Annals of Global History Volume 1, Issue 3, 2019, PP 20-39 ISSN 2642-8172

THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

Giampietro Fabbri1,2* 1Eubios Study Centre, Bologna, Italy, 2Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy *Corresponding Author: Giampietro Fabbri, Eubios Study Centre, Bologna, Italy, and Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy. E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the Etruscan case and develops a recent diffusion theory based on the analysis of the time and space distributions of ancient ethnonyms and toponyms integrated with historical attestations. Estruscans are considered as a confederation of tribes belonging to two distinct lineages descending from *Thyrgwaunas, speaking a Proto-Altaic language, and *Gwaulgwaunas, speaking a Proto-Indo-European one. Such a confederation had been known in the Aegean area as “the Mixed People”, i.e. *Mykgwaunas (whence Mygdonianians and Mycenaeans). The descendants of the two lineages are recognised in Italy and distinguished as Tyrsinians and Volsinians, according to the terminology of Greek and Roman historians. The phonetic changes in the names of the tribes with respect to the original common forms are analysed. The diffusion of Tyrsinian and Volsinian tribes along the Italic peninsula is then investigated by analysing the origins of the main Etruscan and related cities. Keywords: Etruscan tribes, Etruscan cities, Proto-Altaics, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Migrations.

INTRODUCTION different languages and descending from two distinct lineages. The aim of this work is to In a recent study [1, 2] introducing a new develop and validate that theory by finding diffusion theory, Etruscans have been presented traces of the two lineages in ancient and modern as a mixed people composed of tribes speaking geographical names of Italy.

Figure1.Westward migrations of *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwaulgwaunas (from [1, 2]). By observing the time and space distributions of *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwaulgwaunas (Fig. 1). ancient Euro-Asian ethnonyms, toponyms, and According to the cited study, these two lineages eponyms, it is possible to distinguish some were originally opposite and fighting each other, migration waves departing from Central Asia. but successively interacted and joined into a Among the migrating peoples, some tribes can confederation of peoples. In the west direction, be individuated, whose name can be derived these peoples started to move in the second half from those of two distinct ancestors: of the III millennium BC and settled around the

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 20 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

Aegean area mainly during the period from the by *Thyrswagwautas / *Thyrgwaunas were great migration of the XIX-XVIII century BC to Proto-Altaic. Moreover, it is interesting to that of the XIII-XII century. In course of the observe that the –na derivation, occurring in the latter, they were pressed towards Central Europe forms *Thyrswagwau-nas and *Thyrgwau-nas, is and whence they spread to the peripheral areas very common in the language of Etruscans [12], of the continent. In Italy, the descendants of this who were the Italic Tyrsenians and Tyrrhenians people confederation were known as Etruscans according to Herodotus [11] and Strabo [10], and considered by Romans as a homogeneous respectively. population. Actually, they were a confederation In the III millennium BC some tribes of of tribes still having different customs and *Swagwautas broke into the lands by Volga speaking different languages, which had settled River, separating *Thyrgwaunas into two along the Italian peninsula before the Roman branches (Fig. 1). A western branch was pushed age. towards Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Eastern W W W THYRG AUNAS AND G AULG AUNAS Europe, an eastern one towards Mongolia and China. The latter would then flow back to the In the cited study, the name *Swagwau-tas was west during the great migration of the XIII-XII reconstructed for the ancestors of Scythians. century BC, due to the pressing of Mongol and From that name, in fact, the Greek forms - Chinese peoples. ζαγέηαι (-sagetae [3]) and Σκύθαι (Scythians [4]) and the Ass. Askuzai (Scythians [5]) can be easily On the border between *Swagwautas and derived through common phonetic changes. To the *Thyrgwaunas, it is probable that the terms name *Swagwau-tas the meaning of “breeders of *Gwaulgwaunas and *Gwaulgwauas diffused to cow” has been attributed. The ancestors of distinguish the ones, who had kept the original Scythians and their descendants were also indicated language and customs of the cow-breeding by the alternative forms *Swagwau-nas (from people, from the others. From the name of whose ablative *Swagwaunat the Hebr. Askenaz [6, *Gwaulgwauas that of the Volga River derives, in 7] comes) and *Swagwau-las, and the derivations of whose territory they remained settled for a long derivations *Swagwau-ta-las, *Swagwau-la-tas time. Hence, *Gwaulgwaunas were pushed by (whence the Gr. Σκολόηοι, Scolotoi [4]), *Swagwau- Eastern *Thyrgwaunas towards Central Europe la-nas, and the abbreviations Gwau-tas, Gwau-nas, during the XII-XIII century BC great migration. It Gwau-las. Originally, *Swagwautas lived in the is also possible that by analogy with the term prairies between southern Russia and Sogdiana *Gwaulgwaunas, in which the root gwau is repeated and probably spoke the language that is called with an intensifying function, the name *Thyrthyras Proto-Indo-European or common Indo- was coined to indicate *Thyrgwaunas. From this European. term the name of Tartars can be derived. Among the Scythian tribes, Herodotus mentions *Gwaulgwaunas stayed in contact with that of Thyssagetae (Θσζζαγέηαι [8]). This name *Thyrgwaunas for a long time before migrating to has been derived from *Thyrswagwautas [1], Europe. In the contraposition of *Gwaulgwaunas term by which some *Swagwautas were and *Thyrgwaunas the term gwauna lost over time indicated, who lived on the border (cf. Gr. θύρα, the original meaning of "bovine", “related to cows”, door) with mongoloid morphology populations, "fodder for cows", “fence for cows”, "cow breeder", that they interbred changing their own "group of cows" and acquired that of “shelter”, morphology and language. *Thyrswagwau-tas “refuge”, “fortified place”, "village", "group of were probably indicated also by the name breeders", "community". Through the phonetic *Thyrswagwau-nas, whence the name of the changes that we will discuss in the next section, we Schytian people of Issedones (Gr. Ἰζζηδόνες [9]) can recognise the term gwauna with the meaning of derives, as we will see. Alternative names also were village or community for example in Celt. bona (cf. *Thyrgwau-nas and *Thyrgwau-as, from which the Ratisbona, Vindobona, Bona) and in Etr. zena forms *Thyrghunas, *Thyr‟hunas, *Thyr‟unas, translated into Lat. sena / sina (cf. Bolsena, Cesena, *Thyrkunas, *Thyrsunas, *Thyrk-, Huna and Felsina, Sarsina, Sena). Actually, in Celtic *Sunas can be derived. These forms lead to the languages, due to the influence of the descendants names of Tyrrhenians (or Tyrrhinians, Gr. of *Thyrgwaunas, the term gwauna also results in Τσρρηνοί, Tyrrhenoi [10]), Tyrsenians (or din / dun, latinised in dinum / dunum (cf. Vindinum, Tyrsinians, Gr. Τσρζηνοὶ [11], Tyrsenoi), Turks, Londinum, Lugdunum, Noviodunum, Dunum). and Huns. Since the language of Turks and Huns Similarly, due to the influence of the descendants is Altaic, it is probable that the dialects spoken of both *Gwaulgwaunas and *Thyrgwaunas, the

21 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case term gwaus assumed in Germanic languages the during the period between the XX-XIX century meaning of country or region (cf. Ger. gau as in BC great migration and the XII-XIII century BC Breisgau and Thurgau, both from *Thyrgwauas, one, we find th changed to s e gw to d in the Dutch gouw, Frisian goa). name of Shardana or Sharden (< *Thyrgwaunas), th fallen and gw changed into z (< dh) in the names Over the centuries the tribes of *Gwaulgwaunas of Arzawa (< *Thyrgwauas), and th mutated to ph and *Thyrgwaunas interacted, clashed and allied and gw to g in the name of Phrygians (Gr. Φρύγες themselves, constituting in the last half of the II [13] < *Phyrges < *Thyrgwauas). The phonetic millennium BC a sort of confederation that in change of th into ph (also not aspired as in Lith. the Aegean area was known as the “Mixed Perkūnas or Etr. Pursenas) was due to the influence People”, namely *Mykgwaunas or *Mykgwauas. of Proto-Gaul-Latin (*Gwaulas / * Gwaulatas / * PHONETIC CHANGES Gwaulatanas [2]) peoples (cf. Gr. θύρα with Lat. foris, door), that settled for a long time in the area The Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Altaic dialects, between Baltic Sea and Black Sea on the border spoken respectively by *Gwaulgwaunas and with the Mixed People, before the latter pressed *Thyrgwaunas, evolved with linguistic exchanges, them to Central Europe. For example, we can find but maintained distinct characteristics. It is probable such a phonetic change to the East in the name of that, when Western and Eastern *Thyrgwaunas Ferghana (<*Thyrgwauna) Valley, between current were separated, their language still was not very Uzbekistan and Kyrghizia, and to the West in the different from that of *Swagwaunas. The language name of Fersina (< Etr. Pherzna < *Thyrgwauna) of Western *Thyrgwaunas would have then been torrent near Trento in Italy. partially influenced by Proto-Indo-European peoples, while Eastern *Thyrgwaunas would have In the dialects of *Gwaulgwaunas the initial gw evolved their dialects in contact with Oriental labiovelar changed mainly to aspirated voiced peoples. labial (v) and, more frequently in the late age, not aspirated (b), while the internal gw labiovelar In the dialects of Western *Thyrgwaunas, the changed to labial, velar or dental, by influence original gw labiovelar changed mainly into of the bordering peoples, among whom even voiced and unvoiced velar, which was also *Thyrgwaunas. As we anticipated, we find initial subsequently aspirated or muted (such a gw mutated to labial and internal gw changed to tendency is still alive in the descendants of the velar in the name of Volga (< *Gwaulgwaus) river, tribes migrated to Turkey and Tuscany). and similarly in the name of Volci and Belgae (the Moreover, the dialects of Western *Thyrgwaunas latter without initial aspiration). Moreover, from the tend to transform the th phoneme into s or t. In name of *Gwaulgwauas also Lat. vulgus (and Mesopotamia we find an example of voiced parallelly *bulbus > Etr. puplu > Lat. poplus > lat. velar and th mutated into s in the name Sargon populus) and Ger. Volk derive (while the Germanic (< *Thyrgwauna). In Anatolia we find instead synonym Theod derives from *Theudones < aspirated unvoiced velar and th mutated into t in *Thyrdones < *Thyrgwaunas, namely the the name of *Tarchunas or *Tarhunas and their Teutones). We saw in fact that the terms eponymous divinity Tarhun, that was worshiped *Gwaulgwaunas and *Gwaulgwauas had assumed the as god of the storm. The name of the Lithuanian meaning of “tribe of *Gwaulas” and then tribe or god of thunder Perkūnas (< *Thyrgwauna), people. In the Scythian area the descendants of originally introduced in the area between Baltic *Gwaulgwaunas were also kown, through those of Sea and Black Sea by Western *Thyrgwaunas, *Thyrgwaunas, as Halizones (Gr. Ἁλιδῶνες [14] < results through phonetic changes due to the *Valzones < *Gwaulgwaunas). Similarly, in Italy we peoples subsequently immigrated in that area know the name of the tribes descending from and in eastern lands, as we see below. *Gwaulgwaunas mainly through the descendants of In the dialects of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas the th *Thyrgwaunas, who changed the internal labiovelar phoneme changed into s, sh or ph or fell, while to z (as in Etr. Velzna < *Gwaulgwaunas). However, the gw labiovelar was transformed primarily into the original names survived in the local dialects, dental (d) also aspirated (z) or sibilant (s) and less also to the Roman reinterpretation, and lead to frequently in velar. As we anticipated, we find th believe that the internal labiovelar in the names of fallen and gw mutated into d in the name of the *Gwaulgwaunas had mainly changed to aspirated Issedones (< *Thyssadonas < *Thyrswagwaunas) labial (*Volvoni), subsequently fallen (*Bol’oni). who lived on the northern and eastern borders of the Actually, as we will demonstrate by analysing area occupied by Scythian peoples. In Anatolia, some Etruscan and related toponyms, in the where Eastern *Thyrgwaunas penetrated already Etruscan dialects the initial gw labiovelar results

