DOCSLIB.ORG

2 Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2 Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides in The Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, 2 Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides in the Environment Ghinwa M. Naja and Bohumil Volesky CONTENTS 2.1 Metal Toxicity ..................................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Selected Heavy Metals ............................................................................................ 14 2.1.1.1 Lead ......................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1.2 Cadmium .................................................................................................. 16 2.1.1.3 Mercury .................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1.4 Chromium ................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Radionuclides ......................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2.1 Uranium ................................................................................................... 22 2.1.2.2 Radon ....................................................................................................... 24 2.1.3 Arsenic Pollution .................................................................................................... 25 2.1.3.1 Arsenic Speciation and Toxicity .............................................................. 25 2.1.3.2 Arsenic-Contaminated Countries ............................................................. 25 2.1.3.3 Clinical Effects ........................................................................................ 26 2.2 Metals in Groundwaters ...................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 Heavy Metals in Aquifers ....................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Cases and Remediation ........................................................................................... 33 2.3 Heavy Metal Pollution Sources ........................................................................................... 35 2.3.1 Acid Mine Drainage ................................................................................................ 35 2.3.1.1 Chemistry of Acid Mine Water ................................................................ 35 2.3.1.2 Extent of the Damage .............................................................................. 36 2.3.1.3 Radioactive AMD .................................................................................... 37 2.3.1.4 Treatment of AMD ................................................................................... 38 2.3.2 Metal Finishing and Surface Treatment Operations ............................................... 40 2.3.2.1 A Typical Electroplating Process ............................................................. 43 2.3.2.2 Future Trends in Electroplating ............................................................... 45 2.3.3 Leather Tanning Process ......................................................................................... 45 2.3.3.1 Description of the Chromium Tanning Process ....................................... 46 2.3.3.2 Wastes Generated in the Chromium Tanning Process ............................. 48 2.3.3.3 Effl uent Treatment ................................................................................... 50 2.3.4 Ferrous Metal Industries ......................................................................................... 51 2.3.4.1 Ferrous Metal Processing ........................................................................ 52 13 773168_C002.indd3168_C002.indd 1133 22/7/2009/7/2009 22:43:09:43:09 PPMM 14 Heavy Metals in the Environment 2.3.5 Coal-Fired Power Generation ................................................................................. 53 2.3.5.1 Coal-Fired Station Types ......................................................................... 55 2.3.5.2 Generating Station Water Use .................................................................. 57 2.3.5.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 58 References .................................................................................................................................... 58 2.1 METAL TOXICITY Out of 106 identifi ed elements, about 80 of them are called metals. These metallic elements can be divided into two groups: those that are essential for survival, such as iron and calcium, and those that are nonessential or toxic, such as cadmium and lead. These toxic metals, unlike some organic substances, are not metabolically degradable and their accumulation in living tissues can cause death or serious health threats. Furthermore, these metals, dissolved in wastewaters and discharged into surface waters, will be concentrated as they travel up the food chain. Eventually, extremely poisonous levels of toxin can migrate to the immediate environment of the public. Metals that seep into groundwaters will contaminate drinking water wells and harm the consumers of that water. Pollution from man-made sources can easily create local conditions of elevated metal presence, which could lead to disastrous effects on animals and humans. Actually, man’s exploitation of the world’s mineral resources and his technological activities tend to unearth, dislodge, and disperse chemicals and particularly metallic elements, which have recently been brought into the environ- ment in unprecedented quantities and concentrations and at extreme rates. Man’s new technologies involving nuclear fi ssion opened up a whole new area of hope and concern at the same time. Radioactive isotopes of elements and, indeed, new elements have been discovered and handled in historically unprecedented quantities and concentrations. The sneaking and deadly danger of radio- activity associated particularly with long-lived and high-radiation isotopes has cast a shadow over our lives. Actually, the disposal problems concerning radioactive isotopes originating directly or indirectly from the operation of nuclear generating facilities have produced a considerable slow-down in deployment of this technology, which, after all, may only be a transient phase made obsolete by the dangers it generates. 