ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF KALA SANGHIAN DRAIN, JALANDHAR
Submitted by
SANVIL MALIK
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Under The Guidance of Submitted by KIRTI GOYAL SANVIL MALIK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Rgd No: 11006798
LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Phagwara – 144401, Punjab (India) CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE VICINITY OF KALA SANGHIAN DRAIN, JALANDHAR ” in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil Engineering with Specialization in Environmental Engineering and submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR, is an authentic record of my own carried out work for a period from JANUARY 2014 to MAY 2015 under the supervision of Ms. KIRTI GOYAL, ASST. PROFESSOR, Department of Civil Engineering.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree of this or any other University/ Institute.
Date: (SANVIL MALIK)
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of our knowledge.
Ms. KIRTI GOYAL
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Lovely professional university
Mrs. Dolonchappa Prabhakar
(HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT)
CIVIL ENGINEERING
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It has been a long journey since I took up the project topic to this day, when I am standing at completion. Here I would like to express my profound gratitude to the almighty, the merciful and compassionate with whose grace and blessing, I have been able to complete my master’s degree.
I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my mentor Ms. Kirti Goyal, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil, for her valuable suggestions, constant guidance and ever encouraging attitude during this study.
I am highly thankful to my friends- Chaoba, Anas, Aamir, Sangeeta, Bhawani and Ashwin for their co-operation and help during the study.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents and family, without whom this work would have not been completed.
SANVIL MALIK Reg. no -11006798 M.Tech Environmental Engineering LPU Jalandhar
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ABSTRACT
Groundwater is one of earth’s most vital renewable and widely distributed resources as well as an important source of water supply throughout the world. The groundwater quality can be degraded either through natural sources or by the various human activities like industrialization, urbanization etc. In this study, the groundwater quality of the areas in the vicinity of the Kala Sanghian drain, Jalandhar was analyzed. Kala Sanghain drain carries waste from various industries in Jalandhar that worsened the quality of the drain and as the drain is unlined it may affect the quality of the nearby groundwater. Grab sampling was done to collect the samples from different locations. 30 samples were collected from different locations of varying depths along the drain. The analysis of the groundwater for various physicochemical was done according to the standards prescribed in APHA (1998). Geographic Information System was used to generate spatial distribution maps for all the parameters.
From the analysis of samples, it was observed that the groundwater quality values for the physicochemical parameters pH, Total Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total Hardness, sulphates, TDS and hardness are all coming within the permissible limits except some pH and sulpahtes samples have value closer to upper limit of the permissible limit. The polluted drain carrying wastes from various industries may be the source of sulphates contamination in few samples of the nearby groundwater. The reason for dwindling quality of water in this region may be due to discharge of the industrial waste into the kala sanghain drain. Hence, rapid and reliable monitoring measures are essential for keeping a close watch on water quality.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No. Certificate ...... 2 Acknowledgements ...... 3 Abstract ...... 4 Table of Contents ...... …..5-7 List of Figures ...... 8 List of Tables ...... 9 List of Abbreviations ...... 10
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 11-16 1.1 Background of Study ...... 11-14 1.2 Major Objectives ...... 15 1.3 Scope of study ……………………………………………………………………...15 1.3 Overview of Study ...... 16
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 17-21
CHAPTER-3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22-27 3.1 Groundwater Analysis ...... 22 3.1.1 Sampling and sample preservation ...... 23
3.1.2 Analysis of groundwater quality parameters ...... 24
3.1.2.1Pollution Parameters Analyzed...... 25-27
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CHAPTER-4 STUDY AREA 27-30
CHAPTER-5 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 31-51
CHAPTER-6 SUMMARY AMD CONCLUSION 51-52
6.1 SUMMARY of the study ...... 51
6.2 RECOMMENDATION …………………………………………………………52-53
Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………...54
REFERENCES ...... ………..54-57
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Caption Page No. No. 3.1 Flow Chart for Ground water analysis 21
3.2 Methodology for GIS plotting 27 4.1 SPATIAL REPRESENTATION OF SAMPLING POINTS 31 5.1 pH values 35
5.2 Alkalinity values 37
5.3 Hardness values 39 5.4 Chlorides values 41 5.5 Turbidity values 43 5.6 TDS values 45 5.7 Sulphates values 47 5.8 Spatial representation of sampling points in an enclosed area 48 5.9 Spatial representation pH 49 5.10 Spatial representation Turbidity 49 5.11 Spatial representation Alkalinity 50 5.12 Spatial representation hardness 51 5.13 Spatial representation Chlorides 52 5.14 Spatial representation TDS 53 5.15 Spatial representation sulphates 53
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
1.1 Substances found naturally in some ground 12 waters which can cause problems in operating wells 1.2 Groundwater pollution causing sources 13
3.1 Methods and instruments used for analysis 22
4.1 Tube wells 29
5.1 Samples location 32-33
5.2 pH value 34-35 5.3 Alkalinity values 36-37 5.4 Hardness values 38-39 5.5 Chlorides values 40-41 5.6 Turbidity values 42-43 5.7 TDS values 44-45
5.8 Sulphates value 46-47
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WHO- World Health Organization