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 22 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case in aspirated voiced labial (v as in Etr. Velathri, The Etruscan d-result also survived in proper Volterra), while the internal one results in names, as attested by the Old Latin inscription aspirated velar (ch as in Etr. Tarchnas, on the Duenos triple vase [19], where Duenos Tarquinia) and mainly in voiced dental (d as in probably is the name of an Etruscan artisan and Modena), also aspirated (z as in Etr. Velzna, means good (duenos = bonus < gwauna). Bolsena / Orvieto and Bologna), subsequently These phonetic changes have been determined unvoiced (t as in Lat. Mutina and s as in Lat. by analising the distribution of names consistent Volsinii or Lat. Felsina). Moreover, the th with a diffusion model [1, 2] considering phoneme results in t (as in Etr. Tarchnas) or s migration waves departing from Central Asia. (as in Lat. Sarsina) and mainly in ph (as in Etr. The changes obtained for the Middle-Eastern Phersna, Perugia) and subsequently p (as in area have been confirmed also for the Europe. Lat. Per‟us-ia, Perugia). After having analysed these phonetic changes, it The ch-result of the internal labiovelar seems is now easy to recognise in the Aegean area the due to the influence of the descendants of name of the Mixed People in the Thyrgwaunian Western *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwumbras or tribes of Mygdonians (Gr. Μσγδόνες [20] < *Gwaumbras (< *Gwauna *Hub‟ras). The latter *Mykgwaunas, later also Macedonians) and of was a mixed people resulting from the merging Mysians/Moesians (Gr. Μσσοί/Μοισοί [20, 21] of Proto-Scythians (*Swa-gwaunas or *Swa- < *Mykgwauas), who settled between Anatolia gwautas) and Proto-Iberians (*Hubaras) with and Balkan Mountains at the end of the II other minoritary peoples [1]. It probably rose millennium BC, and in the Gwaulgwaunian tribes inside the Únětice culture [15, 16], in a cultural who had their capital in the city of Mycenae (gr. exchange area reacheable through Rhine, Elbe, Μσκήναι [22] < *Mykvainas < *Mykgwaunas). Vistula, Danube, and Boristhenes rivers, which We can find evidences of the presence in the were the main ancient commercial routes Aegean area of a bilingual people having a between Europe and Asia. Whence *Gwaumbras Proto-Altaic and Proto-Indo-European origin in were pressed westwards by newcomers and the Greek language, in which several doubles spreaded to peripheral areas. In the names of [23] occur, such as δᾴω and βιόω (I live; with an their descendants the gw labiovelar results in aspirated dental and a labial, respectively), and unvoiced velar also aspirated and muted: some words present an anomalous result of the Cimbri, Cambri, Cumbri, Humber, ‘Umbrians, labiovelars, such as the interrogative pronoun ‘Ambrones. This tendency to aspirate the velars τίς (Who; with a dental, while we find a velar, was probably received by Western for example, in Lat. quis, Sans. kas, Got. hvas). *Thyrgwaunas, whose influence we have already In the Aegean area, *Thyrgwaunas / observed in the Baltic area. They probably *Thyrgwaulas were also known as Tyrsinians (or reached Central-Eastern Europe shortly after Tyrsenians, Gr. Τσρζηνοὶ [11]) and Thessalians *Swagwautas between the end of the III and the (Gr. Θεζζαλοί [24] < *Thersalas < beginning of the II millennium BC. *Thyrgwaulas; cf. Thyssagetae < *Thyrsagatas < *Thyrswagwautas), who settled respectively The d-, z-, and s-result of the internal labiovelar East and West of Propontis. Attestations of the in the Etruscan names seem instead to be original language of Tyrsinians / Thessalians influenced by the descendants of Eastern remain in a stele and ceramic fragments found *Thyrgwaunas. In the late Etruscan language, on the island of Lemnos in the north-eastern attested by the inscriptions, the few texts and the Aegean sea. The language of the inscriptions of loans to the Latin, the voiced occlusives were these remains, dating from the sixth century BC, missing and substituted by the respective has affinities with the Etruscan [25]. unvoiced ones, while the o vowel was substituted by u [17]. The d-result of gw In the Etruscan area, the name of *Mykgwaunas labiovelar, characteristic of Eastern resulted in some toponyms such as Misano and *Thyrgwaunas, then occurs in Etruscan changed Miseno and in the Etruscan word mech [26], to t (cfr. *Thyrgwauas > *Pha‟das > *Pad-ua > which initially was used to indicate the Mixed Lat. Patavium), while the aspirated form z People and later assumed the meaning of occurs also unvoiced and changed to s (cf. Etr. “confederation of people”, “confederated Velzna and Etr. Velsna [18]). However, in the people”, and simply “people”. spoken language the original forms should have survived at least in Northern Italy, since, as we TYRSINIANS ANS VOLSINIANS will see, they occur in several current names of The migratory process that culminated in the cities founded by descendants of *Thyrgwaunas. great migration of the XIII-XII century BC was

23 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case started by the back flow of Eastern and a few from *Thyrgwaunas had merged with *Thyrgwaunas into the territory of sparse ancient depigmented Mongoloid *Gwaulgwaunas, due to the pressure of the morpholoy tribes (related to Proto-Finns), oriental populations. In the Orient Caucasoid morphology peoples remotely *Thyrgwaunas, nomad cow breeders, had come immigrated such as Iberians (*Hubaras) and into contact with peoples culturally more Proto-Schytians (*Swagwautas), and with Indo- advanced. Probably, they had learnt arts such as European populations more recently come such the ornamental manufacturing of metals, the as the Proto-Gaul-Latin ones, originating the drainage of morasses, and perhaps the writing. Gaul-Celtic people that had evolved over the When they flowed back among the roughest centuries, acquiring homogeneous morphology *Gwaulgwaunas, they created with some of (scarcely pigmented Caucasoid), language, and them, as we saw, a confederation of peoples culture. From the Rhin valley *Thyrgwaunas speaking different languages, over which they also contributed to the creation of the Germanic took the power, although they were a minority. nation. During the migration process, such a When the confederation of tribes coming from confederation reached Anatolia, the Balkan *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwaulagwaunas descended region, and the Alpine area, whence it on Italy, it found there peoples having different descended on Italy penetrating the local tribes origins. On a palaeoanthropic substrate, several up to Campania. The migration of *Thyras / peoples had overlapped, who were in different *Thyrgwaunas / *Thyrgwaulas through the Alpine relationship with *Swagwautas. Iberians / Ligurians area is attested by toponyms and hydronyms such (Lat. Hiberi / Ligures < *Hubaras / *Lubaras) had as Friuli (< *Phry‟ulas < *Phyrghulas < common ancestors, but they spoke dialects far from *Thyrgwaulas; reinterpreted by Romans as Forum the language of the cow breeder people. On the Iulii; cf *Thyrgwau-tas > *Sargotas > Zaragoza in contrary, Umbrians (Lat. Umbri < *Gwaumbras < Aragon < *Sargonas < *Thyrgwau-nas, *Gwauna *Hubras), Sabines / Sabates / Sabelli reinterpreted as Caesaraugusta), Tyrol (< Tyral (Lat. Sabini / Sabates / Sabelli < *Swagwaunas / [27] < *Thyrghal < *Thyrgwaulas), Kanton *Swagwautas / *Swagwaulas), Italics (Lat. Itali < Thurgau (< *Thyrgwaus), and Thur river, affluent of *Sgwetas / *Sgwytas / *Sgwytuli), Latins (Lat. Latini the High Rhine river (Ger. Hoch Rhein; both from < *Gwaulatanas) spoke languages less or more *Thyr-rhein < *Thyrgwauna; cf. Gr. Τσρρηνός, similar to the dialects of *Gwaulgwaunas [1, 2]. Tyrrhenos [10]). An additional attestation can be In this multiplicity of dialects, the names of the recognised in the name of the Alpine people of confederation tribes were distorted in different Raeti (Lat. Raeti [28] < *Redas < *Thredas < ways, even remaining attributable to the original *Therdas < *Thyrgwauas), similar to Etruscans in forms. the language and customs. As we will see, an attestation of *Gwaulgwaunas in the Alpine area can Reporting the foundation myths of the Etruscan be found in the name of the city of Bolzano (< cities, the ancient historians often used the *Gwaulgwauna) and probably in that of the city of Greek terms Τσρζηνοὶ [11] (Tyrsinians or Golasecca (< *Golasena < *Gwaulgwauna; cf. Etr. Tyrsenians) and Τσρρηνοὶ [10] (Tyrrhinians or Velsena with local dialect Vuraseca [29]), cradle of Tyrrhenians), translated in Lat. Tyrseni and the homonymous culture. Tyrrheni, respectively, strarting by T. However, in the Etruscan and related toponyms we can On the northern side of Alps and in the adjacent rarely find an initial T out of the Alpine area and valleys, the tribes coming from *Gwaulgwaunas the territory influenced by Tarquinia (in whose settled mainly to the East and those from name T occurs followed by the change of yr into *Thyrgwaunas to the West (along the Thur-Rhein ar, that we also saw in those of Shardana and river). Their descendants were probably known as Arzawa). More frequently, we find an initial Ph *Bolboni (< *Gwaulagwaunas) or *Bolboi (< or P. This leads to think that the tribes descending *Gwaulagwauas) and *Thyrdones or *Tarsenar (< from *Thyrgwaunas were further known in the Italic *Thyrgwaunas) and lastly distinguished themselves peninsula as Phyrsini or Pherseni (and similar by the way the terms Gwaunas or Gwauas resulted forms deriving from the endonyms *Phyrzna / in their own dialects. They used for example names *Pherzna < *Thyrgwaunas and *Phyrzla / *Pherzla such as Bon-i or Boi-i to indicate the tribes < *Thyrgwaulas). The name of the tribes descending descending from *Gwaulagwaunas and Don-es from *Gwaulgwaunas diffused in Italy mainly or Sen-ar for those descending from through the descendents of *Thyrgwaunas. We *Thyrgwaunas. In the Alpine and further north- find the form received by Romans in the name western area some tribes from *Gwaulagwaunas of the city of Bolsena: Volsinium (or Volsinii

