Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
Edited by Anders Lonnermark and Haukur Ingason Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Issues in Securing the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel from Unauthorized Intrusion during 11 Joint Bus/Light Rail Operation Kenneth Cummins, Sound Transit, Seattle, WA, USA
Explosive Threats and Target Hardening, Understanding Explosive Forces, It's Impact on 19 Infrastructure and the Human Body Jeffrey A. Slotnick, Setracon Inc., Tahoma, WA, USA
New Energy Carriers in Tunnels 31 Anders Lonnermark, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden
Active Fire Protection in Tunnels 47 Alan Brinson, European Fire Sprinkler Network, London, UK
Tunnel Incident Management in Frankfurt Am Main 59 Reinhard Ries, Fire Department of the City ofFrankfurt am Main, Germany
Tunnel Fire Safety in Australasia 69 Arnold Dix, University of Western Sydney, Australia
RISK
and Regulations Risk Analysis Methods for Bi-National Road Tunnels: Application of a 81 Combined Scenario-Based and System-Based Method for The Grand Saint Bernard Tunnel Raphael Defert, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils SA, Switzerland Luc Darbellay, TGSB S.A., Switzerland Claudio Real, SITRASB S.p.A., Italy Yves Trottet, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils SA, Switzerland
Risk Assessment of Transport of Dangerous Goods in Austrian Road Tunnels 93 Florian Diernhofer and Bernhard Kohl, ILF Considting Engineers, Linz, Austria RudolfHorhan, Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology, Wien, Austria
Evaluation of Railway Tunnels Safety for Operation Involving Trains Carrying Dangerous 103 Goods - Fire Hazard and Risk Assessment Implemented with Probabilistic Methods Marco Cigolini, RFI, Rome, Italy
Application of a System-Based and a Scenario-Based Risk Analysis to The Driskos Tunnel 113 Reflections about Accuracy of Collected Data and Uncertainties of Risk Analysis Methods Raphael Defert, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France loannis Rentzeperis, Egnatia Odos, Greece Konstantinos Koutsoukos, Egnatia Odos, Greece Philippe Pons, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France Didier Lacroix, CETU, France
4 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
RISK AND SECURITY
HGV Traffic - Consequences in Case of a Tunnel Fire 125 Jimmy Jonsson and Felipe Herrera, Arup Fire, Madrid, Spain
A Study of Fire Safety Assessment for Road Tunnel in Taiwan 135 Shen-Wen Chien, National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction, Taiwan Yee-Ping Lee, Nanya Institute of Technology, Taiwan, Guan-Yuan Wu, Central Police University, Taiwan, Huei-Ru Sie, National Science and Technology Centerfor Disaster Reduction, Taiwan
Experimental Determination of BLEVE-Risk Near Very Large Fires in a Tunnel with a 143 Sprinkler/Water Mist System Tony Lemaire and Victor Meeussen, Efectis NL, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
iNTeg-Risk ERRA A5: Safety and Security of Underground Hubs 153 Maximilian Wietekand Volker Wetzig, VSH Hagerbach Test Gallery Ltd, Switzerland
Physical Modeling of Explosive Effects on Tunnels 159 nirban De, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York, U.S.A. Thomas F. Zimmie, Tarek Abdoun and Anthony Tessari, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A.
An Analysis of the Consequences from an Explosion in a Road Tunnel with Concrete Walls 169 and Roof Rickard Forsen and Anders Bryntse, FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency, Defence and Security Systems and Technology, Tumba, Sweden
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
Evacuation in Complex Environments - An Analysis ofEvacuation Conditions at a Tunnel 181 Construction Site Hakan Frantzich and Daniel Nilsson, Department ofFire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University, Sweden
Recent Research Results on Human Factors and Organizational Aspects for Road Tunnels 191 Marc Tesson, Tunnel study centre, CETU, France
Emergency Scenarios for Tunnels and Underground Stations in Public Transport 203 Alfred Haack, STUVA Inc., Cologne, Germany, Joerg Schreyer, STUVAtec GmbH, Cologne, Germany
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND CONSTRUCTION
Emerging Problem for Immersed Tunnels: Fire Induced Concrete Cracking 211 Leander.M. Noordijk, P.G. Scholten, A.J. Breimese and C. Both, Efectis Nederland, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
Fire Protection Options for Concrete Tunnel Linings 223 Frank Clement, MEYCO Global Underground Construction, Division ofBASF Construction Chemicals, Switzerland
5 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
Fire Protection of Concrete Structures Exposed to Fast Fires 235
Pierre Pimienta, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Construction, University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallee, France
Octavian Anton, PRTC N. V. - Bormstraat, 24 B-2830 Tisselt, Belgium
Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Construction, University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallee, France