2.1.1 SELECTED HEAVY METALS Heavy metals can be defi ned in several ways. One possible defi nition is the following: Heavy metals form positive ions in solution and they have a density fi ve times greater than that of water. They are of particular toxicological importance. Many metallic elements play an essential role in the function of living organisms; they constitute a nutritional requirement and fulfi ll a physiological role. However, overabundance of the essential trace elements and particularly their substitution by non- essential ones, such as the case may be for cadmium, nickel, or silver, can cause toxicity symptoms or death. Humans receive their allocation of trace elements from food and water, an indispensable link in the food chain being plant life, which also supports animal life. It is a well-established fact that assimilation of metals takes place in the microbial world as well as in plants, and these ele- ments tend to get concentrated as they progress through the food chain. It has been shown that spectacular metal enrichment coeffi cients of the order of 105–107 can occur in cells [1]. Imbalances or excessive amounts of a metal species along this route lead to toxicity symptoms, disorders in the cellular functions, long-term debilitating disabilities in humans, and eventually death. 2.1.1.1 Lead Lead is the most common of the heavy elements. Several stable isotopes exist in nature, 208Pb being the most abundant. The average molecular weight of lead is 207.2. Lead is a soft metal that resists 773168_C002.indd3168_C002.indd 1144 22/7/2009/7/2009 22:43:09:43:09 PPMM Toxicity and Sources of Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, As, and Radionuclides in the Environment 15 corrosion and has a low melting point (327°C). From a drinking water perspective, the almost uni- versal use of lead compounds in plumbing fi ttings and as a solder in water distribution systems is important. Distribution systems and plumbing installed before 1945 were made from lead pipes [2]. Solid and liquid (sludge) wastes account for more than 50% of the lead discharged into the environ- ment, usually into landfi lls, but lead has been dispersed more widely in the general environment through atmospheric emissions—particularly from car exhausts. With the introduction of unleaded fuel, lead emissions from this source declined. The annual consumption of lead is in the order of 3 million tons, of which 40% is used in the production of electrical accumulators and batteries, 20% is used in gasoline as alkyl additives, 12% in building construction, 6% in cable coatings, 5% in ammunition, and 17% in other usages. It is estimated that approximately 2 million tons are mined yearly. Probably 10% of this total is lost in treatment of the ore to produce the concentrate, and a further 10% is lost in making pig lead. The amount of lead discharged into the environment is equal to the amount weathered from igneous rocks. In global lead level terms, the power storage battery industry may have a relatively low impact on the environment because about 80% of all batteries are recycled. 2.1.1.1.1 Exposure Lead is present in tap water as a result of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Boiler Chemical Cleaning Techniques
    INFO—0444 Report Rap CA9400049 Atomic Energy Commission de contrfile Control Board de I'energie atomique INFO-0444 Atomic Energy Commission de controle 1*1 Control Board de I'energie atomique PO Box 1046 CP 1046 Onawa Canada Ottawa. Canada K1P5S9 K1P5S9 EVALUATION OF BOILER CHEMICAL CLEANING TECHNIQUES (AECB Project No. 2.221.1) by Monserco Limited A research report prepared for the Atomic Energy Control Board Ottawa, Canada April 1993 1 Canada Research report EVALUATION OF BOILER CHEMICAL CLEANING TECHNIQUES A report prepared by Monserco Limited under contract to the Atomic Energy Control Board. ABSTRACT Deposits in the secondary side of nuclear steam generators (SG) may cause corrosion and disruptions in steam flow. In the Bruce A reactors such deposits have resulted in the derating of two of the units. Hydrolasing has been successful in removing enough of the deposits to permit operation at 100% power, but a considerable amount of deposit remains in physically inaccessible regions of the generators. The only way to remove these deposits is through chemical cleaning. The EPRI/SGOG process, which has been selected by Ontario Hydro for use at the Bruce A station, is described. This process consists of alternating iron removal and copper removal steps, the two metals which comprise the bulk of the deposit in the Bruce A SGs. The iron removal solvent consists of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), hydrazine, ammonium hydroxide and a proprietary corrosion inhibitor CCI-801. The copper removal solvent consists of EDTA, ethylene diamine and hydrogen peroxide. Ontario Hydro proposes to dean a bank of four SGs in parallel employing a total of six copper removal steps and four iron removal steps.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents CHAPTER 31 VIRGINIA POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (VPDES) PERMIT REGULATION....1 Part I Definitions and General Program Requirements
