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University of Cincinnati UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ The Evolution of an Integrated School District in Southwestern Ohio: The Winton Woods School District, a Case Study A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies Of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION (PhD) In the Department of Educational Foundations in the College of Education, Criminal Justice, and Human Services 2007 By Susan Mary Smith B.S. Ohio University, 1971 M. Ed. University of Cincinnati, 2001 Committee Chair: Dr. Leo Krzywkowki Abstract This is an historical study of the Winton Woods City School District. The District began as the Greenhills Rural School when the Roosevelt administration constructed Greenhills, in northern Hamilton County in southwestern Ohio, as part of the greenbelt project. After World War II, the government sold the undeveloped land, at which time Forest Park was developed and the district became the Greenhill-Forest Park District. The district experienced rapid growth, followed by a decline in enrollment. Throughout this period the district faced many challenges faced by other districts, including overcrowding, school prayer, racial integration, declining enrollment, changing economic demographics, and funding issues. Greenhills was an all white community when it was established in 1938 because of limitations on who could apply for residence stipulated by the federal government. This was probably due to opposition from surrounding communities who opposed the construction of the greenbelt town. When Forest Park was developed communities were becoming more integrated and the community emerged as an integrated community. According to the 2000 Census, Forest Park was 56.26% African American and 36.7% White, (population 19,463) while Greenhills was 2.7% African American and 93.7% White (population 4,103). The difficulties the district faced, the community’s reaction, and the solutions to the problems are presented. Today the district faces challenges because of changing economic demographics from a middle class community to one with approximately 30% of families of students receiving Aid to Dependent Children. It is hoped this study will be beneficial to other school districts that face similar problems. i Copyright 2007 ii Acknowledgments The pursuit of a doctoral degree is a long and difficult path. When I returned to college after more than thirty years, I did not intend to continue on this far. It was the encouragement from Dr. Berlowitz, who was also my advisor when working on my Masters, that led to my decision. I thank him and the professors that I studied with who shared their knowledge, leading me toward new ways of thinking. There is a part of each professor in this work. I would like to thank Dr. Swanson, Judy Richardson, and Phyllis Sadler, who helped me through my darkest periods. Without your help I could not have begun this journey. My sons, Casey, Chris, and Ben, who attended school in the Winton Woods City School District, also gave me insight into education today. We can learn a great deal from students, we only need to listen to and observe them. You are all extraordinary individuals and I am proud of each of you. Your are my biggest accomplishment and the best part of me. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr Marvin Berlowitz, Dr. Eric Jackson, Dr. Pat O’Reiley, and Dr. Leo Krzywkowski. I thank you for the many hours each of you has spent reading my work, advising, and offering advice. You each possess a body of knowledge that has influenced my thinking. You are my village. I would like to especially thank Dr. Krzywkowski whose challenging courses taught me so much. He challenged all his scholars to achieve beyond what the felt they could. I know he spent many hours going over my work with a fine tooth comb. His diligent work in editing my dissertation was often frustrating, but necessary, to complete this final document. “Better days are coming,” iii Finally I would like to thank my father, William Luken, who instilled in me an appreciation for knowledge and learning. Although he is no longer here to share this accomplishment with me, I miss him and dedicate this to him. Thanks Dad. iv CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS……………………………….……………………………….iii LIST OF TABLES…………………….………………………………………………….vi CHAPTER 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………….……1 Overview of the Study……………………………………………………….….1 2. A New Kind of Community……………………………...………………...….….4 Henry George’s Influence on the Rexford Tugwell…….………………….…..4 Edward Bellamy’s Influence on Rexford Tugwell…………...…………………8 Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City Movement………………………..........12 3. The Development of Greenhills…………………………………………………..17 Controversy over Construction of Greenhills………….……………...………17 Greenhills……………………………………………………………………..23 North Greenhills becomes Forest Park………………………...……………..32 Changes in Housing Patterns………………………………….……………..44 4. The Evolution of the School District……………………………..……………..56 Effects of Development in Forest Park……………………………………….62 The Need for Additional School Buildings…………………………………..70 Prayer in Schools……………………………………………………………..75 5. Desegregation……………………..………………………………….………….80 Fleming Meadows……………………..……………………………………107 6. Declining Enrollment, Race, and the Closing of a High School………….……115 The District Today…………………………………………………………..151 v 7. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..163 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………….170 APPENDIX 1. Housing Questionnaire………………………………………………...…….181 2. Correspondence from John Pennycuff…………………………...…………..185 3. Correspondence from Superintendent Camille A. Nasbe……………...…….186 4. Theodore Berry Papers on Housing……………………………………….....187 5. Winton Woods City School District Map………………………………….Insert vi TABLES Table 1. Characteristics of Forest Park Neighborhoods (1974)……………………………49 2. Greenhills and Forest Park Racial Demographics (2000 Census)………………..54 3. Greenhills and Forest Park Median Household Incomes (2000 Census)…...……54 4. Enrollment 1938 to 1952…………………………………………………………60 5. Enrollment Increase from 1947 to 1959…………………………….…………....64 6. Percent Increase at each grade level from 1950-1951 to 1959-1960………….....65 7. School buildings in the district with opening dates and locations…………...…..71 8. Percentage of African-American Students………………………………..……..81 9. Racial Composition Comparison………………………………………………..109 10. Elementary School Closings…………………………………………………….116 11. 1989 Elementary Enrollment Figures……………………………..…………….123 12. 1989 Middle and High School Enrollment Figures……………………………..124 13. 1989 Minority Population at District Schools…………………………..………124 14. District Enrollment, Students Receiving Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), and Students Being Bused to Non-Public Schools…………………….….…...153 15. Ohio Graduation Tests-Grade 10, Winton Woods City School District (Preliminary Results)…………………………………..………………….……154 16. School District Comparison………………………………………………..……155 17. 2005-2006 School Year Report Card Comparison………………………….…..156 18. Ohio Achievement Test Results, Winton Woods City Schools…………………157 19. Students Scoring Proficient or Above on 2007 Ohio Achievement Tests Comparison………………………………………………………………..……158 20. Graduation Rates and Per Pupil Expenditures……………………………..……159 vii 1 INTRODUCTION History is a study of change. Often the most in depth study we do is of the change brought about by violent means in war. Change occurs by other means as well. Literature, art, theater, and scientific progress bring about change also. Social movements, peaceful and otherwise, and economic conditions bring about change as well. This study will look at social events that brought about social change The world was experiencing economic upheaval in the 1920’s. The situation in the Unites States was desperate for many people as well. Unemployment was high, agriculture was hurt by overproduction in some areas and the dust bowl that ruined crops in other areas, and industry was hurting. The crises escalated until the stock market crash in October, 1929. The country’s dissatisfaction with the policies of the Hoover Administration led to the election of Franklin Roosevelt in 1932, the New Deal, and other changes, such as the greenbelt towns. The greenbelt towns were the project of Columbia University economist and Roosevelt Brains Trust advisor Rexford Tugwell. One of these towns was Greenhills, located in Hamilton County just north of Cincinnati, Ohio. The Winton Woods City School District would come to serve the village of Greenhills as well as the community of Forest Park which was developed from the land purchased for Greenhills but not developed in the 1930’s. The purpose of this project is to study the evolution of Greenhills and Forest Park and their schools. It is a transformation that looks at topics such as race, racial steering, community pride, and losses to the communities. Change has not always been easy in the communities, and often the ones most affected were those with the least power. In areas pertaining to race it was often the African American population that had the least power but was negatively affected the 2 most. Where changes in the schools
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