Proceedings from the Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, , March 17-19, 2010

Edited by Anders Lonnermark and Haukur Ingason Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS

Issues in Securing the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel from Unauthorized Intrusion during 11 Joint Bus/Light Rail Operation Kenneth Cummins, Sound Transit, Seattle, WA, USA

Explosive Threats and Target Hardening, Understanding Explosive Forces, It's Impact on 19 Infrastructure and the Human Body Jeffrey A. Slotnick, Setracon Inc., Tahoma, WA, USA

New Energy Carriers in Tunnels 31 Anders Lonnermark, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden

Active Fire Protection in Tunnels 47 Alan Brinson, European Fire Sprinkler Network, London, UK

Tunnel Incident Management in Frankfurt Am Main 59 Reinhard Ries, Fire Department of the City ofFrankfurt am Main, Germany

Tunnel Fire Safety in Australasia 69 Arnold Dix, University of Western ,

RISK

and Regulations Risk Analysis Methods for Bi-National Road Tunnels: Application of a 81 Combined Scenario-Based and System-Based Method for The Grand Saint Bernard Tunnel Raphael Defert, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils SA, Switzerland Luc Darbellay, TGSB S.A., Switzerland Claudio Real, SITRASB S.p.A., Yves Trottet, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils SA, Switzerland

Risk Assessment of Transport of Dangerous Goods in Austrian Road Tunnels 93 Florian Diernhofer and Bernhard Kohl, ILF Considting Engineers, Linz, Austria RudolfHorhan, Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology, Wien, Austria

Evaluation of Railway Tunnels Safety for Operation Involving Trains Carrying Dangerous 103 Goods - Fire Hazard and Risk Assessment Implemented with Probabilistic Methods Marco Cigolini, RFI, Rome, Italy

Application of a System-Based and a Scenario-Based Risk Analysis to The Driskos Tunnel 113 Reflections about Accuracy of Collected Data and Uncertainties of Risk Analysis Methods Raphael Defert, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France loannis Rentzeperis, Egnatia Odos, Greece Konstantinos Koutsoukos, Egnatia Odos, Greece Philippe Pons, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France Didier Lacroix, CETU, France

4 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010

RISK AND SECURITY

HGV Traffic - Consequences in Case of a Tunnel Fire 125 Jimmy Jonsson and Felipe Herrera, Arup Fire, Madrid, Spain

A Study of Fire Safety Assessment for Road Tunnel in Taiwan 135 Shen-Wen Chien, National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction, Taiwan Yee-Ping Lee, Nanya Institute of Technology, Taiwan, Guan-Yuan Wu, Central Police University, Taiwan, Huei-Ru Sie, National Science and Technology Centerfor Disaster Reduction, Taiwan

Experimental Determination of BLEVE-Risk Near Very Large Fires in a Tunnel with a 143 Sprinkler/Water Mist System Tony Lemaire and Victor Meeussen, Efectis NL, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

iNTeg-Risk ERRA A5: Safety and Security of Underground Hubs 153 Maximilian Wietekand Volker Wetzig, VSH Hagerbach Test Gallery Ltd, Switzerland

Physical Modeling of Explosive Effects on Tunnels 159 nirban De, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York, U.S.A. Thomas F. Zimmie, Tarek Abdoun and Anthony Tessari, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, U.S.A.

An Analysis of the Consequences from an Explosion in a Road Tunnel with Concrete Walls 169 and Roof Rickard Forsen and Anders Bryntse, FOI Swedish Defence Research Agency, Defence and Security Systems and Technology, Tumba, Sweden

HUMAN BEHAVIOUR

Evacuation in Complex Environments - An Analysis ofEvacuation Conditions at a Tunnel 181 Construction Site Hakan Frantzich and Daniel Nilsson, Department ofFire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University, Sweden

Recent Research Results on Human Factors and Organizational Aspects for Road Tunnels 191 Marc Tesson, Tunnel study centre, CETU, France

Emergency Scenarios for Tunnels and Underground Stations in Public Transport 203 Alfred Haack, STUVA Inc., Cologne, Germany, Joerg Schreyer, STUVAtec GmbH, Cologne, Germany

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND CONSTRUCTION

Emerging Problem for Immersed Tunnels: Fire Induced Concrete Cracking 211 Leander.M. Noordijk, P.G. Scholten, A.J. Breimese and C. Both, Efectis Nederland, Rijswijk, The Netherlands

Fire Protection Options for Concrete Tunnel Linings 223 Frank Clement, MEYCO Global Underground Construction, Division ofBASF Construction Chemicals, Switzerland

5 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010

Fire Protection of Concrete Structures Exposed to Fast Fires 235

Pierre Pimienta, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Construction, University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallee, France

Octavian Anton, PRTC N. V. - Bormstraat, 24 B-2830 Tisselt, Belgium

Jean-Christophe Mindeguia, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Center for Construction, University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallee, France

Romuald Avenel, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centerfor Construction, University of Paris-Est, Marne la Vallee, France

