCDD (tet- surveys of popular angling waters. rachlorodibenzodioxin), is extremely The Fish Contaminant Monitoring

toxic. At low doses 2, 3, ^. 8-TCDD has Program is a co-ordinated undertaking been shown to be carcinogenic and to of the Ontario Ministries of Natural Re- affect reproduction in laboratory ani- sources, Environment and Labour

mals; it is therefore considered to have Fish are collected primarily by staff' the potential to cause similar effects in of the Ministry of Natural Resources

humans. and analyzed at the Environment Dioxins are not useful manufac- Ontario laboratories. Medical implica-

tured chemical compounds, 2, 3, ". 8- tions of contaminants are evaluated by

TCDD, for example, is a trace by-prod- medical specialists with the Ontario

uct of the manufacture of 2, -i, 5- Ministry^ of Labour trichlorophenol and may therefore be Federal agencies and other labora-

found in very small amounts in that tory facilities have also carried out fish

chemical, its manufacturing wastes contaminant testing. The Ministries of

and in chemicals manufactured from Natural Resources and Environment

it, such as the herbicide 2, 4, 5-T. will include these data in the Dioxin can be emitted from com- guidelines whenever possible. bustion sources.

How Lakes Are Selected for Testing

Biologist from Ministry of yatural Tliere are more than 250,(JOO lakes Resources lake siiney team removes a and uncounted ri\ers and streams in lake trout from the fishing net. Ontario. With the staff and facilities currently available, the province can sample and analyze about 6.000 fish

per year W ith the analysis of all ap- propriate species and representative

size ranges of each species from each

lake, about 150 lakes or rivers can be sampled every year.

m What Fish species WhatAboutYour Are Selected? Lake?

Within most lakes and rivers there are The lake selection process is influ- obviously many different species of enced in some cases by the interest shown by anglers. fish. Given the limitations of man- If there are lakes you would like to power and analytical resources, it tested, please write to the approp- would be impractical and, in fact, un- see riate regional or district offices of necessar\' to sample all species.

Mercury, for example,is a classic either the Ministries of Natural or the list- food chain pollutant. Such fish as wal- Resources Environment. A in leye, pike, lake trout and bass eat ing of these offices appears Chapter other fish as a major part of their diet. 12.

As a result, they contain higlier mer- cury levels than such non-predator\' More Information fish as whitefish, sunfish and catfish.

Therefore, when testing the fish For more details on fish contaminant from any given watercourse, predators levels in Ontario lakes, see Guide to are usually selected on the assumption Eating Ontario Sport Fish, available that if their mercury content is low, from offices of the Ministries of the En- then non-predatory species will also vironment and Natural Resources. have low mercury levels. Readers requiring particular informa- When testing for PCBs, mirex or tion about the guide, the program and

DDT, a different selection process is the contaminant data on which the ad- followed. Tlie organic pollutants ha\c vised consumption levels for each a higli affmity for fats. Tlierefore, fish species and water body are based with a higiT fat content such as salmon, should contact; smelt and perch are collected. Sport Fish Contaminants Program

Most fish are collected using net- Water Resources Branch ting techniques. In some cases, fish are Ministry of the Environment selected from commercial fishermen's 1 St. Clair Ave. W Environment Ontario leclmician catch. Whenever possible, the collec- 4th Floor separates interfering substancesfrom fislj tion includes 15 to 20 fish of each Toronto, Ontario muscle extract before ({nalysis for PCB species, representative of the size M-4V 1K6 cimlamination. range from the lake being tested. Telephone (-416) 323-1994

For each fish collected, the length, wciglit and sex are recorded. In some cases, scale samples are kept so that

the age of the fish can be determined.

A boneless, skinless fillet of dorsal

muscle is removed from the fish, pre- served and packaged for shipment to Environment Ontario laboratories for chemical analysis. Information about the individual

fish, along with laboratory analysis re-

sults, is used in developing the lake- by-hike, species-by-species, size-spe-

cific contaminant classification tables.

After landing, fist) arefilleted and lagged. .

CR\PTERVII

Controlling • Prevent water pooling on the sur- Mosquitoes and face of pool covers or other similar plastic coverings BlacRflies . . • Keep swimming pools properly fil- Without Using tered and chlorinated. • Pesticides! Dispose of empty cans or pails; up- end buckets or any other contain-

ers left outdoors. Tliosf insects! Tliey bite you and your • Clean out clogged eavestroughs; pets and just make your life miserable. drain flat roofs. What can you do? • Empty old tires and dispo.se of Why not try insect control — with- them. out using pesticides? • Do not clog drainage ditches widi Pesticides are not always the an- trash; make sure that ditches and swer, for a number of reasons. driveway gutters drain properly First, pesticide spraying or fogging • Cover rain barrels. near cottages produces extremely • Fill in sunken land to prevent temporary benefits, and usually standing water ft-om accumulating. doesn't justify- the hazard involved in • Reduce vegetation through mow- possibly contaminating nearby water. ing weeds and grass, trimming Second, eradication of biting fly hedges and removing unnecessary populations is very rarely possible shrubbery and trees that protect under any circumstances. Significant the adult mosquito against sun and control is rarely achieved without wind. large-scale programs involving sub- stantial ftinds and trained personnel. Limited use of approved larvicides How to Avoid Bites in small areas of swamp or in rain • Ifworking visiting pools close to private property can be or in areas carried out by individual cottagers. where mosquitoes are abundant, But permits are necessary wherever wear loose protective clothing,

treated waters may contaminate adja- e.g., long-sleeved shirt, light jacket, cent streams or lakes. slacks and socks. Because of these drawbacks, two • Where blackflies are abundant, be other ways of reducing insect attack sure shirt cuffs and pant legs are are preferred: tightly secured to stop insects from

1. improving land drainage and crawling inside. eliminating the pools where they • Note: Lighter colored clothing is breed, less attractive to mosquitoes than 2. using repellants. dark clothing; dull material is more attractive to blackflies than shiny material.

• Restrict outdoor activity in the Ways to Eliminate evening when mosquitoes are Mosquito Breeding Sites most active and in daytime in wooded areas.

The following suggestions will help • Repair holes in windows or door you to reduce the mosquito popula- screens; ensure the screens are

tion: tight.

• Eliminate all standing water • Close the damper on your fireplace

around the cottage if possible. when not in use. • Change water in wading pools or Mosquito • Use netting over carriages when bird baths every week. babies are left outside. Chemical Control When the caterpillars begin to appear in mid-May insecticides can be used. For detailed information, write Rcpe-lkiits arc a\.iilablc. lor temporary Public Information Centre, relief, ill iiotli liquid or stick loriii Environment Ontario, Suite 100, 135 Read the label and follow iiistnictions St. Clair Avenue West, Toronto M4V carefully. Do not get the material in I P5 or contact your regional or your eyes ormontli district ministiy office. Temporary relief imniediateh

outside the cottage, in small areas such as yards or patios may be Forest Tent Caterpillars achieved by using insecticides w ith luisUrn Tent Caterpillar mist-type sprayers or foggers when This is a widely distributed insect that poplar, mosquitoes are flying ( usually one feeds on sugar maple, oak, ash

life hour before to one hour after simset ), and birch trees. Its cycle is similar On exposed surfaces w here ^^^ to that of the eastern tent caterpillar. mosquitoes are likely to rest, residual AlthouglT this species is referred to

sprays may be applied, usually with a as a tent caterpillar, it does not make a

compressed-air garden-type sprayer. tent. Instead, it makes a silken mat on Look for products labelled for a branch of the tree where many

mosquito and blackfly control. I se caterpillars congregate to rest or molt. only as directed. Full-grown caterpillars are quite For use indoors, insecticides are attractive, with long tufts of hair, a

