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Effects on Metabolic and Swimming Performanc Trophic contamination by pyrolytic and petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Effects on metabolic and swimming performance in zebrafish: Effects on metabolic and swimming performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio) Julie Lucas, Isabelle Percelay, Laura Lyphout, Xavier Cousin, Pierre Miramand, Christel Le François To cite this version: Julie Lucas, Isabelle Percelay, Laura Lyphout, Xavier Cousin, Pierre Miramand, et al.. Trophic contamination by pyrolytic and petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Effects on metabolic and swimming performance in zebrafish: Effects on metabolic and swimming performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio). SEB Annual Main Meeting 2013, Society for Experimental Biology. INT., Jul 2013, Valence, Spain. hal-02746887 HAL Id: hal-02746887 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02746887 Submitted on 3 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 4 ANIMAL ABSTRACTS ANIMAL ABSTRACTS A1 – GENERAL BIOMECHANICS Organized by: Peter Aerts (University Of Antwerp) Less is known about the lateral expansion module because its motions are difficult to A1.1 visualize with external video. To study lateral expansion kinematics in relation to total mouth volume change Seasonal plasticity in the prey-capture behaviour of the and power, we measured 3D skeletal kinematics, muscle shortening, and intraoral Alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris (Salamandridae) pressure during suction feeding in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Skeletal kinematics were measured with X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology Egon Heiss (University of Antwerp, Belgium), Peter Aerts (University of Antwerp, (XROMM), which combines biplanar X-ray video with bone models to generate Belgium) and Sam Van Wassenbergh (Ghent University, Belgium) 3D animations of skeletal motion. These XROMM animations were also used to calculate instantaneous mouth cavity volume. Muscle shortening was measured with fluoromicrometry, which uses biplanar X-ray video to record distances between Evolutionary transitions between aquatic and terrestrial environments are significant intramuscular radio-opaque markers. steps in vertebrate evolution. These transitions require major changes in many Lateral expansion contributes substantially to mouth volume increase through biological functions, including food uptake and transport. abduction of the suspensorium and hyoid bars, and includes lateral rotations of the The Alpine newt, Ichthyosaura alpestris is known to show a ‘multiphasic lifestyle’ where upper and lower jaws as well. These lateral expansion kinematics appear to be linked the adult changes from a terrestrial to an aquatic life, and again to its terrestrial habitat to dorsal and ventral expansion, suggesting that muscle power may be shared across every year due to its breeding activity. These seasonal transitions are associated with the modules. These results also emphasize the importance of lateral expansion for dramatic changes in morphology, physiology, and behaviour, and result in distinct increasing mouth volume during suction feeding. aquatic and terrestrial morphotypes. We hypothesized that these shifts go along with changes in prey-capture mechanics to maintain a sufficiently high performance in both Email address for correspondence: [email protected] environments. We analysed the prey capture kinematics in the four possible modes: 14:00 Thursday 4th July 2013 • aquatic strikes in the aquatic phase; • terrestrial strikes in the terrestrial phase; • aquatic strikes in the terrestrial phase; and A1.3 • terrestrial strikes in aquatic phase. A multivariate comparison detected significant differences between the phase-specific Feeding with a sticky tongue: Adhesion performance in feeding modes. In both the aquatic and the terrestrial phase, I. alpestris uses a the horned frog Ceratophrys cranwelli suction-feeding mechanism for capturing prey in water. By contrast, I. alpestris uses a jaw-based grasping mechanism, similar to the aquatic modes, for terrestrial prey- Thomas Kleinteich (Kiel University, Germany) and Stanislav N Gorb (Kiel University, capture in its aquatic phase but an elaborate lingual-based prehension mechanism to Germany) capture terrestrial prey in the terrestrial phase. We conclude that I. alpestris shows a so far unknown amount of behavioural plasticity in prey-capture behaviour that is tuned to seasonal demands of performance exemplifying functional mechanisms Frogs are well