GIS - Geographic Information System
TDS- Total Dissolved Solids
TH- Total Hardness
AAS- Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
BIS- Bureau of Indian Standards
USEPA- United States Environment Protection Act
ICP-MS - Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
PSQCA - Pakistan Standard Quality Control Authority
BOD - Biochemical Oxidation Demand
COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand
DO - Dissolved Oxygen
CGWB- Central Ground Water Board
GPS- Global Positioning System
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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Water is a universal solvent which can dissolve many substances such as organic or inorganic compounds. It is having such an important property but still we cannot have it in pure form. There are different types of water we have on this earth depending upon its source. Water in ponds, river, lakes, glaciers etc. are called as surface water whereas water which we get below the surface of the earth are called as ground water. Ground water is considered as one of the purest form of the water used for many purposes like drinking, washing, agriculture, in factories and industries etc. Groundwater is one of the major source of water used in India. It is one of the easily renewable and widely spread resource used in the world for water supply. Now a days the quality of ground water is one of the major issue ,its quality have been degraded due to many reasons such as intrusion of waste from municipal ,industries, factories, chemical fertilizers etc. are some of its major source. Use of herbicides and pesticides can also create problem in the quality of the groundwater. Due to progressive urbanization, pollution of groundwater have become a major concern have led to many severe environmental and ecological problems. For human consumption water must be free from any chemical substances and organisms in concentration more than enough that can affect our health. In India due to improper facilities water from domestic sewage often get mixed with the effluents coming from the industries or factories which in turn cause many problems such as contamination of crops, groundwater contamination and soil degradation etc. Mixing of toxic chemicals, waste from waste disposed site and industrial sites are some of the reasons for the contamination of ground water. The drain carrying the waste from different sources can also cause groundwater pollution to its nearby areas some of the examples are Najafagarh drain (Delhi), Buddha nala (Ludhiana), mirja tannery drain (Unnao) etc.
In urban areas of developing countries about 50% of all groundwater is used and this water is mainly extracted from bore holes, tube wells, springs and wells etc. According to WHO report about 80% disease are caused by water. If ever the groundwater is contaminated then it will be
Page | 10 very hard to restore back its quality. Calcium, sodium, bicarbonate and sulphate ions are some of the common soluble constituents in groundwater. Nitrate is also present in the groundwater but if its concentration is more than the permissible limit then it will cause pollution to ground water.IS: 10500-2012 published some guidelines for the use of drinking water quality. Principal component factor analysis, can be a useful tool to find out the Statistical methods of analysing hydro chemical data.
In this project the groundwater quality is being analyzed in the vicinity areas of Kala Sanghian drain, jalandhar and a pollution mapping is done by using GIS. Combination of both groundwater quality parameters and GIS methods is very useful as GIS provides efficient capacity to visualize the spatial data. Kala Sanghian drain is a drain that carries waste from various industries situated in its vicinity. Various types of industries like leather and tannery, electroplating, textile etc. lie near the drain that discharge its waste into the drain and pollute it. The quality of drain is deteriorated way too far that it can be a problem that it may pollute the nearby groundwater and is mainly polluting the environment also in many ways.
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List of substances found naturally in some ground waters which can cause problems in operating wells:-
Table 1.1:- Substances found naturally in some ground waters which can cause problems in operating wells.
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Following are the groundwater pollution causing sources are as under:-
Table 1.2:- Groundwater pollution causing sources
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1.1 Major Objective
Analysing the groundwater quality in the vicinity of Kala Sanghian drain, Jalandhar and to prepare a pollution map using GIS.
Specific objectives:
Background or base line data for the groundwater quality of the study area. Understanding the quality of the drain. Analyzing the groundwater quality of nearby area of drain and comparing the out coming results with suitable standards. Groundwater quality mapping of the study area by using GIS.
1.2 Scope of study
• The drains/streams carrying the pollution from various sources can be the cause of groundwater pollution in its nearby areas due to percolation of contaminants from drain to subsurface aquifers.
• Quality of groundwater would be checked and measures to control it can be suggested.
• Also treatment methods to control the drain pollution can be given.
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1.3 Overview of the Study
In this dissertation, the major emphasis is to analyze the groundwater quality and preparing the pollution map by the application of GIS.
CHAPTER 1
The dissertation begins with the introduction of the topic and objectives of the study.
CHAPTER 2
In this chapter literature for groundwater pollution and its sources and physico-chemical pollution in groundwater and GIS application in mapping groundwater parameters is given.
CHAPTER 3
This chapter presents the methodology adopted for the study. For achieving the objectives the work is planned on the basis of work elements described in detailed in this chapter. The various instrument used for testing is also described in this chapter.
CHAPTER 4
Study area is defined in this chapter
CHAPTER 5
Results and discussions are presented in this chapter.
