DOCSLIB.ORG

Front Matter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Front Matter Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey Professor of Communicable Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Geoffrey Gill Professor of International Medicine, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK Sir Eldryd Parry Honorary Professor, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Martin W. Weber Team Leader, Maternal and Child Health, World Health Organization, Jakarta, Indonesia Christopher J.M. Whitty Professor of International Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107002517 © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First edition first published 1976 Second edition first published 1991 Third edition first published 2004 Fourth edition first published 2013 Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Principles of medicine in Africa / edited by David Mabey ...[et al.]. – 4th ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-107-00251-7 (Hardback) I. Mabey, David. [DNLM: 1. Tropical Medicine–methods–Africa. 2. Public Health Practice–Africa. WC 680] 616.0096–dc23 2011046380 ISBN 978-1-107-00251-7 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted stand- ards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information Contents List of contributors viii Foreword by Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyseus xiv Section 1 – Health and disease Section 3 – Infection: general principles 1. People and the environment 1 13. The immune response to infection 149 Gail Davey and Eldryd Parry Stephen Cose, Pontiano Kaleebu, Alison M. Elliott and Hilton C. Whittle 2. Food and nutrition 24 Andrew Prentice and Chidi Nweneka 14. Approach to the febrile patient 169 David Mabey and Christopher J. M. Whitty 3. Refugees and disasters 46 Michael D. E. Pelly and Timothy D. Healing 15. The control and prevention of infection 176 Andrew J. Hall 4. Managing a health service with management and financing of drug supply 53 Heiner Grosskurth, Ruari Brugha, Benson Droti Section 4 – Major common infections and Susan Foster 16. Malaria 182 Christopher J. M. Whitty and Evelyn K. Ansah Section 2 – Mother and child health 17. HIV/AIDS 195 5. The pregnant patient 70 Alison D. Grant, Gisela Schneider, Gareth Camilla Buchanan, Peter Olute Okoth Tudor-Williams and Andrew Kambugu and Amha Achamyelew Yigzaw 18. Tuberculosis 232 6. Neonatal care 80 Anthony D. Harries, Rony Zachariah, Rhehab Chimzizi, Giorgio Tamburlini and Fabio Uxa Felix M. Salaniponi and Stephen D. Lawn 7. The integrated management of childhood 19. Pneumonia in adults 254 illness (IMCI) 88 J. Anthony G. Scott, Richard Adegbola Martin W. Weber, Ayo Palmer and and Stephen B. Gordon E. Kim Mulholland 20. Meningitis 266 8. Severe acute malnutrition in childhood 103 Brian M. Greenwood Sam Akech, Steve Collins and James A. Berkley 21. Sexually transmitted infections 276 9. Diarrhoea 113 Philippe Mayaud, Francis J. Ndowa, John Richens Martin W. Weber and Melita Gordon and David Mabey 10. Pneumonia and other acute lower respiratory tract infections in children 123 Section 5 – Bacterial infections Martin W. Weber and E. Kim Mulholland 22. Typhoid, paratyphoid and non-typhoid Salmonella 11. 135 Measles infections 308 Hilton C. Whittle and Assan Jaye Nicholas Feasey and Melita Gordon 12. 145 Pertussis 23. Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus 316 E. Kim Mulholland Stephen B. Gordon v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information Contents 24. Rickettsial infections 322 Section 7 – Protozoal infections Oleg Mediannikov, Philippe Parola and Didier Raoult 42. Leishmaniasis 400 25. 329 Brucellosis Ed E. Zijlstra and Ahmed M. Musa Robin Bailey 43. Human African trypanosomiasis 415 26. 332 Leptospirosis August Stich Robin Bailey 44. Amoebiasis 423 27. 334 Relapsing fever Ed E. Zijlstra Daniel Fekade and Eldryd Parry 45. Intestinal protozoa 429 28. 338 Plague Paul Kelly and Isaac Zulu Christopher J. M. Whitty 29. Anthrax 341 – Gisela Schneider Section 8 Helminth infections 46. 434 30. Tetanus 345 Intestinal helminths Charles R. Newton Michael Brown, Donald A. P. Bundy and Simon Brooker 47. 