known to feed by rapidly firing their adhesive tongues towards behind aquatic-terrestrial transitions in vertebrates. elusive invertebrate and vertebrate prey species. The timeframe to establish a sufficient contact between the tongue and the prey surface lies in the range of only Email address for correspondence: [email protected] a few milliseconds. These extremely short time intervals for adhesion, as well as the ability to adhere to a variety of different surfaces, make frog tongues an exciting 13:45 Thursday 4th July 2013 biological adhesive system. Here we measured the adhesive strength of tongues in the horned frog Ceratophrys cranwelli (Anura: Ceratophryidae) against a glass surface in vivo. A1.2 We found adhesive stress to be on average at 3 kPa, with peak values of 17 kPa. The adhesive forces are in the range of 1.2 times the body weight of the frogs and clearly The role of lateral mouth expansion during suction feeding outweigh the body weight of the captured prey animals. Adhesive strength is positively in Largemouth Bass correlated with the pressure during the impact of the tongue. We further quantified the area on the glass surface, which was covered by mucus after the feeding event. Ariel L Camp (Brown University, United States), Thomas J Roberts (Brown We found the adhesive strength to be higher during feeding trials at which only a little University, United States) and Elizabeth L Brainerd (Brown University, amount of mucus was spread over the glass surface. United States) Thus, a thin layer of mucus is more beneficial for a successful feeding event. Further our findings suggest that besides the presence of mucus, the structural and physical properties of the tongue surface play a critical role in generation of a strong and Mouth cavity expansion for suction feeding in fishes is driven by three musculoskeletal reliable adhesive contact. modules: • the dorsal expansion module; Email address for correspondence: [email protected] • the ventral expansion module; and • the lateral expansion module. 14:15 Thursday 4th July 2013 All three modules must expand both fast and forcefully, requiring substantial muscle power. Dorsal and ventral expansion modules increase buccal cavity height through neurocranium elevation and hyoid depression, respectively, while lateral expansion increases the mediolateral width of the mouth cavity through suspensorium abduction. Society for Experimental Biology Valencia 2013 abstracts book - animals.indd 4 06/06/2013 16:51:54 ANIMAL ABSTRACTS ANIMAL ABSTRACTS 5 A1.4 A1.6 Modelling the functional trade-offs of durophagous teeth Biomechanics of bite force in stag beetle fights Stephanie Crofts (University of Washington, United States) Jana Goyens (University of Antwerp, Belgium), Joris Dirckx (University of Antwerp, Belgium) and Peter Aerts (University of Antwerp, Belgium) Durophagous teeth exhibit a diversity of morphologies. Two hypotheses could be used to explain this variety in form: tooth shape is selected to prevent teeth from Male stag beetles use their large and elongated mandibles to fight each other for breaking; or to most effectively break the prey item. In any durophagous species, we access over mates. To win, they have to grasp, lift and throw the opponent backwards propose that both of these competing hypotheses will have some influence on tooth over their own body. Unless this relies purely on geometrical interlocking, this fighting morphology. We tested these hypotheses using canonical models to isolate the effect behaviour suggests the capacity to deliver high transversal bite forces, despite the of different aspects of tooth morphology. We generated three series that varied by: long mandibles (i.e. output levers). • occlusal concavity; Using micro-CT scans of Cyclommatus metallifer stag beetles, we computed the • cusp height; and theoretical difference in male and female bite force. Incorporating muscle cross- • how much of the occlusal surface is covered by the base of the cusp. sectional area, muscle fibre direction and lever ratio of the mandibular system, this We used FEA to test how these model morphologies responded to loading regimes, predicted – when normalized for size – a twofold bite force for males compared to and determine which shapes were most likely to deform under loading. We found that females. In vivo measurements of maximal bite force performance, revealed a similar occlusal concavity led to less deformation than convexity, and that cusp morphology ratio (after size normalization). affected the deformability of the models, with taller and narrower cusps deforming These results
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