DOCSLIB.ORG

Calculation of Power Limit Due to Fiber Nonlinearity in Optical OFDM Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Calculation of Power Limit Due to Fiber Nonlinearity in Optical OFDM Systems Calculation of power limit due to fiber nonlinearity in optical OFDM systems Arthur James Lowery, Shunjie Wang and Malin Premaratne Department of Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia [email protected] http://www.ecse.monash.edu.au Abstract: We develop a simple formula for estimating the effect of Four- Wave Mixing (FWM) on received signal quality in coherent optical systems using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for dispersion compensation. This shows the nonlinear limit is substantially independent of the number of OFDM subcarriers. Our analysis agrees well with full split-step Fourier method simulations, so allows the nonlinear limit of multi-span systems to be estimated without lengthy simulations. ©2007 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (060.4080) Modulation; (060.4510) Optical communications References and links 1. A. R. S. Bahai, B. R. Saltzberg and M. Ergen, Multi-carrier Digital Communications: Theory and Applications of OFDM, 2nd Edition, (Springer, New York, 2004). 2. A. J. Lowery and J. Armstrong, “Orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing for dispersion compensation of long-haul optical systems,” Opt. Express 14, 2079-2084 (2006). 3. W. Shieh, X. Yi, and Y. Tang, " Experimental Demonstration of Transmission of Coherent Optical OFDM Systems," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper OMP2. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OFC-2007-OMP2 4. B. J. Schmidt, A. J. Lowery, and J. Armstrong, " Experimental Demonstrations of 20 Gbit/s Direct- Detection Optical OFDM and 12 Gbit/s with a Colorless Transmitter," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper PDP18. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OFC-2007-PDP18 5. S. L. Jansen, I. Morita, N. Takeda, and H. Tanaka, " 20-Gb/s OFDM Transmission over 4,160-km SSMF Enabled by RF-Pilot Tone Phase Noise Compensation," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition and The National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, OSA Technical Digest Series (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2007), paper PDP15. http://www.opticsinfobase.org/abstract.cfm?URI=OFC-2007-PDP15 6. A. J. Lowery, L. B. Y. Du, and J. Armstrong, “Performance of optical OFDM in ultralong-haul WDM lightwave systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 131-138 (2007). 7. R. W. Tkach, A. R. Chraplyvy, F. Forghieri, A. H. Gnauck, and R. M. Derosier, “Four-photon mixing and high-speed WDM systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 13, 841-849 (1995). 8. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics (Optics and Photonics), 3rd Edition, (Academic Press, San Francisco, 2001) 9. W. Shieh and C. Athaudage, “Coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,” Electron. Lett. 42, 587-588 (2006). 10. K-D. Chang, G-C Yang, and W. C. Kwong, “Determination of FWM products in unequal-spaced-channel WDM lightwave systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 18, 2113-2122 (2000). 1. Introduction The widely-used radio communications modulation scheme Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) [1] can also be used to compensate for fiber chromatic dispersion in ultra-long haul communications links [2], and has recently been demonstrated experimentally [3] at data rates of 20 Gbit/s [4] over distances up to 4160 km [5]. However, for long-haul systems, Kerr nonlinearity in the optical fiber limits the practical power per WDM channel for a given received signal quality or Bit Error Ratio (BER) [6]. This is expected, as OFDM #84465 - $15.00 USD Received 27 Jun 2007; revised 10 Sep 2007; accepted 23 Sep 2007; published 28 Sep 2007 (C) 2007 OSA 1 October 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 20 / OPTICS EXPRESS 13282 transmits on hundreds of narrowly-spaced subcarriers, and it is well known that strong Four- Wave Mixing (FWM) [7] occurs between closely-spaced optical channels because dispersion does not reduce phase matching between FWM products generated along the fiber. In this paper, we analyze a coherent optical OFDM system [3], and show that the signal degradation due to FWM of electrical signal quality at the receiver can be easily predicted by considering the accumulation of FWM products along the link, then applying a simple statistical analysis. We show that the degradation is nearly independent of the number of OFDM subcarriers used in the system, but is strongly dependent on optical power and the nonlinear coefficient of the fiber. Our analysis agrees extremely well with numerical simulations using the split-step Fourier method [8]. It is useful for estimating the maximum power in a long-haul communication system using coherent optical OFDM, which is a key parameter in determining the spacing of the optical amplifiers. It also confirms that FWM theory is sufficient for estimating the nonlinear degradation in coherent optical OFDM systems. A coherent OFDM system has been chosen for analysis as a direct-detection system will have additional nonlinear terms due to the transmission of a carrier [6]. 