available in various forms — aerosols blue stripe running the length of each

in pressurized cans, strips of side and a row of white diamond-

embedded plastic and coils. All are I'lires! Tent Caterpillar shaped spots along the middle. After

eftective for mosquito control if used six weeks of feeding, the caterpillar according to the instructions. Controlling finds a sheltered place in which to Blacktlies are rarely a problem indoors Other Pests spin a cocoon and then pupate. Eggs because they spend their energy are laid in rings around twigs. What other insects may need control? trying to get outside. Control without pesticides is The following section discusses the Blackflies can be particularly achieved by removing branches most common ones — with tips on bothersome in the early weeks of where eggs have been laid, and keeping their numbers down summer. They breed in fast-flowing removing and burning branches watercourses, so the most eftective where caterpillars congregate. Eastern Tent Caterpillars way of fighting them is by using a

lar\ icide over a large area. Howe\er, Althougli this native insect prefers to Leeches (Bloodsuckers) this kind of project is best nianaged b\ feed on apple and cherry, it also A common nuisance to swimmers, a or pnnincial community attacks a wide variety of deciduous leeches ( better known as government agency trees and shrubs. "bloodsuckers") are flattened worm- For further information, consult The larvae or caterpillars are about like animals. They normally feed on "(;ontrolling Mosquitoes and 50 mm long; they are clearly marked worms, snails, insect larvae and other Blackflies in Ontario," published with a white stripe down their back small aquatic animals, but, if given the jointly by the Ministries of Natural and have tufts of long, liglit-brown opportunity, will also feed on human Resources and the Environment hair. blood. (iopies are available from the Public This caterpillar rarely causes They are typically found in shallow, Information Centre, Environment extensive economic damage. Tlie protected waters, concealed among Ontario, Suite 100, 13t St. Clair Ave. trees they attack are of little aquatic plants or under stones, logs W.loronto. Ontario M4\' IFS. commercial value, and trees are rarely and other debris. They are strong killed. swimmers and attracted to water Control without pesticides can be disturbance around docks and achieved by: swimming areas. They are most active

1. Pruning and destroying egg masses on hot summer days, but in winter during the winter when they are they bury themselves in mud just easily collected; and below the frost line. 2. Pulling the tent from the branch

with a gloved hand, or cutting the

branch off and burning it. Swimmer's Itch For further information, consult the fact sheet "Carpenter Ants."

Swimmer's itch is a temporary infec-

tion caused by penetration of tiny, col- Powder Post and orless flatworm lar\'ae (schistosome Furniture Beedes cercariae) into the skin.

These beetles are widespread in ( )n- These are the larvae of parasitic flat- lario and may cause serious damage to worms of freshwater snails and water- buildings, hardwood floors, fowl. They penetrate bathers' pores furniture and wooden equipment. Species of and die leaving an inl'ected, itching, furniture beetle (Anobiidae) infest raised red spot that lasts a few days. softwood and hardwood but The best way to control swimmer's powder

post beetles ( l.\ctidae j infest sea- itch is to destroy the snails in which ( 111)1)11(1)1 Iccih soned hardwood. the larvae develop or the snails food The first source — vegetation. evidence of an infestation llic best control for leeches is to by these insects is usually the appear- Some simple measures may help to keep your beach clean by removing all ance of small holes — each the size of protect bathers from tlie swimmer's vegetation and debris u liich harbor a pin's - itch: head w here the adult beetles the large number ol aquatic animals haw emerged through the surface. • On emerging from the water, al- upon which they feed. Control of The presence of fine, sawdust-like ways rub down briskly with a ma- aquatic vegetation u ith herbicides terial also indicate infestation. towel, larvae penetrate the skin (sec Chapter 11 ) and the removal of Successive generations of only when water evaporates. A larvae stones, logs and other debris from gradually reduce the to fresh water shower taken im- wood an intri- warm, shallow w ater should keep the cate network of tunnels, until the mediately after leaving the water is immediate swimming area relatively timber is a fragile also effective. honeycomb. I'lti- free from this nuisance. niateh, the structural value of the • Try to swim in deeper water as on- Several alternative methods may timber is destroyed, although shore winds tend to concentrate the sur- help reduce a leech population. Freez- face may appear to be sound, the larvae in the shallows. apart ing leeches in their winter homes may from the exit holes. be possible if the infested area is a Floor and other surfaces kept well Carpenter Ants pond. W hen the first thin ice starts to waxed, painted, varnished or sanded form, the water should be drawn off as are less liable to attack, as the adult In natural surroundings, carpenter rapidly as possible imtil the level has beetles will not lay eggs on finished ants are beneficial insects since they been lowered at least l.S m. surfaces. Infested wood should not be accelerate the decomposition process lliis low level must be maintained used for construction or repairs unless of dead trees and also feed on other in- for at least fi\e to six weeks during the it has been treated to kill the insects. .sects. Unlike termites, they do not eat coldest part of the winter The ex- This may be done b\ fimiigation bv a wood as a food source. Carpenter ants posed flats will freeze to a consider- licensed operator by kiln drving. or excavate damp wood to create a nest able depth, a circumstance that is fatal by chemical treatment site. The worker ants forage sc\cral to the imprisoned leeches. This is, \V here possible, timber should be hundred metres for food sources. howe\er a drastic measure that affects treated with chemicals before the Several precautions should be other life in the pond and should not adult beetles emerge in late .May and taken to prc\ent infestation, begin- be considered lightly June. ning with removing decaying and in- A second measure, which has For fiirther information, consult fected wood from around the house. proved successful, is bait trapping. A the ha sheet "Powder Post Beetles Provide good \cntilation in the house metal can with a redosable lid drilled and Furniture Beetles." and drainage around it so that any with small holes (depending on the wood used in the buildings stavs drv size of the nuisance species) and To locate a colom. look for saw- baited with raw meat may trap veiy dust-like debris that has been ejected large numbers of leeches from a heav- from the nest. Also, the sound the\ ily infested area. make w hile excavating their nest is au- Mer feeding, the leeches will have dible to humans when absolute si- difficulty leaving the can. Destruction lence is maintained. of the can and its contents will obvi- Carpenter ants are effecti\ely con- ously help considerably in reducing trolled by placing a residual insec- the size of the leech population. ticide directly into the nest site. A sim- ple crack and cre\ ice treatment to the site areas will rarely be sufficient to destrovthecolonv Bees, Wasps and House Mouse Rats Hornets During the summer, the house mouse Rats and their parasites can carry seri- may nest outside, but it prefers shelter ous diseases which are transmittable

Bees, wasps and hornets are beneficial in buildings, where it may be found to humans. Moreover, tliey eat stored insects, but wiien they make tlieir anywhere from the basement to the food and contaminate much more nests close to homes or other human- attic. It uses the space between dou- with their urine and feces. If left to occupied buildings, a hazardous ble walls, floor joists, and concealed, breed unchecked, in three years, there situation may develop. enclosed space in cupboards or under would be 20 million rats descending