    Project 1248 - Final STATE WATER CONTROL BOARD Amendment of Regulations Pertaining to Biosolids After Transfer from the Department of Health Table of Contents CHAPTER 31 VIRGINIA POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (VPDES) PERMIT REGULATION....1 Part I Definitions and General Program Requirements ...........................................................................1 9VAC25-31-10. Definitions. ..................................................................................................................1 9VAC25-31-20. Purpose......................................................................................................................15 9VAC25-31-25. Applicability of incorporated references based on the dates that they became effective..............................................................................................................................................16 9VAC25-31-30. Federal effluent guidelines........................................................................................16 9VAC25-31-40. Exclusions. .................................................................................................................17 9VAC25-31-50. Prohibitions. ..............................................................................................................18 9VAC25-31-60. Effect of a permit.......................................................................................................19 9VAC25-31-70. Continuation of expiring permits...............................................................................20
    [Show full text]
  • Trade Waste Information Sheet Cooling Towers & Boiler Blowdown
    Trade Waste Information Sheet Cooling Towers & Boiler Blowdown Preface Liquid waste generated by industry, small business and commercial enterprises is referred to as trade waste. The Water Supply (Safety and Reliability) Act 2008 prohibits the unauthorised discharge of wastes, other than domestic sewage, into the sewerage system. 1. The definition of trade waste is; - The waterborne waste from business, trade or manufacturing property, other than: Waste that is a prohibited substance; or Human waste; or Stormwater. 2. The definition of Domestic waste is; - Faecal matter and urine of human origin and liquid wastes from sinks, baths, basins, showers and similar fixtures designed for personal hygiene in both residential and commercial properties. Cooling Towers Description of Activity The continuous blowdown, or “bleed off” and other wastewater from both commercial and industrial cooling towers is liquid trade waste. “Comfort and process air-conditioning cooling towers” are defined as cooling towers that are dedicated exclusively to (and are an integral part of) heating, ventilation, air-conditioning or refrigeration systems associated with commercial living space air-conditioning, or commercial process air-conditioning such as computer rooms. The discharge rate from cooling towers in this classification should not exceed 500 L/h. “Industrial Cooling Towers” are cooling towers used in manufacturing for rejecting heat extracted from a manufacturing process. This activity is classified as High Risk and an application must be forwarded to Whitsunday Regional Council. 11. Cooling Towers & Boiler Blowdown Version: 4 Page 1 of 8 Other Issues Commercial and industrial cooling towers generate wastewaters that vary considerably in the contaminants they may contain according to the water treatment utilised.
    [Show full text]
  • Boilers Released 12 December 2017 Trade Waste Discharges from Companies with Boilers Can Harm the Sewerage System
    Boilers Released 12 December 2017 Trade waste discharges from companies with boilers can harm the sewerage system. Proper management practices at each site are needed. This guideline outlines the areas of concern and available technologies for the control of these trade wastes. Key trade waste quality requirements Parameter Generally accepted level pH Between 6-12 units Temperature ≤38 degrees C Total Dissolved Solids ≤3500 mg/L Flow rate to sewer Dependant on capacity of receiving sewer Note: Discharge limits may be varied under certain circumstances for individual dischargers. Typical pre-treatment Live or flash steam must never be discharged directly to sewer. Steam boiler or hot water boiler blowdown is cooled below 38 degrees C via a suitably sized blowdown pit or above ground cooling vessel, discharging to sewer via a gully trap. These must have enough retained water volume at ambient temperature to mix with and cool the incoming blowdown. Australian Standard AS3892 - 2001 has more information about blowdown tank design. Heat exchange systems fed from a flash steam vessel can reduce blowdown temperature to an acceptable level. These provide an opportunity for recycling waste heat back to the system. Accumulated solids captured in blowdown equipment are removed as needed for off-site disposal. Boiler water treatment chemicals are stored in bunds, to prevent leaks and spills from reaching the sewerage system. In-ground blowdown pits are covered and finished above ground level to prevent surface or stormwater entry. More information Mains Water Backflow Protection (AS/NZS 3500.1:2015) Backflow Prevention Requirements - Office of the Technical Regulator Bunding and Blind Tanks Guideline .