2. Optical OFDM system Figure 1 shows the coherent OFDM system. The transmitter uses an inverse fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to generate several hundred orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier is encoded with digital data modulated using, for example, Quaternary Amplitude Modulation (QAM). A cyclic prefix ensures that dispersion does not destroy the orthogonality [1]. The subcarriers are modulated onto an optical carrier, using a complex (IQ) optical modulator [4], [5], which creates an optical single-sideband (OSSB) spectrum with a suppressed optical carrier (left inset of Fig. 1). If the carrier is suppressed fully, this is known as coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) [9]. The modulator’s output is boosted in power by an optical amplifier, then propagated through multiple spans of fiber, each followed by an optical amplifier. In coherent optical OFDM systems [9], the output of a local oscillator laser must be added to the received signal with an identical polarization before photodetection; alternatively, a polarization diversity receiver can be used. An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) samples the detected waveform and converts it to digital data. The cyclic prefix is stripped, then a forward FFT determines the phases of each electrical subcarrier. Provided the FFT’s time- window is aligned with the transmitted time-window, the received subcarriers will remain orthogonal. Owing to fiber dispersion, the subcarrier spectrum has a quadratically-increasing phase shift across it, which is easily equalized (EQ) in the frequency domain using one complex multiplication per subcarrier. QAM decoders then translate each subcarrier into binary data. Q Q Local E A Re Bias n × 80-km Oscillator A Data Data Q M Fiber Link Laser M Bias-T Photoreceiver DAC ADC Zeros Complex Im MZI Inverse FFT Inverse Forward FFT Q Cyclic Prefix Laser Q E Parallel to to Serial Parallel Bias-T Serial Parallel to A PrefixStrip Cyclic A Input Spectrum Output Spectrum Data DAC Data Q M carrier M Bias subcarriers subcarriers fopt fopt FWM Products Fig. 1. Coherent optical OFDM system block diagram showing typical optical spectra at the input and output of the fiber link. #84465 - $15.00 USD Received 27 Jun 2007; revised 10 Sep 2007; accepted 23 Sep 2007; published 28 Sep 2007 (C) 2007 OSA 1 October 2007 / Vol. 15, No. 20 / OPTICS EXPRESS 13283 3. Approximate estimate of the effect of fiber nonlinearity Fiber Kerr nonlinearity along the transmission path causes intermixing of the optical subcarriers [8], shown in the right inset of Fig. 1. Two classes of intermixing are observed: non-degenerate (NDG) and degenerate (DG) four-wave mixing [7]. NDG involves three original optical frequencies, generating a fourth that may lie on top of an original frequency. DG involves two original frequencies, generating a third frequency that lies away from the original frequencies. For low-dispersion fiber with dense subcarrier spacing, the strength of a single mixing product, Pijk due to three polarization aligned subcarriers with wavelengths λi, λj, λk, and optical powers Pi, Pj, Pk is given by [7]; 2 DLPPP2 exp()−α = ijkγ i j k PLijk() eff (1) 9 ⎛⎞2π c 2 1+−−⎜⎟()λλ() λ λD ⎝⎠λα2 ik jk where Dijk is the degeneracy factor which equals 6 for NDG products and 3 for DG products, and the nonlinearity coefficient of the fiber is: 2π n γ = 2 (2) λ Aeff where: n2 is the nonlinear coefficient of the fiber material, Aeff is the effective core area of the fiber and the effective length of the fiber is: Le=−()1 −α L /α (3) eff where: L is the physical length of the fiber, α is its loss coefficient in Nepers/m of the fiber, and D is its dispersion coefficient. Because the subcarrier spacing in OFDM systems is in the order of tens of MHz, the second term in the denominator of the final term of Equation 1 is negligible. Also if the fiber loss is compensated by an amplifier, the