Honeybees are the most social of counters in which it can locate its from only one pair. the group, \ellow jackets are seen small nest. Rats live in burrows just below quite frequently around a house since The house mouse can jump a verti- ground level inside or outside close to they are scavenger wasps that feed on cal distance of 30 cm, can pass buildings. Dumps and sewers are any discarded food available. Other througli holes 13 mm in diameter, and other major habitats. The rat can swim species of bees, wasps and hornets climb rough-textured walls to enter a and jump very well and is found that feed on pollen or rotten fruits can building. everywhere, including the country also be found around buildings. Aldiough it prefers cereal grains and the city. Many of these insects can sting, so and seeds, the house mouse will eat Controlling rats begins with extreme caution should be taken any available foods. Rodent proofing eliminating their shelter and food when approaching their nests. The by means of structural barriers to sources. Rat proofing features should honeybee can sting only once, since close ofl" access to buildings and food be installed in food storage rooms and

the stinger and venom sac remain is a necessity. warehouses, on utility lines, pipes, fixed to the victim, continuing to The house mouse is easily trapped roof vents, windows and doors. Dou- pump venom. That is why the stinger with spring traps. These traps should ble walls, spaces between floors and should be removed quickly; however, be placed at frequent intervals along ceilings, ground basement floors, piles avoid pinching the venom sac as this baseboards, boxes and other sheltered of lumber, heaps of equipment and will inject more venom. Carefully areas or possible runways and should furniture should also be checked scrape beneath the venom sac to re- be inspected daily to remove dead frequently move the stinger Other bees, wasps mice. Attention to garbage handling and and hornets can sting more than once. Rodenticides can also be used. disposal is vitally important since gar- Control measures begin with re- Some anticoagulant rodenticides are bage provides rats with food, water moving debris to discourage nest cumulative and must be consumed and shelter. building. Proper containment and dis- over a period of several days to be Baiting with rodenticides can also

posal of garbage is also important. effective. be considered a rodent control fea-

Boiling water poured on ground Remember that rodenticides are ture. It is advisable to place baits in nests at dusk will effectively destroy poisons. Make sure to keep bait away protected and sheltered areas because small bumblebee nests, but this from children or pets. All poison and rats avoid open places where they do method is hazardous if not handled unused baits should be kept in a safe not feel safe. Non-chemical control is properly place, locked and labelled "POISON." also possible with:

A residual insecticide in aerosol A record should be kept of all poison • snap traps baited with food; form can be used to blast most nests. baits used and where they are placed. • glue boards. These chemicals remain active for sev- Always read the label careflilly and For further information, consult eral days to provide a complete kill. follow the directions fully the fact sheet "Rats and Their The spraying should be carried out at For further information, consult Control." night when all foraging insects are in the fact sheet "House Mouse." the nest. For further information, consult

the fact sheet "Bees, Wasps and Hornets." CHAPTER Mil

Supposing you've tried insect control spill .some liquid pesticide, mop it up without pesticides, but the nuisances with absorbent material — such as arc still around So you've decided to sawdust or garden soil — which can consider using pesticides. be discarded safely by putting it in a The following pointers w ill help garbage bag W hile doing this, your \ou use these chemical compounds hands should be protected by rubber and ensure that the\ ha\e no adverse STOP gloves. effects on you or the environment. Work efficiently so as to limit To use pesticides to the best FOR PRECAUTIONS inhalation of the pesticide spray or advantage, inform yourself about AND their dust. Never smoke while working ^DIRECTIONS . safe and correct handling and use. with pesticide since it may be carried Obser\c the following precautions. to your mouth on the cigarette. In any case, many pesticides are flammable. Choose a place out of the reach of If you must dilute the pesticide or Purchasing children or pets. Be sure it is away mix it with a solvent, do not work in from food, medicine, housekeeping the kitchen sink or use eating utensils supplies or garden supplies (seeds, Alwa\ s carefully choose the pesticide. that could be accidentally placed back fertilizers) to avoid any possibility of Check the label to ensure the product in service. Make up only enougli accidental contamination. Also, check is effective against the insect \ou wish pesticide for the present use. Mix the label for any special precautions. If to control it should be listed on outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. the pesticide is flammable, do not the label. I'se insecticides outside only on place near a heat source. If the product you choose is a calm days for safety and minimal Keep the pesticide tightly closed in spray, note whether it is a crack and annoyance to neighbors. its original labelled container. If the crevice, surface or space spray Crack WTien you have completed the label falls off, glue it back onto the and crevice treatments are applied to application of the pesticide, clean up. container. If an unlabelled container is the hiding places of the pest. Surface \Xash your hands and face with soap discovered, discard it. Don't guess sprays are applied to floors, and water Remove clothing and about the contents. baseboards, shelving, etc., and leave a launder separately from other family

residue of active pesticide to attack clothing before wearing again. If a crawling insects. Space sprays are residual pesticide has been applied, more diluted, short-lived pesticides Application leave the cottage for several hours to

that are sprayed into the air to kill allow the pesticide solvent to

flying insects. Read the label on the pesticide disperse. Occasionally, this solvent

Pesticides are sold at garden container every time the pesticide is may be irritating. centres, hardware stores and used. It is easy to forget an important

exterminator's outlets. If you have a caution or application method. small problem to overcome, purchase Never allow children to assist with Disposal of Empty only a small quantity of pesticide. This a pesticide application. Be sure all pets avoids later storage or disposal and their feeding dishes are removed Containers problems. from the treatment area — this — includes cats and dogs, birds and their An empty pesticide container cages, and aquaria. cardboard box. tin or bottle - should

If treating cupboards (or table never be used again. Dispose of it

areas safely by wrapping it in newspaper Storage ), remove nearby food, dishes or or utensils first. ,\fter treatment, cover a plastic bag and placing it in the

the shelving with foil or new shelf garbage can. Ne\er burn empty- As soon as you arrive at the cottage paper before replacing these goods. pesticide containers — the smoke or with the pesticide (whether it is (And thoroughly wash the table fumes produced may be toxic. Aerosol mothballs, resin strips, weedkiller or areas.) containers should never be insecticide), find a secure place to WTien applying pesticide, be punctured. store it - if possible, in a locked compartment. carehil; if you spill pesticide on your skin, wash it off immediately with

soap and water If you accidentally .

CHAPTER K

Safe Handling Hazardous Wastes Follow these tips on safe handling and disposal. InAnEmergenq^ Some common household products 1. not like barbecue starters, old paints, Do buy more than you need to unlabled pesticides, do the job. For first aid treatment, read the label and toilet bowl cleaners 2. Keep various products separated. on the pesticide container become hazardous wastes if they are released into 3. Do not mix hazardous wastes. If possible, immediately call your the 4. Store in safe, well-ventilated place doctor or one of the only two Poison environment. don't away from children and pets. Control Centres in Ontario: So throw them away! Environment Ontario 5. Make sure containers are not 1. Hospital for Sick Children makes broken and are securely capped 1-800-268-9017 dangerous wastes easy to dispose of or sealed. (416)598-5900 by providing your municipality with a grant to 6. Keep bleaches and ammonia away 2. Children's Hospital of Eastern collect them through the from acids. Ontario Household Hazardous Waste 7. When pesticides, bleaches and Emergency Department Collection Program. ammonia, etc., are all used (613)737-1100 If your municipality does not up, provide rinse the container three or four Read details of the label to the for household hazardous times and dispose of containers in doctor — name the product, active waste collection and disposal, you garbage. Disperse the rinsings on chemical ingredient, antidote — and may wish to encourage it to do so. But you can dispose your area of application. ask the doctor what to do. If you go to of these wastes 8. Keep unused pesticides, bleaches, hospital, take the label with you. safely yourself too. ammonia, etc., until the special collection day or give to What You Shouldn't Do neighbors. 9. Do not use chemical containers 1. DON'T POUR hazardous wastes for other purposes. down the drain. Doing that may 10. Do not burn, crush or puncture corrode plumbing, release toxic aerosol cans. fumes, damage sewer systems and 1 1 Deliver waste oil to a service contaminate surface and ground- station which participates in an oil water recycling program. 2. DON'T PUT hazardous wastes out 12. In some cases, weak acids and for garbage collection. That may alkalis can be neutralized and result in injury to sanitation flushed down the toilet; however, crews. this should not be done before 3. DON'T BURY it. That may getting advice from Environment contaminate the soil and Ontario. eventually local surface and 13. Car batteries can be traded in or ground water given to service stations or recyclers.

14. Medicines can be flushed down What You Should Do the toilet to prevent misuse by children. 1. Buy only as much as you need. 15. As much as possible, try to 2. Store securely for Household exchange or give unwanted Hazardous Waste Collection Dav materials to neighbors who will use them. Tliis, of course, excludes medicines and other personal items.