    [Show full text]
  • Rockford Board of Education Invitation for Bid on Supplies, Materials, Equipment Or Services for School District No
    ROCKFORD BOARD OF EDUCATION INVITATION FOR BID ON SUPPLIES, MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT OR SERVICES FOR SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 205 ROCKFORD, ILLINOIS IFB No. 16-44 Roosevelt Community Education Center Boiler Replacement DATE: March 21, 2016 OFFERS WILL BE RECEIVED UNTIL: 2:00 P.M. (CDST) on Tuesday, April 12, 2016 RE: IFB No. 16-44 Roosevelt Community Education Center Boiler Replacement. The purpose of this Invitation for Bid (IFB) is to solicit bids for all the mechanical and electrical work associate with the replacement of the boilers at Roosevelt Community Education Center, 978 Haskell Avenue, Rockford, IL 61103. IFB Opening: Tuesday, April 12, 2016 at 2:00 p.m., Rockford Board of Education, 6th floor Conference Room, 501 Seventh St., Rockford, IL 61104. If you plan to hand deliver your IFB submission on the due date, please note that you must check in on the 3rd floor prior to coming to the 6th floor. Please allow time for this as late submissions will not be accepted. Copies of the bidding documents are available from Onvia DemandStar, by email from the Purchasing Department, BHFX Digital Imaging and Printing, DG Digital Printing, YCS Printing, Inc., or by download from the District’s Purchasing Bids-RFPs webpage at www.rps205.com. A MANDATORY PRE-BID MEETING WILL BE CONDUCTED ON, MONDAY, MARCH 28, 2016 AT 2:30 P.M. (CDST), AT ROOSEVELT COMMUNITY EDUCATION CENTER, 978 HASKELL AVENUE, ROCKFORD, IL 61103 BY OWNER’S REPRESENTATIVE. MEET IN THE LOBBY. Refer all questions relative to the business aspect, Instructions to Bidders, Special Conditions, and questions concerning the technical aspect of the documents to the Purchasing Process Manager by email at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Blue River Biosolids Facility, Final Basis of Design Report
    KC Water Blue River Wastewater Treatment Plant Biosolids Facility BASIS OF DESIGN REPORT FINAL | January 2020 This document is released to the City of Kansas City, Missouri and Shortlisted Respondents as part of the Request for Proposals Package issued January 24, 2020, Project No. 81000821 – Contract Number 1595. This report does not incorporate any modifications made by subsequent addenda since this report was initially issued to Shortlisted Respondents. KC Water Blue River Wastewater Treatment Plant Biosolids Facility BASIS OF DESIGN REPORT FINAL | January 2020 CERTIFICATION PAGE Project/Contract Number __081000821/1595______ Project Title _Blue River Biosolids Facility Project_______ I am responsible for the following sections of the Basis of Design Report: Structural (SEAL) 00005 Construction Certification Page 050113 Modified For WSD 072916 Contract Central BASIS OF DESIGN REPORT | BLUE RIVER WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIOSOLIDS FACILITY | KC WATER Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Purpose of Design Criteria Documents 1-1 1.1.1 Basis of Design Report Organization 1-1 1.2 Design Criteria for the Representative Project 1-2 1.2.1 Fixed Design Criteria 1-2 1.2.2 Indicative Design Criteria 1-2 1.2.3 Indicative-Preferred Design Criteria 1-2 1.3 Project Overview 1-2 Chapter 2: Performance Requirements 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Influent Flows and Loads 2-1 2.3 Process Modeling Conditions and Results 2-3 Chapter 3: Project Siting & Existing Facilities 3.1 Existing Site Conditions 3-1 3.1.1 Site Survey & Potholing Data 3-1 3.1.2 LIDAR Information
    [Show full text]
  • Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms Of
    microorganisms Review Unraveling the Underlying Heavy Metal Detoxification Mechanisms of Bacillus Species Badriyah Shadid Alotaibi 1, Maryam Khan 2 and Saba Shamim 2,* 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] 2 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Defence Road Campus, The University of Lahore, Lahore 55150, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The rise of anthropogenic activities has resulted in the increasing release of various contaminants into the environment, jeopardizing fragile ecosystems in the process. Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants that contribute to the escalating problem of environmental pollution, being primarily introduced in sensitive ecological habitats through industrial effluents, wastewater, as well as sewage of various industries. Where heavy metals like zinc, copper, manganese, and nickel serve key roles in regulating different biological processes in living systems, many heavy metals can be toxic even at low concentrations, such as mercury, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead, and can accumulate in intricate food chains resulting in health concerns. Over the years, many physical and chemical methods of heavy metal removal have essentially been investigated, but their disadvantages like the generation of chemical waste, complex downstream processing, and the uneconomical cost of both methods, have rendered them inefficient,. Since then, microbial bioremediation, particularly the Citation: Alotaibi, B.S.; Khan, M.; use of bacteria, has gained attention due to the feasibility and efficiency of using them in removing Shamim, S. Unraveling the heavy metals from contaminated environments. Bacteria have several methods of processing heavy Underlying Heavy Metal metals through general resistance mechanisms, biosorption, adsorption, and efflux mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Risk Assessments of Arsenic and Toxic Heavy Metal Exposure in Drinking Water in Northeast Iran
    Alidadi et al. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine (2019) 24:59 Environmental Health and https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-019-0812-x Preventive Medicine RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Health risk assessments of arsenic and toxic heavy metal exposure in drinking water in northeast Iran Hosein Alidadi1,4†, Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany2,4† , Batoul Zarif Garaati Oftadeh3,4,7*, Tafaghodi Mohamad5,7, Hosein Shamszade6 and Maryam Fakhari7 Abstract Background: Arsenic and heavy metals are the main cause of water pollution and impact human health worldwide. Therefore, this study aims to assess the probable health risk (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk) for adults and children that are exposed to arsenic and toxic heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cr, and Hg) through ingestion and dermal contact with drinking water. Method: In this study, chemical analysis and testing were conducted on 140 water samples taken from treated drinking water in Mashhad, Iran. The health risk assessments were evaluated using hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and lifetime cancer risk (CR). Results: The results of the HQ values of arsenic and heavy metals for combined pathways were below the safety level (HQ < 1) for adults, while the HI for children were higher than the safety limit in some stations. Likewise, Cr showed the highest average contribution of HItotal elements (55 to 71.2%) for adult and children population. The average values of total carcinogenic risk (TCR) through exposure to drinking water for children and adults were 1.33 × 10−4 and 7.38 × 10−5, respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the CRtotal through exposure to drinking water for children and adults was borderline or higher than the safety level of US EPA risk, suggesting the probability of carcinogenic risk for the children and adults to the carcinogenic elements via ingestion and dermal routes.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater by Chemically Modified Agricultural Waste Material As Potential Adsorbent-A Review
    International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology E-ISSN 2277 – 4106, P-ISSN 2347 – 5161 ©2018 INPRESSCO®, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpressco.com/category/ijcet Review Article Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater by Chemically Modified Agricultural Waste Material as Potential Adsorbent-A Review Jyotikusum Acharya#^, Upendra Kumar^ and P. Mahammed Rafi#* #Department of Civil Engineering, Mallareddy Institute of Technology and Sciences, Hyderabad, India ^Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, India Received 05 March 2018, Accepted 08 May 2018, Available online 11 May 2018, Vol.8, No.3 (May/June 2018) Abstract Heavy metal remediation of aqueous streams is of special concern due to recalcitrant and persistency of heavy metals in environment. Conventional treatment technologies for the removal of these toxic heavy metals are not economical and further generate huge quantity of toxic chemical sludge. Agricultural waste materials being economic and eco- friendly due to their unique biochemical composition, availability in abundance, renewable, low in cost and more efficient are seem to be viable option for heavy metal remediation. The major advantages of biosorption over conventional treatment methods include: low cost, high efficiency, minimization of chemical or biological sludge, regeneration of biosorbents and possibility of metal recovery. It is well known that cellulosic waste materials can be obtained and employed as cheap adsorbents and their performance to remove heavy metal ions can be affected upon chemical treatment. In general, chemically modified plant wastes exhibit higher adsorption capacities than unmodified forms. The functional groups present in agricultural waste biomass viz. acetamido, alcoholic, carbonyl, phenolic, amido, amino, sulphydryl groups etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Remediation of Nickel Ion from Wastewater by Applying Various Techniques: a Review
