ofunderground space incities ThinkDeep:Planning,development and use

ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 1 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 2 ofunderground space incities ThinkDeep:Planning,development and use 4 Foreword Shipra Narang Suri, ISOCARP Vice President Han Admiraal, ITACUS Chair

6 Planning for underground spaces “NY-LON” Underground Elizabeth Reynolds Paul Reynold

34 Naples and its parallel city Vincenzo De Stefano Valerio Di Pinto Carlo Gerundo

Think Deep: Planning, development Editors and use of underground space in cities Han Admiraal, ITACUS 54 Networking underground Shipra Narang Suri, ISOCARP Copyright 2015 © International Society archaeological and cultural sites: of City and Regional Planners and Coordinator the case of the Athens Metro International Tunnelling and Gaby Kurth, ISOCARP Marilena Papageorgiou Underground Space Association. All rights reserved. Designer Ricardo Moura, Portugal 72 Underground and cavern space This publication is part of the ongoing www.ricardomoura.pt co-operation between ISOCARP and ITA/ development in Hong Kong ITACUS. This project was managed by Liang Huew WANG ISOCARP and financed by ITA. ISBN 978-94-90354-34-3 All contributors are members of ISOCARP. 88 The utilization of underground No part of this publication may be Cover: Naples underground cavities map space planning in Tianjin (China) reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or Copyright 2015 © Vincenzo De Stefano, transmitted in any form or by any means Valerio Di Pinto, Carlo Gerundo Central City (2013-2020) electronic, mechanical, photocopying, Shi Wujun recording or otherwise, without the prior Printed in the Netherlands Xiao Yu written permission of the Publisher. by Drukkerij Aktief, Pijnacker Gong Yuan Authorship Responsibility: the original author is responsible for the content Zhao Guang of the manuscript. Liu Wei ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 4 1 Architects,Royal ofBritish Institute Town Planning Conference London, 10-15 London that year hepresented hisnow famouspaper underground space. the During Town Planning Conference in 1910 first used the phrase‘The Cities of the Future’ in relation to new paradigms. a newera. This requires usto thinkinboldnewways basedon quick fixes, we need to consider that the istransitioningworld to ing at the citiesoffuture. for Butmore some thanjustlooking ourcitiesandtheyallneedto beconsideredpacting whenlook climate change, to namejustafew. All thesechallenges are im- epic scale:rapid urbanisation, natural hazards, andtheeffectsof we live inachangeoferas’. The world is facing challenges on an quotedoften assaying: ‘We do not live in a era of change, rather ment at theErasmus University, Rotterdam, theNetherlands, is Jan Rotmans, Professor of Transitions and Transition Manage Foreword the casestudiesdoesjustthat and comes up withinteresting governingspace andthekeyfactors thisdevelopment? Oneof andLondon,City what canyou say abouttheuseofunderground ied inthesoilbeneath thecity. you If were to compare New York a metro in Athens andnot destroy thearchaeological assetsbur Hong Kong. Onecasestudy looksat how itwas possibleto build caverns in spaces ofNaplesto beneath purpose-built thecity differentvery studies ranging from theidentification oflonglost use ofunderground space beneath ourcities. This hasledto five and ITACUS joined forces to commission five case studies on the words inourcurrent search for newspaces for ourcities. ISOCARP ago. isnow more It thanever that we cantakeheedofthese the difficultiesIhave pointed just out altogether.’ woulddisappear of containing of the road,” all theinstallations needed for the service atasufficientheightstructed toallow thereunder aspace capable pavement andcarriage-wayidea that“the con- must artificially be view. a matter As of fact, if we were to establish as a first principle the original condition.” Butthere isnothingto justifysuchanerroneous bottom oftheroad must onalevel“the be withtheground inits be thefollowing: ‘All theevilarisesfrom theoldtraditional ideathat must mostfamouscommentHis onconsidering thesubsurface made him think of utilising new spaces,not considered. hitherto ies of the present day.’ that intrigued Hénard was thisdensity and It buildings willalways placed be closetogether, astheyare inourcit- large urban community,every a centre wherein the of intense activity ever formitsfuture expansion maytake, there willalways remain, in cities ofthe future to exist, because, as he propositioned: - ‘What would enable he setouthisvisionhow theuseofsubsurface 1911): 345-367. 1910, October Transactions (London: The Architects, Royal ofBritish Institute It was Eugène Hénard,It French architect andplanner, whoin Hénard wrote these words and presented them over 100 years 1 , inwhich - - - the underground. developing large pipesinto energy schemesby vertical driving tion andcompetition between resources. Many citiesare already based on ‘first come, firstserved’. Thiswilllead tospatial conges- aging the useofthisvast spatial asset, alldevelopments willbe ground space, withoutplanning and withoutastrategy for man- street” tonecessity planthelayout ofwhat hecalled subterranean“the ofPhiladelphia,and Surveyor USAwhoin1914wrote aboutthe notevenoften beingconsidered. solutionsimpossible,alignments justfor oftransport example, is is theneedto plan. fromconsideration allcasestudies, seemsto andthat surface development anduse. subsurface Oneoverriding of large-scale but equallyby legislation that never considered thepossibility notjustby restricted and often geologyorunderground ecology, that underground the useofurban muchsituational space isvery ground space use. allthecasestudiesillustrate If onepoint, itis sights into the possibilities but also the impediments of under underground space. Five to give casestudiesthat somein- start architects. Five casestudiesthat intend to show of therichness of space planninghasbeenutilisedintheChinesecity Tianjin. conclusions. casestudylooksintoThe how fifth underground 3 L’Urbanisme Souterrain. Édouard Presses Utudjian. Universitaires deFrance (1952). 2 Annals Academy oftheAmerican ofPolitical Science, andSocial Volume 51(1914): Utudjian whofamouslywroteUtudjian Hénard and went further, likeHénard hesaw afuture for underground space. ifnotplanned. andchaosarising Buthisvision in thesubsurface resilient, inclusive andabove allliveable. roleevermore for important people; citiesofthefuture, whichare tioning to anewera inwhichourcitieswillcontinue to play an the timehascome for newplanning paradigms aswe are transi- of theplanningourfuture cities. doingso, In we reaffirm that ties, butalsoto thinkdeep andto make underground space part W late someinnovative ontheuseofunderground thinking space. ment, legislationandapredetermined plan.’ not through random necessities, butaccording to adefinite commit- ner thinksdeepandthatunderground development ofcitiesisdone pp 200-207. e urge notonlyto consider planningpractitioners thepossibili- A contemporary ofHénardA contemporary was George Han Admiraal, ITACUS Chair Shipra Narang ISOCARP Vice Suri, President Five by planners, designers urban and casestudiesundertaken This joint publication by andITACUS ISOCARP hopesto stimu- 2 . W ebster was concerned with theplacement ofutilities W ebster were followed by French architect Édouard W W hether these are making futurehether theseare horizontal making ithout a vision on the use of urban under ithout avisionontheuseofurban 3 It is necessary that the urban plan- is necessary : ‘It W ebster, ChiefEngineer - -