16. When a .special collection day is in place, bring your wastes to the collection depot.

El Try Composting Locate Away from Water • Drive four stakes 60 cm long into the ground at the corners, leaving

.•^0 cm of the stake above ground. Cottage Wastes You can locate your compost heap in an inconspicuous corner of your cot- From a sheet of 6 mm aspenite

Many cottage areas arc simply not tage property, or you can choose a plywood, cut four .-^0 cm by I m rectangles and nail them to the cquippctl to dispose of \ast quantities central site and decorate it to suit the ot garbage So an\ thing you can do to landscape. stakes, forming a I m by I m enclo- sure. a small space, reduce the garbage volume will help. Be sure, however, that the spot is Leave about 2.5 around the bottom so that Vihen you shop, avoid heavily pack- airy and sunny. Also be sure that it is cm aged items. Bu\ returnable bottles. away from waterways and wells and at air can circulate up through the

And return them! least .^0 cm abo\e the water table. heap. The remaining half of the At the end of your stay at the cot- sheet will be used as a co\er for tage, consider taking your garbage Construction your heap during the winter In back to the city (especialh in winter summer a sheet of heavy-gauge Composting IS best done in some form when garbage pick-up may not be as plastic placed on 1 m square frame of enclosure. Choose a si/e conve- ill as frequent ) Also, consider composting. w be used a cover This keeps

nient to your needs, w hether it's a I -m Many cottagers are becoming avid your compost heap from becoming square box or an enclosure .S m per — compost gardeners. In this way, you a breeding ground for insects side. The pile can be as shallow as can recover tangible benefit from your and will also help retain moisture. .•^0 cm or as deep as l.S m. garbage and thus reduce the volume Your composting bin is now ready to of solid waste requiring disposal receive organic wastes.

The humus material from a com- Simple Enclosure post heap long been accepted as has For small-scale, easy composting, the an inexpensive soil additive and simplest approach is to take a large Composting Methods mulching agent. When added to the garbage can, a barrel or a wooden box. Many methods for adding waste mate- top soil, it improves texture, porosit)- Knock out the bottom and set it up to rial to compost heaps are used. The holding capacit); in- and water and receive your organic wastes. simplest is to add material as it be- crca.ses the organic content of the .soil. comes available. Be sure not to add Custom Enclosure thick layers of finely ground material such as sawdust. These materials will How to Compost A composting enclosure can also be pack tiglit and prevent adequate circu- tailor-made in any size. These direc- lation of air tions to Generally speaking, composting in- show how build an enclosure Another method is to arrange your volves taking organic waste material 1 ni square rising M) cm above ground compost heap into layers by placing a level. and placing it in a soil culture rich in thin layer of a commercial starter { or natural organisms. • Mark ofta 1 -m square on the fertilizer) between each 15 to 20 cm The following steps provide a sim- ground and dig a pit 30 to SO cm of garbage. The starter is used to in- ple, inexpensive approach to con- deep. The pit provides some crease the bacterial count, and the fer- structing a compost heap. warmth in winter and keeps the tilizer will increase the nutrient con- compost damp in summer. tent of your pile.

Whichever method y( )u choose, re- member that for your compost to SPACE FOR CIRCULATION OF AIR function adequately, the heap must be kept moist, but not soggy. Every- two or three weeks the pile should be turned to mix and aerate the raw- compost.

While the garbage is decomposing,

heat is produced which should be

contained by covering the pile. Heat is essential to keep the compost fimc- tioning effectively and decompose the waste.

m- .Metre 3'3"-l metre

cm- Centimetre 1" -2 5centimetres

mm- Millimetre 1" -25 millimetres )

After every turning of the heap, What Not to Compost • Hum only dry materials Don't heat again builds up in a matter of burn petroleum products, plastics, All glass, china and tin cans. hours \\ lien the heat production tl- rubber or anything else that will nally stops, your compost is ready to cause excessive smoke or fumes. be used as low-grade fertilizer and soil • Keep your fire at least ISO metres conditioner. About Open Burning from a dwelling. • Hum less than a cubic metre of

Open fires cause air pollution. Tlieir material at a time. ^Tien Is Your Compost Ready? smt)ke and odors can aggravate re- • Stay with your fire at all times. that compost Experts suggest your spiratory conditions, soil propertv', re- • Don't burn where smoke will

after ftill year, if should be ready one duce visibility and generally lessen en- bother your neiglibors or blow- filling in fall, you you complete the joyment of property In rural areas, the across roadways and hamper driv-

able to set it aside for use in may be effects are less noticeable; however, if ing visibility Smoke from open spring. will depend on the the Much at all possible, do not open burn burning has caused several serious of and how composition your heap leaves, grass, stumps, fallen trees, traffic accidents in Ontario. often the pile is turned trash, crop stubble and other • Check local bylaws enforced by

materials. your fire or police department. If Winter? And in There are alternatives. Depending burning above Ontario's Fire Line,

upon the nature of the materials in- follow regulations enforced by the If you use your cottage all year, volved, they can be buried, com- Ministry of Natural Resources. maintain two compost heaps One can posted, set out for municipal collec- ( The Fire Line runs east from Lake be kept in use during winter while the tion or taken directly to a local dump Huron across the bottom of Geor- other matures. or sanitary landfill site. gian Bay and the top of Lake Sim-

If you must burn, follow these coe down to Gananoque, then

guidelines to keep your fire from be- north and west to meet the Ottawa What to Compost coming an air pollution problem — Ri\ er north of Renfrew

not to mention a forest fire problem. For ftirther information on open Organic wastes are the main source of Remember all air pollution com- burning, contact the nearest regional material for a composting heap These plaints received by Environment On- or district office of Environment are typical everyday household ingre- tario are investigated, and corrective Ontario. dients, including: action can be taken under The En- kitchen garbage *sawdust riroiiiiicnUil Protection Act. ITI. vegetable and *torn-up

ftuit peelings newspaper

coffee grounds barbecue grill 'eggshells residue peanut and nut straw and hay

shells garden residues leaves grass clippings

^acceptable in small quantities.

With a little time and effort, and minimal expense, you can successfully reclaim some of your cottage wastes.

^^^''^^^^ 1/ li T\

' ^''—-'*'•''*"'"!'--• \S/' ^Tfy^^ X

CHAPTER

If \'ou your boat with toilet A Look at the equip facilities, the equipment shall be:

Environmental Issues 1. non-portable;

2. constructed of structurally sound

Tlie use of high-speed power boats has material; become one of the most maligned ac- 3. of adequate capacity for its ex-

tivities in cottage coimtn-. pected use;

Is this really justified?Just how 4. properly installed; and much of a problem arc they? 5. equipped with the necessary pipes The following key environmental and fittings conveniently located issues are discussed: sewage contami- for pump-out by shore-based

nation, gasoline and oil contamina- facilities. (,\lthough not specified, tion, noise, and wash. a pump-out deck fitting with

1 '/j-inch diameter National Pipe

Tliread is commonly used.) What to Do with It is your responsibility to ensure that your vessel is properly equipped. Sewage

To help protect lakes and ri\ers from Environmental Tips pollution, it's required by Ontario law for Boat Operator that sewage (and garbage ) from all the

pleasure craft — including houseboats

— be retained in suitable equipment 1, Wastes should be retained and dis-

(i.e., you don't just dump wastes over- posed of on shore. board. '\ou retain them for disposal at 2. Always keep engine tuned. An

an approved pump-out facility). untuned one wastes fiiel, so adjust

(and keep clean ) the plugs, ignition points, fuel systems and carburetors. )

3. Use correct gas and oil mixture. Since phytoplankton and zoo-

Use lead-free or low-lead gas if plankton are a source of food for other

your motor will run on it. aquatic life, their absence would upset

4. Avoid spillage. the ecological balance in lakes and

(a) Fill portable tank away from rivers. the water Studies have also shown that oil in (b) Don't overfill fuel tanks. Leave water has adverse effects on both the

space for expansion if the fuel lifetime and growth offish warms up. Fuel spills can be prevented. So you

(c) Fill your gaisoline tank care- can do something.

fully to avoid blow-back. What about oil discharges?