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 24 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

[30]), namely the city of Volsini or Volsones Tuscan-Emilian Apennine and were kept also [31] (from Etr. Velzna or Velsna < when Volsinians, settled in the surrounding *Gwaulgwauna). Actually, the endonym should country with their herds, started infiltrating and have sound as Volvoni or Bolboni, as we saw. controlling the urbanised centers. However, in the following the Italic tribes In Triveneto, the ancient Regio X, east of the descending from *Thygwaunas and border of current Italian State, we can recognise *Gwaulgwaunas will be indicated by the terms the past presences of Tyrsinian tribes in the Tyrsinians and Volsinians, respectively. territory of the Istrian city of Poreč, the ancient In the different dialects of the confederation, Parentium. As we will also see in the following tribes and cities were called or pronouncied in examples, when Romans fouded a city, often different ways. From the alternation of *Thyrsu- gave it the name of a previous village or of the nas and *Thyrchu-nas (or *Tarchunas, whence territory. Moreover, they frequently used to Etr. Tarchna) the term *Thyrsch-unas or transform the Tyrsinian and Volsinian names by *Thyrsch-as originated, whence later Umb. introducing the methateses dn > nt, zn > nti, and Tursko [32], Lat. Tuscus and Lat. Etruscus vona > nova (see below: *Thyrgwauna > *Phyrdna (probably with an additional euphonical / *Phyrzna > Ferentum and Florentia, *Velvona > prothetic e preceding *Thr‟schas < *Thyrskas, Villanova). Considering the actual name Poreč, as in Etr. ep‟l from Etr. pul [33]). Similarly, received through oral tradition, and the Roman from the alternation of *Volsu-nas and *Volchu- transformation Parentium, we can assume that the nas, the term *Volschu-nas or *Volsch-as original name was Porzna and previously Pordena originated, whence Lat. Volsci, the name by (< *Phordena < *Thyrgwauna). A similar form we which Volsinians were known in Southern Italy. can find in the current name of the trivenetian city of Pordenone, in wich the d-result of labiovelar gw We can find a recall to the common origins of is survived until nowadays. The original names, Etruscans (< *Thyrgwaunas) and Scythians (< probably Pordaona (< *Thyrgwauna), Pordena, and *Swagwautas / *Swagwaunas) in the foundation Pordna, mixed in Pordnaona, gave the name to the myth of Tarquinia. In this legend, the divination Naon river (as Ger. Rhein from Thur-rhein < art and rituals are in fact revealed to the *Thyrgwauna), leading to reiterpretate the name of eponymous founder Tarchunus or Tarchon (< the city as Portus Naonis. The d-result appears *Thyrgwauna) by an entity named Tarchies (< again in the same area in the name of the city of *Thyrgwaus, Lat. Targes-Targetis or Tages- Udine (< Udene < *Thy‟dena < *Thyrgwauna). Tagetis [34], eponymous deity), whose name Additional evidences of the past presence of recalls that of Targitaos [35], the Scythian Tyrsinian tribes in Triveneto can be found in the progenitor, to whose sons gold symbols of arts name of the Friuli region (< *Phry‟ulas < and social divisions appeared from the sky. *Phyrghulas < *Thyrgwaulas), as we saw, in the TYRSINIAN CITIES name of the city of Trento (< *Trydna / *Tredna < *Therdanas < *Thyrgwaunas, subsequently It is probable that the tribes of the Mixed People transformed in Tridentum by Romans by doubling descending from *Thyrgwaunas arrived as the d and methatesing dn), and of the cities of Treviso last in the Italic peninsula, persuing those and Tarvisio (both from Lat. Tarvisus < *Tarvis-a < descending from *Gwaulgwaunas. The latter *Tarvis < *Thyrgwaus, with and anomalous v-result stopped in lands most suitable for cow breeding, of the labiovelar by probable Volsinian influence). while the former headed for the commercial To confirm the Tyrsinian paternity of the city of ports and towards the marshes, the “maremme”, Trento, the Fersina (< Pherzna < *Thyrgwaunas) which they were able to transform into fertile river, as we anticipated, flows nearby, in whose lands, having learned and developed drainage name the labiovelar results in dental too, but techniques in the Orient [36]. It is also probable subsequently aspirated and unvoiced. It is that in the commercial ports of the Tyrrhenic interesting to observe that the methatesis thyr > Sea, they met people descending from Western thry, that results in the toponyms Friuli, Trento, and *Thyrgwaunas, arrived by sea. In the historical Treviso, is common in the names derived from age Tyrsinians appear to be settled mainly by *Thyrgwaunas or *Thyrgwauas (cf. *Thyrgwauas > the coast of Adriatic Sea from Veneto to Marche *Phyrges > Gr. Φρύγες and *Thyrgwauas > regions, by the coast of the Tyrrhenic Sea from *Tharkes > Gr. Θρᾷκες) [2]. Liguria to Campania regions, in the internal Tuscany region, and bordering on Lazio and The name Triveneto has currently the meaning Umbria regions. Tyrsinian cities were also of Triple Veneto. However, it is possible that located along the routes from Alps to the this name reflects a dialectal term deriving from

25 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

*Thyrgwaunas (> *Tyrvainas > *Trivenas > To the West, in Piedmont, we can attribute a *Trivene-tas) by influence of ancient Veneti Tyrsinian origin to the city of Turin. The area (Lat. Veneti < *Vene-tas / *Hune-tas < around Turin at the time of Hannibal was *Gwauna-tas). These were a people related to inhabitated by Taurini [38]. According to Livy Gauls and Latins (< *Gwaula-ta-nas). While [39], Taurini were a half-Gallic people. Latins descended on Italy, Veneti settled by the According to Strabo [40] and Pliny [41] they north-western coast of the Adriatic sea and were Ligurians, to Appian [42] Gauls and their penetrated the North-Eastern Italy after the capital was called Taurasia, (Gr. Τασραζίᾳ). arrival of the Mixed People. The language of However, it is probable that they originally were Veneti, the Venetic, was close to Latin [37] and descendants of *Thyrgwaunas. probably to that of *Gwaulgwaunas.

Figure2. Cities of Tyrsinians (gray circle), Volsinians (white circle), other Italic peoples (White Square), mixed cities of Tyrsinians and Volsinians (circle and cross), mixed cities of Etruscans and other Italic peoples (square and cross).

