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Ignacio Manuel Altamirano's Journey from 'Indio Puro' to Cultural Mestizo

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Ignacio Manuel Altamirano's Journey from 'Indio Puro' to Cultural Mestizo University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository Spanish and Portuguese ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2012 IGNACIO MANUEL ALTAMIRANO'S JOURNEY FROM 'INDIO PURO' TO CULTURAL MESTIZO: INDIGENOUS IDENTITY, MESTIZAJE, AND NATIONALISM IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY MEXICO Angelica Sanchez-Clark Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds Recommended Citation Sanchez-Clark, Angelica. "IGNACIO MANUEL ALTAMIRANO'S JOURNEY FROM 'INDIO PURO' TO CULTURAL MESTIZO: INDIGENOUS IDENTITY, MESTIZAJE, AND NATIONALISM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICO." (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/span_etds/30 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Spanish and Portuguese ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. i Angélica M. Sánchez-Clark Candidate Spanish and Portuguese Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Dr. Miguel López, Chairperson Dr. Tey Diana Rebolledo Dr. Kathryn McKnight Dr. Kimberle López Dr. Linda B. Hall Dr. Joseph P. Sánchez ii IGNACIO MANUEL ALTAMIRANO’S JOURNEY FROM “INDIO PURO” TO CULTURAL MESTIZO: INDIGENOUS IDENTITY, MESTIZAJE, AND NATIONALISM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICO by ANGÉLICA M. SÁNCHEZ-CLARK B.A; Spanish, University of New Mexico, 1992 M.A; Spanish, University of New Mexico, 1995 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Spanish and Portuguese The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December 2011 iii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family, near and wide, who have had to make sacrifices in order for me to complete this journey. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I began this journey more than ten years ago, in 2000, when Dr. Joseph P. Sánchez, director of the Spanish Colonial Research Center (SCRC), a partnership between the National Park Service and the University of New Mexico, convinced me that I needed to return to graduate school for my doctorate. With the support of Dr. Sánchez, the wonderful faculty of the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, especially Dr. Diana Rebolledo and Dr. Anthony Cárdenas, I made the decision to accept the challenge of attending graduate school on a part-time basis while raising a family and working full- time for the SCRC. My rather large dissertation committee reflects the many professional and personal relationships I have developed throughout my many years at UNM. First and foremost, I thank Dr. Miguel López, my committee chair, for taking the time to reassure me throughout this process that, yes, indeed, my research and my work reflected a level of professionalism that meant I was ready to defend my dissertation. I thank Dr. Diana Rebolledo, who has known me since my undergraduate days so many years ago and who has never wavered in her support of my goals. She graciously agreed to serve first on my committee of studies and then on my dissertation committee, even though she was constantly threatening to retire. I am so grateful that I was able to finish my dissertation before she followed through on her threat. I have also worked for many years with Dr. Kathryn McKnight as a graduate student and through my work at the SCRC. I hope she knows that her integrity, her scholarship, and her dedication to her students and their work make her a very special person. Her constructive criticism and revisions, along v with her words of encouragement, have made this a better dissertation. I also thank Dr. Kimberle López for her careful editing of my dissertation. Her suggestions regarding organization and content not only improved my work but have paved the way to hopefully a better publication. I am grateful to Dr. Linda Hall, Department of History, for graciously agreeing to serve as my outside reader. I have known Dr. Hall for several years through my work at the SCRC and appreciate her support. Finally, once more, I thank Dr. Joseph P. Sánchez, who has played several important roles in my life throughout the last twenty-two years. As my employer and mentor, he has afforded me many opportunities to develop and grow in my professional career, first with UNM and now with the National Park Service. As a member of my committee, his knowledge of and insight into Mexican history, from its colonial past to the present, his encouragement and support of my archival research trips, and his suggestions and comments throughout the editing process, have enriched the interdisciplinary aspects of my dissertation. In many ways, the Department of Spanish and Portuguese has been like a home to me since the