CHAPTER 6
In this chapter summary of the study is discussed along with conclusions of the study.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Groundwater Quality characterization was done in the eastern part of the Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh, India. They did the hydro geochemical investigations, to find out the groundwater quality for its usefulness in domestic and irrigation purposes. 45 samples were collected [5]. These are collected from tube wells and other groundwater sources to analyze the water chemistry of various ions, comprising Ca2+, Mg2+, Na +,K +, CO32-, HCO3-,so42- , NO3-, Cl- and F-.In results , the concentrations are well above the permissible limits for both irrigation and drinking purposes. The Pollution was mainly caused due to the excessive use of fertilizers. Another major reason being is that the large scale waste was openly discharged into the open drains. (Sujatha et al 2003)
To find the water quality by W.Q.I, 12 samples were taken from tube wells in Wardha (India). Using W.Q.I. Parameters, such as pH, turbidity, Temp., D.O., B.O.D. in the residential, commercial and agricultural area were calculated and some Other parameters such as E.C., Total hardness, calcium hardness (as CaCO3), SO4 (sulphate), chlorides (as Cl-), Na+ (sodium) and K+ (potassium) etc. Final parameters are compared with B.I.S. (Bureau of Indian Standard). It was found out that the values of these parameters are below the permissible limit [4]. (Rajankar P. N. et. al 2013)
In order to carried out ground water quality status by water quality index at North –East Libya. the groundwater quality was find out for the suitability of drinking water at some 6 places of north-east Libya viz. El-Marj Albayda, Shahat, Susa, Ras al-Hilal and Derna, , by studying the physico chemical parameters [12] . They were 18 parameters and water quality index (15 parameters). Peoples from Libya are aware for ground water quality and purity level and present study will be use full for maintaining the desired levels. The level of the concentration of the
Page | 16 pollutant present in groundwater are under the permissible limit and is fit for drinking and irrigation purposes (G. Achuthan Nair et al 2004)
6 of them studied the groundwater quality of that area in Tamil Naidu. Samples were collected from Ampikapuram area near Uyyakondan channel Tiruchirappalli district. Parameters which they examined are : pH, E.C., T.D.S., Total hardness, D.O., C.O.D., B.O.D., Cl-, NO3 and Mg [9].The W.Q.I for these samples ranged between is 244 to 383.8.the result of their study was that the water need some treatment before its being used and also it must be protected from the intrusion of salt from the adjacent areas. (J Sirajudeen,et al 2013)
To study the Evolution processes of groundwater quality in an urban area (Beijing). Groundwater quality evolution was investigated in an urban area of Beijing with multilayered geological formations. The majority of the samples collected during this investigation were found to contain high concentrations of nitrate, which is a serious water quality issue. The distribution of soluble ions in the groundwater was stratified in the research area because of clay layers. The major components (HCO3-, Cl-, S042-, NO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, Na+, K+, Fe2+ and Mn2+), were measured in the laboratory within 10 days of sampling. The concentration of silica increases to 25 mg/l because silica dissolves from the clay. In the clay bed formation, sodium in the groundwater is exchanged for calcium, which causes an increase in the calcium concentration of the groundwater up to 100 mg/l. Sodium in the groundwater is continually exchanged by the calcium, which results in the concentration of chloride being less than 180 mg/l [7]. Conversely, the concentration of HCO3 increases up to 200 mg/l because of dissolution of the minerals in the clay formation. (Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande et al 2012)
M. E. Soltan [10] studied the evaluation of ground water quality in Dakhla Oasis Egypt. He done the Chemical analyses of ground water and the samples were taken from ten artesian wells. There was observed that the presence of metals and non-metals compounds are polluting the
Page | 17 groundwater. Water quality index (WQI), and saturation index (SI) indicated the suitability of these samples for different uses. Sampling to be done for chemical analyses were collected from 10 wells. The samples were filtered immediately from 0.45 µm filter paper to find out the presence of heavy metals in the water. Parameters such as pH (pH meter), conductivity (conductivity meter, carbonate and bicarbonate (titrimetrically) were measured on site. Cl− (Mohr’s method), SO2− 4 (turbidimetry), PO3− 4 (molybdenum blue method), SiO2 (molybdosilicate method), NO− 2 (modified Griees-Ilosvay method), NO− 3 (chromotropic acid method) were determined after filtration of the water samples.Na and K were measured using flame atomic emission spectroscope. TDS were calculated by passing it from 0.45micro m filter paper. Results clearly shows no sign pollutant in groundwater except Pb, which has the conc. little above the permissible limit.
Studies were done on the ground water pollution due to iron content and water quality in and around, Jagdalpur, Baster district, Chhattisgarh, India. In their study they found out the following parameters viz pH, electrical conductivity(EC),Turbidity, Total dissolved salt (TDS), Sodium(Na), potassium(K), calcium(Ca), chloride(Cl), sulphate(SO4-2), Carbonate(CO3), Bicarbonate (HCO3),fluoride (F-),Total hardness(TH),dissolved oxygen(DO), iron(Fe) were analyzed. For analyzing these parameter, they use the following methods or material :-pH for Elico pH meter, TDS and Conductivity by Turbidometer. Cl-- by Argentmetric, Ca +2/Mg+2 and Total hardness by Titrametric method [17].the result of their study is that Iron, turbidity, total Hardness, TDS value are higher than the permissible and the other parameters are well below the permissible limit. (Bhagirathi Behera et al 2007)
There is a study done on groundwater contamination in an industrial city, Sialkot, Pakistan. Sampling was done by taking the sample from 25 different sources.22 physiochemical parameters including pH, Total Chlorine, Alkalinity, Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Electric Conductivity, Temperature, Turbidity, Sulfate (SO4) Chloride (Cl), Total Hardness, Iodide, Fluoride, Ferric (Fe+3), Nitrate (NO3), Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni) and
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Chromium (Cr) (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Salinity were recorded [11] . There are some parameters such as total hardiness, Zn, Pb, EC, TDS, SO4, Cl, and Fe concentrations were found higher than the permissible limit .results shows that the quality of the ground water is of not of a good quality. (Rizwan Ullah et al 2006)
Another studied was done to assess the Groundwater Quality Parameters in and around Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad. The main aim of this paper is to find out the groundwater quality parameters of the area which is related with catchment area of Ranga Reddy district in Andhra Pradesh tube wells. The sampling is done two times like pre monsoon and post monsoon and it was done between June 2006 and December 2006.results showed that all most all the parameters are well below the permissible limit except total hardness and fluoride concentrations are high. Most of groundwater pollution occurs due to the dumping of waste along the river which then contaminate the groundwater to some extent [36]. Urbanization and industrialization, are the other two major reason that available groundwater is rapidly getting polluted. (Sarala C et al 2006).