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 26 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

The Latin name Taurini (whence Gr. Τασρῖνοι labiovelar, as we saw, should also occur in the and the current Italian name of the city Torino original name of the Padanian city of Modena. come) seems in fact to be a reinterpretation of The end in -dena (< -gwauna), orally survived to the name *Tur‟ina (< *Turghηna < the late transcription (Lat. Mutina), *Thyrgwauna), by wich also their capital was demonstrates a Tyrsinian foundation and a called as usual for Etruscan cities. Actually, the Tyrsinian influence still in the Roman age. The name Turina, apocopated in Turin, is survived name of the Padanian city of Parma can also be after the Roman reinterpretation in the local attributed to Tyrsinians, but through different dialect until nowadays. The name Taurasia was phonetic changes: Parma < *Pharna < probably a reinterpretation of an alternative *Thar‟auna < *Thyrgwauna. In the Parma form (*Tur‟as-ia < *Turghas-ia < *Thyrgwaus- province we can find the d-result again in the ia) as Lat. Perusia for the city of Perugia (Etr. name of the city of Fidenza (Lat. Fidentia < Phersna, see below). *Phi‟zna / *Phi‟dna < *Phyrdena < *Thyrgwauna). In the Roman reinterpretation of The lands around Turin, from the Alps to the this name, the Tyrsinian d has been doubled and Tyrrhenian sea, were previously inhabitated by then methatised as we saw in the name of Trento Ligurians (tribes relative of Proto-Umbrians) (Lat. Tridentum < *Trydna). Moreover, in the and descendants of Proto-Schytians name Fidenza the original r is missing, since (*Swagwautas / *Swagwaunas / *Swagwauas), most of the Tyrsinian tribes, partially having and subsequently by Gauls. In the Roman age mongoloid morphology ancestors, did not these poples had overlapped and mixed. Hence pronounce this letter or prounonced it in a the confusion of ancient historians on the origin guttural way, as in German and French (the of the inhabitants of Turin. The presence of same pronounciation attitude characterised the peoples coming from Proto-Schytians in the descendants from *Thyrgwaunas who colonised area from Liguria to the Alps is attested by some the Thur-Rhein valley). This guttural toponyms such as Vada Sabatia (< Sabates < pronounciation is still alive and characteristic in *Swagwautas), Spezia (< Spetia < Sabatia), Fidenza zone and in general in the area between Savona (< *Swagwauna), Savoia (< *Swagwau- Parma and Reggio Emilia. It is probably that the ia). The presence in that area of descendents of Roman name of Reggio, Lat. Regium, was a *Gwaumbras is instead attested by Plutarch [43], reinterpretation from the territory of Tyrsinian who refers that at the time of the war against *Redas (> *Redium > Regium; see above for Cimbri (< *Gwaumbras) the Ligurian tribes Raeti). allied with Romans entered the battle shouting as their own name the same that they heard The Romagna region and Ferrara (< shouted by the adversaries: Ambrones (Gr. *Pherarum gentium, namely place of Ἄμβρωνες < „Ambrones < *Chambranas < *Thyras/*Thyrgwaunas) province, bordering on *Gwaumbràn = country of *Gwaumbras). It is the Adriatic Sea, were originally a Tyrsinian then possible that the muted result of the domain. The border between Emila and labiovelar in the name *Tur’ina is simply due to Romagna before separating the Longobardian the influence of these ‘Umbrians / ‘Ambrones, and Byzantine domains, delimited the Volsinian who had the tendency to this result. However, it area from the Tyrsinian one. However, in the is also possible that the founders of the city course of time, Tyrsinians left some parts of themselves had this tendency, i. e. they were Romagna to Volsinians, as once Umbrians left descendants of Western *Thyrgwaunas, arrived this region to the former. from the Alps or from the Thyrrenian sea. The city of Ravenna, on the northwestern coast The Padanian Valley (Po Valley) should be of the Adriatic Sea, rose in an area previously originally under the control of Tyrsinians. The inhabitated by peoples related to Sabines (< names of Po river, in Greek Pados (Πάδος [44] *Swagwaunas; cf. “Ravenna Sabinorum < *Pardos < *Phardos < *Thardaus < oppidum” [45]) or Sapi-nes (derivation of river *Thyrgwaus) and Eridanos (Ἠριδανὸς < Sapis < *Sabis < *Swagwaus; cf. Tribus Sapinia *Therdana < *Thyrgwauna), seem infact be [46, 47]). It was probably founded or refounded derived after them. A Tyrsinian foundation can by Tyrsinians, who left to the city their then be attributed to the city of Padua, whose endonym Rasna and previously Rasena or name presents the characteristical Etruscan Rasenna [48] (or Razna < *Trazena < *Tardena patronymic or plural desinence -ua, and can be < *Thyrgwauna, cf. Velsna / Velzna < interpreted as city of Pa‟das (< *Pardas < *Gwaulgwauna > Volvona). The city then passed *Thyrgwauas). The same d-result of the gw under the control of Volsinians, who

27 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case prounonced its name as Ravona or Ravenna, testimony of the original labiovelar, aspired and since they had changed in their language the muted by Tyrsinians, remains in the Bologna labiovelar gw into labial v or b. These events dialect name of the river: Raggn = Etr. Rasna), were confusely remembered at the time of San-terno, Dia-terna, and Arno (< *Tarchna < Strabo [10], who reports that the city of *Thyrgwauna). Ravenna was founded by Thessalians (Gr. On the northern coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea, in Θεζζαλοὶ < *Thyrgwaulas). These, unable to Liguria, we can find testomnies of Tyrsinians in suffer the outrages of neighbour Tyrrhenians the name of Colle Sarzano (Sarzano Hill), the (Gr. Τσρρηνοί < *Thyrgwaunas), left the city to ancient nucleus of the city of Genoa, and in that the Umbrians. Actually, Sabines (or Sapinians) of the city of Sarzana. Both names come from descending from *Swagwaunas were related to *Thyrgwauna (> *Tarzana > Sarzana/o). Penastae (< *Gwauna-sthas) and Pelasgians (< Moreover, in the Latin name of Genoa, Gen-ua, *Gwaula-sthas; see below) [2], who settled in we find the Etruscan plural or patronymic Thessaly before the arrival of *Thyrgwaulas. desinence, while in the current Genoa dialect However, in the Strabo’s notice the succession name, Zena, we find the z-result of the from Sabines to Tyrsinians seems to be labiovelar gw, characteristic Eastern confused and condensed with that from *Thyrgwaunas. As we will see, Genoa was Tyrsinians to Volsinians. In fact, it is more probably a mixed city. probable that the city was founded precisely by Tyrrhenians or Tyrsinians as a port for trade In Northern Tuscany the main Tyrsinian with *Thyrgwaunas from eastern Mediterranean settlement area was probably indicated by the Sea (*Sardanas or *Dardanas [2]). When later names of the tribes *Phyrzna (< *Phyrzena < the rougher Volsinians, whom Romans and *Thyrgwauna; later also Phersna) and *Phyrzla Greeks knew as Etruscans or Tyrrhenians, (< *Phyrzola < *Thyrgwaula; later also Phersu- occupied with their herds the land close to the la). Founding a new city in this area, Romans city, Tyrsinians partially moved to the South reinterpreted the name *Phyrzna as Florentia towards the Umbrian territory and the (with characteristic methatesis zna > ntia), but Tyrrhenian coast, leaving a part of the territories the original form remained alive in the local previously occupied to Volsinians themselves. population until nowadays. The name Firenze, We can find attestation of Tyrsinians between in fact, does not reflect the Roman Romagna and Umbria in the name of the city of reinterpretation except for the metathesis, which Sarsina (< *Sarzηna < *Tarzηna < was probably absorbed by the local population *Thyrgwauna), that in Roman age gave birth to for the same euphonic reasons that led to Plautus, and in the name of the tribe of introduce a e after the syllable Phyr. From the Sarsinates [49], that contributed to the name *Phyrzla or *Phyrzola the Etruscan foundation of Perugia. transcriptions Viρsul (with a Greek rho, later confused with a p, and u for o, absent in the In the Marches the city of Pesaro (< *Pesru < Etruscan aphabet), Visul, and Viesl derive, by *Phersus < *Thyrgwaus, Lat. Pisaurum < which in the late age the city of Fiesole (Lat. *Pi‟saus-um < *Phyrsaus < *Thyrgwaus) Faesulae) was indicated, which was the original probably had a Tyrsinian foundation, as well as capital of the area. Fermo (lat. Firmum < *Phyrna < *Thyrgwauna; with the same anomalous change as in Parma), In this Ligurian and Tuscanian city name we which rose on a Villanovian nucleus [50]. The have found the z-result of labiovelar gw, which is city of Senigallia (Lat. Sena gallica) was instead characteristic of Eastern *Thyrgwaunas. Further fouded by those tribes of the Mixed People that south near the Tyrrhenian coast, on the border settled north of Alps, integrated together with between Tuscany, Lazio, and Umbria, we find other populations in one people, as we have instead the result in aspired unvoiced velar, saw, and descended on Italy at the end of the V which is characteristic of Western century BC. They were known by Romans *Thyrgwaunas. Actually, the result of labiovelar initially through Tyrsinians as Senones (< Sena gw in unvoiced velar, also aspired or muted, < *-gwauna) and subsequently through occurs, as we saw, in the names of the peoples Volsinians as Boii (< Boio < -gwaua). descending from *Gwaumbras. It is then possible that this result in the Etruscan names is Several Tyrsinian settlements were located in simply due to the Umbrian influence. However, the river valleys between Emilia and Tuscany. it is more probable that Tyrsinians coming from We can find traces of them in some hydronyms, the Alpine area found on the Tyrrhenian coast such as Reno (cf. Tyrrhenos < *Thyrgwauna; a