Foreword 5 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 6 Elizabeth Reynolds ·Paul Reynolds “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” UNDERGROUND SPACES PLANNING FOR don Overground Network. Briefly described asthe8th described don Overground Briefly Network. nel, butin1869was converted to arailway oftheLon tunnelthat- isnow part signed by andconstructed SirMarc tun- Brunelitopenedinitially asapedestrian forbidden lovers. whom relied ofsecretgoods, onitsnetwork andeven tunnelsto prisoners ferry The Tower continued under tosuccessive expand and fortify monarchs, many of following ofNormandy Duke hisconquest andsubsequent coronation in1066. ties. The oldestbuildinginthecity, the Tower ofLondon was firstbuilt for of London. the development ofthedocks, andalso adriver for underground development Clay isconsidered anidealmediumfor excavating in andtunnelling-akeyfactor figure 1,alarge area at the centre comprises ofthecity “London Clay”. London ageclay andsands, asindicated in London filledwith tertiary Basinisprimarily in response to geological, climatic andcultural attributes. Although thebroader notonlyevolvedthe city inresponse to changing threats but andopportunities, from around theworld ever since. The shape, density, of andfunction typology of commerce that draws in,processes thenredistributes goods andknowledge sen for andtrade reasons –andLondon ofsecurity hasbeenacontinuous centre in approximately 43AD. Situated onthetidalRiver Thames, itwas alocation cho The settlement thatasLondon hasbecome known was founded by theRomans History andC ground spaces; andchallengesfaced inplanningandimplementation. ground space isbeingusedinthe two cities;theadvantages under ofactivating being delivered andconsidered aimsto inthetwo cities. illustrate It how under velopment, onsomeofthe most recent focusing ideasand projects inparticular to focus onFloor Area (FAR) Ratios that have theeffect ofpromoting buildingtall. limitations contrast, onheight.est incarnations, In setstrict New York hastended ings, butchallenging to digthrough. the other-hand ismadeofrock that isgreat for thetallestofbuild- underpinning great for tunnelling into, butless helpful for founding tall buildings. New York on ture, ormore specificallygeologyandpolicy. upwhileLondon wentlooking downwards, isacombination ofnature andnur consider underground spaces aspotentially valuable assets. urban withgrowthtainability timeto inpopulation andconsumption, it isanopportune to to planninganddevelopment. balance environmental As bothcitiestry sus- and culture, withcorrespondingly different highlandvalues yet very approaches London andNew York have asglobalhubsoffinance longenjoyed rivalry afriendly Introduction low ground arches (figure 2). Thames Tunnel was withvisitors atourist attraction promenading through it’s be However, itwas 1843before tunnelwas first attempted. anunderwater De London haslongrelied ontunnelsfor security, andutili- logistics, transport This research paperwilllookat thecontrasting approaches to underground de From apoliticalperspective, buildingcontrols inLondon have, since- theirearli Geologically, London is largely bedded on gravels and clay – materials that are isclearthat thereasons thatIt thetwo citiesdiverged sogreatly, withNew York The technology the usedto construct Thames Tunnel nodoubt influenced the ontext W onder ofthe W orld, the W illiam, ------

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 7 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 8 Figure 2: ThamesFigure Tunnel1843 Figure 1:Geological mapofLondon ond thick concrete asacommand centre bunkerwhichserved for theAllies intheSec also protected inunderground spaces, theCabinet primarily figuresgovernment includingMinister andmilitary Prime each, theshelters were adapted for accommodation andmedicalpurposes. Key below existing underground rail station tunnels. Able to hold up to 8,000 people bombing raids, between 1940and1942eight deeplevel shelters were constructed dents inboththefirstandsecond world wars (figure 3). To citizensprotect from air 2012). Mullins now more than1,107millionpassengerjourneys peryear (Bownes, Green and London’s infrastructure and identity, beginning with 40,000 passengers there are The London Underground traingrewof system to quickly become part acritical usingcutandcoverstructed techniques andoperated initiallywithsteam trains. don’s firstundergroundMetropolitan rail lineopenedin1863;the line was con- don’s “lost” underground day modern London. rivers andstillserves Constructed between 1859and1865,thesewer alsoincorporated several ofLon- causedbydress crisis sewerage thepublichealthandamenity intheRiver Thames. Joseph Bazalgette, thecombined sewer andstorm water system was vitalto ad- design of the London and construction Sewer System. Designed by Engineer Sir ground spaces. The Canary at ground orabove ground level, interest seemsto begrowing inutilisingbelow operation 2023). opening late 2018);and theproposed Thames Tideway sewer tunnel(estimated (1999);CrossrailLine Extension whichiscurrently (estimated underconstruction ground level, mostnotablythecreation oftheChannel Tunnel (1994);theJubilee ground space whencompared to residents ofothercities. intheirperceptions could factor beconsidered ofunder security animportant Cumberland’s Carbon Bar, Hotels have alsorecently ofsimilarbars No41, opened, buildingonthepopularity pened asBrasserie Zedel andbasement level nightclubs at the Edition andAce tor. oftheformer Acavernous Regent Palace basement inpart Hotel recently reo of thispaper. 3 insection response to thisbasementpolicy goldrushwillbeexplained further ing spaces for homecinemas, cigarrooms andprivate spas. beauty The planning level thantheyappearabovebelow surface are digging outsubstantial newliv in London’slarly wealthier where suburbs “iceberg houses” that are even bigger ing mallandtrain station beneath acluster ofoffice towers. predominantly basement level retail space at Jubilee Place, to an exist connecting (and potentially undervalued land), there are(and potentially currently undervalued hop projects several quirky to adjacent landuses). addition theyprovide spaces that are insulated for noise(minimizing disturbance without natural light, and indeed are designed often around that central theme. In ment spaces are preferred often for theseusesasthey cansuccessfully operate The expanding underground rail was network usedasashelter for London resi- The 1860’s were anexciting engineering projects, timefor withLon bigthinking - Although London’s residential, recreation andretail landusesare stillprimarily London’s andutilities infrastructure hascontinued to expand transport below The trend for lower also seems present level inthe retail luxury and leisure sec At adomesticscale, there isatrend for residential- basement extensions, particu In trying to identify further unique business opportunities for under-utilised unique business opportunities to identify further trying In W orld orld W ar. ofLondonersThe using underground history spaces for safety and W W hisky Mist and Bodo Schloss (Hermann, 2013). Base (Hermann, Schloss and Bodo Mist hisky harf Group recently added a further 44,000 sq ft of Group 44,000 sq ft recentlyharf added a further W inston Churchill were W ar Rooms, a1.5m ------