exponential term becomes unity. Thus the power of each FWM product is approximately related to the power of a single OFDM subcarrier, PSC, by: 2 D 2 P ≈ ijk ()γ LP3 (4) ijk9 eff SC The number of FWM products, M, depends on the number of subcarriers, N, at the fiber’s input. The total number of FWM products falling at all frequencies is exactly [7]: MNN=−( 32)/2 (5) For an optical OFDM system with 512 OFDM subcarriers, M evaluates to 66,977,792 products. Fortunately, the power per product, Pijk, is low because the transmitted optical power is divided amongst the N subcarriers. For example, if we assume that the M FWM products fall on the N OFDM subcarriers equally, the average FWM power falling on each subcarrier, PFWM/SC, will be = () PFWM/ SCMNP/ ijk (6) Random-walk theory can be applied to the optical field to find the statistics of the sum of the FWM contributions, because each subcarrier is phase modulated with 4 different phases due to the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Atmospheric Downwelling Longwave Radiation at the Surface During Cloudless and Overcast Conditions. Measurements and Modeling
    ATMOSPHERIC DOWNWELLING LONGWAVE RADIATION AT THE SURFACE DURING CLOUDLESS AND OVERCAST CONDITIONS. MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING Antoni VIÚDEZ-MORA ISBN: 978-84-694-5001-7 Dipòsit legal: GI-752-2011 http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31841 ADVERTIMENT. La consulta d’aquesta tesi queda condicionada a l’acceptació de les següents condicions d'ús: La difusió d’aquesta tesi per mitjà del servei TDX ha estat autoritzada pels titulars dels drets de propietat intel·lectual únicament per a usos privats emmarcats en activitats d’investigació i docència. No s’autoritza la seva reproducció amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva difusió i posada a disposició des d’un lloc aliè al servei TDX. No s’autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant al resum de presentació de la tesi com als seus continguts. En la utilització o cita de parts de la tesi és obligat indicar el nom de la persona autora. ADVERTENCIA. La consulta de esta tesis queda condicionada a la aceptación de las siguientes condiciones de uso: La difusión de esta tesis por medio del servicio TDR ha sido autorizada por los titulares de los derechos de propiedad intelectual únicamente para usos privados enmarcados en actividades de investigación y docencia. No se autoriza su reproducción con finalidades de lucro ni su difusión y puesta a disposición desde un sitio ajeno al servicio TDR. No se autoriza la presentación de su contenido en una ventana o marco ajeno a TDR (framing). Esta reserva de derechos afecta tanto al resumen de presentación de la tesis como a sus contenidos.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency Plans for Broadcasting Services by Juan Castro Broadcasting Services Division OVERVIEW
    Frequency plans for broadcasting services By Juan Castro Broadcasting Services Division OVERVIEW . ITU Regions . Regional Plans . Regional Plans concerning TV broadcasting . Regional Plans concerning sound broadcasting . Article 4: Modifications to the Plans . Useful links ITU REGIONS REGIONAL PLANS - Definition . Regional agreements for: o specific frequency bands o specific region/area o specific services . Adopted by Regional Conferences (technical criteria + frequency plans) . Types of Plans: o Assignment Plans (stations) o Allotment Plans (geographical areas) TYPES OF REGIONAL PLANS . Assignment Plan: frequencies are assigned to stations Station 1 Frequencies f1, f2, f3… Station 3 Station 2 . Allotment Plan: frequencies are assigned to geographical areas Area 1 Frequencies f1, f2, f3… Area 3 Area 2 TV BROADCASTING REGIONAL PLANS . Regional Plans (in force) that concern television broadcasting: o Stockholm 1961 modified in 2006 (ST61) o Geneva 1989 modified in 2006 (GE89) o Geneva 2006 (GE06) TV REGIONAL PLANS: ST61 . ST61: Stockholm 1961 modified in 2006 In 2006 the bands 174-230 MHz and 470-862 MHz were transferred to GE06 Plan . Assignment Plan . Region: European Broadcasting Area (EBA) . Bands: o Band I: 47-68 MHz o Band II: 87.5-100 MHz o Band III: 162-170 MHz . Services: o Broadcasting (sound and television) TV REGIONAL PLANS: GE89 . GE89: Geneva 1989 modified in 2006 In 2006 the bands 174-230 MHz and 470-862 MHz were transferred to GE06 Plan . Assignment Plan . Region: African Broadcasting Area(ABA) . Bands: o Band I: 47-68 MHz o Band III: 230-238 and 246-254 MHz . Services: o Broadcasting (television only) TV REGIONAL PLANS: GE06 . GE06 (Digital Plan): There were 2 plans (analogue and digital).