Heidi Cuypers PRTC N. V. - Bormstraat, 24 B-2830 Tisselt, Belgium

Eric Cesmat, CSTB - Scientific and Technical Centerfor Construction, University of Paris- Est, Marne la Vallee, France

An Effective Pool Fire Mitigation Concept 249 D. (Dave) van Vliet, J.F.M. (Jos) Wessels, W.H.A. (Willy) Peelen and G.J. (Cert-Jan) Meijer, TNO, the Netherlands, V.J.A. (Victor) Meeussen, Efectis, the Netherlands

The Plate Thermometre for Measuring Fire Exposure in Terms of Adiabatic Surface 259 Temperature UlfWickstrom, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION

Suppression Systems - Trade-Offs & Benefits 271 Jimmy Jonsson, Arup Fire, Madrid, Spain Peter Johnson, Amp Fire, Melbourne, Australia

Large-Scale Water Spray and Water Mist Fire Suppression System Tests 283 Magnus Arvidson, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden

Performance Testing of Fire Protection Systems in Tunnels: Integrating Test Data with CFD 297 Simulations Jack R. Mawhinney andJavier Trelles, Hughes Associates, Inc., Baltimore, MD USA

Fire Suppression in Road Tunnel Fires by a Water Mist System - Results of the SOLIT 311 Project Horst Starke, Institute ofFire Department Saxony-Anhalt (IdF),Heyrothsberge, Germany

Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Tunnels - Integration and Compensation 323 Stefan Kratzmeir, IFAB Institutefor applied fire safety research, Rostock, Germany Max Lakkonen, FOGTEC Fire Protection, Cologne, Germany

Evaluating the Performance of Fixed Water-Based Fire Protection Systems for Passenger 329 Train and Metro Cars Teemu Kivimdki, Marioff Corporation Oy, Vantaa, Finland Jukka Vaari, VTT Technical Research Centre ofFinland, Espoo, Finlan

An Experimental Study ofthe Impact of Tunnel Suppression on Tunnel Ventilation 341 Yoon J. Ko and George Hadjisophocleous, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Water Application Rates for Fixed Fire Fighting Systems in Road Tunnels 351 Kenneth J. Harris, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Sacramento, CA, USA

6 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING

Incident Management and Tunnel Systems Gary English, Assistant Fire Marshal, Seattle Fire Department, Seattle, WA, USA

Tunnel Incident Management in Frankfurt am Main Fire Department's Operations Jens Stiegel, Fire Department of the city ofFrankfurt am Main, Germany

Fire and Rescue Operations During Construction of Tunnels M. Kumm, Malardalen University A. Bergqvist, Greater Stockholm Fire Brigade & Karlstad University

VENTILATION

Effects of Longitudinal Ventilation on Fire Growth and Maximum Heat Release Rate Haukur Ingason and Anders Lonnermark, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Boras, Sweden

The Critical Velocity and the Fire Development Y. Wu, Department ofChemical & Process Engineering, Sheffield University, UK

New Perspectives on the Critical Velocity for Smoke Control Fathi Tarada, Mosen Ltd, Crawley, West Sussex, UK

Design of Tunnel Ventilations Systems for Fire Emergencies Using Multiscale Modelling F. Colella Politecnico di di , Torino, Dipartimento Energetica, Italy and University of Edinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK G. Rein, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK V. Verda, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Energetica, Italy R. Borchiellini, Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Energetica, Italy R. Carvel, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centre for Fire Safety Engineering, UK T. Steinhaits, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK J. L. Torero, University ofEdinburgh, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, UK

Are The Tunnel Ventilation Systems Adapted For The Different Risk Situations? B. Truchot, Ineris, France, M. Oucherfi, Egis Tunnels, France F. Quezel-Ambrunaz, Egis Tunnels, France S. Duplantier, Ineris, France. L. Fournier, Egis Tunnels, France F. Waymel, Egis Tunnels, France

"OrGaMIR" - Development of a Safety System for Reaction to an Event with Emission of

Hazardous Airborne Substances - Like a Terrorist Attack or Fire - Based on Subway Climatology Andreas Pjlitsch, Markus Briine, Julia Ringeis & Michael Killing-Heinze, Department of Geography, Ruhr-University ofBochum, Germany

FIRE DYNAMICS

Fire Dynamics During the Channel Tunnel Fires Ricky Carvel, BRE Centrefor Fire Safety Engineering, University ofEdinburgh, UK March 2010 Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 17-19,

New Energy Carriers in Vehicles and their Impact on Confined Infrastructures - Overview of 471 Previous Research and Research Needs Olivier Salvi, L-surF Services, Institut National de VEnvironnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, France Anders Lonnermark, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Sweden Haukur Ingason, SP Technical Research Institute ofSweden, Sweden Benjamin Truchot, Institut National de VEnvironnement Industriel et des Risques INERIS, France RolandLeucker, Studiengesellschaftfiir unterirdische Verkehrsanlagen e.V. (STUVA), Germany Felix Amberg, VersuchsStollen Hagerbach AG (VSH), Switzerland Dirk-Jan Molenaar, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Netherlands Horst Hejny, L-surF Services, Switzerland