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 9 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 10 Air Raid Shelter Air Raid Underground Station Figure 3: London toiling underground inthedark space. immi- and Irish Italian The mostlyGerman, Consequently, or compression sickness Bends”“The affected often the brave men to digoutspace for thefoundations that would eventually befilledwith concrete. pressed airwas pushedin,forcing thewater out andallowing theworkers access caisson boxes were sunk(openat thebottom) usingstone weights, before com- framing thefoundations thesuspension bridge. oftowers supporting The 16ton derground techniques -withcaissons(large construction inverted wooden boxes) in 1883by hisson tem powered (figure 5)that openedin1904usingelectric trains (MTA 2013). underground was theintroduction oftheInterborough Rapid transport Transit sys- mal underground passengerrail2011). line(BHRA evolutionThe next inNew York’s Avenue Tunnel (1844),that madeNew York inthe thefirstcity world to have a for cablerailway Bridge and Brooklyn (1883)predated thesteam locomotive Atlantic an underground of pipes initiated network by theNew York Steam Company in 1882. tunnels. Heating, cooling andenergy for continues thecity to besuppliedthrough from the Croton River to the centre of New York of underground using a series City commencedlation, construction in1837ontheCroton water to Aqueduct divert thecity.needed to support To ensure afresh water supplyfor thegrowing popu- ever deter thosewhosaw theunderground asaway to deliver theinfrastructure valleys. C.andSanders, (Merguerian, J., 1990). ings had to be anchored and not on the glacial on till solid thatbedrock, fills the gap between “midtown” and “downtown” -thetallbuild skyline intheManhattan gradual ascent beginning at ChambersStreet. These account dipsandrises for the abruptly several hundred feet below ground at tip;itdips onitssouthern endto theBattery at HudsonBridge itsnorth Henry Fordham Gneiss (figure 4). Schist The the island’sforms spine, running from the isbuiltonthree Inwood Schist, asManhattan strata2014). It Marble, known and in thePleistocene Era approximately 1.5millionyears ago(New York Parks, City W to evacuate Revolutionary theAmerican after the Englishoccupation ofNew York onlylasted until 1783 when theywere forced was purchased by England from theDutch inexchange for Suriname. However, ofthecommerciallyremaining sections andstrategically significant trading port English, whoproclaimed itNew York, of theDuke after York, 1674the in1664.In 1609itwas colonisedin 1524.In by theDutch asNewAmsterdam, andthenthe of New BC, but the history York began when the French City visited the region gin. Native are Americans believed to have firstsettledinNew StateYork in10,000 ∙ ∙ ∙ ing to adaptLondon’s underground spaces, namely: ∙ ∙ ∙ ar of 1861 – 1865, the City ofNew ar of1861–1865,theCity York was officially in1898. formed The designed Bridge iconic by in1867,andcompleted Brooklyn JohnRoebling systems suchastheBroadwayExperimental transport pneumatic subway (1870) This tough whichallowed bedrock, to buildtallskyscrapers, thecity didn’t how ofalandscapesculpted from aniceThe sheetformed ispart islandofManhattan comparison to London,In across theAtlantic, New York different hasavery - ori air raid shelters. Zero Carbon Food thehydroponic istrialling ofvegetables production informer ofanewpostalmuseum;and matic mail rail system aspart PostalBritish &Archive Museum are attempting to restore ofthepneu- sections former train stations for shopping, tourism andevents (Spillane, 2011); The OldLondon Underground Company hopesto raise £200mcapitalto use26 W ashington anddaughter inlaw Emily, utilized innovative un- W W ar. Following Civil theAmerican ashington Square, andmakesa - -

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 11 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 12 ∙ ∙ ∙ outthefollowingcurrently below projects New carving York’s streets: ling physical labour, explosives andhightech are Tunnel (TBMs) Machines Boring needed to break through thebedrock beneath thecity. This combination ofgruel- miners, itremains adifficultanddangerous as explosives job,often are particularly infrastructure to New York (figure City 6). thedifficultbutvital miningandpractice in urban ofdelivering work underground 1983). (Delaney This uniquegroup workers continue ofconstruction to specialise grants that worked underthesedreadful as conditions becameknown “Sandhogs” ∙ ∙ ∙ tral Terminal by 2023. East SideAccess to project runtheLong Linedeepbelow Grand IslandRail Cen- 1972 andestimated to beoperational in2016);and Second Avenue Subway (initiallyproposed in1929,commenced in construction 1954, began construction in1970 andisestimated1954, beganconstruction to complete in2021); W Though healthandsafety hasimproved construction considerably for theurban Figure ofNew 4:Geology York City ater Tunnel as the Kensico –City 3 (also known Tunnel that was proposed in Figure 5:Interborough Rapid Transit system W tions were aconsequence Anne’s ofQueen buildingin Mansions, anapartment the Building of Act 1894 also prohibited buildings over high. Height restric 80ft As well asrefining therulesaround and foundationwall thicknesses, construction make itmore London-specific, anditsponsored the of1894.London Building Act London County Council was created in1889,itwanted to amendthelegislation to age ofbuildingsandtheprovision ofairspace around them.However, when the ofhousesandpreventensure stability structural fires, and to provide for thedrain- a national level. required to It authorities makebyelaws urban for newstreets, to ontheheight ofthecity.pact 1875,thePublic In was HealthAct introduced at prevailed over time. isthedifferingregimes that planning policy have ofequalimportance tion to-date, had asignificant influence ontheirdiffering approaches tounderground construc W Planning Regmes estminster over tall, 100ft which prompted many complaints – including from hile thephysical ofthetwo cities’ characteristics geology have withoutdoubt London hasalways buildingcontrols hadstrict that have hadaconstraining im- - -