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 28 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case some commercial colonies founded by tribes who led a mixed confederation against descending from Western *Thyrgwaunas, Siracusae. previously come from the same Alpine area or The same phonetic changes that we observed in from Anatolia and Syria through stopovers on the term phersuna can be found in Umbria in the African (colonists from Tyre < *Thyras) and the Etruscan name of the city of Perugia (Etr. Sardinian (colonists from Sardis < *Thyrgwauas, Phersna < *Therzna < *Thyrgwauna). or Shardana / Sherden) coasts. It is then According to Servius [49, 52, 53], Perugia was possible that from western *Thyrgwaunas founded by Etruscans and also populated by the (*Tarchunas), arrived in Italy during the great Umbrian tribe of Sarsinates. Actually, as we migration process before the eastern ones (Etr. already observed, the name Sarsina-tes (< Razna), or even migrated by sea as Middle- *Thyrgwau-na-ta) can be attributed to a Eastern colonists, the lineage of the Tarquins Tyrsinian tribe (“descendants of Sarsna”). descended, who had their origin in the city of Besides, the Latin name of Perugia was Perusia Tarquinia (Lat. Tarquinii, Etr. (< Per’us-ia < *Pherhus-ia < *Therchus-ia < Tarchuna/Tarchna), in whose Etruscan name *Thyrgwaus-ia), term in which the original the labiovelar gw results in aspirated velar ch. labiovelar gw results in unvoiced velar aspirated Results in velar, often subsequently palatalised, and then muted, as in the names of the peoples can be found also in some hydronyms and descending from *Western *Thyrgwaunas toponyms of internal Tuscany and Umbria (Tarchunas) but also from *Gwaumbras having various origin, such as the name of the (Ubrians). This variety of phonetic changes rivers Caina (< *Chaina < *Gwauna) and leads to think that Perugia was founded by Chiana (Lat. Clanis or Glanis < *Chal‟nas < different Tyrsinian tribes in a territory already *Chalchnas < *Gwaulgwaunas), and compounds inhabitated by Proto-Umbrians. ending in -ciano (pronounced -cano with South of Tarquinia we find the phonetic change palatalized c), like the name of the city of of th in ph and then in p with the internal Chianciano (< *Clanis-chana < labiovelar mutated into voiced velar *Gwaulgwaunas-gwauna; where –ciano means subsequently palatalised in the name of the “city”, corresponding to Etr. –sena / -sina). Tyrsinian port of Pyrgi (Gr. Πύργοι < However, such results are probably due in this *Thyrgwaus). The result of the internal area to the Proto-Umbrian influence. labiovelar in voiced velar is probably due to the In Tarquinia territory, *Western and Eastern Latin (or previously Gwaulatana) influence (cf. *Thyrgwaunas merged, giving rise to that variety Lat. vulgus < gwaulgwaus). We can find this of dialects from which, as we have said, the result also in the name of the city of Fregene names Tuscus and Etruscus originated, which (Lat. Fregenae < *Phergenas < *Thyrgwaunas) subsequently Romans employed to indicate and, further south in the territory of Volsci near indiscriminately all tribes of the Mixed People. the border between Lazio and Campania, in the We have in fact testimony of the infiltration in name of the city of Fregelle (Lat. Fregellae < this area also of the result of the labiovelar gw in *Phergelas < *Thyrgwaulas). Between Volsci aspirated dental and of th in ph, for example in and Hernici (probably from *Hernas < the inscriptions found in some tombs. In the *Thernas < *Thyr‟nas < *Thyrgwaunas) we find paintings of the Tomb of the Augurs (as well as again initial ph and internal dental also aspirated Tomb of Olympic games and Tomb of chariots), in the names of the cities of Ferentino (Lat. depicting the different competitions that took Ferentinum < *Ferentum < *Pherdnas < place during the funeral celebrations, the fight *Thyrgwaunas) and Frosinone (Lat. Frusino < with the dog [51] appears. Such a game, wich is Vols. Frusna < Hern. *Frusina < *Phyrzena < characteristic of Etruscans, is indicated in the *Thyrgwauna). painting by the name Phersu (< *Thyrgwau), namely “the Etruscan game”. This term and its VOLSINIAN CITIES derivation (Phersu-na < *Thyrgwau-na) were In an Alpine enclave surrounded by Tyrsinians transferred over time to the mask dressed by the from Tyrol and Trento we find the first city of man agitating the dog and translated in Lat. the Volsinian axis Bolzano-Bologna-Bolsena. In Persona. In the late age, Tyrsinians merged in the Villanovian age, there probably were in the Tarquinia also with Volsinians, as we can Bolzano area some Volsinian villages, that gave understand from the name of the famous name to the territory where subsequently rose magistrate Vel-thur (< Gwaul-thyr) Spurinna, the city. The fact that the area was surrounded by Tyrsinians explains how the desinence –zna

29 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case or –zena of the name by which they indicated Volboi (< *Gwaulgwaus), that Tyrsinians would the territory (*Velzna < *Gwaulgwauna) has been have translated in Velpa (with a late received until nowadays with just a vowel desonorisation of the labial occlusive; cf. Lat. change. The same cause influenced the name of Vibenna with Etr. Vpina [59]), subsequently Bolsena, while that of Bologna, as we will see, confused into Melpa (Lat. Melpum [60]; cf. Lat. maintained a form more similar to the Volsinian Velinus > It. Mellino), and then reformed into one. Moreover, in the name of Bolzano, as well Meldena (which is a more correct translation in as in those of Bologna and Bolsena, the initial the Tyrsinian language), whence the Roman labiovelar results in voiced labial not aspirated. reinterpretation Med[io]lanum of the metathesis Although in the case of Bolzano and Bologna Medlena. this result could be attributed to the influence of Volsinian capital in the Padana Valley was the Gauls who descended on Italy between the Bologna, mainly in the late age. We know its end of the V and the beginning of the IV century Tyrsinian name, Velzna, probably pronounced BC, the Boii (< *Gwauas), such a hypothesis Vélzηna and later desonorised into Felsηna, would not be validated in the case of Bolsena. whence Lat. Felsina. We have on the contrary This leads to think that already in late Volsinian no attestation of the Volsinian name. Tyrsinians language the labiovelar gw was changed in not indeed knew the alphabetic script. Perhaps, they aspired unvoiced labial b, and the aspiration learned it in Italy, through exchanges with occurred only in the Tyrsinian translation. Not Greek merchants [61], or previously in the far from Bolzano, we can find the result in not Aegean area. They also could have contributed aspired labial again in the name of the city of to the creation of the Phoenician alphabet Belluno (< *Bell‟uno < *Velvuno < through cultural exchanges between *Gwaulgwauna), to which a Volsinian *Thyrgwaunas from Anatolia (Tyrsinians and foundation can be attributed. Shardana) and from Lebanon (Tyrians and As we said, we can assume a Volsinian Sidonians). Volsinians probably acquired the foundation for the city of Golasecca. Its name script previously elaborated by Tyrsinians and received in the local dialect, Vuraseca (with use it in an ideographic way, like Medes and palatalised c), can in fact be a deformation or a Persians used Aramaic written words as reinterpretation of the forms by which the ideograms. This is to say that Volsinians wrote surrounding Tyrsinian tribes indicates the Velzna as Tyrsinians did, but the former inhabitants of the territory: *Vulseta (< pronouncied the word in their own language, *Gwaulgwauta; palatalised in *Vulseca) or namely Volvona or Vol‟ona (cf. *Mykvainas > *Vulsena (< *Gwaulgwauna; cf. Etr. Velsena / Gr. Μσκ‟ήναι) and later Bolbona or Bol‟ona. Velsna). Moreover, the Golasecca Culture, that Romans knew first the name of the city from developped in that territory from IX to IV Tyrsinians and translated it in Felsina. They century BC, had cultural and commercial close knew the Volsinian name only after the coming relationships with Volsinians of Bologna. In of Boii and their integration with Volsinians. To fact, when the latter flourished in the VI and V the city that they founded in the territory of centuries BC, some people moved there form *Bolboni/*Bol‟oni Romans gave the name Golasecca area, as the funeral finds demonstrate Bononia, but the original name of the area, [54-56]. The lands around Golasecca were Bol‟onia, survived, as we said, in the local previously inhabitated by tribes of the dialects until nowadays with minor Canegrate Culture [57, 58], whose finds are deformations. strictly related to those of the Hallstatt Culture, It is possible that the name Volvona or Velvona to which minorly *Thyrgwaunas and majorly was still used at the Roman occupation time to *Gwaulgwaunas also contributed. These tribes indicate the eastern part of the Bologna territory are commonly considered as generical Proto- near Savena (< *Swagwauna) river. This part Celtic and Pre-Gallic, but we can assume that, in was in fact first inhabitated [62] and probably particular, they were Gwaulgwaunian. They less influenced by the infiltration of Gauls, more merged with Ligurians and Umbrians in the attracted by the riches of the late Volsinian city, Golasecca Culture and subsequently with further west between Aposa and Ravone or Gauls. This explains the result in velar of the Vallescura torrents [63, 64]. It is then possible initial labiovelar in the current Italian name. that Romans reinterpreted this name as The city of Melpum, which should have been Villanova (with characteristic metathesis), located near current Milan, could have a whence the name of the locality in Castenaso Volsinian foundation with the name Bolboi or

