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We try to be as generous as possible, but generally attempt to limit search frequency to that which would represent a typical human's interactions. If you are seeing this message, please wait a couple of minutes and try again. If you think that you've reached this page in error, please let us know at [email protected]. If you are an affiliate, and would like to integrate Biblio search results into your site, please contact [email protected] for information on accessing our inventory APIs. Can you guess which first edition cover the image above comes from? What was Dr. Seuss’s first published book? Take a stab at guessing and be entered to win a $50 Biblio gift certificate! Read the rules here. Pierre Corneille. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Pierre Corneille , (born June 6, 1606, Rouen, —died Oct. 1, 1684, Paris), French poet and dramatist, considered the creator of French classical tragedy. His chief works include (1637), (1640), (1641), and Polyeucte (1643). Early life and career. Pierre Corneille was born into a well-to-do, middle-class Norman family. His grandfather, father, and an uncle were all lawyers; another uncle and a brother entered the church; his younger brother, Thomas, became a well-known poet and popular playwright. Pierre was educated at the Jesuit school in his hometown, won two prizes for Latin verse composition, and became a licentiate in law. From 1628 to 1650 he held the position of king’s counselor in the local office of the department of waterways and forests. Corneille’s first play, written before he was 20 and apparently drawing upon a personal love experience, was an elegant and witty comedy, Mélite, first performed in Rouen in 1629. When it was repeated in Paris the following year, it built into a steady (and, according to Corneille, surprising) success. His next plays were the tragicomedy (performed 1631) and a series of comedies including La Veuve (performed 1632; The Widow ), (performed 1633; The Palace Corridor ), La Suivante (performed 1634; The Maidservant ), La Place royale (performed 1634), and L’Illusion comique (performed 1636). His talent, meanwhile, had come to the attention of the Cardinal de Richelieu, France’s great statesman, who included the playwright among a group known as les cinq auteurs (“society of the five authors”), which the Cardinal had formed to have plays written, the inspiration and outline of which were provided by himself. Corneille was temperamentally unsuited to this collective endeavour and irritated Richelieu by departing from his part (Act III) of the outline for La Comédie des Tuileries (1635). In the event, Corneille’s contribution was artistically outstanding. During these years, support had been growing for a new approach to tragedy that aimed at “regularity” through observance of what were called the “classical” unities. Deriving from Italy, this doctrine of the unities demanded that there be unity of time (strictly, the play’s events were to be limited to “the period between sunrise and sunset”), of place (the entire action was to take place in the one locus), and of action (subplots and the dramatic treatment of more than one situation were to be avoided). All this was based on a misunderstanding of Aristotle’s Poetics, in which the philosopher attempted to give a critical definition of the nature of tragedy. The new theory was first put into dramatic practice in Jean Mairet’s Sophonisbe (1634), a tragedy that enjoyed considerable success. Corneille, not directly involved in the call for regular tragedy of this kind, nevertheless responded to Sophonisbe by experimenting in the tragic form with Médée (1635). He then wrote Le Cid (performed early 1637), first issued as a tragicomedy, later as a tragedy. Le Cid, now commonly regarded as the most significant play in the history of French drama, proved an immense popular success. It sparked off a literary controversy, however, which was chiefly conducted by Corneille’s rival dramatists, Mairet and Georges de Scudéry, and which resulted in a bitter pamphlet war. Richelieu, whose motives are not entirely clear, instructed the then recently instituted Académie Française to make a judgment on the play: the resulting document ( Les Sentiments de l’Académie française sur la tragi-comédie du Cid, 1637), drafted in the main by Jean Chapelain, a critic who advocated “regular” tragedy, was worded tactfully and admitted the play’s beauties but criticized Le Cid as dramatically implausible and morally defective. Richelieu used the judgment of the Académie as an excuse for suppressing public performances of the play. Corneille, indeed, had not observed the dramatic unities in Le Cid. The play has nevertheless been generally regarded as the first flowering of French “classical” tragedy. For the best French drama of the “classical” period in the 17th century is properly characterized, not so much by rules —which are no more than a structural convention—as by emotional concentration on a moral dilemma and on a supreme moment of truth, when leading characters recognize the depth of their involvement in this dilemma. In Le Cid, Corneille rejected the discursive treatment of the subject given in his Spanish source (a long, florid, and violent play by Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, a 17th-century dramatist), concentrating instead on a conflict between passionate love and family loyalty, or honour. Thus Le Cid anticipated the “pure” tragedy of Racine, in whose work the “classical” concept