Groundwater quality analysis was carried out for Coonoor Taluk in Nilgiri District. Water samples were collected all around the taluk the strategically analysed results are presented in a GIS based water quality mapping [35]. Integrated groundwater quality map of Coonoor Taluk was prepared from the groundwater quality data. Spatial variation map of major water quality parameters like pH, TDS, TH, Sulphate, Chloride, Calcium, Temperature, were prepared for Coonoor Taluk based on these spatial variation maps of major water quality parameters and integrated groundwater quality map of Coonoor Taluk was prepared using GIS ( Subramani T. et al., 2013).
Groundwater in Changchun City, Jilin Province of China assessed for the parameters - temperature, pH, Ca, Mg, CI, HCO3-, NO3-, SO4 -, K, Na, Fe and Mn for both shallow and deep aquifers. The deteriorations of groundwater quality due to the increase of TDS, NO3- and TH contents have been observed from 1991 to 1998 [7]. A mapping using GIS features was done to determine the zones that are mostly affected by inorganic pollution according to the Chinese
Page | 19 quality standard for groundwater (GB/T 14848-1993) and it showed that large proportion of the groundwater in 1998 was deteriorated by human process (Bokar H et al.,2004).
A GIS based groundwater quality mapping has been carried out in the region with the help of data generated from chemical analysis of water samples collected from the basin. Groundwater samples show quality exceedance in terms of chloride, hardness, TDS and salinity [3]. Idrisi 32 GIS software was used for generation of various thematic maps and for spatial analysis and integration to produce the final groundwater quality map. The groundwater quality map shows fragments pictorially representing groundwater zones that are desirable and undesirable for drinking and irrigation purposes (Anbazhagan S. and Nair A.M., 2004).
The study analyzed pre- and post-monsoon physicochemical data of groundwater samples from bore wells spread over the entire district. Spatial distribution maps were generated for hydrogen ion concentration, total dissolved solids, total hardness, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and percent sodium using the geographic information system [15]. It was observed from the study that the groundwater was predominantly hard, alkaline and saline in nature. However, it was within safe limits for domestic use (Goyal S.K et al., 2010).
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CHAPTER 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sampling from different depths was carried out from the various locations in the vicinity of the Kala Sanghain drain. Total 23 samples were collected. 1 sample of 1 liter each from every location were collected for different analysis. Following is the methodology adopted to check the quality of groundwater.
Collection of groundwater samples
(Both deep and shallow aquifers)
Analysis of groundwater samples for physiochemical parameters
Evaluating the groundwater quality by comparing with suitable standards
Generation of water quality map using groundwater quality parameters using GIS
Fig 3.1:- Flow Chart for Ground water analysis
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Physico- chemical parameters: The parameters analysed in this study were pH, Total
Hardness as CaCo3, Chlorides, Alkalinity, sulphates, TDS, Turbidity etc.
Analytical methods and equipment’s used in the study:
The equipment’s used in the analysis of the groundwater samples are given in the table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Methods and instruments used for analysis
S. No Parameter Method Instrument/Equipment
1 pH Electrometric pH meter
2 Total hardness as CaCO3 EDTA titrimetry method Titrimetry
3 Chlorides Argentometric method Titrimetry
4 Total Dissolved Solids Gravimetry method Oven
5 Alkalinity Potentiometric titration Titrimetry
6 Sulphates Turbidimetric Method Turbidometer
7 Turbidity Turbidimetric Method Turbidometer
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3.4 Methods for Analysis
3.4.1 ALKALINITY
METHOD:
Take 100 ml of sample water in conical flask. Add phenolphthalein indicator of 3-4 drops. If no colour is produced, the phenolphthalein alkalinity is absent. If the sample turns pink, titrate with standard N/50 H2SO4 till the pink colour disappears. Record the ml of acid used (designate as P).
Add 1ml of methyl orange to the titrated mixture and re-titrate it with standard N/50 H2SO4 until the first change from yellow to orange red is observed (designate as T).