    [Show full text]
  • UHF-Band TV Transmitter for TV White Space Video Streaming Applications Hyunchol Shin1,* · Hyukjun Oh2
    JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 19, NO. 4, 227~233, OCT. 2019 https://doi.org/10.26866/jees.2019.19.4.227 ISSN 2671-7263 (Online) ∙ ISSN 2671-7255 (Print) UHF-Band TV Transmitter for TV White Space Video Streaming Applications Hyunchol Shin1,* · Hyukjun Oh2 Abstract This paper presents a television (TV) transmitter for wireless video streaming applications in TV white space band. The TV transmitter is composed of a digital TV (DTV) signal generator and a UHF-band RF transmitter. Compared to a conventional high-IF heterodyne structure, the RF transmitter employs a zero-IF quadrature direct up-conversion architecture to minimize hardware overhead and com- plexity. The RF transmitter features I/Q mismatch compensation circuitry using 12-bit digital-to-analog converters to significantly im- prove LO and image suppressions. The DTV signal generator produces an 8-vestigial sideband (VSB) modulated digital baseband signal fully compliant with the Advanced Television System Committee (ATSC) DTV signal specifications. By employing the proposed TV transmitter and a commercial TV receiver, over-the-air, real-time, high-definition video streaming has been successfully demonstrated across all UHF-band TV channels between 14 and 69. This work shows that a portable hand-held TV transmitter can be a useful TV- band device for wireless video streaming application in TV white space. Key Words: DTV Signal Generator, RF Transmitter, TV Band Device, TV Transmitter, TV White Space. industry-science-medical (ISM)-to-UHF-band RF converters I. INTRODUCTION [3, 4] is a TV-band device (TVBD) to enable Wi-Fi service in a TVWS band.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission Record FCC 90·136
    5 FCC Red No. 15 Federal Communications Commission Record FCC 90·136 national and international leaders into our homes, mak­ Before the ing us witnesses to hisrory. It entertained us. Each night Federal Communications Commission families and friends gathered around the radio and tuned Washington, D.C. 20554 to AM stations to learn of world. national and local events and to hear the latest episode in their favorite radio show. During the last twenty years, however, channel conges­ tion, interference and low fidelity receivers have taken MM Docket No. 87·267 their tolL dulling the competitive edge of this once vital service. Not surprisingly, once loyal AM listeners have In the Matter of shifted their allegiance to newer mass media services that offer them higher technical quality. Review of the Technical 2. As a result of these developments, the once preemi­ Assignment Criteria for the nent AM service is now in critical need of attention. For the past several years the Commission has involved itself AM Broadcast Service in an intensive effort to identify the service's most press­ ing problems and the sources of and solutions to those problems. In September of last year we challenged broad· NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULE MAKING casters, radio manufacturers and the listening public to tell us how we could revitalize the AM radio service. In Adopted: April 12, 1990; Released: July 18, 1990 an en bane hearing lasting a full day in November they responded to the challenge. Their response reaffirms our By the Commission: Commissioner Barrett issuing a conviction that a concerted effort by this Commission, the separate statement.