441 31. Diphtheria 351 Schistosomiasis Christopher J. M. Whitty Anthony E. Butterworth, John H. Ouma, Birgitte J. Vennervald and David W. Dunne 32. Leprosy 352 48. Lymphatic filariasis and loa loa 453 Diana N. J. Lockwood, Saba M. Lambert and Stephen L. Walker Camilla Rothe and Christopher J. M. Whitty 49. 456 33. Cholera 363 Onchocerciasis Melita Gordon and Nicholas Feasey Michele E. Murdoch and Ian E. Murdoch 50. Cysticercosis 466 Section 6 – Viral infections Tom Doherty and Maria Vang Johansen 51. Hydatid disease 468 34. Viral haemorrhagic fevers: yellow fever, Helen Ayles and Anna Checkley Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Ebola/Marburg fever and Crimean-Congo fever 368 52. Paragonimiasis 473 Jan ter Meulen and Benjamin Jeffs Camilla Rothe 35. Dengue 376 53. Trichinellosis 475 Jeremy Farrar and Amadou Alpha Sall Anna Checkley 36. Rabies 380 54. Guinea worm 476 Mary J. Warrell and David A. Warrell Sandy Cairncross 37. Influenza 388 Christopher J. M. Whitty Section 9 – Fungal infections 38. Poliomyelitis 389 55. Fungal infections 479 R. Bruce Aylward, Sam Okiror Roderick J. Hay and Deo Nshimirimana 39. Varicella (chickenpox), herpes zoster – 488 and monkeypox 394 Section 10 Non-communicable diseases Andrew J. Hall 56. Chronic and non-communicable disease in Africa 40. Rubella 396 Eldryd Parry and Patrick T. Lee Philip Gothard 57. Chronic non-communicable disease in health care 493 41. Mumps 398 Patrick T. Lee and Eldryd Parry Philip Gothard vi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00251-7 - Principles of Medicine in Africa, Fourth Edition Edited by David Mabey, Geoffrey Gill, Sir Eldryd Parry, Martin W. Weber and Christopher J. M. Whitty Frontmatter More information Contents 58. Diabetes mellitus 498 71. Bones and joints 720 Geoffrey Gill and Jean-Claude Mbanya Mohammed Tikly, Ade Adebajo and Paul E. McGill 59. Hypertension 510 Richard W. Walker and Richard Edwards 72. Endocrinology 733 Charles H. Todd, Kenneth Huddle and 60. Stroke 524 Geoffrey Gill Myles Connor and Alan Bryer 73. The nervous system 746 61. Epilepsy 531 Peter Newman, Peter Cleland and Richard W. Walker Martin C. Prevett and Charles R. Newton 74. The skin 779 62. Mental health 543 Bernard Naafs, John Masenga and Tjip S. van Oye Gureje and Bibilola Oladeji der Werf 63. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 75. The eye 811 (COPD) and exposure to indoor air pollution 566 Allen Foster and Richard J. C. Bowman Duncan G. Fullerton, Kevin Mortimer and Stephen B. Gordon 64. The disabled patient 578 Section 12 – Cancer and palliative care Chris Lavy 76. Cancers and lymphomas 827 Sam M. Mbulaiteye, John L. Ziegler and Edward Section 11 – Diseases of body systems Katongole-Mbidde 77.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ASTMH 65Th Annual Meeting Atlanta Marriott Marquis and Hilton Atlanta Atlanta, GA Pre-Registration List As of October 27, 2016
    ASTMH 65th Annual Meeting Atlanta Marriott Marquis and Hilton Atlanta Atlanta, GA Pre-Registration List as of October 27, 2016 *John Aaskov, PhD FRCPath Denise Abud Oladokun Adedamola Adesunloye, Queensland University of Technology Sanofi Pastuer Federal Ministry of Health(FMC) Australia USA Nigeria Neetu Abad Manfred M K Accrombessi Grace Adeya CDC Benin GHSC-PSM/Chemonics United States USA *Jane Winnie Achan, Clinical *Tochukwu Abadom MRC Unit, The Gambia Bwaka Mpia Ado Blackpool Victoria Hospital, United Gambia McKIng Consulting Corporation/ EPI Kingdom DRC Nigeria *Nicole L. Achee, PhD Dem. Republic of Congo Univ of Notre Dame *Shaymaa Abdalal, MD USA Joseph Ado-Yobo Tulane School of Public Hlth Ghana USA Salissou Adamou Bathiri Onchocerciasis & Lymphatic *Valentine Adolphe *Agatha Aboe, MBChB; DO Niger PSI Sightsavers USA Ghana *David P. Adams, PhD MPH MSc Dept of Community Medicine, Mercer Yaw Asare Afrane *Ayokunle Abogan Univ Sch of Medicine Kenya Medical Research Institute Natl Malaria Programme USA Kenya Botswana *John H. Adams, PhD Suneth Agampodi, MBBS MSc *Melanie Abongwa, MSc University of South Florida Coll of Pub Univ of Sri Lanka Iowa State University Hlth Sri Lanka USA USA *Kokila Agarwal, DRPH MBBS MPH *Ahmed Abd El Wahed Abou El Nasr, *Matthew Adams MCHIP/JHPIEGO Georg August University Goettingen Univ of Maryland Baltimore USA Germany USA Kodjovi D. Agbodjavou *Jennifer Abrahams, MD Marc Adamy Jhpiego Corp University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medicines for Malaria Venture Togo Hospital Switzerland USA Rakesh Aggarwal, MD DM *David Addiss, MD MPH Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Inst of Lauren Abrams, GA Task Force for Global Hlth Med Sciences Children Without Worms USA India United States *Ahmed Adeel, MD MPH PhD *Selidji Todagbe AGNANDJI Marcelo Claudio Abril United States CERMEL Fundación Mundo Sano Gabon Argentina *Adeshina Israel Adekunle UNSW *Peter C.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of HIV in Africa Is Leading to New Strains of Salmonella, Say Scientists 12 April 2010