Romuald Avenel, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centerfor Construction, University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallee, France
Heidi Cuypers PRTC N. V. - Bormstraat, 24 B-2830 Tisselt, Belgium
Eric Cesmat, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centerfor Construction, University of Paris- Est, Marne la Vallee, France
An Effective Pool Fire Mitigation Concept 249 D. (Dave) van Vliet, J.F.M. (Jos) Wessels, W.H.A. (Willy) Peelen and G.J. (Cert-Jan) Meijer, TNO, the Netherlands, V.J.A. (Victor) Meeussen, Efectis, the Netherlands
The Plate Thermometre for Measuring Fire Exposure in Terms of Adiabatic Surface 259 Temperature UlfWickstrom, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
Suppression Systems - Trade-Offs & Benefits 271 Jimmy Jonsson, Arup Fire, Madrid, Spain Peter Johnson, Amp Fire, Melbourne, Australia
Large-Scale Water Spray and Water Mist Fire Suppression System Tests 283 Magnus Arvidson, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden
Performance Testing of Fire Protection Systems in Tunnels: Integrating Test Data with CFD 297 Simulations Jack R. Mawhinney andJavier Trelles, Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD USA
Fire Suppression in Road Tunnel Fires by a Water Mist System - Results of the SOLIT 311 Project Horst Starke, Institute ofFire Department Saxony-Anhalt (IdF),Heyrothsberge, Germany
Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Tunnels - Integration and Compensation 323 Stefan Kratzmeir, IFAB Institutefor applied fire safety research, Rostock, Germany Max Lakkonen, FOGTEC Fire Protection, Cologne, Germany
Evaluating the Performance of Fixed Water-Based Fire Protection Systems for Passenger 329 Train and Metro Cars Teemu Kivimdki, Marioff Corporation Oy, Vantaa, Finland Jukka Vaari, VTT Technical Research Centre ofFinland, Espoo, Finlan
An Experimental Study ofthe Impact of Tunnel Suppression on Tunnel Ventilation 341 Yoon J. Ko and George Hadjisophocleous, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Water Application Rates for Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels 351 Kenneth J. Harris, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Sacramento, CA, USA
6 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING
Incident Management and Tunnel Systems Gary English, Assistant Fire Marshal, Seattle Fire Department, Seattle, WA, USA
Tunnel Incident Management in Frankfurt am Main Fire Department's Operations Jens Stiegel, Fire Department of the city ofFrankfurt am Main, Germany
Fire and Rescue Operations During Construction of Tunnels M. Kumm, Malardalen University A. Bergqvist, Greater Stockholm Fire Brigade & Karlstad University
VENTILATION
Effects of Longitudinal Ventilation on Fire Growth and Maximum Heat Release Rate Haukur Ingason and Anders Lonnermark, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden
The Critical Velocity and the Fire Development Y. Wu, Department ofChemical & Process Engineering, Sheffield University, UK
New Perspectives on the Critical Velocity for Smoke Control Fathi Tarada, Mosen Ltd, Crawley, West Sussex, UK
Design of Tunnel Ventilations Systems for Fire Emergencies Using Multiscale Modelling F. Colella Politecnico di di , Torino, Dipartimento Energetica, Italy and University of Edinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK G. Rein, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK V. Verda, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Energetica, Italy R. Borchiellini, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Energetica, Italy R. Carvel, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, UK T. Steinhaits, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK J. L. Torero, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK
Are The Tunnel Ventilation Systems Adapted For The Different Risk Situations? B. Truchot, Ineris, France, M. Oucherfi, Egis Tunnels, France F. Quezel-Ambrunaz, Egis Tunnels, France S. Duplantier, Ineris, France. L. Fournier, Egis Tunnels, France F. Waymel, Egis Tunnels, France
"OrGaMIR" - Development of a Safety System for Reaction to an Event with Emission of
Hazardous Airborne Substances - Like a Terrorist Attack or Fire - Based on Subway Climatology Andreas Pjlitsch, Markus Briine, Julia Ringeis & Michael Killing-Heinze, Department of Geography, Ruhr-University ofBochum, Germany
FIRE DYNAMICS
Fire Dynamics During the Channel Tunnel Fires Ricky Carvel, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, University ofEdinburgh, UK March 2010 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 17-19,
New Energy Carriers in Vehicles and their Impact on Confined Infrastructures - Overview of 471 Previous Research and Research Needs Olivier Salvi, L-surF Services, Institut National de VEnvironnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, France Anders Lonnermark, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Sweden Haukur Ingason, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Sweden Benjamin Truchot, Institut National de VEnvironnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, France RolandLeucker, Studiengesellschaftfiir unterirdische Verkehrsanlagen e.V. (STUVA), Germany Felix Amberg, VersuchsStollen Hagerbach AG (VSH), Switzerland Dirk-Jan Molenaar, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Netherlands Horst Hejny, L-surF Services, Switzerland