    [Show full text]
  • Tr 103 399 V1.1.1 (2019-04)
    ETSI TR 103 399 V1.1.1 (2019-04) TECHNICAL REPORT System Reference document (SRdoc); Fixed and in-motion Earth stations communicating with satellites in non-geostationary orbits in the 11 GHz to 14 GHz frequency band 2 ETSI TR 103 399 V1.1.1 (2019-04) Reference DTR/ERM-532 Keywords broadband, satellite, SRdoc ETSI 650 Route des Lucioles F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16 Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88 Important notice The present document can be downloaded from: http://www.etsi.org/standards-search The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver. Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status. Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services: https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Regulatory Guideline for the Wireless Network Design in Digital L&C System
    KINS/HR-749 as D|X|@ Tll&XHOMI# Y-fd St! Ml E o|H *|7||o|| ifxii 7|# 7h ^oii A Study on Regulatory Guideline for the Wireless Network Design in Digital l&C System 2006tJ 69 30ti y^yx^Bfo|.y 7|-y X-1 in 44444444 44 ^ c]x]^ ^ ^ iiim^a ^^Ml 444 44 4# ;H44 44 44"4^1 (4444 "444 4444 444444 444 44 44") 4 4JZ4& 4 #444. 2006. 06. 30. 4444444 : 4 4 4 # 4 4 4 4444444 : 4 4 # 4 4 4 4 4# f! : 4 4 # // : 4 4 4 o 4 I. 4 4 44 4^447114 44 44 MM^a 4M|M| 4^4 if4] 7]# H. 447HVd-4 4& ^ ^^4 O 4 4 4 44 M|^M|47||4 44 ^4 lljEOjg. 4M1M] ffM| 7]# 7)jM}. m. 447HVd4 MI4 ^ ^4 44-#-4 Ml 1 vl 51 7) ^7]#^4 9d 44 id 74 1:| ^1 i! MMMM id4M] id-9. id n'4 Ml mi|a 7|^- m-44^- 44 id 4 4 ^1 id Ml4 4 4 7j] 4 4444 Ml mil n 44M] 4-9. id 4 M| #4 44 i! M 444 51 s14 51411=4 -/ 444 4 m td7ii 7ie -id 4 4^1 444 1 4; id 4 4 44: -rid M|K i]a Ml 4 Ef 44 /I# 44 IV. 4474444 o C]xj^ 44 4 M|. 4 a Ml Ml# 4#444 44# 44 44- 447|4 4 7|14# #4444 4M] 44 4 #4.xfxil Ml 44 Ml 4-4 47M 4M| ci/b/g jE4 7]^, Wi-Fi 7]#.
    [Show full text]
  • Report ITU-R BT.2295-3 (02/2020)
    Report ITU-R BT.2295-3 (02/2020) Digital terrestrial broadcasting systems BT Series Broadcasting service (television) ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2295-3 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio- frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1.
    [Show full text]
  • EBU Tech 3313-2005 Band I Issues
    EBU – TECH 3313 Band I Issues Status: Deliverable Geneva August 2005 1 Page intentionally left blank. This document is paginated for recto-verso printing Tech 3313 Band I Issues Contents 1 SPECTRUM AVAILABILITY ..................................................................................... 5 1.1 Present situation ........................................................................................... 5 1.2 Limitations................................................................................................... 5 2 TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................... 6 2.1 Antenna dimensions........................................................................................ 6 2.2 Man-made noise ............................................................................................ 6 2.3 Ionospheric interference .................................................................................. 6 3 TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES .................................................................................... 6 3.1 Minimum field strength .................................................................................... 6 3.2 Propagation losses.......................................................................................... 6 3.3 Anomalous propagation.................................................................................... 7 3.4 Simplicity in equipment ................................................................................... 7 4 POTENTIAL
    [Show full text]
  • Spectrum/Frequency Requirements for Bands Allocated to Broadcasting on a Primary Basis
    Report ITU-R BT.2387-0 (07/2015) Spectrum/frequency requirements for bands allocated to broadcasting on a primary basis BT Series Broadcasting service (television) ii Rep. ITU-R BT.2387-0 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio- frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1.