    Prevalence of HIV in Africa is leading to new strains of Salmonella, say scientists 12 April 2010 Scientists at the University of Liverpool have Dr Melita Gordon, Senior Lecturer and Consultant in discovered that dangerous strains of Salmonella Gastroenterology in the University of Liverpool, who are beginning to emerge in people infected with carried out the work in partnership with Liverpool HIV in Africa. School of Tropical Medicine and the Malawi- Liverpool Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Unit, Their research has found that, in adults with HIV, said: "This suggests that the high rate of HIV and new African Salmonellae can cause severe other diseases that affect the immune system in disease by invading cells in the blood and bone Africa has provided an environmental niche in marrow, where they can hide away, allowing them which new, more dangerous strains of Salmonella to evolve into more dangerous, multi-drug resistant have been able to emerge. strains over time. This is made possible by the loss of immune cells that occurs in HIV which renders "We are now studying ways in which these multi- the body vulnerable to attack. drug resistant infections can be treated better without encouraging the emergence of newer forms In Europe and the US, Salmonella normally causes of resistance to antibiotics. We should also be able diarrhoea and is rarely fatal, but in Africa, the new to use the new genetic markers to track and multi-drug resistant strains exploit vulnerable understand the spread and habits of Salmonella in children and adults, causing severe infections that Africa much more effectively." are difficult to treat and leading to death in one in four cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Paratyphoid Vaccine Development CONFIDENTIAL
    Paratyphoid vaccine development CONFIDENTIAL Andrew J Pollard Typhoid Vaccine use WHO WHO SAGE Gavi funding prequalification recommendations Nov 2017 Jan 2018 Oct 2017 TyVac UOXF, UMB UOXF UMB Banglades Nepal Malawi h 20,000 >58,000 28,000 Buddha Basnyat John Clemens Melita Gordon Shrijana Shrestha Firdausi Qadri Interim analysis 2019 BMGF/WELLCOME SALMONELLA CONVENING: SALMONELLA PARATYPHI London, May 1, 2019 © Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | Typhoid & paratyphoid incidence rates per 100,000, age-standardized, 2017 14.3 million (12.5 – 16.3) cases in 2017 Paratyphoid, global estimates by year (thousands) Year Incidence Deaths YLDs YLLs DALYs 5,508 28.5 15.0 2,071 2,086 1990 (4,233 – 7,086) (12.7 – 56.7) (9.4 – 22.6) (913 – 4,172) (925 – 4,184) 5,139 27.3 14.0 1,977 1,991 1995 (3,963 – 6,543) (12.4 – 53.8) (8.8 – 21.0) (888 – 3,912) (897 – 3,926) 4,698 25.2 12.9 1,817 1,830 2000 (3,640 – 5,953) (11.5 – 49.9) (8.1 – 19.5) (835 – 3,600) (846 – 3,611) 4,232 23.0 11.6 1,649 1,661 2005 (3,311 – 5,327) (10.5 – 45.3) (7.3 – 17.3) (756 – 3,259) (764 – 3,273) 3,794 20.9 10.4 1,477 1,487 2010 (2,992 – 4,739) (9.5 – 40.6) (6.7 – 15.5) (670 – 2,862) (684 – 2,875) 3,397 19.1 9.4 1,354 1,364 2017 (2,666 – 4,184) (8.7 – 37.3) (5.9 – 13.9) (622 – 2,620) (633 – 2,631) Malaria 45,015 (31,720 – 60,994) Typhoid fever 8,437 (4,732 – 13,512) Invasive Non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) 4,263 (2,385 – 7,382) Acute hepatitis B 3,526 (2,625 – 4,119) Dengue 2,923 (1,629 – 3,967) Acute hepatitis A 1,498 (1,134 – 1,869) Paratyphoid fever 1,364 (633 – 2,631) Acute hepatitis E 739 (517 – 935) Rabies 634 (504 – 836) Yellow fever 314 (67 – 900) 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 DALYs (thousands) Variation • Time • Vaccination • Geography • Age Variable incidence of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Phd Outline for Jules Thorn Phd Scholarship, Dr Melita Gordon