13 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 14 of whomproduce theirown spatial development plans. by theconstituent Boroughs, of planningisundertaken cance), each themajority signifi thoseseenas being ofcity-scale - asitwishes (particularly individual projects tent canbeseeninfigure 7. for basements orbelow ground spaces specifically. An example oftheplan’s con- in London, thePlan doesnot includeany reference to policy spatial orregulatory ∙ two ofthe32boroughs -theRoyal Borough of Kensington andChelsea(RBKC) tures intheirplans, alloftheseare residential basement design standards. However, ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ currentlyobjectives are to ensure that London is: the London Plan. The London Plan hassixobjectives. As ofthe2011revision, the produces andregularly revises aspatial development strategy simplyas known these includeEUDirectives onStrategic Environmental Assessment. where appropriate promote relevant requirements”; EUobligations andstatutory national andlocallevel. The NPPFalsostates that Local Plans should “reflect and be approved unlesstheyare to sustainabledevelopment contrary setat criteria a able development, meaning that applications for development consent should buildings”. Importantly, theNPPFalsocontains apresumption infavour ofsustain- and agoodstandard for ofamenity allexisting andfuture occupants oflandand one of which is that “planning should always seek to secure design high quality anddecision-making, thattains 12planningprinciples shouldinform plan-making groupswith community also able to prepare Plans. Neighbourhood The NPPF con - that informs oflocalplansby andborough theproduction City level organisations, evolutions, was introduced. The framework isthehighesttierinaplan-ledsystem central tenets have endured. instead. The system hasevolved multipletimesintheyears since, butmany ofthe building controls approaches andestablishedplan-ledpolicy suchasthe1894Act established theframework andtook thehistorical for planningpolicy modern structure. ofanevolvingin 1962–thenonlyallowed communications asitwasinfra part - tallest building in London for over 250 years until by it was overtaken the BT Tower “protected views” –includingto St Paul’s Cathedral, whichat 111mhadbeenthe to set their own height limits. London, In regulations remain in place to preserve andto thisdaydon construction have individualplanningauthorities theability been relaxed, theculture Lon oflow hadbecome rise embeddedin20thCentury - Parliament Palace. from Buckingham have Although theserestrictions longsince Queen Victoria herself, herviewof to thenewbuilding blocking whoobjected ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ At present, whilesixofthe32London boroughs consider underground struc W andoccurrenceDespite theincreasing popularity ofunderground development tunities andfacilities. whereA city itiseasy, safe andconvenient for to everyone access jobs, oppor A city that becomesA city aworld leaderinimproving theenvironment A city that delights thesenses A city A city ofdiverse,A city strong, secure andaccessible neighbourhoods An internationally competitive andsuccessful city A city that meetsthechallengesofeconomicA city andpopulation growth planningbodyforAs thetop-tier London, theGreater London (GLA) Authority March 2012,theNational PlanningIn Policy Framework (NPPF),thelatest ofthese More broadly, thepost-war across theUK, Town Planning 1949 Act andCountry hile theGLAhasstrategic planningoversight, andcanchooseto determine - - Figure 7:London Plan Figure 6:New York Underground

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 15 16 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ (figureplanned orunderconstruction 9): anticipated demand, thefollowing underground are infrastructure projects also pressure onitsresources andinfrastructure. Therefore, to cope withexisting and ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ments, namely: framework andapproachsetting outthepolicy for thedevelopment ofbase Figure 8: “Iceberg house” 2013). (LandRegistry thorities These are two localauthorities alsoamongstthe (£1,383,459), the two highest residential land values across the London local au- value than the average in costRBKC of residential (£1,586,426) and property 4.7%inthepreviousJune 2013,thishadrisen quarter, butisaconsiderably lower of thecity, similarto theoneproposed by amediatycoon infigure 8(Hasler2012). closeto thecentre ofmegabasementonhighvalue extensions properties struction low ground development. These policies are to beingdraftedasa reaction thecon- W ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ estminster Council City ( London PowerLondon Tunnels Northern Line Extension Northern Thames Tideway Tunnel Crossrail As well as real estate uses, the growth in London’s population places increasing Developments underthehighway. tion; and Use ofbasements for livingaccommodation; ofconstruc managing theimpacts Visual impact; Archaeology; Archaeology; Heritage assets; Heritage Ground issues; conditions andstructural Land stability; Flood risk; Trees, gardens andlandscaping; Sustainable design; W The average in Greater price of residential London property was £475,940 in estminster Council City hasalsoprepared Planning anInterim Guidance Note WCC) -are developing specificplanningpoliciesonbe (paragraph 34.3.50,page5). over thescale, form andextentofbasements” Council considers that careful control isrequired emissions. oncarbon Forpact allthesereasons the of rear gardens, sustainable drainage and the im- ofadjacent stability property,structural character living conditions. There are alsoconcerns over the a residential area to withlongterm harm residents’ alent ofhaving apermanentinappropriate usein tiple excavations inmany streets canbetheequiv oflife, onthequality pact whilsttheeffect ofmul- whichcanhave im- has animmediacy aserious explain that “A basement development door next oftheCorePartial Review Strategy, July2013RBKC pph (Greater London Authority, 2014). (pph) and people per hectare densest inGreater London withRBKC 4that 128.4 In theirBasements PublicationIn Planning Policy WCC 7th at 105.5 WCC - - - - Manhattan moreManhattan thandoublingbetween 1842 and1860. 2011). Speculators in snapped up the new plots,ert, with the value of property long blockspredominantly containing 25by 100foot plotsofland(Rob (metric) with11 majornewavenuesof thecity and155 cross town streets to create 20-foot missioners’ Island”. ofManhattan andSurvey Map The maplaidouta7-milearea the grid pattern for Manhattan’s development urban was set down inthe “Com - onmanyple boroughs andimpact different landowners. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ several differenttypes ofdevelopment consent process: process.of thedecisionmaking Currently, are majorprojects to oneof subjected different processes that have alsoundergone changes to improve theefficiency applications for newdevelopment, are majorinfrastructure projects to subjected Figure 9:London’s subterranean buildingboom ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ In 1916,New In York to implement a inthe zoning wascountry thefirstcity resolu- contrast,In theplanningsystem inNew York hasevolved differently.In 1811 These processes are cross normally usedasmajorinfrastructure projects multi- Application for planningconsent (major) Development Consent Order (for Nationally SignificantInfrastructure Projects) Transport and Bill Hybrid Unlikethedevelopment control system managedby localboroughs to assess W orks Act orks -

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 17 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 18 a recent article called a recent article Great“the Air Race”, Transferable Development (TDRs) Rights rights –atransferable (andsaleable)commodity. As theNew York Times setoutin York thepremium onaviewiseven greater. This hasledto asurge intrading inair ment blockswithaviewofthe Thames a premium doattract inLondon, inNew hasalways market hadagreatererty focus onview. otherwords, In whileapart ‘value-adding’ isallaboutmega-basements, inNew York City, thespeculative prop creased trading ofsocalledairrights. inLondon If thecurrent trend inproperty the previous due to Mayoral in- Bloomberg; administration and partly of Michael at present, firstlyonaccount ofthelarge areas that ofthecity were rezoned under requirements (Architectural League 2014). lowable development; andthethird isaletter character indicating any contextual oflanduse,the type thesecond isanumberindicating character thescaleofal- three characters. As indicated infigure isaletter 10,thefirstcharacter explaining be declared. Zoning plansfor eachborough allocate landwithacode comprising mixed use;however a “special district” (ofwhichthere are currently 60)canalso York fallsinto City oneoffour zones: residential, commercial, or manufacturing, land use, development density, buildingheight andappearance. All landinNew themultifaceted needsofitspopulation. supports responsible for theorderly growth anddevelopment ofthecity, inamannerthat of New the Rules of the City York (City of New York organisations 2014). Both are Planning operate ofCity underrulesin mission andtheDepartment Title 62of zoning resolution. thanafederaldirective, Rather Planning policy Com theCity - responsible for preparing spatial plansandapproving amendments to theinitial yearstion andtwenty later, Planning Commission establishedaCity whichwas Figure 10: Application of the Zoning of New of the City Resolution York is a topical subject Zoning isakeyfeature planningsystem oftheUSurban anditisusedto direct W hat’s Zone? My - - Figure 11:PlaNYC excerpt 22 ! id>cXgZVhZ8VeVX^in[dgGZh^YZci^Vac^i^Vi^kZh 6G:6HL>I=>C&$'B>A:D;HJ7L6NHI6I>DC E:C9>C<EA6CC:9>C>I>6I>K:H 6EEGDK:9>C>I>6I>K:H 6G:6HD;DEEDGIJC>IN HOUSING ANDNEIGHBORHOODS !