Titration using phenolphthalein = P
Titration using methyl orange = T
Phenolphthalein alkalinity = P*1000 ml Sample
Total alkalinity = T* 1000 (CaCO3) ml Sample
3.4.2 CHLORIDE
METHOD:
We will take about 100 ml of sample water in a conical flask. Then we will add about 1 ml of indicator known as potassium chromate. After that we titrate it with standard N/35.5 AgNO3 solution. Now the colour of the solution will change from yellow to brick red. Note the amount of titrant used.
- Chlorides as Cl = ml of AgNO3 used for sample * 1000 ml of sample
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3.4.3 pH
METHOD:
Electrometric method was adopted for the determination.
In this experiment first we will standardized the pH meter. It is done by immersing the electrodes in the buffer solution of 4 and 9.2 normally. Now we will read the reading on pH meter and calibrate it, till it shows the correct value. Now we will put the electrode in the distilled water and then it will be immersed in the sample. Read the reading for pH.
3.4.4 TOTAL HARDNESS
METHOD:
EDTA titration method was adopted for the determinate.
Take 25 or 50mL well mixed sample in porcelain dish or conical flask. Add 1-2mL buffer solution followed by 1mL inhibitor. Add a pinch of Eriochrome black T and titrate with standard EDTA (0.01M) till wine red colour changes to blue, note down the volume of EDTA required (A). Run a reagent blank. Note the volume of EDTA (B). Calculate volume of EDTA required by sample, C = (A-B). For natural waters of low hardness, take a larger sample volume, i.e. 100- 1000mL for titration and add proportionately larger amounts of buffer, inhibitor and indicator.
Total hardness as CaCO mg/L = C x D x 1000 / mL sample 3 Where, C = volume of EDTA required by sample D = mg CaCO equivalent to 1mL EDTA titrant 3
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3.4.6 TDS
3.4.7 Sulphate
Take 1 ml of Barium Chloride 25% soln each in two different measuring cylinders. Add 1.5 ml Ethanolic sulphate standard solution 10 PPM each in both cylinders. Mix and allow to stand for 2 minutes. Add 15 ml Filtered Water Sample in one cylinder mark as 'SAMPLE'. Add 15 ml Standard Sulphate solution 10 PPM in one cylinder mark as 'STANDARD'. Add 0.15 ml Acetic acid 5M solution each in both cylinders and stirr well with glass rod. Make up the volume of both the cylinders up to 50 ml with distilled water and stirr well. Set aside both the cylinders for 10 minutes protected from light.
Fill the Nessler cylinder tube with Standard solution. Note down the display reading. Repeat the process for 3 times and Note down the average of all 3 values. Fill the Nessler cylinder tube with Sample solution. Note down the display reading. Repeat the process for 3 times and Note down the average of all 3 values.
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METHODOLOGY FOR GIS PLOTTING FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY
The source map of the area was imported into the software through the steps of scanning, import, creation of coordinate system and georeferencing. The borehole locations captured using GPS were located on the digitized. The various spatial features (well location) were digitized. Interpolation operation used to prepare vulnerability maps different quality parameters.
Toposheets of Kapurthala and Jalandhar districts were scanned and the raster image is formed in the arcGIS (arcMaps 10.1). Then the image is geo referenced. Then digitization is done for the spatial feature i.e. well locations. Then spatial variation was done for various parameters and finally a quality map was prepared for all the parameters.
The figure 3.2 below shows the general methodology adopted for the GIS mapping of the parameters.
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Topographic sheets Field data
Groundwater sampling
Analysi s of water
GIS and Thematic map generation
Spatial analysis of Groundwater
Groundwater quality
Fig. 3.2:- Methodology for GIS plotting
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CHAPTER 4
STUDY AREA
Jalandhar, the central most district of Punjab State is located between 300 59’: 310 37’ north latitudes and 750 04’ : 750 57’ east longitudes. Total geographical area of the district is 2662 sq.km. Administratively, the district is controlled by Jalandhar division. The district is sub- divided into ten development blocks namely Adampur, Bhogpur, Jalandhar East and West, Phillaur, Rurka Kalan, Nurmahal, Nakodar, Shahkot and Lohian. The total population of district was 19, 53,508 as per 2001 Census, which constitutes 8.04 % of the total population of the state. Jalandhar district has observed a growth (1991-2001) rate of 18.40 %. Population density of district is 742 person/sq.km having a literacy rate of 77.91%.
WATER SUPPLY SOURCE:
At present there are two main sources of surface water available to the city which includes Beas and Kali Bein River. Due to limitations in respect of quality and quantity, these sources cannot be used for water supply to the city. The availability of water and the quality of water for the purpose of water supply to the city has been detailed below: - Beas River is situated on the western side approximately at a distance of 35 km from the city. However, the river remains dry during major part of the year, due to construction of dams on the upstream side, on other rivers in which water of Beas has been added. It is only during monsoon season that the river has sufficient amount of water flowing into it. Hence the river not being perennial cannot be used as a source of water supply to the city. Kali Bein which originates from village Budho Pinder in Hoshiarpur district is actually converted to drain because the entire urban center lying on the bank of Kali Bein throws sewerage into it. Baba Seechewal has tried his best with the help of Punjab Government to clean it, although how some condition is better but it cannot be used as water source.
