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The Delicate State of the Nation-State: a Discourse Analysis of the Parti Québécois from 1960-2000

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The Delicate State of the Nation-State: a Discourse Analysis of the Parti Québécois from 1960-2000 Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2011 The delicate state of the nation-state: a discourse analysis of the Parti Québécois from 1960-2000 Kristina Perkins Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Perkins, Kristina, "The delicate state of the nation-state: a discourse analysis of the Parti Québécois from 1960-2000" (2011). WWU Graduate School Collection. 118. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/118 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Delicate State of the Nation-State: A Discourse Analysis of the Parti Québécois From 1960-2000 By Kristina Perkins Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts ________________________ Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE ________________________ Chair, Dr. Don Alper ________________________ Dr. Amir Abedi ________________________ Dr. Theodore Kamena The Delicate State of the Nation-State: A Discourse Analysis of the Parti Québécois From 1960-2000 By Kristina Perkins Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Don Alper Dr. Amir Abedi Dr. Theodore Kamena MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of this work, including but not limited to the right to use all or part of this work in future works, such as articles or books. Library users are granted permission for individual, research and non-commercial reproduction of this work for educational purposes only. Any further digital posting of this document requires specific permission from the author. Any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, is not allowed without my written permission. Signature:___________________________________ Date: ______________________________________ MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. I acknowledge that I retain ownership rights to the copyright of this work, including but not limited to the right to use all or part of this work in future works, such as articles or books. Library users are granted permission for individual, research and non-commercial reproduction of this work for educational purposes only. Any further digital posting of this document requires specific permission from the author. Any copying or publication of this thesis for commercial purposes, or for financial gain, is not allowed without my written permission. Kristina Perkins May 13, 2011 The Delicate State of the Nation-State: A Discourse Analysis of the Parti Québécois From 1960-2000 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Western Washington University In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Kristina Perkins June, 2011 Abstract This paper explores the changes that Québecois nationalism has experienced between 1960 and 2000 as reflected in the discourse of the Parti Québecois (PQ). The hypothesis of this study holds that the provincial and federal political environment has affected the issues that are emphasized in nationalism discourse in Québec. The leaders of the PQ are likely to emphasize the economic or state-building potential of the province when Québec is on the brink of a sovereignty referendum or a constitutional reform initiative. Cultural references, such as language or history, are assumed to be emphasized when the PQ is not in power, following a campaign for sovereignty, or following constitutional reform. The methodology of this study will be a discourse analysis of three major leaders of the PQ; René Levesque, Jacques Parizeau, and Lucien Bouchard. Texts published by the leaders, and interviews with selected leaders comprise the data of this study. The discourse is analyzed according to a list of code words which will indicate the intended use of language. It is found that the internal and external political environment surrounding the PQ influences the goal of nationalism which each leader emphasizes in his speech. iv Acknowledgements Presenting a Master’s thesis is something that I have wanted to accomplish, and, at times, thought would never be achieved. I would like to acknowledge my thesis committee for aiding me in reaching the finish line. I also need to acknowledge my team in Québec. Their words of encouragement, help, and advice made the past two years as productive and as enjoyable as possible. The two people who deserve the most credit for this piece of research, listed in no particular order, are my mom and dad. You both have made everything I have done, inside and outside of this program, possible. Without your love, support, and guidance, I would literally have no idea where I would be right now. A big shout out to the rest of my family- awesome. A close support system is more than necessary in order to be able to finish a piece of research such as this. I would like to express my gratitude towards my support system. This includes my closest friends, my graduate cohort, and my friendly baristas who asked to read what they watched me chip away at every day, as well as provided me with obscene amounts of caffeine. I am not able to fully express how much I appreciate all of the support I have received from each of these wonderful actors. This piece of work is written in order to encourage people to investigate the contextual use of language and how that language impacts the fate of a nation, and a nation-state. Canadian politics and Canadian history are wrought with stories that emphasize the need to look at the goals behind each event. Many assumptions have been made about Québécois nationalism. It is necessary to look beyond the assumptions and recognize the impact that one of the many parts of a campaign for sovereignty-association can have, such as discourse. Sticks and stones may break some bones, but words can change the fate of a nation. v Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................v Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: Theoretical Framework and Methodology ..........................................................6 Ethnic and Civic Nationalism .............................................................................................6 Methodology: Discourse Analysis ...................................................................................13 Chapter Two: Historical Context and Québec Nationalism ....................................................19 History of Québec ............................................................................................................19 Québec Nationalism .........................................................................................................27 Chapter Three: Discourse ........................................................................................................34 1960-1985 .........................................................................................................................34 Historical Context .......................................................................................................35 Data .............................................................................................................................38 1986-2000 ........................................................................................................................41 Historical Context ......................................................................................................43 Data ............................................................................................................................46 Chapter Four: Analysis ............................................................................................................53
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