HdjgXZ/CN89Zei#d[8^inEaVcc^c\ PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 19 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 20 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ underground planningreceives makers: from policy landuses. and masterplanned spaces ofvarying derground uses, network pedestrian infrastructure plant networks, housingutility developing it’s own guidelinesthat for willattempt un- to identify opportunities Zwolle intheNetherlands. Additionally, Singapore iscurrently intheprocess of ards for theirunderground spaces. few citiesacrossvery theworld have suchspatial landusepoliciesordesign stand- ground spatial planningordesign strategies. thisrespect, theyare In notalone- environments. The two citiesare alsosimilarinnothaving prepared any under York apparently share for similarobjectives improving oftheirurban thequality ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ city’s As skyline. Finn explains, “ lot to another, transformation ina becoming ofthe akeyinfluencingfactor vertical used orexcess development rightscanbequantified andsoldfrom onebuildable by aFloor-Area-Ratio (FAR) that determines abuilding’s Any bulk. un- permissible block(Finn quotasforestablished density every 2013). The are restrictions defined are produced asaleablecommodity asaresult zoning regulations ofthecity that New York” (figure 11). revised ofsettinga2030visionfor in2011withtheobjective a “A greener, greater isnotonlythelimit, it’sthe upswing…sky thesolution”. supply andthecity’s office fixation onhousingandenvelope-pushing buildingson ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ have alower level andcorrespondingly, ofknowledge lower of amenity. expectation Underground spaces beingconsidered technical solutionson whichstakeholders police”; and contextualstakeholders critiquing design response, through as to acting “taste An emphasisonoutward facingdesign intheplanningprocess ranging from Limited interaction withunderground spaces asidefrom transport; spaces are considered “out ofsight, outofmind”; A lower level ofpublicinterest thanabove ground buildings asunderground There are several that could factors besaidto influence thelimited attention The notable exceptions of Montreal to thisare andtheMunicipality Helsinki, Thus, different despite theirvery approaches to planning, both London andNew to climate risks. Increase theresilience ofourcommunities, natural systems, andinfrastructure Climate Change -Reduce greenhouse gasemissionsby more than30%;and Solid Air Quality -AchieveAir Quality ofany thecleanestairquality bigU.S. city; ability and high quality of our transportation network; ofourtransportation andhighquality ability Transportation choices andensure -Expandsustainabletransportation thereli - more reliable; Energy -Reduce energy consumption andmakeourenergy systems cleanerand W recreation andrestore coastal ecosystems; W Parks and Public Space - Ensure all New Yorkers live within a 10-minute walk of a park; Brownfields -Cleanupall contaminated landinNew City; York -CreateHousing andNeighborhoods homesfor almostamillionmore New York ers while making housing and neighborhoods more housingandneighborhoods affordableers whilemaking andsustainable; orderIn to improve New York City, theplansetsoutfollowing objectives: planningsystem,Overlaying theregulatory PlaNYC was released in2007and ater Supply-Ensure andreliability ofourwater thehighquality supplysystem; aterways -Improve for ofourwaterways to thequality increase opportunities W aste - Divert 75%ofoursolidwasteaste from -Divert landfills; W ith Manhattan’s skyscraper-proof bedrock infinite - - Figure 12:metropolis (1926)Subterranean worker’s city conditions and sunlight. Physiological concerns withtheunderground focus- pri with thenatural world andnostimulation from ofchanging weather thevariety seen. Also, viewoftheoutdoors withnodirect there may bealossofconnection points suchastheground, sky, andspaces sun,andadjacent cannotbe objects ciations (fears) inrelation arise to feeling lostordisoriented, reference asnormal orfearand burial ofentrapment from collapse. negative structural asso Other air, andnosunlight. with underground combined withhumid, space generally stale includedarkness living underground elicitsanegative Negative (emotional)reaction. associations etal. thatGoel provide anassertion “For common people, of theideaorworking foreboding worker’s above thebeauty it. toils to city support est echelonsplaying inaheavenly “Club oftheSons”, whilstbelow ground adark, the contrast between apositive, scrapersMetropolis lightwithitshigh- filled ofsky Though anarrative illustrates andindustrialization, thefilmalsoclearly onsociety aggerated societalviewofthecontrast between above andbelow ground spaces. TheMetropolis 1926film by director bestencapsulates Langperhaps Fritz an ex Perceptions of underground space Challenges to delivery Among the most powerful associations (emotions)areAmong themostpowerful thoserelated to death theirbookUndergroundIn Planning, Infrastructures Design andConstruction, - -