of tragic intensity at the moment of self-realization found its most mature and perfect expression. Major tragedies. Corneille seems to have taken to heart the criticisms levelled at Le Cid, and he wrote nothing for three years (though this time was also taken up with a lawsuit to prevent the creation of a legal office in Rouen on a par with his own). In 1640, however, appeared the Roman tragedy Horace; another, Cinna, appeared in 1641. In 1641 also Corneille married Marie de Lampérière, the daughter of a local magistrate, who was to bear him seven children to whom he was a devoted father. Corneille’s brother Thomas married Marie’s sister, and the two couples lived in extraordinary harmony, their households hardly separated; the brothers enjoyed literary amity and mutual assistance. Le Cid, Horace, Cinna, and Polyeucte, which appeared in 1643, are together known as Corneille’s “classical tetralogy” and together represent perhaps his finest body of work for the theatre. Horace was based on an account by the Roman historian Livy of a legendary combat between members of the Horatii and Curiatii families, representing Rome and Alba; Corneille, however, concentrated on the murder by one of the patriots of his pacifist sister, the whole case afterward being argued before the king (a “duplicity” of action admitted by Corneille himself, who otherwise seems by now to have decided to follow the classical rules). Cinna was about a conspiracy against the first Roman emperor, Augustus, who checkmates his adversaries by granting them a political pardon instead of dealing them the expected violent fate, boasting that he has strength enough to be merciful. The hero of Polyeucte (which many critics have considered to be Corneille’s finest work), on adopting Christianity seeks a martyr’s death with almost militaristic fervour, choosing this as the path to la gloire (“glory”) in another world, whereas his wife insists that the claims of marriage are as important as those of religion. These four plays are charged with an energy peculiar to Corneille. Their arguments, presented elegantly, rhetorically, in the grand style, remain firm and sonorous. The alexandrine verse that he employed (though not exclusively) was used with astonishing flexibility as an instrument to convey all shades of meaning and expression: irony, anger, soliloquy, repartee, epigram. Corneille used language not so much to illumine character as to heighten the clash between concepts, hence the “sentences” in his poetry which are memorable even outside their dramatic context. Action here is reaction. These plays concern not so much what is done as what is resolved, felt, suffered. Their formal principle is symmetry: presentation, by a poet who was also a lawyer, of one side of the case, then of the other, of one position followed by its opposite. Polyeucte by Pierre Corneille. Choisir Polyeucte aujourdhui pour loffrir au public ? N'est-ce pas hasardeux ? Il y faut en tout cas un certain courage et quelques sérieuses convictions. La toute jeune Compagnie de la Pléiade n'en manque pas, et y ajoute, élégante, son art consommé du théâtre. Le quadricentenaire de la naissance de Pierre Corneille donne un élan nouveau à ce groupe jailli du message zélé de Martin Luther. Le cloître des Billettes adossé au temple protestant de la rue des Archives, à deux pas de lHôtel de Ville de Paris est à lui seul un témoignage de la Parole. Et les acteurs qui se présentent devant la petite vingtaine de personnes invitées en cet après-midi de 15 août 2006, manifestent leur sens artistique et leur foi. Pierre Corneille est bien chez lui dans cette cour du cloître. En son temps, cette rue la vu vivre à quelques pas de là. Logé chez le duc de Guise pendant deux ans, il se rendait chez lui au 58, rue des Archives. Mais la pièce commence. Théâtre de plein air, tout contre les spectateurs. Chacun rencontre l'autre. Ni scène ni distance. Le théâtre est dans la vie. Une fine pluie tombe. Quelques gouttes. Une dame âgée se lève et se retire vers la murette un peu plus protégée. Une deuxième, puis un monsieur. Les acteurs continuent leur message. Gracieuse et grave dans sa robe légèrement bleutée, Pauline répond toujours à Polyeucte. La pluie ne les arrête pas. L'acte se termine. Il est mieux de se mettre à labri. Le petit temple protestant ouvre ses portes. Peu importe le décor austère de l'édifice. Aussi à l'aise face à lautel et au crucifix, que dans la cour, la pièce continue. Il faut que le message passe. Ici, on prêche avec sa vie. Le théâtre est aussi « annonce » La conviction du ton concentre les regards et l'attention des auditeurs. Quelques phrases résonnent plus fort que dautres : Pauline Où le conduisez-vous ? Félix A la mort Polyeucte A la gloire ! Chère Pauline, adieu, conservez ma mémoire. Mais tout le texte est beau. Il est bien dit. On lécoute avec plaisir. Un tel spectacle aide à comprendre sans doute ce quécrivait Corneille lui-même de cette pièce : « A mon gré, je nai point fait de pièce où lordre du théâtre soit plus beau, et lenchaînement des scènes mieux ménagé. Les tendresses de lamour humain y font un si agréable mélange avec la fermeté du divin que sa représentation satisfait tout ensemble les dévots et les gens du monde. » Témoignage vigoureux de foi chrétienne et présentation artistique de haut niveau avec des moyens simples, peut-être est-ce cela aussi la manière « priante » de la jeune troupe et de ses fondateurs, Jean Dominique et Nathalie Hamel, de poursuivre quatre cents ans après, la geste religieuse du grand écrivain.