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 30 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case district, which gives name to the Villanovian form Calzna and the Roman reinterpretation culture. Calentia alternated with Calzana we can obtain the name of the city of Calenzano. The presence The name of Ravone torrent leads us to of Umbrians and relatives in the mountain anderstand that in Bologna area there were also territory between Bologna and Florence is Tyrsinian settlements, that were gradually attested by hydronyms such as ‘Ombrone and incorporated into the Volsinian city. Ravone Sambro ( <*Gwaumbra; with Tyrsinian torrent crosses the western part of the current influence in the s-result of the initial labiovelar). city in an area where an Etruscan necropolis was The name of Bisenzio river can be derived from located (Via Andrea Costa [65]). It probably *Gwau‟gwauna (as Faenza and Cesena) takes its name, like the city of Ravenna, from translated into Tyrsinian *Vezna and Tyrsinians (*Thyrgwaunas > Tyrsinian Rasna > reinterpretated with doubling of the internal Volsinian Ravona). The coexistence in the same labiovelar result (c.f. Tridentum and Fidenza) as area of dialects having different results of the *Bisentium. The presence of Etruscans in this initial and internal labiovelar is attested in the area is attested by several finds and the remains local surnames: Zi/ani and Boni (both from of the city in the locality of Gonfienti by gwaunas), Zam-boni (mix of the previous ones), Bisenzio river between Calenzano and Prato Bol-zoni (*Gwaul-gwaunas), Be/or-gon-zoni (probably from Phrada < *Thyrgwaus). (mix of Be/or-goni and Be/or-zoni, both from *Gwaul-gwaunas). The city of Populonia was the main Volsinian center by the Tuscany coast. The Etruscan name In Romagna the cities of Faenza and Cesena was Pupluna or Fufluna, terms in which we can had probably a Volsinian foundation and recognise the unvoiced and aspirated labials and subsequently passed under Tyrsinian control, as the u vowel, which are characteristic of the we can deduce by observing the result of the Etruscan and later Latin transcriptions. internal labiovelar. Both names can be in fact However, the original name should be Bolbona, derived from the form *Gwau‟gwauna, that in metathesised in Boblona (> Etr. Pupluna). The Tyrsinian dialects was changed to *Vaizna or city was consecrated to the god Fufluns, *Vezna. The Graeco-Roman reinterpretation metathesis for Fulfuns, eponymous deity of Phoentia/Faventia (< *Faezna < *Vaizna) with *Gwaulgwaunas, that echoed in the following characteristic methatesis took over in Faenza, ages with the names of saints and ecclesiastics while the result of the initial labiovelar in (Galgano) and epic heroes (Gawain / unvoiced velar prevailed in Cesena (Lat. Gwalgwanus / Gualguanus). In the Roman Caesena < *Kaizna < *Vaizna), due to the reinterpretation Populonia, city of peoples, we influence of Proto-Umbrians, in whose find the meaning that the term *Gwaulgwaunas / language such a phonetic change occurs (while *Gwaulgwauas left in the Latin and German in late Osco-Umbrian dialects the labial language (cf. Lat. poplus from Etr. puplu and prevails), as we said. By Proto-Umbrian Lat. vulgus, Ger. Volk, from Proto-Gaulish-Latin influence, from the term *Gwau‟gwauna we can *vaulgaus, people). also derive the Etruscan family names Kaikna, Ceicna, and Caicna, diffused in the area The capital of Volsinians settled south-west of between Bologna, Volterra, and Volsinii [66]. the Apennine chain and probably even of the Padanian ones was called by Romans Volsinii In the mountain territory between Bologna and (or Volsinium, Etr. Velsna / Velzna < Florence, beside the Tyrsinian settlements, there *Gwaulgwauna, Etr. Velsu / Velzu [67] < were several Volsinian villages. We find *Gwaulgwaus), namely city of Volsini attestation of the Volsinian past presence in this (Volsinians). It was destroyed by Romans in the territory in many geographical names, such as III century BC and rebuilt by the lake of those of Calvana mount chain, Bisenzio river, Bolsena (< *Gwaulgwauna). According to some and Calenzano city. The mount chain of historians [68], the ancient city was located at Calvana is located shortly north of Florence. the current Orvieto, whose name would then The name Calvana can be derived from derive from Lat. urbs vetus, ancient city. *Gwaulgwauna through Proto-Umbrian result of According to others [69], the old Volsinii was the initial labiovelar and Volsinian result of the instead on the hills by Bolsena lake, and internal one. It was probably the name by which included the area of the subsequent Roman Volsinians were called in this area. Beside this reconstruction, while in the current Orvieto the one, the Umbrian-Tyrsinian form Calzana city of Salpinum (< *Salbinum < *Salvinum < should also be used. Through the contracted *Gwaulgwauna; with inverse result of the two

31 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case labiovelars as in Etr. Selvans, Lat. Silvanus < Velth and when the newcomer were included in *Gwaulgwauna > *Seldana > Etr. Selthans, Lat. the confederation the name changed to Vel-thur- Vulcanus) was located. Actually, the foundation „na latinised in Volturnus. In this case the name of Orvieto could be more ancient and could be Voltumna would be a coorrupted transcription traced back to *Sgwetas / *Sgwetulas (Svitti / due to the way in which some Tyrsinian tribes Itali), whence the appellative *ubrs *svetas, pronounced the r (see above), and Vertumnus a then the Etruscan-Umbrian spur vitlu (city of rhotacised reformation in Latin. Italics / Vitelli), and finally Lat. urbs vetus. The city of Vetulonia, located shortly south-east *Sgwetas / *Sgwytas were descendants of of Populonia, had probably an origin similar to *Swagwautas and close relatives of *Gwaulas / that of Volsinii. The Etruscan name was in fact *Gwaulgwaunas [2]. Vetluna, that can be derived through methatesis, The presence of Volsinians by Bolsena lake as in case of Populonia, from Veltuna, another since remote times is also attested by the name name of the God Voltumna. The city could then of Bisenzio (Lat. Visentium < Veizna < have been consecrated to the god worshipped by *Gwau‟gwauna), a village risen on a Villanovian all *Gwaulas / *Gwaulatas. However, as in case nucleus at the beginning of Marta effluent. of Orvieto, the foundation could be more ancient and be traced back to *Sgwetas / On the border with Sabines and Umbrians, the *Sgwetulas [2], whence the Latin name descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas merged with Vetulonia (< *Sgwetulanas). In this case Vetluna those of *Gwaulatas / *Gwaulatanas (Collati / would be a contracted transcription in the late Collatini), who settled in that territory shortly Etruscan language (with characteristic u instead before the arrival of Volsinians and spoke a of o). In any case the city and its area were language very similar to the Volsinian one. subdued to the influence of *Gwaulas / Absorbing also Sabinian and Umbrian tribes, *Gwaulgwaunas as we can deduce from the fact that spoke a language less similar but even that in the Middle Age the city was renamed relative they founded several urban centers, Colonna (probably from *Gol‟ona < which only in a later age underwent the *Gwaulgwauna or from *Gwaulana) and influence of Tyrsinian newcomers even Colonnata. maintaining a distinct culture. The delegates of these centers met in Volsinii at the sanctuary of Several urban centers between Tuscany, God Voltumna. This name can be derived from Umbria, and Lazio originally were under the *gwaula-tamanas, by analogy with Gr. ηέμενος influence of the ancient Volsinian confederation (“delimited place”, “sacred place”, meaning the and later passed under the control of Tarchnas Lat. sacrum and sacellum), or even from or Phersnas. Among these were Chiusi, Vulci, *gwaulata-samanas by analogy with Lat. omnes Veio, Caere, Falerii, and Capena. (all). The second derivation is supported by the Chiusi was probably founded by Proto- fact that the God was also known under the Umbrians (< *Gwaumbras), from whom the name Velth (and was then eponymous deity of name Camars (< *Camras < *Cambras < *Gwaultas < *Gwaulatas). In both cases, the *Gwaumbras) derives, by which the city was name of the deity demonstrates that it was previously called according to Livy [71]. Later worshipped by all peoples relative of *Gwaulas / it should have been refounded or repopulated by *Gwaulatas / *Gwaulatanas. However, the *Gwaulgwaunas / *Gwaulatanas, from whom the Roman sources [70] refer that at their times at Etruscan name Clevsin-a (< *Cevlsina < Fanum Voltumnae every year the delegates of *Ceulsina < *Gwaulgwauna) comes, with all the Etruscan peoples met, not only the anomalous result of the initial labiovelar due to Volsinian relatives. This leads us to deduce that the Proto-Umbrian influence. At the time of the after the arrival of the Tyrsinian tribes Volsinii birth of the Roman Republic Chiusi was ruled became a reunion center for all the Mixed by Tyrsinians, as we can deduce from the name People and its sanctuary was venerated as home of its king Lars Porsena (Etr. Pursenas < of a deity that joined different peoples with *Phyrzenas < *Thyrgwaunas). different customs. Due to this variety, during the Roman age the deity became the god of the Vulci was founded by Volsinians in a territory variety and change. The God Voltumna was in occupied by Sabines (< *Swagwaunas), who fact transformed into the God Vertumnus or shortly after Umbrians had descended on Italy Volturnus (< *Gwaul-Thyr-gwauna). Actually, it together with Sabates (< *Swagwautas) and is also possible that before the arrival of Sabelli (< *Swagwaulas), and had diffused Tyrsinians, the deity was only worshipped as through the Padanian Valley and along the