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 21 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 22 subterranean construction. that willbe neededto delivervital to the skills an increased securing amount of and underground ismore inEurope, construction prevalent, particularly willbe However, from andlearning geographies global skills where securing tunnelling thatdown many throughwith thefact familieswillpass theskills generations. seenamore hasperhaps steady supplyoflabour, industry construction coupled to tunnelingfor utilities. suchasbasement excavationstruction for mixed-use developments, asopposed hard to tell how many graduates are moving into ofunderground othertypes con- and getting jobs with Crossrail and on other infrastructure projects. However, it is withasteadynelling, stream of skills apprentices passing through the academy been establishedinrecognition oftheincreasing demandfor, tun- inparticular andinfrastructure’struction (http://www.crossrail.co.uk/careers/tuca) whichhas required thekeyskills to work intunnelexcavation,supports underground con- Academy’ asoneofitsfirstobjectives. This isa that training facility ‘purpose-built in London committed to building a ‘Tunnelling and Underground Construction densely developed cities. To dealwiththefirstoftheseissues, the Crossrail project basecapableofresolving thechallenginga depleted in logistics skills ofworking ofmore undergroundAnother ofthechallengesto highquality delivery spaces is Skills andchallenges illustrated by thecasestudyonLowline. ever, New York into apositive ofthisunderworld publicspace, as part isturning most New Yorkers, vulnerable” appearsparticularly thecity (p.5 Solis, 2004).How now seemsrife withthreats. Here, inanuninhabited realm, andunfamiliarto dark attacks have hadaprofound“The effectonnew York’s anarea underworld, that attitudes towards disusedunderground spaces, posttheSeptember2011attacks: ence people’s attitudes towards thesafety ofunderground, publicspaces today. ontheNew crime York subway system inthe1980smight beconsidered to influ- at streetwalking level, exposed to theelements. contrast, By theperception of isseenasadesirable around andthenetwork alternativecomfortably thecity to winters, Montreal’s underground walkways pedestrian help people move more of refuge rather andcomfort thanconfinement. intheharsh Similarly Canadian shelter inundergroundseeking spaces might for example, invoke aperception human interaction with underground spaces. The historic context of Londoners evolvesciety inresponse to itshabitat andthere are many positive examples of veys, isconsidered reasonable theirassertion for mostpopulations. However, so considerations for underground spaces doesnotreference any specificusersur ings takessometime” (Goel etal., pages23–24,2012). overcome theseperceptions. “Adaptation to live inwell-built underground open- toreaction underground space hasforced designers andresearchers to attempt to technologymodern hasovercome many oftheseconcerns. The generally negative dampenvironmentsthe historic imagesofdark, lingerinourminds, even though open sky. They donotwant to feel inunderground likeprisoners facilities. onthelackofnaturalmarily light andpoorventilation. People want to seesunand In New In York, thespecialstatus andreputation ofthe Hogs’‘Sand within thewider New herbook, In York Underground: The Anatomy ofaCity, writes of JuliaSolis etal’sAlthough Goel ofcommon description psychological andphysiological Continuing concern over placingpeopleunderground indicates that someof - - - increased that risk suchspaces bring. new-yorks-secret-city-hall-subway-stop), presumably asaresult oftheperceived ber 11,2001terrorist (http://jalopnik.com/5684329/how-to-see- attacks inthecity (figure 13)into theNew transitYork museum Septemwere the - abandonedafter in New York, plansto HallSubway convert thedisusedbutstunningCity station ly any schemehasto meetrelevant buildingcodes andevacuation standards, but for evacuation, arewhere particularly limited linksto orunclear. thesurface, Clear that are increasingly popularinbothLondon andNew York. ing. This isacommon feature inthemany basement restaurants, clubsandbars people that thisistheentrance to abelow ground visitingandexplor space worth dalone destination, equivalent entrances landmark are required to highlight to ings to linktheabove andbelow ground levels. approaches, from simpleelevator orescalator cores, to theuseofmultilevel build- is vitalto success. The casestudiesexplored inthispaper combine many different number oflevels over whichthebuilding operates. thiscirculation Getting right the building, andany useswhere peopleneedto move to limitthe around willtry can besuccessful inunderground spaces. significant footfall, andare natural locations types of conveniencefor the retail that Centre Transit currently being completed in New York. These locations generate to majorpublic transit nodes, such asCanary ofsimplebuildingbasementsthat tend donotfallinto to thecategory belinked relating level ofpatronage andfootfall. isnocoincidence that It themainspaces there isaseamless route ormovement between spaces, network there isacor intheacceptability andsuccesscal factor ofunderground spaces. caseswhere In between theaboveThe interface andbelow ground realms appearsto- beacriti Integration withsurface the-world/). newyork.thecityatlas.org/lifestyle/why-new-york-has-the-most-valuable-muck-in- tionship between underground andabove projects ground environments (http:// wasteconstruction therefore hasarecognised value that creates asymbioticrela - tion projects, includinglandreclamation. andgolfcourses inotherconstruclandscaping publicparks orcrushedfor re-use the “muck” from thevarious underground isputto tunnelingprojects gooduse movements removing material from the largest tunneling New projects. In York, don, there isnow to aconcern becongested that theriver by itselfwillstart barge tovested makeuseoftheirrivers for inthefacilitiesnecessary thisactivity. Lon In - limits isincreasingly more difficult, althoughboth Londonand New York have in- ments alone. (Gardiner, 2014). toThe remove ability thisspoilfrom withinthecity storey domesticbasement of300sqm willgenerate move inexcess of300lorry Kensington andChelseaby &Associates Alan Baxter LLPestimates that asingle roads ofLondon ( in thiswork are deaths cited onthe often asoneofthebiggestcausescycling significant vehicle movementstypically engaged andthelarge lorries construction nation ofspoil(rubble)removal andaccess /ventilation shafts. The former creates However, there canalsobeconcerns aboutthesafety ofunderground spaces W The issue in the use of any building is how you can move within people vertically There are also shared logistics challenges in the two cities. One issue is a combi- here there isthepotential for theexploitation ofunderground space asastan- W alker, 2103).Arecent studyprepared for theRoyal Borough of W hilst difficult to remove, underground W harf inLondon andthe harf W orld orld Trade - - - - -

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 23 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 24 ing above- ground parking garages ground andstructures. ing above- parking been passed, whereas inNew York there isstill asoundeconomic modelfor retain- isaneconomical landusewithinthecentralpoint at whichcarparking area has ticular relevance when contrasting London and New York. London, In a tipping where parking, alossofdaylight andviewisunimportant. isofpar This typology when it is underneath, have meant that basements have always beenless popular. that adding a storeycoupled with the fact on top is likely to addmore value than However, inNew York, therelative and costofdigging difficulty outbasements level isagoodway planninginfringements. ofincreasing area withoutrisking popular asdevelopment ismore likelyto beconstrained by height, soabasement by of a Europereduced availability they have of land. other parts In been more ished. Today theyare seeingaresurgence aslandvalues are beingdriven higher withtherelativelybut afterwards cheapavailability dimin- ofland, theirpopularity Figure HallSubway 13:City Station, New York interface withthegroundinterface level, istherefore consideration inde alsoanimportant the onlyconstraints onbelow ground construction. The mannerinwhichspaces ments were once a common feature of houses built before the First ground spaces istheincreased inthesubterranean cost ofconstruction environment. One ofthegreatest challengesto overcome to expand theuseofunder inlooking C veloping underground schemes. osts andfunding W It isclearthat thetechnical challengesandprevailingIt planningregimes are not Nearly alldecisionsinrealNearly estate are driven by landvalues. London, In base here basements are constructed, theyhave beenrelegated often to useascar W orld orld W ar, - - - - than the policy context oreconomic imperatives developingthan thepolicy downwards. to start to build,in future andtechniques rather will bearound necessary capacity theskills, rounding neighbourhoods. The challengesindelivering more underground spaces andoperation thatthe publicat construction large willhave istheimpact onsur in relation to thedesign ofunderground space isabsent, andthe onlyconcern from routes inLondon. general itseemsthat theappetite In for comprehensive guidance a device in,for example, theprocess of ‘safeguarding’ for newunderground transit isnotreallyeither city made, althoughthere issomeprovision for elements ofsuch Yet theneedfor extensive subterranean masterplanning ofLondon andNew York in challenges, doesoffernical delivery categories someadvantages ofuse. to certain Square, London (seecasestudies),inotherstheymay onlybeasinglelevel. extensive, basement suchasthefive-storey at thenew Edwardian Hotel in Leicester use oroccupier –thetraditional somecasesthese canbe buildingbasement. In stations etc), underground space tends to related bedirectly to anabove ground cialist applications suchasdocument storage, ordestination (disused attractions onward androutes. connections ofthisusehowever, Outside asidefrom somespe to incorporatethere underground isademonstrable opportunity spaces into their sally placed below thestreets ofthecity, andwhere thisinvolves moving people, most developers would chooseto build uprather thandown. required,tion complexityandcost coupled withthespecialistskills meansthat advantagesdespite ofbelow the climactic ground spaces, theincreased construc basement levels asa way to accommodate moreOtherwise, floorspace onaplot. decision. For example, constraints onheight may encourage developers to lookto Generally however, itisanunintended consequence rather policy thanapro-active proached itssubterranean development. However, itisnotonlyaboutgeology. indetermining hasap how acity important thishasbeenparticularly Historically tion over thoseplaces where there istough bedrock that prevents easytunneling. will see an increaseta, such as clay in the level orchalk, of subterranean construc taken to underground spaces. Those areas that have relatively easyto digsubstra- ontheapproach that hasamajorimpact is that geologyofacity theunderlying So, inconclusion, what lessonscanbedrawn from New York isclear andLondon? It C more development. above-ground York, hashadtheopposite where effectofencouraging re-zoning andstimulating reinforcedhas further ofthisapproach inLondon thepopularity incontrast to New This economic modelfor determining when underground isviable construction below ground floors, to maximiseabove ground floorspace formore valuableuses. a more modelwhere typical usesthat may generate lessincome are relegated to spaces to store documents. useofspace isincontrastThis to income-generating ing advantage oftheeasetemperature control andhumidity insubterranean mestic scale and also on a commercial basis with many archive companies tak onclusions W There are noticeable exceptions however. infrastructure isalmostuniver Major onthedevelopment alsohasamajorimpact oftheunderground.Planning policy Alternatively, below ground spaces have beenusedfor storage, bothat ado hat is clear though is that the subterranean environment, while bringing tech------