5. Don't run the motor if not neces- Fortunately newer outboard

sary. If waiting at a dock for some- motors are designed to prevent the

one, turn your engine off. discharge of crankcase drainage. As

6. Reduce speed near shore or in nar- the use of these motors increases, less row channels. (I'nder federal unburned fuel will be emitted into the legislation, the Ministry of Natural water

Resources has the authority to re- Normally lead should not be a seri-

strict the operation and speed of ous problem. Most marine fuels sold

pleasure boats. in Ontario arc low in this metal and

7. When buying an engine, insist on can efficiently operate most out- a quiet one. boards.

8. When a tank is used for outboard Of note is the possible effect of

motor testing, the contents exhaust products on water, altering its should not be emptied into the odor and tainting fish flesh in higli traf-

water fic lakes.

9. If the bilge is cleaned, the waste material should not be dumped into the water Marina and Yacht Club 10. Empty oil cans should be depo- Requirements sited in the leak-proof receptacle.

An Ontario regulation requires that must provide Fuel Spills - marinas and yacht clubs or arrange pump-out service for cus- The Major Problem tomers and members who have toilet- equipped boats.

Exhaust gases and oil discharges from In addition, litter containers must boats can pose minor problems, but be conveniently available. more damaging are fuel spills caused by careless handling. Their effects on water are both Visitors Must Comply short and long-term. Gasoline has an Too! immediate effect on the microbiota

(small life in water), while oil has ad- Visiting pleasure boats, including verse effects on the phytoplankton foreign-owned vessels maintained in and zooplankton. Although the oil Ontario, must comply with Ontario does not kill these organisms, it does regulations. hinder their reproduction. X'isiting pleasure craft, equipped according to out-of-province regula- tions requiring non-portable sewage holding or incinerator systems, must comply with the Ontario regulations. CHAPTER XI

to Protect a How "^XS^. t:^.^- "% ^"l^ Finite Resource ^:'3^

The tremendous pressure for development exerted on our cottage

eountr) is one of the many symptoms of our society's rapid growtli on a

finite resource hase. Unless wc stabilize our population, resource

consumption and economic growth at reasonable levels, our cottage country will continue to be gobbled up by "progress."

We in Ontario are realizing that

lakes, like all ecosystems, have limits. For some large, deep southern

Ontario lakes with ample soil, the

capacity is high. However, for more

fragile Precambrian lakes with little

soil cover over bedrock, the capacity

is quite low.

If a lake's development capacity is

exceeded ( i.e.. overdeveloped ), the combined effects of pollutants and

other pressures will cause a degraded environment from both an ecological But who decides these limits and establish guidelines for any future and esthetic point of view. how can they be maintained? development. By following the

If may take several years for the A large part of this question precautionan measures described in effect of overdevelopment to become depends on the water quality of the the Lake Plan, any new cottage

obvious, but there's no escaping its lake. Cottagers and cottage development allowed should have

inevitable results. associations can help Environment minimal impact on the lake and its

And it will be made worse by tlie Ontario tackle the water quality residents. trend towards winter cottaging. problems in their lake by providing information througli self-help programs. Keeping the View Controlling Valuable protection can be provided to wildlife, fish and the Natural Development scenic value of the lake. Many of these recommendations are not enforceable Tlie view of forested hills, peaceful

When cottagers see increasing by law, but must rely on alert and farm lands or undisturbed shoreline

development around their lake as a concerned cottagers to practice from a cottage or boat is a valuable threat to their seclusion, their natural conser\ ation and pass the message to part of the cottaging experience. The

view and other aspects of the tlieir neiglibors. view can be preserved, despite environment, they begin to oppose Some cottage associations have extensive cottage development, by further development. This opposition taken their concern for increasing using adequate building setbacks from increases when developers fail to take development on a lake to their local the lake and by presening natural into account what cottagers regard as municipality. A Lake Plan would vegetation near the shore. the environmental and social limits of require detailed study of the lake's Tliis requires the co-operation of the lake. characteristics, including how much cottage association members who development has occurred to date. realize that the view from the cottage

The plan, once adopted by the local is enhanced b\' looking througli and at municipality or planning board, would natural vegetation. Keeping the Wildlife Reducing contaminant flow into the water with the shoreline vegeta-

Part of the attraction oflakcshorc liv- tion and adequate setbacks for build- a ing is the opportunit)' to encounter ings does great deal to maintain the wildlife in its natural state. But wildlife productivity of the shallow areas. The often mo\es away from areas de- following additional measures will veloped by people, even lakeshorcs. also help: — However, cottagers can do something Constructing Piers and Docks to encourage wildlife to stay Consider floating rather than perma- Certain areas, such as marshes and nent structures to avoid damaging the swamps, forests which provide cover lake bottom. and food for deer, and other wildlife Beaches — If there are rocks in front habitats, are protected by the Ministry of your property leave them. If you of Natural Resources. Tlie public can must remove rocks for better swim- contribute to this habitat protection ming, move them by hand, not with a program by being concerned about bulldozer unique species and by preserving Boathouses — Keep the boathouse areas used by flirbearing animals, back from the shore and use a winch waterfowl, fish and other wildlife. to bring the boat out of the water A cottage association should con- Boat Ramps — L'se a community- tact the Ministry of Natural Resources ramp rather than many individual if members have a concern to pre- ones. — scne a unique species or area. Tlie as- Power Boats Known fish spawning sociation can also help retain wildlife areas should be avoided by power Tlie disturbance of the lake bot- in its area by discouraging such ac- boats. tom can cause eggs to be covered tivities as chasing wildfowl with Keeping the Fish power boats, disturbing nesting areas, with sediments that prevent fish from and allowing dogs to run at large. hatching. Sport fishing is an important and relax- Shoreline alterations and the filling Before building any structures on a ing pastime for many cottagers. The of wetlands can harm wildlife. The lakeshorc, contact the Ministry of quality of good sport fishing in a lake Ministry of Natural Resources will pro- Natural Resources. can be impaired by a number of fac- vide advice before work that miglit tors: over-fishing, changes in water disturb w ildlife activities is done quality, and disturbances of spawning around a cottage. beds and nursery area. In some areas, cottagers have a A minimum number of adult fish problem with wildlife. For instance, must be retained in a body of water to beavers can build dams, which flood spawn and maintain an abundance of recreation areas or roads. The Ministry fish for future seasons. Tliis is why the of Natural Resources can assist cotta- Ministr) of Natural Resources limits gers in dealing with these problems. fishing pressures by reducing catch In the case of beavers, the ministn' limits or shortening seasons. can enlist a licensed trapper to con- It has already been explained how trol beaver populations. cottagers can reduce the flow into the lake of nutrients that fertilize algae and weeds, which use oxygen when they decompose, robbing fish of oxygen. Cottage associations can also help

retain fish populations by not disturb- ing the important spawning and nur-

sery areas in the shallow parts of the

lake. It is the shallow areas where much of the food and habitat for fish is pro\ ided, and these are very sensitive

to human activities. The effect of a large number of cot- tagers, each of whom makes a small "improvement" in his cottage

shoreline, is cumulative and disrupts

the natural aquatic life processes. ,

^on ^(4ntj(ijefi ^K&matim

CIi\PTERXll

Environment Halton-Peel District Office, Belleville Sub-Office, District Offices Ontario l235rratalgarRd 15 Victoria .\ve Atikokan District Ri'^ional & District Offices Suite 1(11 Belleville K«N 1Z5 108 Saturn Ave, ()akvillel.6H3Pl Tel.: 61,V962-9208 Atikokan. Ontario POT ICO NORTHXS ESTERN REGION Tel.:4l6,8-i4-5'4"' Pembroke Sub-Office leL: 80- 59--69-I

