Analysis of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Kala Sanghian Drain, Jalandhar
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF KALA SANGHIAN DRAIN, JALANDHAR Submitted by SANVIL MALIK in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Under The Guidance of Submitted by KIRTI GOYAL SANVIL MALIK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Rgd No: 11006798 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY Phagwara – 144401, Punjab (India) CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF KALA SANGHIAN DRAIN, JALANDHAR ” in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering with Specialization in Environmental Engineering and submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR, is an authentic record of my own carried out work for a period from JANUARY 2014 to MAY 2015 under the supervision of Ms. KIRTI GOYAL, ASST. PROFESSOR, Department of Civil Engineering. The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree of this or any other University/ Institute. Date: (SANVIL MALIK) This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge. Ms. KIRTI GOYAL Asst. Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Lovely professional university Mrs. Dolonchappa Prabhakar (HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT) CIVIL ENGINEERING Page | 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It has been a long journey since I took up the project topic to this day, when I am standing at completion. Here I would like to express my profound gratitude to the almighty, the merciful and compassionate with whose grace and blessing, I have been able to complete my master’s degree. I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my mentor Ms. Kirti Goyal, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil, for her valuable suggestions, constant guidance and ever encouraging attitude during this study. I am highly thankful to my friends- Chaoba, Anas, Aamir, Sangeeta, Bhawani and Ashwin for their co-operation and help during the study. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents and family, without whom this work would have not been completed. SANVIL MALIK Reg. no -11006798 M.Tech Environmental Engineering LPU Jalandhar Page | 3 ABSTRACT Groundwater is one of earth’s most vital renewable and widely distributed resources as well as an important source of water supply throughout the world. The groundwater quality can be degraded either through natural sources or by the various human activities like industrialization, urbanization etc. In this study, the groundwater quality of the areas in the vicinity of the Kala Sanghian drain, Jalandhar was analyzed. Kala Sanghain drain carries waste from various industries in Jalandhar that worsened the quality of the drain and as the drain is unlined it may affect the quality of the nearby groundwater. Grab sampling was done to collect the samples from different locations. 30 samples were collected from different locations of varying depths along the drain. The analysis of the groundwater for various physicochemical was done according to the standards prescribed in APHA (1998). Geographic Information System was used to generate spatial distribution maps for all the parameters. From the analysis of samples, it was observed that the groundwater quality values for the physicochemical parameters pH, Total Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total Hardness, sulphates, TDS and hardness are all coming within the permissible limits except some pH and sulpahtes samples have value closer to upper limit of the permissible limit. The polluted drain carrying wastes from various industries may be the source of sulphates contamination in few samples of the nearby groundwater. The reason for dwindling quality of water in this region may be due to discharge of the industrial waste into the kala sanghain drain. Hence, rapid and reliable monitoring measures are essential for keeping a close watch on water quality. Page | 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Certificate .......................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 4 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................... …..5-7 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 8 List of Tables .................................................................................................................... 9 List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 11-16 1.1 Background of Study ........................................................................................... 11-14 1.2 Major Objectives ....................................................................................................... 15 1.3 Scope of study ……………………………………………………………………...15 1.3 Overview of Study .................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 17-21 CHAPTER-3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22-27 3.1 Groundwater Analysis .............................................................................................. 22 3.1.1 Sampling and sample preservation .................................................................... 23 3.1.2 Analysis of groundwater quality parameters ..................................................... 24 3.1.2.1Pollution Parameters Analyzed............................................................... 25-27 Page | 5 CHAPTER-4 STUDY AREA 27-30 CHAPTER-5 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 31-51 CHAPTER-6 SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSION 51-52 6.1 SUMMARY of the study .......................................................................................... 51 6.2 RECOMMENDATION …………………………………………………………52-53 Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………...54 REFERENCES ............................................................................................ ………..54-57 Page | 6 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Caption Page No. No. 3.1 Flow Chart for Ground water analysis 21 3.2 Methodology for GIS plotting 27 4.1 SPATIAL REPRESENTATION OF SAMPLING POINTS 31 5.1 pH values 35 5.2 Alkalinity values 37 5.3 Hardness values 39 5.4 Chlorides values 41 5.5 Turbidity values 43 5.6 TDS values 45 5.7 Sulphates values 47 5.8 Spatial representation of sampling points in an enclosed area 48 5.9 Spatial representation pH 49 5.10 Spatial representation Turbidity 49 5.11 Spatial representation Alkalinity 50 5.12 Spatial representation hardness 51 5.13 Spatial representation Chlorides 52 5.14 Spatial representation TDS 53 5.15 Spatial representation sulphates 53 Page | 7 LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page No. 1.1 Substances found naturally in some ground 12 waters which can cause problems in operating wells 1.2 Groundwater pollution causing sources 13 3.1 Methods and instruments used for analysis 22 4.1 Tube wells 29 5.1 Samples location 32-33 5.2 pH value 34-35 5.3 Alkalinity values 36-37 5.4 Hardness values 38-39 5.5 Chlorides values 40-41 5.6 Turbidity values 42-43 5.7 TDS values 44-45 5.8 Sulphates value 46-47 Page | 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS WHO- World Health Organization GIS - Geographic Information System TDS- Total Dissolved Solids TH- Total Hardness AAS- Atomic Absorption Spectrometry BIS- Bureau of Indian Standards USEPA- United States Environment Protection Act ICP-MS - Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry PSQCA - Pakistan Standard Quality Control Authority BOD - Biochemical Oxidation Demand COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand DO - Dissolved Oxygen CGWB- Central Ground Water Board GPS- Global Positioning System Page | 9 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Water is a universal solvent which can dissolve many substances such as organic or inorganic compounds. It is having such an important property but still we cannot have it in pure form. There are different types of water we have on this earth depending upon its source. Water in ponds, river, lakes, glaciers etc. are called as surface water whereas water which we get below the surface of the earth are called as ground water. Ground water is considered as one of the purest form of the water used for many purposes like drinking, washing, agriculture, in factories and industries etc. Groundwater is one of the major source of water used in India. It is one of the easily renewable and widely spread resource used in the world for water supply. Now a days the quality of ground water is one of the major issue ,its quality have been degraded due to many reasons such as intrusion of waste from municipal ,industries, factories, chemical fertilizers etc. are some of its major source. Use of herbicides and pesticides can also create problem in the quality of the groundwater. Due to progressive urbanization, pollution of groundwater have become a major concern have led to many severe environmental and ecological problems. For human consumption water must be free from any chemical substances and organisms in concentration more than enough that can affect our health. In India due to improper facilities water from domestic sewage often get mixed with the effluents coming