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 25 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 26 W Canary Wharf, L (http://www.rockefellercenter.com/art-and-history/history/concourse/). ough renovation brightened itsspreading andpassageways” ofcorridors network around theworld, itwas never commercially successful for theowners until athor website that “Although the Concourse hasbeenreplicated inhundreds ofarcades D F Mtrains). Interestingly, the Rockefeller Center management explain on their course entrance isalsoaccessible through asubway Avenue station below Sixth (B andCon- rink, concoursedestrian that linkssixkeybuildings, apublicice-skating shops (Collins, 1999).As shown infigure 14,shopsand restaurants linethepe across theblockwas refurbishedshortcutting to create a “concourse” withretail clared Landmark. aNational Historic R Case S deliver new supporting infrastructure.deliver newsupporting The Canary terplan would develop over time, andwithfuture phaseswould come theneedto notseenonsuchascale. However,certainly itwas always intended that themas- what was at thetime, anew American’‘North inLondon, style, almostunknown and podiums linkedto talloffice and commercial towers that were designed andbuiltin, is acomplex of19commercial buildingscovering 22acres (89,000m2)andisde The iconic Rockefeller Center inNew York commenced in1930and construction underground station. tolinks directly the existing below ground retail concourse andCanary buildingsandthenewJubileePark.jacent headquarter The newretail space mall supplemented by three mezzanineareas withonward to ad- connections sq. ofretail ft. space to Canary with orientation (https://www.bdp.com/en/Projects/By-Name/F-L/Jubilee-Place/). to themallandprovide views buildings, to external thereby assistingpedestrians clubs. As shown infigure 15,Jubilee Place hasglazed roof lights that provide daylight the ground andprovide stores multi-level occupiers andsports suchasdepartment ing lobbiesofcommercial towers andalsokeymulti-level buildings that penetrate ground environment andstaircores, combines simplelift escalators into thebuild- one that isalsogrowing itsresidential population. The integration withtheabove site, suchadenseemployment centre, butwhichisvitalto supporting andespecially that would interfered with the commercial have zoning otherwise andlayout of the –JubileePlace. district lined with retail units, and developed into a significant new shopping plaza for the basements ofanumberthesurrounding commercial towers. These routes were creates anintermediate level provides whichinturn below-ground routes into the the roof and public gardens thatstructure thatsupports are located on top, but also fornity some creative architecture, resulting in not only the dramatic cathedral like then excavating down to thelevel oftherailway lines. This- provided anopportu station openedin2000,andwas inaformer constructed dockby dewatering and ockefeller C hen the original Canary hen the original Canary In 1999 the basement levelIn below the Rockefeller Center used by commuters for The recent JubileePlace added25newretail extension stores across 44,000 The useofbasement level across the site inthisway allowed for a quantum ofretail tudies enter, NewY ondon W harf complex opened, itwas focusedharf ofretail on a series ork W harf intheform ofaprimary, below groundharf W harf Jubileelineunderground harf W harf harf - - - Figure 14:Rockefeller Center Plaza (basement) to othersubway andcommuter rail lines. cess (features found notoften at subway stations), whichwillalsoprovide transfers involves of16newstations withclimate theconstruction control anddisabledac per EastSideto allow asecond subway lineto from provide andtheUp EastHarlem service direct toaddition, atrack theexisting connection 63rd Street andBroadway Lines, will East Side, from 125thStreet to inHarlem Hanover Square inLower In Manhattan. as well asuseofa TBM (figure 16). involving project is amonumental construction underground explosive excavation (http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_alt.html).the project The SecondAvenue Subway several months later by a $1.3 billion federal funding commitment for phase one of toAct tion Bond facilitate the project. Ground officially broke in2007, April followed 2005,New majorprojects.and constructing In York State passedthe Transporta- by recession andwar, alongwiththeusualchallenges associated withfinancing The Second Avenue Subway was project firstmooted in1929buthasbeendelayed Second A Once complete, thesubway willstretch 8.5milesalongthelengthofManhattan’s

SIXTH AVENUE/AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS 1230 Sixth Avenue 1250 Sixth Avenue 1270 Sixth Avenue Sweets & Gifts Office Radio Radio Box City ENTRANCE ENTRANCE City ENTRANCE Magnolia Bakery Aerosoles Body Shop ALDO Brothers Republic Papyrus Nine West Brooks Edmonds Bank First Allen LOFT

venue Subway,New Y Studio Pylones Optix The Wella Studio

10 RockefellerPlaza Onassis ENTRANCE Erwin Pearl Cosi ENTRANCE W Saint Gil Rain Galerie MUSIC HALL RADIO CITY est Midtown viatheBroadway express tracks. The also project Botticelli Delfino Christie’s Tumi Martin Louis Chocolat Maison Godiva du La ENTRANCE ENTRANCE 30 RockefellerPlaza Observation Deck Christie’s Top oftheRock NBC Experience Berlitz News Mendy’s FDNY J.Crew Anthropologie Zone Fire ork ENTRANCE The Today Show ENTRANCE Information