Thunder Bay Rc(;ional Office, 1000 MatKiiy St. SOI THWTSTERN REGION Thunder Bay District PO. Box 5000 Pembroke K8B1A3 435Janu-sSi S 3rd floor, 435 James St. S. London Regional Office, Tcl.:613/-32-3643 Box 5000 Thunder Bay P7C 5G6 98S Adelaide .St. S. lliunder Bay, Ontario PX; 5G6 Tel.:80T/4?5-1215 London N6F 1\3 Tcl: 807/475-1511 Tcl 519,661-2200 Ministry of Natural

Kenora District Office. Terrace Bay District Windsor District Office, Resources HOK RolxTtMHi St.. Box 280 250 Windsor Ave,, 6th Floor, Regional and District Offices Terrace Bay. Ontario POT 2W0 Kenora P9N 1X9 Windsor N9A6V9 Tel.: 80" 468-55'8 Tcl: 80" 825-3205 Tel,: 519/254-2546 NORTHWESTERN REGION Nipigon District Samia District Office, NORTHEASTERN REGION 810 Robertson St. Box 970 265 Front St, N, Box 5160 Sudbury Regional Office, Hwy. 17 Suite 109 Kenora, Ontario P9N 3X9 IW Lirch M Nipigon, Ontario POT 2J0 SarniaN-T-Xl Tel.:80-/468-3111 Siidbun P3i; 5P9 Tel.: 807/887-2120 Tel,: 519/336-4030 Tel.: ~05/6"5-4501 District Offices Geraldton District Owen Sound District Office, District Office, 208 Beamish .A\'e Vt: Timmins 118O-20thSt, Red Lake District

.%)nquin Blvd \X . Box 640 83 Owen Sound N4K 6H6 Box 5003. Hw). 105 Timmins P^N2R^ Red Lake, Ontario Geraldton. Ontario POT 1 MO Tel,: 519/3-1-2901 TcL: -05 2(H-9r) POV 2M0 Tel: 807854-1030 Tel.:807/^2--2253 Sault Ste. Marie District Office, WEST CENTRAL REGION NORTHERN REGION 44 5 Albert,St E. Kenora District Hamilton Regional Office, Sault Ste Marie P6A 808 Robertson St I4O Fourth \\x. 2J9 Ontario (iovcrnmcnt Building Tel,;^05 949-46i0 Box 5080 Box 3000 119 KingSlW,. 12th Floor Kenora, Ontario P9N 3X9 Cochrane. Ontario POL ICO North Bay District Office, Box 2112 -05/2-2-428^ Tcl.: 80" 468-9841 Tel.: 1500 Fisher St.. Northgaie Plaz.i Hamilton L8N 3Z9 --640 North Bay PI li2H3 Tel: 416/521 Dryden District District Offices

Tel,: -05 -(-(v 1001 4-9 Government Rd., Cambridge District Office, Hearst District Box 730 Parry Sound Sub-Office, 4(Ml( hdcRd. RO Bii\219 631 From St, Dryden. Ontario P8N 2Z4 "4 Church St (:.imhridgcNIR5T« Box 6-(l Tcl: 80- 223-3.^41 ParrySoundP2AlZl Tcl: 'il9'653- 1511 Hearst. Ontario POL 1 NO

Tel.: "05 4(v2139 Sioux Lookout District Tcl,: ^05 362-4346 Welland District Office, Box 309, Prince St. by

Tcl.: 416,424-3000 SOUTHEASTERN REGION Fort Frances District Moosonee District 922 Scott St. Barrie District Office, Kingston Region Office, Box 190. Rcvillon Rd Fon Frances. Ontario P9A 1J4 12 FainicwRd.. 133Dalt()nSt.. .Moosonee. Ontario POL lYO Tel.: 807/2-^4-5337 Barrit UN 4P3 Kingston K-L-1X6 Tel: ^05/336-298^ Tcl,:-05-26-r30 Td.6I3 5-f9"t000 Ignace District Chapleau District Box 448 Muskoka Haliburton District Ottawa District Office, 190-192 Cherry St., Hwy 599 Office, 23-« Holly Lane. Box 460 Ignace, Ontario POT 1 TO Gravenhurst Plaza Ottawa Kl\ -PI Chapleau, Ontario PO.M IKO Tel.: 807/934-2233 General Deliver} Tel.: 613/521-3450 Tel:705/864-ri0 Gravenhurst POCl GO Cornwall District Office, NORTH CENTRAL REGION Cochrane District Tel.: 705/68^-3408 205 Amelia St. Ontario GoM. Bldg, 2 Third Ave Peterborough District Office, Cornwall K6H 3P3 435 James St. S. Box ^30 139 George Si, N.. Tel.:6l3'933--402 Box 5000 Cochrane. Ontario POL ICO Peterborough K9J 3G6 Thunder Bay, Ontario P7C 5G6 Tel: 705/272-4365 -05 -43-29-2 Tel: Tel: 80-/4^5-1261 . 1 I

Kirkland Like DistritI ALGONQIIN REGION CENTRAL REGION Chapleau H(i\ 129 31 Birch St E, POM Bri.ndaleSqu.in.' 106-0 VMlgf SI IKO Swastika, Ontario P;iK 110 Td,: 705/864-1515 ll(ix 9(100 Richmond Hill. Ontario Tel.: 705/6^23222 lluntsville. Ontario POA I Ml l.lC .1(9 Cochrane

: Timmins District Td -(15/-89-961 Td: 4)6/88.3-9203 l6lSixthAve,P0LlC0 61)\\ils(inAvc Td.: 705/272-4274 District Offices District Offices Timmins. Ontario P4N 2S" Elliot Lake Td,:^0S/2(r-l4()l Algonquin Park District Lindsay District Box 10 Brunswick Walk P5A 2A8 219 Kent St. W. District 322 Gogama Td.: 705/848-7133 Whitney, Ontario KO.I2M0 Lindsay Box 124. l.owavcnuc Ontario K9V 4T7 : -05/63--2-80 Td Td.: 705/324-6121 Espanola Gogama. OnlaridPO.M l\\(l

Espanola Mall, Hwy. 6 S. Td : "()i,K94-20(l() Parry Sound District Maple District Box 1718 POC ICO 4 Miller St. Maple. Ontario 1.(11 lEO Tel: 705/869-1532 NORTHEASTERN REGION Parr>- Sound, Ontario P2A 1S8 Td: 416 832-2-61 Tel.: ^05/^46-4201 Hears: I'WUrcliSt Huronia District 904 George St Sudbun'. Ontario P3E SP9 Bracebridge District Midhurst. Ontario 1,01. 1X0 Teh: 705/362-4358 Tel-:^)V(ri^l20 Box ll.W Td.: ^15/728-2900 Bracebridge. Ontario P(iB ICO Iroquois District Offices Fails -05/645-8-4- Cambridge District Td.: Box 460, 253 Ambridge Dr Box 2186 BcavcrdaleRd. Saull Ste. Marie District POK IGO Minden District Cambridge, Ontario N3C 2W 875 Queen St. E., Td,: 705/232-4001 Minden. Ontario K0M2K0 Td: 519/658-9355 Sault Ste. Marie. Ontario Td: -(15/286-1521 Kapuskasing P6A SLi Niagara District .Modd (ity Mall P5N 2E9 Td.:7(IS/949-12,M Bancroft District Hwy 20 Box 1070 Td -(15 335-6OO8 Box 500. Hwy 28 Wawa District Fonthill, Ontario LOS 1 EG Bancroft. Ontario KOL ICO Td.: 22 Mission Rd. 416/892-2656 Kirkland Lake Td.:6l3/332-,-i94(i Box 1160 32A Prospect Ave, P2N3K1 SOUTHWESTERN REGION Tel.: ^05/567-3291 Wawa, Ontario POSIKO Pembroke District Td.; 70')/«'i6-2.W6 Riverside Dr 659 Exeter Rd, Mindemoya Box 220 London. Ontario N6A 4L6 White River Office Box 128, King & Young Sts. Pembroke. Ontario K8A 6X4 Td: 519/661-2800 POP ISO 2(10 Winnipeg St Td: 613/^32-3661 Td,: 705/377-5396 Uliite River. Ontario POM 3G0 District Offices Td.: 807/822-2250 Moosonee EASTERN REGION Simcoe District Box .307, Main St, POL lYO Blind River District 548 Queensway W; Provincial Govl. Bldg. Td,: 705/336-2991 62 Queen St. Simcoe. Ontario N.W Box 2002 Concession Rd. 4T2 Box 190 Td:519 426--65(l Liskeard Kemptville, Ontario KOG IJO New Blind River. Ontario POR IBO Td.: 613/258-8204 310\Xhitcwood,Ave P(l.| IPO TeI:Tl5/356-225-l Chatham District Td,: 705/64^--39I 435 Grand Ave. W, District Offices Espanola District Box 1168 North Bay