Overview of Fire and Smoke Spread in Underground Mines 483 Rickard Hansen, Mdlardalen University, Vasteras, Sweden
Predictions of Railcar Heat Release Rates 495 John Cutonilli and Craig Beyler, Hughes Associates, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA
POSTERS
Operating Conditions of Fire Brigades in Tunnel Fires. 507 Kathrin Grewolls, Ingenieurbuero fuer Brandschutz Kathrin Grewolls, Ulm, Germany Ingo Bullerjahn, BTE-Consult GmbH, Boetzingen, Germany
A Review of Metro Tunnel Safety Parameters and Role of Risk Management, Tehran Metro 511 Vahed Ghiasi, Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran Samad Ghiasi Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran Husaini Omar, of Civil Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Behroz Ebrahimi, Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran Mohammad Ghiasi Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran
Removing Non-conservatism from the CFD Modelling of Jet Fans for Tunnel Ventilation and 517 Smoke Control Marco Buonfiglioli, Ian R Cowan and Stig Ravn, Atkins Ltd, Epsom, UK
Impact of Heat, Smoke and Signage Visibility in the Microscopic Evacuation Modelling of 521 Tunnel Fire Hazards Volker Schneider and Rainer Konnecke, 1ST GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
More than Just Fire Detection: Fibre Optic Linear Heat Detection (DTS) Enables Fire 525 Monitoring in Road- and Rail-Tunnels Gerd Koffmane and Henrik Hojf, AP Sensing GmbH, Boblingen, Germany
Parameters Affecting the Performance of Emergency Ventilation Strategies in a Roadway 529 Tunnel Ahmed Kashef National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
8 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
How to Operate Safely a Tunnel: Definition ofMinimum Operating Requirements Lanre Paris, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France Philip Berger, Docalogic, France Philippe Pons, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France
A Generic Framework for a Road Tunnel Safety Concept Rob Houben, DHV Consultancy and Engineering, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Upgrading Passive Fire Protection During The Complete Refurbishment In The Airport Tunnel Tegel In Berlin Germany Konrad Aurin, Fermacell GmbH, Division AESTUVER, Calbe, Germany
Optimization of Smoke Management System in Short Transportation Tunnels Michael Belinsky, Dmitry Dveyrin, Israel Railways Ltd, Israel David Katoshevski, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel
Adaptation of Mine Ventilation Software VENTGRAPH to Simulation of Propagation of Gas Contaminants in Tunnels During Normal Operation and Fires Jerzy Krawczyk, Waclaw Dziurzynski, Teresa Palka, Przemyslaw Skotniczny and Regis Rossotto, Strata Mechanics Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Tunnel Lighting Systems John J. Buraczynski, Thomas K. Li, Chris Kwong, and Paul J. Lutkevich, PB Americas, Inc. New York, USA
Determination and Analysis of Tunnel Safety Requirements from a Functional Point of View M.F. (Thijs) Ruland and A.J.M. (Aryan) Snel et. al. Tunnel Engineering Consultants, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Safety and Reliability of Fire Detection Systems in Road Tunnels Arnd Rogner, Metaphysics SA, Sainte-Croix, Switzerland
Infrequent Events Model for Road Tunnels Jorge A. Capote, Daniel Alvear, Orlando Abreu, Mariano Lazaro, Arturo Cuesta, GIDAI Group. Dpto. De Transportes y Tecnologia de Proyectos y Procesos. University of Cantabria. Santander, Spain
Fire Fighter Training in Enclosed Spaces- Experiences of Hagerbach Test Gallery, Switzerland Volker Wetzig, Erik Iglesias and Maximilian Wietek, Hagerbach Test Gallery, Flums, Switzerland
Quantification of the Leakages into Exhaust Ducts in Road Tunnels with Concentrated Exhaust Systems Reto Buchmann and Samuel Gehrig, Pdyry Infra Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland
Reduction ofAirflow and Reducing the Size of the Fire Area During Tunnel Fires. Jan Buijvoets, Industrial Inflatables BV, Hengelo, Netherlands
Safety Management - Added Value for Tunnelling Projects Peter Medek, Drdger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Stuttgart, Germany Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010
Full Scale Tunnel Fire Tests of VID Fire-Kill Low Pressure Water Mist Tunnel Fire 585 Protection System in Runehamar Test Tunnel, Spring 2009 Carsten Palle, VID Fire-Fill, Svedborg, Denmark
Management of Expectations in Tunnel Safety 591 Rob Brons and Job Kramer, The Hague County Fire Department, The Hague, the Netherlands
An Integrated Safety/Security Video Image Detection (VID) System for Road Tunnel 593 Protection Wenqing Wang, Shengyang Fire Science Institute, China Guofeng Ding, InnoSys Industries Inc., Pei Tou, Taipei, Taiwan Chong Siong Lim, InnoSys Industries Inc., Pei Tou, Taipei, Taiwan Zhigang Liu, General Fire Technologies, Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada
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