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Number of Tube Wells and amount of Water extracted Items Quantity(No.) Remark Total no of tube wells 320 Depth varying between 180 to 460 Deep tube well 305 Depth 400 ft. and above Shallow tube well 15 Depth 180 ft. and above Total amount of water 320 extracted
Table 4.1:- Number of tube wells
Tube well irrigation
There are 92,734 shallow tube wells ranging in depth from 25 to 60m and provide irrigation to 200349 ha area which constitutes about 88.09% of the total irrigated area. Discharge of these shallow tube wells ranged between 100 and 800 lpm with a drawdown of 1.0 to 3.5m. A large number of shallow tube wells generally exist in the blocks lying in southern parts and deep tube wells exist only in Shahkot and Lohian blocks of the district. This is primarily due to occurrence of relatively finer grained sediments in these blocks.
Ground Water Potential (As on 31.03.2004)
Net annual ground water availability: 113,203 ham
Gross annual ground water draft : 287,117 ham
Net ground water available for future use: -175,217 ham
Stage of ground water development: 254 %
Number of over-exploited blocks : All 10 blocks
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Kala Sanghian drain originates from raowali village, Jalandhar and flows through Bulandpur, focal point, leather complex in Jalandhar city and goes to chiti bein through many villages in the vicinity, and east (chiti) bein finally connects with the satluj. Many industries which are located in the vicinity area of the Kala Sanghian drain draw off their waste into it which is the major cause of pollution in the drain. The total length of the drain from the point of origin to the point where it meets east (chiti) bein is 4408 metres.
Kala Sanghian drain is a drain that carries waste from various industries situated in its vicinity. Various types of industries like leather and tannery, electroplating, textile etc. lie near the drain that discharge its waste into the drain and pollute it
CLUSTER NO. & NAME OF INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER
1 Industrial Focal Point Jalandhar city
2 Industrial Focal Point Extension Jalandhar city.
3 Sports & Surgical Goods Complex Jalandhar city
4 Leather Complex Jalandhar city
5 Industrial Area Jalandhar city
6 Industrial Estate Jalandhar city
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FIG 4.1: - SPATIAL REPRESENTATION OF SAMPLING POINTS
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Chapter 5 Results and discussion
After analysing all thirty samples for the given parameters, we got the following results and the results are shown in the tabulated form. The details of the various site locations is given in the table 5.1
Sample Location GPS location Approx. no. distance from
Latitude (N) Longitude (E) drain in meters
S1 Focal point 170.4 31o 19’ 31.386” N 75o 31’ 16.832” E (house 1)
S2 Focal point 203.7 31o 21’ 36.449” N 75o 33’ 49.249” E (house 2)
S3 Near canal 31o 21’ 25.919” N 75o 33’ 54.108” E 141
S4 Tea shop (kala 203 31o 21’ 26.330” N 75o 33’ 21.542” E nagar)
S5 Kala colony 76.4 31o 21’ 30.664” N 75o 33’ 21.887” E (house 1)
S6 Kala colony 104 31o 21’ 12.864” N 75o 32’ 57.267” E (house 2)
S7 Kala colony 351.7 31o 21’ 02.939” N 75o 33’ 02.289” E (house 3)
S8 Factory 1 17.3 31o 21’ 06.248” N 75o 33’ 02.138” E (Nakodar)
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S9 Leather industry 31o 21’ 57,341” N 75o 34’ 24.995” E 417
S10 Factory 2 226 31o 21’ 56.99” N 75o 34’ 21.918” E (nakodar)
S11 Near bakery 179 31o 22’ 10.335” N 75o 35’ 15.491” E chandan nagar
S12 Industrial area 361 31o 22’ 21.142” N 75o 35’ 21.823” E (P1)
S13 Industrial area 55 31o 22’ 31.890” N 75o 35’ 16.920” E (P2)
S14 Meat shop 20 31o 22’ 31.694” N 75o 35’ 25.436” E (industrial area)
S15 Near railway 31o 22’ 8.371” N 75o 34’ 31.215” E 63.4
S16 Tanya chemicals 171.1 31o 21’ 57.575” N 75o 34’ 03.564” E
S17 Near playground 101
(Gobind nagar) 31o 22’ 08.402” N 75o 33’ 54.608” E
S18 Near temple 31o 20’ 23.548” N 75o 32’ 07.523” E 23
S19 Near petrol pump 461.2 31o 20’ 34.703” N 75o 32’ 03.599” E (focal point)
S20 Ramdas colony 31o 20’ 48.930” N 75o 32’ 23.446” E 89.9
S21 Bulandpur 31o 20’ 56.618” N 75o 32’ 19.796” E 27
o S22 DAV 31 26’ 33.403” N 75o 12’ 44.599” E 78
S23 Lazeez foods 142 31o 77’ 23.654” N 75o 65’ 62.122” E junc.