    PhD outline for Jules Thorn PhD Scholarship, Dr Melita Gordon Background Invasive Salmonella disease is caused both by typhoidal serovars (Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi) to cause Typhoid fever in immunocompetent humans, and by non-typhoidal serovars (Salmonella Typhimurium, Enteritidis and others) in immuncompromised individuals, most notably with malnutrition, malaria or HIV in Africa. Vaccination strategies against invasive Salmonella disease include whole killed vaccines, live oral attenuated vaccine, conjugate polysaccharide vaccines, or protein vaccines. Existing licensed vaccines for Typhoid fever (Ty21a, polysaccharide Vi vaccine) are suboptimal, and new candidate live oral and conjugates vaccines are under development. There are currently no human vaccines for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella, although attenuated live oral and conjugate and protein vaccines are in development (Maclennan, Novartis vaccines for Global Health; Finlay laboratory, Vancouver ; Levine laboratory, CVD Baltimore). Dr Gordon is a current Gates consortium collaborator with the Novartis and Vancouver vaccine groups. The most important protective target antigens for protection against invasive typhoid or non- typhoidal Salmonella disease are not known, and the relative importance of humoral or cellular mechanisms of immunity for effective protection are also not understood. Although there are several animal models for non-typhoidal Salmonella disease, they do not accurately replicate the setting of the immunocompromised human host. S. Typhi is entirely human-restricted, largely limiting investigation of protective correlates to human tissues. Dr Gordon’s work has previously focused on the host inflammatory and immune response to invasive Salmonella disease, the cellular and humoral defects in immunocompromised human hosts that are associated with invasive Salmonella disease, and the investigation of micro-evolved pathovars of Salmonella that may have increased virulence in the immunocompromised host.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascertaining the Burden of Invasive Salmonella Disease in Hospitalised Febrile Children Aged Under Four Years in Blantyre, Malawi
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Ascertaining the burden of invasive Salmonella disease in hospitalised febrile children aged under four years in Blantyre, Malawi 1,2☯ 2,3☯ 1,2,4 Chisomo L. MsefulaID *, Franziska OlgemoellerID , Ndaru Jambo , 2,5 6 1,2 2 3,7 Dalitso Segula , Trinh Van Tan , Tonney S. Nyirenda , Wilfred NediID , Neil Kennedy , Matthew Graham6, Marc Y. R. Henrion2,8, Stephen Baker9, Nicholas Feasey2,8, Melita Gordon2,4, Robert S. Heyderman2,10 1 Pathology Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, 2 Malawi-Liverpool- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, a1111111111 3 Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, a1111111111 Blantyre, Malawi, 4 University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 5 Department of Internal Medicine, a1111111111 Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi, 6 The a1111111111 Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical a1111111111 Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 7 Centre for Medical Education, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom, 8 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom, 9 The Department of Medicine, The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 10 Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, England, United Kingdom ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. OPEN ACCESS * [email protected] Citation: Msefula CL, Olgemoeller F, Jambo N, Segula D, Van Tan T, Nyirenda TS, et al. (2019) Ascertaining the burden of invasive Salmonella Abstract disease in hospitalised febrile children aged under four years in Blantyre, Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis Typhoid fever is endemic across sub-Saharan Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemic Multiple Drug Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium Causing Invasive Disease in Sub-Saharan Africa Have a Distinct Genotype