Overview of Fire and Smoke Spread in Underground Mines 483 Rickard Hansen, Mdlardalen University, Vasteras, Sweden

Predictions of Railcar Heat Release Rates 495 John Cutonilli and Craig Beyler, Hughes Associates, Inc, Baltimore, MD, USA

POSTERS

Operating Conditions of Fire Brigades in Tunnel Fires. 507 Kathrin Grewolls, Ingenieurbuero fuer Brandschutz Kathrin Grewolls, Ulm, Germany Ingo Bullerjahn, BTE-Consult GmbH, Boetzingen, Germany

A Review of Metro Tunnel Safety Parameters and Role of Risk Management, Tehran Metro 511 Vahed Ghiasi, Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran Samad Ghiasi Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran Husaini Omar, of Civil Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia Behroz Ebrahimi, Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran Mohammad Ghiasi Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway Company (TUSRC), Iran

Removing Non-conservatism from the CFD Modelling of Jet Fans for Tunnel Ventilation and 517 Smoke Control Marco Buonfiglioli, Ian R Cowan and Stig Ravn, Atkins Ltd, Epsom, UK

Impact of Heat, Smoke and Signage Visibility in the Microscopic Evacuation Modelling of 521 Tunnel Fire Hazards Volker Schneider and Rainer Konnecke, 1ST GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany

More than Just Fire Detection: Fibre Optic Linear Heat Detection (DTS) Enables Fire 525 Monitoring in Road- and Rail-Tunnels Gerd Koffmane and Henrik Hojf, AP Sensing GmbH, Boblingen, Germany

Parameters Affecting the Performance of Emergency Ventilation Strategies in a Roadway 529 Tunnel Ahmed Kashef National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada

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How to Operate Safely a Tunnel: Definition ofMinimum Operating Requirements Lanre Paris, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France Philip Berger, Docalogic, France Philippe Pons, BG Bonnard & Gardel Ingenieurs Conseils, France

A Generic Framework for a Road Tunnel Safety Concept Rob Houben, DHV Consultancy and Engineering, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

Upgrading Passive Fire Protection During The Complete Refurbishment In The Airport Tunnel Tegel In Berlin Germany Konrad Aurin, Fermacell GmbH, Division AESTUVER, Calbe, Germany

Optimization of Smoke Management System in Short Transportation Tunnels Michael Belinsky, Dmitry Dveyrin, Israel Railways Ltd, Israel David Katoshevski, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel

Adaptation of Mine Ventilation Software VENTGRAPH to Simulation of Propagation of Gas Contaminants in Tunnels During Normal Operation and Fires Jerzy Krawczyk, Waclaw Dziurzynski, Teresa Palka, Przemyslaw Skotniczny and Regis Rossotto, Strata Mechanics Research Institute of Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland

Tunnel Lighting Systems John J. Buraczynski, Thomas K. Li, Chris Kwong, and Paul J. Lutkevich, PB Americas, Inc. New York, USA

Determination and Analysis of Tunnel Safety Requirements from a Functional Point of View M.F. (Thijs) Ruland and A.J.M. (Aryan) Snel et. al. Tunnel Engineering Consultants, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Safety and Reliability of Fire Detection Systems in Road Tunnels Arnd Rogner, Metaphysics SA, Sainte-Croix, Switzerland

Infrequent Events Model for Road Tunnels Jorge A. Capote, Daniel Alvear, Orlando Abreu, Mariano Lazaro, Arturo Cuesta, GIDAI Group. Dpto. De Transportes y Tecnologia de Proyectos y Procesos. University of Cantabria. Santander, Spain

Fire Fighter Training in Enclosed Spaces- Experiences of Hagerbach Test Gallery, Switzerland Volker Wetzig, Erik Iglesias and Maximilian Wietek, Hagerbach Test Gallery, Flums, Switzerland

Quantification of the Leakages into Exhaust Ducts in Road Tunnels with Concentrated Exhaust Systems Reto Buchmann and Samuel Gehrig, Pdyry Infra Ltd, Zurich, Switzerland

Reduction ofAirflow and Reducing the Size of the Fire Area During Tunnel Fires. Jan Buijvoets, Industrial Inflatables BV, Hengelo, Netherlands

Safety Management - Added Value for Tunnelling Projects Peter Medek, Drdger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, Stuttgart, Germany Fourth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, March 17-19, 2010

Full Scale Tunnel Fire Tests of VID Fire-Kill Low Pressure Water Mist Tunnel Fire 585 Protection System in Runehamar Test Tunnel, Spring 2009 Carsten Palle, VID Fire-Fill, Svedborg, Denmark

Management of Expectations in Tunnel Safety 591 Rob Brons and Job Kramer, The Hague County Fire Department, The Hague, the Netherlands

An Integrated Safety/Security Video Image Detection (VID) System for Road Tunnel 593 Protection Wenqing Wang, Shengyang Fire Science Institute, China Guofeng Ding, InnoSys Industries Inc., Pei Tou, Taipei, Taiwan Chong Siong Lim, InnoSys Industries Inc., Pei Tou, Taipei, Taiwan Zhigang Liu, General Fire Technologies, Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada

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