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pH:-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER DESIRABLE LIMIT
1 S1 7.5 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
2 S2 7.8 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
3 S3 7.9 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
4 S4 7.1 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
5 S5 7.2 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
6 S6 7.2 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
7 S7 7.4 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
8 S8 7.8 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
9 S9 7.1 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
10 S10 7 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
11 S11 7.3 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
12 S12 7.4 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
13 S13 7.6 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
14 S14 7.2 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
15 S15 7.6 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
16 S16 7.1 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
17 S17 7.3 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
18 S18 7.9 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
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19 S19 7.2 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
20 S20 8.1 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
21 S21 7.9 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
22 S22 7.2 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
23 S23 7.6 6.5-8.5 Under the permissible limit
Table 5.2:- pH value of samples
PH
pH 8.1 7.8 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.9 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.1 7 7.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 samples
Fig 5.1:- pH value of samples
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Alkalinity:-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER DESIRABLE LIMIT
( mg/L)
1 S1 143 200mg/L Under the limit
2 S2 161 200mg/L Under the limit
3 S3 156 200mg/L Under the limit
4 S4 88 200mg/L Under the limit
5 S5 102 200mg/L Under the limit
6 S6 167 200mg/L Under the limit
7 S7 46 200mg/L Under the limit
8 S8 91 200mg/L Under the limit
9 S9 115 200mg/L Under the limit
10 S10 101 200mg/L Under the limit
11 S11 89 200mg/L Under the limit
12 S12 61 200mg/L Under the limit
13 S13 172 200mg/L Under the limit
14 S14 163 200mg/L Under the limit
15 S15 133 200mg/L Under the limit
16 S16 147 200mg/L Under the limit
17 S17 94 200mg/L Under the limit
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18 S18 107 200mg/L Under the limit
19 S19 147 200mg/L Under the limit
20 S20 139 200mg/L Under the limit
21 S21 114 200mg/L Under the limit
22 S22 136 200mg/L Under the limit
23 S23 144 200mg/L Under the limit
Table 5.3:- Alkalinity value of samples
Alkalinity 200 180 160 140 120 100 167 172 80 161 156 163 147 147 144 143 133 139 136 60 115 107 114 102 101 94 40 88 91 89 61 20 46 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Fig 5.2:- Alkalinity value of sample
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Hardness:-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 DESIRABLE COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER ( LIMIT mg/L) 1 S1 113 200mg/L Under the limit
2 S2 136 200mg/L Under the limit
3 S3 184 200mg/L Under the limit
4 S4 82 200mg/L Under the limit
5 S5 189 200mg/L Under the limit
6 S6 116 200mg/L Under the limit
7 S7 141 200mg/L Under the limit
8 S8 115 200mg/L Under the limit
9 S9 184 200mg/L Under the limit
10 S10 101 200mg/L Under the limit
11 S11 132 200mg/L Under the limit
12 S12 174 200mg/L Under the limit
13 S13 136 200mg/L Under the limit
14 S14 142 200mg/L Under the limit
15 S15 110 200mg/L Under the limit
16 S16 133 200mg/L Under the limit
17 S17 147 200mg/L Under the limit
18 S18 94 200mg/L Under the limit
19 S19 107 200mg/L Under the limit
20 S20 147 200mg/L Under the limit
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21 S21 139 200mg/L Under the limit
22 S22 136 200mg/L Under the limit
23 S23 114 200mg/L Under the limit
Table 5.4:- Hardness value of samples
HARDNESS
189 184 184 174 147 147 136 141 132 136 142 133 139 136 113 116 115 110 107 114 101 94 82
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Fig 5.3:- Hardness value
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Chlorides:-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 DESIRABLE COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER ( LIMIT mg/L) 1 S1 107 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
2 S2 81 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
3 S3 94 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
4 S4 75 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
5 S5 42 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
6 S6 66 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
7 S7 79 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
8 S8 93 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
9 S9 72 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
10 S10 42 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
11 S11 108 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
12 S12 42 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
13 S13 56 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
14 S14 86 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
15 S15 76 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
16 S16 104 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
17 S17 59 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
18 S18 114 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
19 S19 103 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
20 S20 94 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
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21 S21 107 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
22 S22 77 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
23 S23 67 250 mg/L Under the permissible limit
Table 5.5:- Chlorides value of samples
CHLORIDE
114 108 107 104 103 107 94 93 94 86 81 79 77 75 72 76 66 67 56 59 42 42 42
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Fig 5.4:- Chloride value
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Turbidity:-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER ( DESIRABLE LIMIT NTU) 1 S1 4.5 5 Under the permissible limit
2 S2 4 5 Under the permissible limit
3 S3 3 5 Under the permissible limit
4 S4 3.6 5 Under the permissible limit
5 S5 4.2 5 Under the permissible limit
6 S6 3.9 5 Under the permissible limit
7 S7 3.6 5 Under the permissible limit