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on September 25, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Letter Epidemic multiple drug resistant Salmonella Typhimurium causing invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa have a distinct genotype Robert A. Kingsley,1,9,10 Chisomo L. Msefula,2,9 Nicholas R. Thomson,1,9 Samuel Kariuki,1,3 Kathryn E. Holt,1 Melita A. Gordon,2 David Harris,1 Louise Clarke,1 Sally Whitehead,1 Vartul Sangal,4 Kevin Marsh,5 Mark Achtman,4,6 Malcolm E. Molyneux,2 Martin Cormican,7 Julian Parkhill,1 Calman A. MacLennan,2,8 Robert S. Heyderman,2 and Gordon Dougan1 1The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, The Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom; 2Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi; 3Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; 4Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; 5Kenya Medical Research Institute–Wellcome Trust Collaborative Project, Kilifi, Kenya; 6Environmental Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; 7Department of Bacteriology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; 8Medical Research Council Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Biomedical Research, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom Whereas most nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are associated with gastroenteritis, there has been a dramatic increase in reports of NTS-associated invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium isolates are responsible for a significant proportion of the reported invasive NTS in this region. Multilocus sequence analysis of invasive S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Framework for Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) Studies in Malawi: Report of a Wellcome Trust Workshop On
    Wellcome Open Research 2017, 2:70 Last updated: 22 APR 2021 OPEN LETTER A framework for Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies in Malawi: Report of a Wellcome Trust workshop on CHIM in Low Income Countries held in Blantyre, Malawi [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] Stephen B Gordon 1, Jamie Rylance 1, Amy Luck2, Kondwani C. Jambo 1, Daniela M Ferreira 3, Lucinda Manda-Taylor 4, Philip Bejon 5, Bagrey Ngwira6, Katherine Littler7, Zoe Seager2, Malick Gibani 8, Markus Gmeiner1, Meta Roestenberg9, Yohannie Mlombe10, Wellcome Trust CHIM workshop participants 1The Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi 2Vaccines, Wellcome Trust, London, NW1 2BE, UK 3Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L2 5QA, UK 4The University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi 5KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya 6Medicines and Poisons Board, Lilongwe, Malawi 7Policy, Wellcome Trust, London, NW1 2BE, UK 8Oxford Vaccines Group, Department of Paediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK 9Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA , The Netherlands 10College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee, John Chiphangwi Learning Resource Centre, Blantyre, Malawi v1 First published: 24 Aug 2017, 2:70 Open Peer Review https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12256.1 Latest published: 24 Aug 2017, 2:70 https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12256.1 Reviewer Status Invited Reviewers Abstract Controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies have pivotal 1 2 importance in vaccine development, being useful for proof of concept, pathogenesis, down-selection and immunogenicity studies. To date, version 1 however, they have seldom been carried out in low and middle 24 Aug 2017 report report income countries (LMIC), which is where the greatest burden of vaccine preventable illness is found.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientists Find Single Letter of Genetic Code That Makes African Salmonella So Dangerous 27 February 2018