    ISSN: 2576-6732 (Print) ISSN: 2576-6724 (Online) Acta Chemica Malaysia (ACMY) 2019, VOLUME 3, ISSUE 1 Remediation of Nickel ion from wastewater by applying various techniques: a review Ameet Kumara, Aamna Baloucha, Ashfaque Ahmed Pathanb, Abdullaha, Muhammad Saqaf Jagirania, Ali Muhammad Mahara, Muneeba Zubaira, Benazir Lagharia. aNational Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry University of Sindh Jamshoro bDepartment of Civil Engineering, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan *Corresponding author email: [email protected] DOI : 10.2478/acmy-2019-0001 Abstract: The remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants from the aqueous environment has touched a certain level with the development of research. Environmental pollution is increasing day by day due to industrial activities which cause a negative effect on human health and the ecosystem. Nowadays, heavy metals have a special concern due to its toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation in nature. Toxic metals like chromium, nickel, arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium are the main contaminants of water because they are non-biodegradable in nature. Nickel is also a toxic metal, mostly used in industries because of its anticorrosion behaviour. As a consequence nickel is present in the wastage of electroplating, tableware, metal finishing, plastics manufacturing, nickel-cadmium batteries, fertilizers and mining industries and these waste have dangerous impact on the human health and environment and causes the diseases i.e. diarrhea, anemia, hepatitis, kidney damage, gastrointestinal distress, skin dermatitis, and central nervous system dysfunction. In the present review article, several techniques are discussed for the treatment of nickel from the industrial environment. The elimination of nickel from wastewater is not important only for economic purposes but also for environmental safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Urine Elements Resource Guide
    Urine Elements Resource Guide Science + Insight doctorsdata.com Doctor’s Data, Inc. Urine Elements Resource Guide B Table of Contents Sample Report Sample Report ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Urine Toxic Metals Profile Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................3 Aluminum .....................................................................................................................................................................................3 Antimony .......................................................................................................................................................................................4 Arsenic ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Barium ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Beryllium ........................................................................................................................................................................................5 Bismuth .........................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • UFC 3-240-13FN Industrial Water Treatment Operation And
    UFC 3-240-13FN 25 May 2005 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED UFC 3-240-13FN 25 May 2005 UNIFIED FACILITIES CRITERIA (UFC) INDUSTRIAL WATER TREATMENT OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE Any copyrighted material included in this UFC is identified at its point of use. Use of the copyrighted material apart from this UFC must have the permission of the copyright holder. U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND (Preparing Activity) AIR FORCE CIVIL ENGINEER SUPPORT AGENCY Record of Changes (changes are indicated by \1\ ... /1/) Change No. Date Location 1 Dec 2005 FOREWORD UFC 3-240-13FN 25 May 2005 FOREWORD \1\ The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) system is prescribed by MIL-STD 3007 and provides planning, design, construction, sustainment, restoration, and modernization criteria, and applies to the Military Departments, the Defense Agencies, and the DoD Field Activities in accordance with USD(AT&L) Memorandum dated 29 May 2002. UFC will be used for all DoD projects and work for other customers where appropriate. All construction outside of the United States is also governed by Status of forces Agreements (SOFA), Host Nation Funded Construction Agreements (HNFA), and in some instances, Bilateral Infrastructure Agreements (BIA.) Therefore, the acquisition team must ensure compliance with the more stringent of the UFC, the SOFA, the HNFA, and the BIA, as applicable. UFC are living documents and will be periodically reviewed, updated, and made available to users as part of the Services’ responsibility for providing technical criteria for military construction. Headquarters, U.S.
    [Show full text]