Box 13-10. I48 Fleming St.. Carleton Place District Chatham, Ontario N-M 5L8 267MainSt,W,,PlB2T8 Espanola, Ontario POP 1(11 1(1 Findlay .Ave Td,: 519 354--34O Td.:705/472-.3911 Td.: -05/869-13.30 Carleton Place. Ontario Wingham District Parry Sound KX 3Z6 Sudbur>^ District R.R #5 -(iciiurdist Td: 613-25-5-35 Box 3500. Station "A" \X ingham. Ontario NOG 2\X0 Parr) Sound, Ontario Sudbury. Ontario P3A 4S2 Cornwall District Td.: 519/35"'-3131 P2A1Y9 Td.: ^15/522-7823 Box n49 Td,: 705/746-4296 Aylmer District 113 Amelia St Tetnagami District .^53 Talbot St. W; Sault Ste. Marie Cornwall. OnlarioK6H 5\- Box 38. Lakeshore Dr. Aylmer. Td:613 9331~4 Ontario N5H 2S8 444 Queen St, E, P6A 1Z7 Temagami, Ontario POH 2H0 Td.:519/~3-924l Td,: 705/254-6623 Td.: 705/569-3622 Napanee District Owen Sound District Sturgeon Falls 1 Richmond Blvd. North Bay District 611 Ninth Ave. E. 191 Main St, POH 2G0 Napenee, Ontario K'R 3S3 Box 30-0 Owen Sound, Ontario N4K 3E4 Td,: 705/753-2900 Td: 61 3/354-21-3 .North Bay. Ontario PI B8K- Tel.: 519/3-6-.3860 Sudbury Tel.: -05/4-4-5550 Brockville District Isi Floor, 199 Larch St 605 Oxford Ave, Ministry of Northern P3E 5P9 Brockville, Ontario K6\ 5\ 8 Td,: 705/675-4451 Td.: 613/342-8524 Development and Timmins Tweed District Mines 83 Wilson,\ve,P4N2S8 23 Spring SI, Box-(l Nordiem Development Offices Td: -05/26-- 1401 hveed. Ontario K6K 3.10 Td 61V4-8.2is(l Wawa NORTHF^TERN REGION 27 Gold St, POS IKO Blind River Tel: 705/856-2354 13IJWtonSt„P(lR IBO Td,: 705/356-2226 I

Health Unit Lamblon Health L'nit Porcupine \0RnniX5TEK.\ RtGION Durham Regional Health L nit " -^~ Health 333 George St l'>')PinrSLS,' Atilioluui Ciimmunirv Scrvica Samia Ontario NTT 4P5 Posul Bag 2012 Box 940. 123 Marks Si. Centre riramins, Ontario P4N 8B7 POT ICO iOlCnjliSl Td.:519/3-<4-5293 -05/267-1181 Oihjwi. Ontario L1G4B2 Td Tel 80" 'i^'-Z'O] Leeds. Gren>-ille and Lanark Td.416-23-H521 Health Unit Renfrew County and District Dr)dcn District Health Unit Eastern Ontario Health L till 70 Charles Sl, MA Kong bl P«N IB) Bax 940 1000 Put St. BrockvTlle. Ontario K6V 1T3 PO ' HO- 223-52)1 Pembroke Cornwall. Ontario K6J 3S5 Td.; 613/345-5685 121- SlL Frances Td 6I3933-I3-5 Highway 17 .Middlesex-London Dlstria m-jiA\T fNA IZl Fca-.broke. Ontano K8A 7M5 Elgin-SL Thomas Health L'nit Health Unit j-2--»-S)29 Td: 613/732-3629 2 Uood St 50 King Sl jcraldton St Thomas. Ontario .N5R 4K9 London, Ontario N6A 5L7 Gty of Scarborough Bax69. Health Department 305MijnM TcL 519 631-9900 Td.: 519/663-5317

POT 1 \10 Scarborough Civic Centre aty of Etobicoke Health Unit Muskoka-Parry Sound Td bO" 854-0266 16

I County of Grey-Owen Sound County Administration Centre Kenora I Health L'nit Niagara Regional Area .\lidhursL Ontario LOL 1X0 B

I POT 2E0 NJ«t 365 Sl North Bay and District Td:-05'522-920O Td 80--229-115) Box 24- Health Unit Thunder Bay Distria Rainy Rhcr Simcoc. Ontario .S'3V 4L1 P.O.Bax450 426^r0 200Mclnr\TeSLE,5thR Health Unit Box4)0.408Atu-ood.\vc TcL.519 PO, Box 1024 North Bay, Onuno P1B8J1 POWILO Kawirth, Pine Haliburton. Balmoral Td.: 705/474-1400 999 Sl TcL 80-852-328- Ridge Dlstria Health Unit Tnur.der Bay, Ontario P7C 4.X8 33-. 860 William Sl Box Northwestern Health Unit Td: 807/625-5900 ! Red Lake Cobourg. Onuno K9A 4K8 15 Ocean Ave. W. I Box950.242Hctot>-Sl TcL 4163-2-01-5 R.R.#1 ' P0\' 2.\I0 runiskaming Health Unit 80" Kenora, Ontario P9N 3W7 TeL: -2-28-0 Regional Health Lnit Halton 6 T-ieedsmuir TeL: 807/468-3147 Rd. Suite 206 llSlBronicRd. Sioux Lookout Kiridand Lake, Ontario PO Box "000 North York Health Unit Box 14-. 42 King Si P1N1H9 t>iV->iUc.OntanoL6J6El 5100YongeSL . P0V2T0 Td: 705/567-9355 TcL.4l682--2151 Willowdale, Ontario 5\7 ' Td HO--3--13I8 M2N Grv- ofToronto TeL: 416/224-6197 Health Unit Hamilton-Wenrworth Regional Thunder Bay 'ih Floor. East Tower, City Hall Health Unit Ottawa-Carleton Regional 428E.VictoruAvr 100 Queen SlW 25MiinSLVL Health Unit rc L\5 Toronto. Ontario M5H 2N2 PO Box 89- 495 Richmond Rd. Tel. 80-4-51425 Td: 416/392-7401 Hamilion. Ontario L8N 3P6 Ottawa, Ontario K2A 4A4 Waterloo Health Unit Ministry^ TcL 416528-1441 TeL: 613/722-2328 of Health 850 King SlW I Public Health Hastings and Prince Edward The Oxford County ARcndes Kitchener, Onurio N2G 1 E8 Counties Health L'nit Health Unit Algoma Health I nJt Td: 519/744-7357 1-9 North Pirlc Sl 4l0BullerSL ' 6th Floor. Cmc Centre Wellington-DufiFerin-Guelph BellcMlle. Ontario K8P 4P1 Bex 485 99F.»(cTDr Health L'nit TcL 61.^966-5500 Woodstock, Ontario N4S 7Y5 ', Siull Stc. .Mane. Ontario Sl TeL: 519/539-6121 205 Queen E ' P6A 5X6 Health Unit Huron Count)- Fergus. Ontario NIM 1T2 "05 Tel . -59-S2a- j Court House. The Square Peel Regional Health Unit Td; 519/843-2460 I CKKlcnch. Onuno N7A 1.M2 10 Peel Centre Dr I Brant County Health L'nit Windsor-Essex County TcL 519 524-8.301 Brampton L6T4B9 I 194 Tcmce Hill Sl Heali Unit TeL: 416/791-9400 Bnnaord. Ontario .\3R L'nit IG" Kent-Chaiham Health 1005 Oudlette Ave ' Tel 519-^3--)— 4 ^5 Grand Ave W Perth District Health Unit Windsor. Onurio N9A 4J8 PO Box 1136 653 West Gore Sl Bruce County Health LnJt TeL 519/258-2146 Chatham. Onuno N-M 5L8 Stratford N5A1L4 B»n248. 30PirkSt. 352-2-0 519/271-7600 City of York Health Unit ^ilVcnoa TcL 519 TeL: Ontario .NOG 2V0 rOOEglintonAve.W TcL5l9«811920 Kingston. Frontenac & Lennox Peterborough County-City Toronto, Ontario M6M IV and Ad