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Thyrrenian coast to the Southern Italy, among and subsequently belonged with its port Alsium Ligurians, Umbrians, and Calabrians (Lat (< *Valsas / *Vulchas < *Gwaulgwauas) to the Calabri < *Gwalubras < *Gwaulas *Hubras) [1]. ancient Volsinian confederation. When later the The Etruscan name Vulch (< *Gwaulgwaua) city passed under the control of Tarchnas, the reflects the influence of Tarchnas, under which port was left to Volsinians, while Caere utilised the city was passed and against which it rebelled the already mentioned port of Pyrgi. at the end of Roma kingdom. At the time of the Even the centers in Chiana valley probably rose Etruscan kings of Rome, Sabinian, Volsinian, under the influence of the ancient Volsinian and Tyrsinian lineages coexisted in Vulci, as we confederation and later passed to Tyrsinians. We can deduce from the names of the brothers Caile can cite for example Montepulciano, whose and Avle Vipinas (in Etruscan) or Caelus and name can be derived from Volchana (< Aulus Vibenna (in Latin; both from < *Gwaula *Gwaulgwauna), through the form Bolchana, *Swagwauna) and from the name of Macstarna with desinence -chana charachteristic of or Mastarna (probably a title meaning “from the Tarchnas, and later by desonorisation of b in p. Tyrsinian people” or “delegate of the Tyrsinian people” < Mechs Tarchnas), later known as In Lazio Volsinians mingled with relative Servius Tullius (probably from *Selv-ius peoples previously immigrated such as the *Turrh-ius < *Gwaulgwau-ia *Thyrgwau-ia, i. e. ancestor of Latins and Sabines east of the delegate of both the lineages). Tiberis river and those of Oscans (Lat. Osci < *Swagwauas or < *Gwausgwauas [1]) on the The city of Veius (Etr. Veies, Lat. Veii and Veius border with Campania, where they were known < *Gwauas) too was founded by descendants of as Volsci, as we said. However, the names of the *Gwaulgwaunas / *Gwaulatanas and probably cities in the Volscian area demonstrated a was longer independent of Tyrsinians. It often coexistence of Volsinians and Tyrsinians, as we was in contrast with Rome due to the closeness will see. but it received no aid from the other Etruscan cities when Romans besieged it. Inside the In Campania Capua was probably founded or ruines of Veius few inscriptions in Etruscan refounded by Volsinians integrated with Oscans. have been found [72]. This demonstrates that The Etruscan name Campeua can be in fact the Tyrsinian language was scarcely diffused. interpreted as “city of Campeas, Campas, or Even in Falerii (< *Gwaulerum), Capena (< Campa-nas” (< *Calbas / *Calba-nas < *Ca‟baina < *Gwaulgwauna), and other urban *Gwaulgwauas / *Gwaulgwau-nas), in whose centers of that area prevailed a language derived name the initial labiovelar results in velar due to from that of *Gwaulgwaunas / *Gwaulatanas. Of the influence of Proto-Oscans, whose language the language spoken in Falerii, the Faliscan, we should be very close to the Proto-Umbrian, like received some attestations which show a close the Oscan to the Umbrian. To confirm the affinity with Latin [37]. Volsinian presence in the area, the Clanio (Lat. Clanis, Clanius, Glanis, Glanius, and ‟Lanius; According to the ancient historians [75, 74] the cf. Lat. Clanis in Tuscany and Umbria) river city of Caere (Etr. Cisra and Caisra < *Caisla < flows nearby. Later the city was refounded [77] *Gwau‟gwaula, Gr. Αγύλλα < *Vagula < by Tyrisnians, assuming the alternative name *Gwau‟gwaula) was founded by Pelasgians Vol-tur-‟num (< *Gwaul-thyr-gwauna), namely coming from Thessaly. Actually, by the terms mixed city of Volsinians and Tyrisnians. Pelasgians (Gr. Πελαζγοὶ [75] < *Gwaula-stha) and Penastae (Gr. Πενέζηαι [76] < *Gwauna- MIXED CITIES stha) the tribes of *Gwaulas and *Gwaunas were Several Etruscan cities were founded or indicated, that settled (-stha) by the northern developed in areas where Tyrsinians coexisted coast of the Aegean sea and remained there with Volsinians or related peoples previously when Thessalians (Gr. Θεζζαλοὶ < immigrated. The names of these cityes are often *Thyrgwaulas) arrived, while other tribes such composited of those of the two lineages. This is as Siculi / Ascali (< *Swagwaulas) and Sicani / the case of the following cities, whose names all Ascani (< *Swagwaunas) migrated to Italy and derive from *Gwaul(a)-thyras: Feltre (Lat. to the eastern Mediterranean coasts. Later Feltria, Etr. Felthuri, Etr. Velhatre) in Veneto Thessalians themselves were included in the between Volsinians from Belluno and subordinate class of Pelasgians and Penastae, Tyrsinians from Trento; Volterra (Lat. when Thessaly was occupied by the historical Volaterrae, Etr. Velathri) in Tuscany between Indo-European populations [2]. We have then to Tyrsinians from Fiesole and Volsinians from deduce that Caere was founded by *Gwaulas

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Populonia; Caletra (> Lat. Caletranus) in a In other more cases, the names of the cities or Tuscan area inhabitated by peoples having villages were derived by the names of the mixed different origins, Velletri (Lat. Velitrae, Etr. people, i. e. *Mykgwauas or *Mykgwaunas, Veltri, Etr. Velthri) and Alatri (Lat. Aletrium) in namely in Tyrsinian dialects *Mykza, *Mykzna, Lazio between Volsci, Tusculi, and Hernici. *Myksena or *Mysena. This is probably the case of Miseno Cape and of the places called Misano. The names of other mixed cities were derived not by the name parts which distinguished The nature of the mixed cities is often attested Thyrgwaunas from Gwaulgwaunas (Thyr- and also by the archaeologic finds. In some case it is Gwaul-), but by the common one (-gwauna). This possible to observe a duality or a plurality in the is the case of Genua in Liguria and Kainua in public structures. This is true for example for the Apennine along the commercial route from the mixed city of Kainua. Its ruines are the port of Spina and the city of Bologna to the particularly observable since no other city has Tuscany. Both theses cities were probably been built on it. inhabitated at their origins by peoples descending In the city of Kainua the remains of the from *Gwaul-gwaunas, *Swa-gwaunas and foundations of a Tuscanic sanctuary have been *Gwaumbras (< *Gwaunas *Hubras), i. e. recently discovered [78]. This sanctuary was Volsinians and peoples related to Sabines and consecrated to the Goddess Uni and located Umbrians, and only later by Tyrsinians. We outside the acropolis in a public area. That already shown attestations of the past presence means that it was used for the cult by the people. of descendants of *Swa-gwaunas in Liguria and According to E. Simon Uni was a deity of the of *Gwaumbras in Liguria and Emilian-Tuscan Etruscan pantheon that had been absorbed by Apennine. We can find other attestations in the other Italic populations [79]. Actually, Uni (< w places related to Kainua in the name of the port *Huna < *Ghuna < *G auna) was the w of Spina itself (Etruscan transcription for eponymous deity of G aunas, the peoples of w cow breeders. In Latins she became a godness of *Sabina < *Swag auna; cf. river Sapis < *Sabis w < *Swagwaus) and in that of Savena river (< abundance, the Bona (< *G auna) Mater, *Swagwauna; with Volsinian result of the identified with Goddess Supra or Cupra worshipped by Umbrians, and reassimilated internal labiovelar as for Ravone torrent). Genua under this name even by Sabines [1]. The and Kainua were then indicated by the name Goddess Uni was later reabsorbed in the Roman part common for all their inhabitants: *Gwaunas. pantheon from Etruscans as Iuno, wife of This term was changed to *Kainas by influence Iuppiter. The Tuscanic sanctuary of Uni of Ambrones / Umbrians and to *Gainas or discovered in Kainua has close simililarities to *Gaenas by influence of Sabates / Sabines. those in Southern Etruria, particularly in Vulci Later Tyrsinians added to the name of the and Caere [78], cities initially belonging to the inabitants the characteristic plural or patronymic ancient Pre-Tyrsinian confederation of Volsinii, desinence –ua. It is probable that initially both as we saw. It dates back to the end of the VI cities were indicated by the name Kainua, that century BC and is the most ancient Tuscanic later the Sabatian population prevalent in sanctuary discovered. Liguria reformed into Genua. The fact that in Beside the temple of Uni, a peripteral sanctuary Ligurian dialect the city of Genova is called consecrated to the God Tina was built in the first Zena leads to think that beside the Tyrsinian- quarter of the V century BC [80]. It was bigger Sabatian form (Genua) also the Tyrsinian and more majestic than the other. The God Tina, characteristic Zena or Zna occurred. Tinia, or Tunia (< *Tyr‟n-ia < *Thyrgwaun-ia) In other cases, all parts of the names Thyr- was the eponymous deity of the descendants of w gwaunas and Gwaul-gwaunas were used to create *Thyrg aunas, the most important god in the the names of the places in which a mixed Etruscan pantheon, husband of Uni, and population lived. Between Emilia and Romagna, worshipped as god of the sky, similarly to the Anatolian god of the sky and storm Tarhun (< for example, the mixed city of Cla-ter-„na was w located, whose name can be derivted from *Thyrg auna). Moreover, in the acropolis of *Gwaul-thyr-gwaunas as well as that of Vol-tur- Kainua couples of structures have been „no river in Campania, that passes by the individuated which are related to the foundation rite [80]. omonymous city (Capua). The result in velar of the initial labiovelar in the name of the former is The archeological finds discovered in the city of due to the Proto-Umbrian influence. Kainua demonstrate that this urban center was

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 34 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case in origin closely linked to the populations of millennium BC and diffused along the peninsula Southern Etruria, namely the confederation of until the Roman age. In particular, some toponyms Volsinians and related peoples who lived on the can be attributed to the tribes of Tarchna borders between Tuscany, Lazio, and Umbria (Tarquinia) or *Tur‟ina (Turin), descending from and recognised a common origin in the affinity Western *Thyrgwaunas, some others to Phersna of the spoken languages. The fact that between (Perugia and Florence), Sarsna (Sarsina and the end of the VI and the beginning of the V Sarzana), and Rasna (Ravenna), descending from century BC in the locality two new sanctuaries Eastern *Thyrgwaunas, and some more others to have been built leads to think that in this period Velsna / *Volvoni (Bolzano, Bologna, Populonia, the commercial exchanges between Tuscany and Bolsena), *Volvoi (Melpum), *Calbanas Emilia increased and the city became center of (Campania), or *Calbas (Capua) from commerce and manufacturing. The economic *Gwaulgwaunas. For some cities, mainly rose in well-being firstly allowed the city of *Gwaunas late age, the cooperation between descendants of to edificate a new public structure for the cult of *Thyrgwaunas and *Gwaulgwaunas in the their eponymous deity, but the arrival in the city foundation or development as been deduced of Tyrsinian merchants and artisans required through the analysis of the toponyms. For the shortly afterward the construction of a new city of Kainua such a cooperation has been also public sanctuary consecrated to the eponymous recognised in the archeological remains. deity of the newcomers. Moreover, the larger The investigated toponyms are reported in Table size and majesty of the sanctuary of Tina 1 in the appendix together with their derivations. demonstrate that Tyrsinians and their deity had assumed a predominant role in the city already REFERENCES at the beginning of the V century BC. However, w [1] Fabbri G. Supartshas and Swag autas - the edification of the second sanctuary beside colonisers of the ancient word - Part I: Origins the first one and not in a different zone shows and early migrations in Journal of Ancient that the Tyrsinian deity was posed not in History and Archaeology. 2017; 4(4): 5-27. contrast with that previously whorsipped in the [2] Fabbri G. Supartshas and Swagwautas - city, but beside it, on the one hand to be colonisers of the ancient word - Part II: Origins invested with its power and legitimised in the and early migrations in Journal of Ancient eyes of the local population, on the other to History and Archaeology. 2018; 5(1): 5-23. w symbolise the collaboration between *G aunas [3] Herodotus. Histories. 440 BC: I, 201-216. and Tyrsinians that had led to the economic [4] Herodotus. Histories. 440 BC: IV, 6. development of the place. Even the duality of [5] Szemerényi O. Four old iranian ethnic names: the structures in the acropolis symbolises the Scythian - Skudra - Sogdian - Saka. Vienna: cooperation between *Gwaunas and Tyrsinians Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der in refoundating the city, a case of the Wissenschaften; 1980. p.7. cooperation already validated several times [6] Anonymous. Book of Genesis in Bible. VI-V BC: between descendants of *Gwaulgwaunas and 10, 3. [7] Jeremiah. Book of Jeremiah in Bible. 586 BC: 51, *Thyrgwaunas. 27. CONCLUSION [8] Herodotus. Histories. 440 BC: IV, 22. [9] Ptolemaeus C. Geography. 150: VI, 16, 7. In this study the diffusion of the Etruscan tribes [10] Strabo. Geography. 23: V, 1, 7. along the Italic peninsula has been investigated [11] Herodotus. Histories. 440 BC: I, 94. by analysing the origins of the main cities [12] Pallottino M. L’Etruscologia. Milano: Hoepli; related to them. In particular, two lineages have 2016. p.466. been distinguished, descending from the peoples [13] Herodotus. Histories. 440 BC: VII, 73. w w w of *Thyrg aunas and *G aulg aunas, who [14] Herodotus. Histories. 440 BC: IV, 17. started migrating from Central Asia at the end of [15] Gimbutas M. Bronze Age cultures in Central the III millennium BC in subsequent waves, and Eastern Europe. Boston/Berlin: Walter de according to a recent migration theory [1, 2]. To Gruyter; 1965. p.44. this aim, the phonetic changes occurred in the [16] Gimbutas M I Balti. Milano: Medusa; 2017. p. 56. languages of the descendants of these peoples [17] Pallottino M. L’Etruscologia. Milano: Hoepli; have been firstly analysed. This has allowed to 2016. p.240. relate ancient and modern Italian toponyms to [18] Pallottino M. L’Etruscologia. Milano: Hoepli; the the tribes descending from *Thyrgwaunas 2016. p.277. and *Gwaulgwaunas who reached Italy between [19] Gordon AE. Notes on the Duenos-Vase the end of the II and the beginning of the I Inscription in Berlin in California Studies in