    Scientists find single letter of genetic code that makes African Salmonella so dangerous 27 February 2018 (SNP), that helps the African Salmonella to survive in the human bloodstream. Professor Hinton explained: "Pinpointing this single letter of DNA is an exciting breakthrough in our understanding of why African Salmonella causes such a devastating disease, and helps to explain how this dangerous type of Salmonella evolved." SNPs represent a change of just one letter in the DNA sequence and there are thousands of SNP differences between different types of Salmonella. Until now, it has been hard to link an individual SNP to the ability of bacteria to cause disease. Abstract image of African Salmonella expressing PgtE in Using a type of RNA analysis called the bloodstream. Credit: Eliza Wolfson transcriptomics, the scientists identified SNPs that affected the level of expression of important Salmonella genes. After studying 1000 different SNPs, they found a single nucleotide difference Scientists at the University of Liverpool have that is unique to the African ST313 strain and identified a single genetic change in Salmonella causes high expression of a virulence factor called that is playing a key role in the devastating PgtE that prevents Salmonella being killed in the epidemic of bloodstream infections currently killing bloodstream. around 400,000 people each year in sub-Saharan Africa. The scientists then used an advanced genetic technique to switch the SNP found in the African Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonellosis (iNTS) strain to the version found in the type of Salmonella occurs when Salmonella bacteria, which normally that causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis cause gastrointestinal illness, enter the globally.
    [Show full text]
  • Mr Christopher Smith
    SCHOLARSHIP REPORT This report should be completed by recipients of awards and scholarships from the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow on completion of the activity for which they received their award or scholarship. Please complete all sections of the report form. Please return your completed report via email to: [email protected] Or via mail to: Scholarships Committee Administrator, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, 232-242 St Vincent Street, Glasgow G2 5RJ, UK Please use typeface when completing this form. SECTION 1 | PERSONAL AND AWARD DETAILS Title Dr PID 56611 Surname Smith Forename(s) Christopher Scholarship/award awarded College Travelling Fellowship Amount awarded £2000 SECTION 2 | PROJECT/VISIT DETAILS Name/Title Clinical Research Internship Location Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust (MLW) Clinical Research Programme Aims and objectives 1. Undertake a one-year voluntary clinical research internship in Blantyre, Malawi at MLW, one of the Wellcome Trust’s renowned Major Overseas Programmes. 2. Act as study coordinator for 2 independent research studies conducted within the Salmonella and Enteric Disease Group, under the supervision of Principal Investigator Professor Melita Gordon. 3. Develop study protocol for both studies. 4. Submit ethics applications for both studies to local (COMREC) and international (University of Liverpool; Johns Hopkins University) ethics boards. 5. Provide grant management for both studies. 6. Assist in research staff recruitment and training for both studies. 7. Receive formal training in health economics research methodology. 8. Deliver regular research group meeting presentations on the preparation and conduct of both studies. 9. Gain skills and experience required to effectively conduct research studies in a low-income, resource-poor global health setting.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Immunity to Salmonella in Humans
    NATURAL IMMUNITY TO SALMONELLA IN HUMANS Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Malawi and University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Tonney Stophen Nyirenda February 2015 University of Malawi and University of Liverpool DECLARATION DECLARATION THIS WORK HAS NOT PREVIOUSLY BEEN ACCEPTED IN SUBSTANCE FOR ANY DEGREE AND IS NOT BEING CURRENTLY SUBMITTED IN CANDIDATURE FOR ANY DEGREE Signed: ……………………………………………………………..... Tonney S. Nyirenda 10th February 2015 THIS THESIS IS THE RESULT OF MY OWN INVESTIGATION, EXCEPT WHERE OTHER WISE STATED. OTHER SOURCES ARE ACKNOWLEDGED AND BIBLIOGRAPHY IS APPENDED. Signed: ……………………………………………………………….. Tonney S. Nyirenda 10th February 2015 I HEREBY GIVE CONSENT FOR MY THESIS. IF ACCEPTED, TO BE AVAILABLE FOR PHOTOCOPYING AND FOR INTER-LIBRARY LOAN AND FOR THE TITLE AND ABSTRACT TO BE MADE AVAILABLE TO