8 S8 4.2 5 Under the permissible limit
9 S9 2.9 5 Under the permissible limit
10 S10 3.7 5 Under the permissible limit
11 S11 4 5 Under the permissible limit
12 S12 3.6 5 Under the permissible limit
13 S13 3.5 5 Under the permissible limit
14 S14 4.7 5 Under the permissible limit
15 S15 2.7 5 Under the permissible limit
16 S16 3.8 5 Under the permissible limit
17 S17 4 5 Under the permissible limit
18 S18 3.7 5 Under the permissible limit
19 S19 4.6 5 Under the permissible limit
20 S20 3.5 5 Under the permissible limit
21 S21 3 5 Under the permissible limit
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22 S22 4.2 5 Under the permissible limit
23 S23 3.7 5 Under the permissible limit
Table 5.6:- Turbidity values of sample
TURBIDITY
4.5 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 4 3.9 4 3.8 4 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.7 3 3 2.9 2.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Fig 5.5:- Turbidity value
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TDS:-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 DESIRABLE COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER ( LIMIT mg/L) 1 S1 192 500 Under the permissible limit
2 S2 237 500 Under the permissible limit
3 S3 177 500 Under the permissible limit
4 S4 201 500 Under the permissible limit
5 S5 149 500 Under the permissible limit
6 S6 251 500 Under the permissible limit
7 S7 289 500 Under the permissible limit
8 S8 139 500 Under the permissible limit
9 S9 224 500 Under the permissible limit
10 S10 199 500 Under the permissible limit
11 S11 192 500 Under the permissible limit
12 S12 298 500 Under the permissible limit
13 S13 256 500 Under the permissible limit
14 S14 273 500 Under the permissible limit
15 S15 146 500 Under the permissible limit
16 S16 252 500 Under the permissible limit
17 S17 172 500 Under the permissible limit
18 S18 192 500 Under the permissible limit
19 S19 149 500 Under the permissible limit
20 S20 245 500 Under the permissible limit
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21 S21 287 500 Under the permissible limit
22 S22 135 500 Under the permissible limit
23 S23 286 500 Under the permissible limit
Table 5.6:- TDS
TDS
289 298 273 287 286 251 256 252 245 237 224 192 201 199 192 192 177 172 149 139 146 149 135
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Fig 5.6:- TDS
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Sulphates :-
S.No. Samples VALUE OF IS10500:1991 DESIRABLE COMPARISION RESULT PARAMETER ( LIMIT mg/L) 1 S1 73 200 Under the permissible limit
2 S2 177 200 Under the permissible limit
3 S3 63 200 Under the permissible limit
4 S4 92 200 Under the permissible limit
5 S5 101 200 Under the permissible limit
6 S6 180 200 Under the permissible limit
7 S7 69 200 Under the permissible limit
8 S8 73 200 Under the permissible limit
9 S9 76 200 Under the permissible limit
10 S10 83 200 Under the permissible limit
11 S11 175 200 Under the permissible limit
12 S12 87 200 Under the permissible limit
13 S13 78 200 Under the permissible limit
14 S14 89 200 Under the permissible limit
15 S15 76 200 Under the permissible limit
16 S16 177 200 Under the permissible limit
17 S17 82 200 Under the permissible limit
18 S18 104 200 Under the permissible limit
19 S19 116 200 Under the permissible limit
20 S20 85 200 Under the permissible limit
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21 S21 169 200 Under the permissible limit
22 S22 78 200 Under the permissible limit
23 S23 66 200 Under the permissible limit
Table 5.7:- Sulphates
Sulphates 200
180
160
140
120
100 177 180 175 177 80 169
60 116 101 104 92 83 87 89 82 85 40 73 73 76 78 76 78 63 69 66 20
0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17 S18 S19 S20 S21 S22 S23
Fig 5.7:- Sulphates
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Now by using GIS we have produced pollution map depending upon the data that we have found through experiments:-
Fig 5.8:- Spatial representation of sampling points in an enclosed area
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Fig 5.9:- Spatial representation of pH
Fig 5.10:- Spatial representation of Turbidity
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Fig 5.11:- Spatial representation of Alkalinity
Fig 5.12:- spatial representation of Hardness
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Fig 5.13:- Spatial representation of chlorides
Fig: - 5.14: Spatial representation of TDS
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Fig 5.15:- Spatial representation of Sulphates
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Chapter 5 Summary and conclusion
In this chapter, the findings of the research works carried out in this thesis are summarized and the conclusions emerging from the study presented.
The results for the physicochemical parameters which includes pH, Total Alkalinity, total hardness, Chlorides, sulphtaes. Are coming under the permissible limits. The values for the pH are ranging from 7-8.1. The results for the parameter total alkalinity are coming under the permissible limits. The values for the total alkalinity are ranging from 46-172 mg/L. The total hardness values are ranging from 82 mg/L to 189 mg/L. The value of chloride in the samples varies from 42 mg/L to 114 mg/L. The sulphates in the samples is varying from 63 mg/L to 180 mg/L. The turbidity of samples is varying from 2.7-4.7.
Conclusion:-
From 23 different locations the sampling of groundwater is done and from these location, different types of parameters were checked and these parameters such as pH, turbidity, TDS, chlorides, sulphates, Alkalinity and hardness. All are having values under the permissible limit. but values of pH and sulphates are just below the upper limit of permissible limit so monitoring is required and also keep on checking the wastes coming from factories and industries is treated or not as it is the main source of causing the water pollution in that area .
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Recommendations:-
People who are not used to drinking water of high levels of sulfates can experience dehydration and diarrhea. Kids are often more sensitive to sulfate than adults. High levels may cause severe chronic diarrhea and in some cases can cause death. High sulfate level may also be corrosive for plumbing, particularly copper piping. In areas with high sulfate levels, it is common to use corrosion resistant plumbing materials, such as plastic pipe. There are three types of treatment systems that will remove sulfates from your drinking water: reverse osmosis, distillation, or ion exchange.
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