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[76] Aristoteles. Politics. IV BC: II, 9, 3. [79] Simon E. Gods in Armony: The Etruscan [77] Pallottino M. L’Etruscologia. Milano: Hoepli; Pantheon in Thomson de Grummond N, Simon 2016. p.213. E. (eds.) The Religion of Etruscans. Austin: University of Texas Press; 2006. pp.45-65. [78] Garagnani S, Gaucci A, Govi E. Archaeobim: dallo scavo al Building Information Modeling [80] Sassatelli G. Il tempio di Tina a Marzabotto e i di una struttura sepolta. Il caso del tempio culti della città etrusca in Altinoi - Il santuario tuscanico di Uni a Marzabotto in Archeologia e altinate: strutture del sacro a confronto e i Calcolatori. 2016; 27: 251-270. luoghi di culto lungo la via Annia. Atti del Convegno di Venezia (4-6/12/2006). Roma: Edizioni Quasar; 2009. pp.325-344. APPENDIX Table1. Names related to the Etruscan Mixed People PEOPLE GEOGRAPHIC DERIVATIONS NAMES NAMES (West.) Thyrgwaunas Tharchaunas Tarchunas Etr. Tarchunas Tarchnas Etr. Tarchnas Ar'nas Lat. Arnus Thyrchainas Thyrchηnas Tyrrhηnas Gr. Τσρρηνοί Gr. Τσρρηνία Rhenas Lat. Rhenus Tur'inas Loc. Turin (West.) Thyrgwaulas Thyrchaulas Thrychulas Phry'ulas It. Friuli (West.) Thyrgwauas Thargwaus Tharvus Tarvis Tarvis-as Lat. Tarvisus It. Tarvisio It. Treviso (East.) Thyrgwaunas Thardainas Tardηnas Sardηnas Sarzanas It. Sarzana It. Sarzano Lat. Sarsηnas Sarsinates Lat. Sarsina Trazenas Razenas Etr. Rasena Etr. Rasenna Etr. Rasna [Gwaul.] → Tharvainas Tarvηnas Travenas Ravenas Lat. Ravenna [Gwaul.] → Tharvaunas Tarvonas Travonas Ravonas Lat. Ravonis Therdana Thyrdainas Therdηnas s Erdanas Gr. Ἠριδανὸς Tredenas Trednas It. Trento Thyrdηnas Trydenas Tryddnas Lat. Tridentum Turdenas U'denas It. Udine Phyrdηnas Phyrzenas Firzna It. Firenze Lat. Florentia Phyrdnas Fi'dzna Lat. Fidentia Phryzenas Frusna Lat. Frusino Pherdηnas Pherzenas Phersenas Etr. Phersna Pherdnas Ferentum Lat. Ferentinum Phordηnas Pordena Porznas Lat. Parentium Cro. Poreč It. Pordenone Pordnas Lat. Portus Pordanas Naonis Thyrdaunas Phordonas Pordonas [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] Phyrchna → Thyrchainas Phyrchanas s Fir'na Lat. Firmum [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] → Tharchainas Pharchanas Pharchnas Par'na Lat. Parma [Lat.] → Thyrgainas Phergηnas Phregenas Lat. Fregenae (East.) Thyrgwaulas Thyrdaulas Phyrdolas Phyrzolas Firzolas Etr. Viρsul Fi'zolas Etr. Vi'sul Fi'zlas Etr. Viesl It. Fiesole

37 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

Pherdolas Pherzolas Fe'zolas Lat. Faesulae [Lat.] → Thyrgaulas Phergηlas Phregelas Lat. Fregellae (East.) Thyrgwaus Thardaus Thardos Pha'dos Pados Gr. Πάδος Pad-ua Eng. Padua Loc. Padoa Lat. Patavium Thyrdaus Therdas Thredas Redas Lat. Raeti Lat. Raetia Redium Lat. Regium Pisaus- Phyrzaus Pi'saus um Lat. Pisaurum Therdus Phersus Pesru It. Pesaro [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] → Thyrchaus Therchus Pherhus Per'us-ia Lat. Perusia [Lat.] → Thyrgaus Phyrgus Pyrgu Gr. Πύργοι Gwaulgwaunas Vaulvaunas Volvonas Bolvoni Bol'oni It. Bologna Bolboni Boni/ones Lat. Bononia Pulpuni Etr. Pupluna [E. Thyr.] → Volzonas Volsonas Lat. Volsones [E. Thyr.] → Volzηnas Volzanas It. Bolzano Volsenas It. Bolsena Volsinas Lat. Volsinii [E. Thyr.] → Vaildainas Vηldηnas Velzηnas Velznas Etr. Velzna Felsina Lat. Felsina [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] Bolchana → Vaulchaunas Volchanas s Pulchanas It. Pulciano Campanas [Osc.] → Kaulvaunas Kalbanas Lat. Campani Lat. Campania [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] → Kalvanas It. Calvana [Gwaum. + E. Thyr.] → Kauldainas Kaldηnas Calzna Calentia It. Calenzano Keuldηnas Cevlzinas Clevsinas Etr. Clevsina Gwau'- Vaizηnas Veiznas Visznas Lat. Visentium gwaunas [E. Thyr.] ↑ Bisznas Lat. Bisentium Faeznas Lat. Faventia It. Faenza [Gwaum. + E. Thyr.] → Kaizηnas Caizenas Lat. Caesena [Gwaum. + Gwaul.] → Kaivainas Cabainas Cabenas Lat. Capena Gwaulgwaulas Gwau'gwaulas Kaidolas Caizola Caisla Etr. Caisra [Lat.] → Vaugaulas Vagulas Gr. Αγύλλα Gwaulgwautas Vauldaitas Vuldηtas Vulzηtas Vulseca Loc. Vurseca Gaul-daitas Gol-dηtas Gol-zηtas Gol-seca It. Golasecca Gwaulgwaus Vaulvaus Volboi Velpa Melpa Lat. Melpum [E. Thyr.] Lat. → Veldena Medlena Mediolanum [E. Thyr.] → Vauldaus Vaildus Velzus Etr. Velzu Valdas Valzas Valsas Lat. Alsium [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] → Vaulchaus Vulchas Etr. Vulch [Osc.] → Kaulvaus Kalbas Campa Campa-ua Etr. Campeva Gwau'gwaus Ka'bas Capa Cap-ua Lat. Capua Gwaus Gwau-as Vai-as Etr. Veies Gwaulthyras Vaulthuras Velthuras Etr. Felthuri Velthras Etr. Velthri Gwaulathyras Velathuras Velathras Etr.Velhatre Etr. Velathri [W. Thyr. / Gwaum.] Kailathuras Chalathras It. Alatri

Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019 38 THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case

→ Chalethras Lat. Aletrium Lat. Caletranus Gwaulthurgwaunas Vaulthur- Volthur- Voltur'nas Lat. Volturnum chainas chnas Kailthur- Calthur- Clatur'nas Lat. Claterna chainas chnas Gwaunas Kainas Etr. Kainua Gηnas Lat. Genua Dainas Dηnas Loc. Zena Mykgwaunas Mykdainas Mykdηnas Myzηnas Gr. Μισήνον It. Misano

[W. Thyr.] → = influenced by Western Thyrgwaunas [E. Thyr.] → = influenced by Eastern Thyrgwaunas [Gwaul.] → = influenced by Gwaulgwaunas [Gwaum.] → = influenced by Gwaumbras [Lat.] → = influenced by Latins [Osc.] → = influenced by Proto-Osci

Citation: Giampietro Fabbri, " THYRGWAUNAS vs. GWAULGWAUNAS: The Etruscan Case", Annals of Global History, 1(3), 2019, pp. 20-39 Copyright: © 2019 Giampietro Fabbri, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

39 Annals of Global History V1 ● I3 ● 2019