OUTSIDE ORGANISATIONS. Signed: ………………………………………………………………… Tonney S. Nyirenda 10th February 2015 i DECLARATION DECLARATION OF WORK DONE This work was part of four studies titled “Development of adaptive immunity to nontyphoidal Salmonella in Malawian children”, “Salmonella exposure and development of specific immunity in Malawian children”, “Development of T cell and antibody mediated immunity in response to invasive Salmonella infection” and “Ty21a oral typhoid vaccine induced immunity in the peripheral blood and gut mucosa of healthy adults”. All studies were under the supervision of Dr Melita Gordon, Dr Wilson Mandala, Prof Robert Heyderman and Prof Stephen
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Malawi: Report of a Wellcome Trust Workshop on CHIM
    Wellcome Open Research 2017, 2:70 Last updated: 09 OCT 2017 OPEN LETTER A framework for Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) studies in Malawi: Report of a Wellcome Trust workshop on CHIM in Low Income Countries held in Blantyre, Malawi [version 1; referees: 2 approved] Stephen B Gordon 1, Jamie Rylance 1, Amy Luck2, Kondwani Jambo1, Daniela M Ferreira3, Lucinda Manda-Taylor 4, Philip Bejon5, Bagrey Ngwira6, Katherine Littler7, Zoe Seager2, Malick Gibani 8, Markus Gmeiner1, Meta Roestenberg9, Yohannie Mlombe10, Wellcome Trust CHIM workshop participants 1The Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi 2Vaccines, Wellcome Trust, London, NW1 2BE, UK 3Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L2 5QA, UK 4The University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi 5KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya 6Medicines and Poisons Board, Lilongwe, Malawi 7Policy, Wellcome Trust, London, NW1 2BE, UK 8Oxford Vaccines Group, Department of Paediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK 9Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333 ZA , Netherlands 10College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee, John Chiphangwi Learning Resource Centre, Blantyre, Malawi v1 First published: 24 Aug 2017, 2:70 (doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12256.1) Open Peer Review Latest published: 24 Aug 2017, 2:70 (doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12256.1) Referee Status: Abstract Controlled human infection model (CHIM) studies have pivotal importance in vaccine development, being useful for proof of concept, pathogenesis, Invited Referees down-selection and immunogenicity studies. To date, however, they have 1 2 seldom been carried out in low and middle income countries (LMIC), which is where the greatest burden of vaccine preventable illness is found.
    [Show full text]
  • Infection and Global Health
    INSTITUTE OF INFECTION AND GLOBAL HEALTH ANNUAL 2019 REPORT INTRODUCTION CONTENTS It gives me great pleasure to introduce this infection and global health threats, and we annual report, as I complete one year as will continue to develop internal and external Dean of Institute. The past 12 months has partnerships to achieve this. 4 Global Change seen the Institute make strong progress Over the past year, the Institute has made against each of its five research challenges, several strategic appointments to support and this report describes some of those 6 Food Security its research challenges, including of both achievements. established and early career researchers. This year’s report also contains a special The Institute has also supported several 8 Antimicrobial Resistance feature to mark the 70th Anniversary of successful Fellowship applications. Career the NHS; several case histories detail the development of all staff and students will 10 NHS at 70 Institute’s contribution to tackling the continue to represent a vital part of our burden of infectious diseases in Merseyside. strategy. 12 Diagnostics Veterinary infection research in Liverpool Finally, I would like to thank all staff, both also has a notably long and distinguished academic and professional services, for history, and a distinctive feature of the 14 Vaccines their continued hard work and exceptional Institute’s strategy is to address its contributions. I hope you enjoy reading challenges by bringing together Liverpool’s 16 Our People this report and I look forward to another
    [Show full text]