)

CHAPTER XIII

TlicOntjno \linistrn.s()l ihc Air Ministry of Natural '^ Environment. HcaJth and NaturaJ RcM)urccs have developed Open Burning Guidelines Resources publications that provide general Introduction to .\ir Pollution in Ontario in/onnation about environmentaJ All Ministry of Natural Resources How .\ir Pollution Affects practices, regulations and programs. Vegetation publications can be obtained from our Vtith exceptions, publications arc free Public Information Centre located in upon requc-st. Pnced are publications Land and Waste Management Room 1640 in the \X'hitney Block at marked with an astensk.* Queen's Park, or write to the Wntc to the Publications Centre. Be a Good Sort - Recycle Ministry of Natural Resources, Ministry- of Govermncnt Sen icc->. Public Information Centre, "ith Fliwr 880 Bay Street. Be a Good Sort to Your Garden Rm. l640,99WelJesleySt.W., Toronto. Ontano.M~.\ INH Whitney Block, Queen's Park Toronto, Ontario M7A IW3. Pesticides

Environment Ontario .Mosquito Control - ^JTiatYou Can Do Forestry, Lands & Waters Pesticides and the Environment Trees. A Handy Guide for People Legislation Pesticides Safety in Your Home Who Want to Put Down

The En\-irt)nmental .Assessment Act* Roots. . .Illus. 1985 should \ou require further information on

pcsucides use or safety, please contact the The En\ironraental Protection Act Common Pests of Trees La Public Information Centre, 135 St Clair .\ve

19'l'(BilinguaJ) . Ontario. . Identification and control VtesL Toronto. Ontario M4V 1P3 of common insects, (^I6)32.3^322 The Ontario Water Resources .Act* illus. 1985*

Water Quantity Resources The Pesticides .\ct* Ministry of Health of Ontario . . . Illustrated book reviewing the present supply, current Water General use and future demand of our water resources 1984* Water .Management Rabies. Its .No \S ay for a Friend Goals, Policies and Implemenution to Die

Procedures of the .Ministry- of the How to Handle an Emergency Wildlife

Environment Psittacosis. .\ Disease People Get Himtlng Regulations Summary .Marine Pump-Out Stations (Bilingual) from Birds. Fall 85 - Spring 86 ( bilingual Drinking Water Objeai>TS Guide to Eating Ontario Sport Fish Legislation Ontario Trapping Regulations (Bilingual) (summary) Septic Tank S\-stems Health Protection and Promotion Countdown .Xdd Rain Act 1983* The Beaver in Ontario. . . Life Water Wells and Ground Water Recreational Camp Regulations* history habits, habitat, numbers. Supplies in Ontario management and importance

20 pp. illus.*

Ontario Tlirtles. . . Descriptions of eight species and their habits and

habitats, plus hints on pet keeping

22 pp. illus*

.

Ontario Snakes. . . Descriptions of Fisheries Provincial Parks 14 Species and their habitats, 36 pp illus* Summer Fishing in Ontario Ontario Provincial Parks — 1985

. . . illus pamphlet, 198S Guide (bilingual) Wolves and Coyotes in Ontario ... life history, habits, relationships, Winter Fishing in Ontario . . . illus Canoe Routes of Ontario ... A 20 pp. illus.* pamphlet, 1985 guide to more than 100 canoe routes, includes a poster size map

The Fisher . . . Descriptive booklet Spring Fishing in Ontario . . . illus. on life history and habits, 14 pp. illus.* pamphlet, I98S Conservation Areas in Ontario

. . . Map with locations, features and

The Marten . . . Descriptive booklet Fishing Ontario's Quarter Million facilities of conservation areas ( biling-

on life history, food habits, habitat, Lakes . . . illus. pamphlet, 1985 ual) l4 pp. illus* Fishing die Rivers and Streams of How to Survive in the Woods

The Muskrat . . . Descriptive guide Ontario . . . illus. pamphlet, 1985 . . . Pocket size card that briefly offers on life history, habits, habitat, iUus. Fishing basic survival tips (bilingual) 20 pp.* the Great Lakes . . . illus. pamphlet, 1985 Mining and Geology The Mink . . . Illustrated booklet on

Out of the Water . . . Report life history; habits and habitat, 20 pp.* on On- Ontario Minerals Poster . . . Guide tario's freshwater fishing industry and for rockhounds, minerals shown in Wetlands in Ontario, 1984 . . principal fishing waters, detail on 28 color* Illustrated pamplilet outlining the im- fish species and families, 72 pp. illus., portance of wetlands (bilingual) 1972* Rocks and Minerals Information

. . . Sources When Rabbits Become a Nuisance The Fisheries of Lake Simcoe of geological and earth science maps and technical publica- . . . pamphlet . . . Report on an interesting lake, tions, 1984 l40 pp. illus* When Snakes Become a Nuisance Ontario Mineral Map* . . . pamphlet The Fisheries of Lake of the Woods

. . . comprehensive guide to lake and Rocks and Minerals of When Groundhogs Become a Nui- Ontario fishing, 44 pp., 1972* . . . Illustrated book describing the sance . . .pamphlet properties, occurrences and Ontario Angling Facts and Figures Ontario's When Bats Become a Nuisance localities of 74 common minerals* . . . detailed analyses of anglers' ori-

. . . pamphlet gins, fishing areas, catches by species, Geology and Fossils, Craigleith favored species and effort, and funds When Black Bears Become a Nui- ... 61 pp. illus.* expended, 100 pp., 1970* sance . . . pamphlet

Geology and Scenery . . . Illustrated Fishing Regulations Summary

. . Hunters Guide ... An illustrated series . Rainy River east to Lake 1985 (bilingual) book for hunters outlining hunting Superior GBl, 128 pp. North Shore of ethics, wildlife management, identifi- Lake Superior, GB2, 156 Peter- Fishing Maps (list of 502 surveyed pp. cation, firearms, Bancroft, survival, etc., 301 pp. lakes)* borough, Madoc Area GB3, (bilingual)* 128 pp*

Wildlife Management Areas in On- tario . . . Location and description of 40 areas jf\ (^\ Environment >.ff \Sj Ontario