late 1980s. So many of the people that I met over the years have moved on, as it should be, but I would like to take the time to acknowledge their support. Rosario Johnson, who recently retired, has guided many students, including myself, through the labyrinth of paperwork, contracts, and graduation requirements, and always with a smile. She will be missed. I am also very grateful for the assistance that Martha Hurd has provided me over the years. She always reassured me that she never tired of my endless questions regarding forms, requirements, or professor’s office hours. I’m not sure that I believe her, but her smiles always seemed sincere! vi I met my best friend, María Campos, when we were both undergraduates at UNM majoring in Spanish. Our friendship has evolved and remained strong over the last 20 years, as we both entered graduate school, married, and had children. María has never failed to tell me how proud she is of me, yet, as a Spanish high school teacher for over 17 years, she is the one that deserves all the praise. Gracias, amiga, por todo tu apoyo. I would also like to take this time to thank the many other people at the Spanish Colonial Research Center who have enriched my life with their friendship over so many years. Gracias a mi amiga y colega, Elsa Delgado—you never doubted that I could do this, and for that I will always be appreciative. To Edwina, who, along with Dr. Sánchez, has been a witness to my many years of undergraduate and graduate work. Thank you for your support and advice as I tried to balance it all. To Natali Arango, who reminds me every so often that I am still young! That means a lot, coming from someone young enough to be my daughter. To Héctor Contreras, who is currently working on his own dissertation, for our long-standing Saturday meetings to discuss our research and work because, really, who else was going to listen? Mil gracias por tu apoyo—¡ahora te toca a tí! Finally, to Dr. John H. White, who recently completed this process in 2010 and who has been able to offer me not only encouragement, but “real life” advice on how to get this done. My parents, Luis G. Sánchez and M. Teresa Camargo de Sánchez, have patiently and lovingly waited a long time for this moment. My father is one of the most intelligent, well-read, sharp individuals that I have ever met. He and his family—my grandparents, many aunts, uncles, and cousins—have served as role models for always striving for excellence and are largely responsible for why I pursued a higher education. My mother vii inspires me with her fierce dedication to her children and grandchildren. Without her help, and that of her sister, my nina Paulita, I would not have been able to go on my research and work trips; they were always ready to help my husband with our three children when I wasn’t there. We could not have done it without them. Gracias, Mami. Gracias, Nina. Las quiero mucho. Finally, I thank my husband, W. Bob Clark, for all his love and help over the last 25 years. We started out so young and have now been married for almost 20 years. We have three sons, W. Erick, Nicholas, and Christopher, who have grown up with a mom who worked full-time and who also happened to be a graduate student. When I began the doctoral program, I was pregnant with Nicholas; Erick was only two years old. As I arranged to take my last class in the program and prepare for the comprehensive exams, I discovered that Christopher, our little surprise, would be joining our family. I honestly did not know if I should—or could—continue with my graduate program at that time, but with my family’s help and support, I was able to soldier on. I am keenly aware of the sacrifices my family has had to make, even if they aren’t. I hope I can make it up to them over the next 25 years. viii IGNACIO MANUEL ALTAMIRANO’S JOURNEY FROM “INDIO PURO” TO CULTURAL MESTIZO: INDIGENOUS IDENTITY, MESTIZAJE, AND NATIONALISM IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MEXICO by ANGÉLICA M. SÁNCHEZ-CLARK B.A; Spanish, University of New Mexico, 1992 M.A; Spanish, University of New Mexico, 1995 Ph.D.; Spanish, University of New Mexico, 2011 ABSTRACT Like many Mexican Liberal intellectuals, Ignacio Manuel Altamirano (b. Tixtla, Guerrero, 1834; d. San Remo, Italy, 1893) played a central role in defining the role that the mestizo—and, by force of circumstance, the Indian—would play in the formation of national identity after Mexico’s independence from Spain. This dissertation examines Altamirano’s literary and political works, as well as his personal correspondence, and his experiences as a soldier, educator, and politician, in order to understand how Altamirano, represented as an “indio puro” who underwent the transformation to mestizo, exemplifies the link between Mexico’s colonial past and its struggle to define its national identity.
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