    [Show full text]
  • ECC Report 177
    ECC Report 177 Possibilities for Future Terrestrial Delivery of Audio Broadcasting Services April 2012 ECC REPORT 177 – Page 2 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Report considers the possibilities for continuing Radio Broadcasting into the future. While recognising that technological developments are opening a wide range of potential platforms for the distribution of audio content, it is felt that ‘terrestrial’ distribution with strategically placed transmitters simultaneously serving a large number of independent receivers will continue. This is particularly true for portable and mobile reception. With this in mind, this document concentrates on terrestrial distribution platforms and especially the relevant digital technologies that exist and are being developed. Radio is now very much a medium which can be, and is, accessed by an audience where a large portion is either mobile or doing something else. The motorist is a good example of this. The report looks at how this audience might be served in the future. While, in the past, conventional terrestrial radio broadcasting was the only viable way to serve this audience, technological convergence and changing habits mean that other platforms such as mobile broadband, satellites and wired infrastructures can now be used under the right circumstances. In spite of this, terrestrial broadcasting does offer certain advantages and it is felt that this will continue for the foreseeable future. Terrestrial broadcasting is itself changing with the advent of digital modulation systems. The report goes on to compare and contrast these modulation systems in some detail, looking at the strengths and weaknesses of each one. This is against the background considerations of audience size, geographical concentration and demographics, and how each system is able to exploit the available spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • D3.1 5G Waveform Candidate Selection
    The 5GNOW Project Consortium groups the following organizations: Partner Name Short name Country FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. HHI Germany ALCATEL LUCENT DEUTSCHLAND AG ALUD Germany COMMISSARIAT A L ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES CEA France IS-WIRELESS ISW Poland NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS NI Hungary TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN TUD Germany Abstract: 5G Waveform Candidate Selection The screening process of T3.1 will generate a candidate list of waveforms and signal formats, described in this IR3.1. D3.1 ‘5GNOW_D3.1_v1.0.docx’ Version: 1.0 Last Update: 3/3/2015 Distribution Level: CO Distribution level PU = Public, RE = Restricted to a group of the specified Consortium, PP = Restricted to other program participants (including Commission Services), CO= Confidential, only for members of the 5GNOW Consortium (including the Commission Services) D3.1 The 5GNOW Project Consortium groups the following organizations: Partner Name Short name Country FRAUNHOFER-GESELLSCHAFT ZUR FOERDERUNG DER ANGEWANDTEN FORSCHUNG E.V. HHI Germany ALCATEL-LUCENT DEUTSCHLAND AG ALUD Germany COMMISSARIAT À L’ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES CEA France IS-WIRELESS ISW Poland NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS NI Hungary TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT DRESDEN TUD Germany Abstract: One of the main drivers for new waveforms is to enable efficient multiple access in the light of the requirements of future 5G wireless communication systems which will have to handle a very diverse variety of traffic types. The scenarios which are initiating those requirements and which are considered by the 5GNOW project (see D2.1) are driven by machine-type communication and the Tactile Internet, by coordinated multi-point (CoMP) and by fragmented spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • Recommendations on Issues Related to Digital Radio Broadcasting in India 1St February, 2018 Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan Jawahar
    Recommendations on Issues related to Digital Radio Broadcasting in India 1st February, 2018 Mahanagar Doorsanchar Bhawan Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg New Delhi-110002 Website: www.trai.gov.in i Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: Digital Radio Broadcasting Technologies and International Scenario .............................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 3: Issues Related to Digitization of FM Radio Broadcasting .............. 15 CHAPTER 4: Summary of Recommendations .................................................... 40 ii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Radio remains an integral part of India‟s rich culture, social and economic landscape. Radio broadcasting1 is one of the most popular and affordable means for mass communication, largely owing to its wide coverage, low set up costs, terminal portability and affordability. 1.2 At present, analog terrestrial radio broadcast in India is carried out in Medium Wave (MW) (526–1606 KHz), Short Wave (SW) (6–22 MHz), and VHF-II (88–108 MHz) spectrum bands. VHF-II band is popularly known as FM band due to deployment of Frequency Modulation (FM) technology in this band. AIR - the public service broadcaster - has established 467 radio stations encompassing 662 radio transmitters, which include 140 MW, 48 SW, and 474 FM transmitters for providing radio broadcasting services2. It also provides overseas broadcasts services for its listeners across the world. 1.3 Until 2000, AIR was the sole radio broadcaster in the country. In the year 2000, looking at the changing market dynamics, the government took an initiative to open the FM radio broadcast for private sector participation. In Phase-I of FM Radio, the government auctioned 108 FM radio channels in 40 cities. Out of these, only 21 FM radio channels became operational and subsequently migrated to Phase-II in 2005.
    [Show full text]