10 Rockefeller Desk DelFrisco’s Rockefeller Plaza Plaza Grille Nintendo 50

ROCKEFELLER CENTER

ENTRANCE ENTRANCE ENTRANCE Equinox Citibank Ruhlmann Brasserie

1 Rockefeller Bouchon Bakery Outdoor Seating Limani Morrell Wine Plaza Bar & Café ENTRANCE ICE SKATING RINK/ ENTRANCE Morrell & Co. SUMMER GARDEN 45 RockefellerPlaza ENTRANCE DeLuca Dean People & Free ENTRANCE

The Met Lego & Bar Bill’s Burger Store ENTRANCE Banana Republic

Longchamp Coach Botticelli Men ENTRANCE ENTRANCE Ann Taylor Façonnable Botticelli L’Occitane Michael Kors Cole Haan Aritzia

Tous Bose Fontaine Teuscher Anne

®

ENTRANCE

600 Fifth Avenue Fifth 600 Avenue Fifth 610 Avenue Fifth 620 Avenue Fifth 630 FIFTH AVENUE FIFTH - -

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 27 28 giant underground that are factories not justtunneling, but removing themuck of upto 40metres. The custom made1,000ton and150metre longmachinesare existing underground lines, sewers, utilitiesandbuildingfoundations at depths for theapproval ofdesign details andminoramendments. there isanongoingprocess ofsubmittingapplication to localplanningauthorities Although hasreceived theproject planningconsent, inparallel to construction Committee ineitherorboththeHouseofCommonsa Select andHouseofLords. andorganisationsIndividuals canopposethebillorto seekitsamendment before such astheChannel Tunnel, theChannel Tunnel LinkandtheDartford Rail Tunnel. for Crossrail large for hasbeenusedperiodically rail andothermajorprojects very or permanentlyto deliver theproject. bill The process ofobtainingaparliamentary oftheproposeddescription works, theirlocation andany landneededtemporarily nationally significant status (www.parliament.uk). The Crossrail Bill contained a are thosethat as affectindividualsdirectly well asthebroader publicthrough their by the monarch become (‘Royal law Assent’) asof an Parliament.Act bills Hybrid with approval from theHouseofLords, HouseofCommons thenformal approval sent using a special hybrid proposals bill of parliament in 2005. Bills are that policy potentially create from private amodalshift carsto publictransport. ground infrastructure willprovide astimulusfor Transit Oriented Development, and the UpperEastSide. and reduce travel time by 10 minutes or more for many passengers traveling from 200,000 dailyriders, decrease crowding ontheLexington Avenue Lineby upto 13%, Figure 15:JubileePlace at ground level Crossrail is being with constructed eight TBMs that weave their way between The proposed Crossrail development was granted government planning con- However, benefits, and capacity in addition to this under the transit connectivity The firstphaseisestimated to be approximatelycompleted by 2016andserve ports thantrain terminals. ports advanced to air modern facilities more akin scale, andtechnologically contemporary and W Road, Farringdon,Court Liverpool Street, built at Paddington, Street, Bond Tottenham passengers. NewCrossrail stations willbe long and ableto accommodate upto 1,500 for therail linewillbearound 200metres ger journeys annually. The newrolling stock tions for approximately 200millionpassen- times, easecongestion andimprove connec bywork 10percent, capacity reduce journey increase London’s net rail-based transport W references www.crossrail.co.uk). thissection bore rail tunnelsandninenewstations (all ofnewtwin- oftrack including21km 100km project, thenewrailway willcover over Crossrail isEurope’s largest infrastructure Crossrail, L hitechapel, Canary hitechapel, Canary hen complete in2018thenewrailway will W oolwich. The newstations are large ondon W harf, Custom House - - - - features suchascobblestones andvaulted ceilings. isalsoadjacent to It anexisting thespace issaidto ofneglect, Despite stillretain suchalong period beautiful original wascar passengers, discontinued. buthasbeenunusedsince 1948whenthe service to create anunderground (figure park 18). The site was openedin1908 for trolley minate an historic trolley terminal on the Lower East Side of New York City, in order The Lowline (http://www.thelowline.org) proposes to use solartechnology to illu- L to extend broaderstructure regeneration urban across thecity. 30 metres below thedockfloor. tolitres Dock create ofwater astation pumpedoutofNorth box nearly extending alone, more than300,000tons ofmaterial hasbeenexcavated, with100million and ship to the excavated material will be reused, being delivered with three quarters by rail equipment requiredcal andelectrical for theexcavation ofmaterial. Almost allof cutter headat thefront, oftrailers andaseries behind, housingallthemechani- and creating asealed concrete tunnelastheygo. Eachmachinehasarotating Figure works 16:Construction onSecondAvenue Subway owline, New Y Similar to theSecond Avenue subway, thebenefitsofthisunderground infra- W allasea Island in Essex to create At a new nature Canary park. ork W harf harf

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 29 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 30 minster; and in two aspects from Parliament andintwo aspects minster; Hill. E underground publicspaces. as scheduled, theLowline asagamechangerinpeople’s could act perceptions of appearstothe project have openedin2017 inprinciple. strong If publicbacking even inwinter.park, Although fundingandplanningapproval are yet to befinalized, subway station to encourage people from all across to visit and enjoythe city the ground (figure 19),maximisingthefloor valuewithout areacreat ratio and property scheme). 139 seat auditoriums (aslight variation to oftheoriginally consented thedescription three ground-floor restaurantstwo-screen cinemawith407seat andbars)a rooms,provide facilitiesincludingfunction spa, a360bedroom hotel (withancillary new 10-storey building withfive basement levels occupying anentire block to city intheirplaceof existing ofa buildingsincludingacinemaandtheconstruction volumes traffic. ofpedestrian The controversiallyproject proposes thedemolition and four narrow streets only access, with vehicular service supplemented by large famous Leicester Square. The development site is tightly boundby Leicester Square Planning consent was recently granted for anewhotel ontheperimeter ofLondon’s plus the asbeinglocateddesignated inaLandmark inlocalplanningpolicy Viewing corridor; impedeprotecteding anoverly views. tallbuildingthat could otherwise The site is dwardian Hotel, L

W hat interesting makestheproject isthat onethird ofitsheight islocated below W ider Setting Consultationider Setting Area of Protected Vistas at thePalace of eicester Square, L station, Canary station, Canary Figure 17: Proposed Crossrail underground (right) park Figure 18:Lowline W ondon harf (left) harf W est - - showing extent ofbasement level use. Figure 19:Proposed hotel section

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 31 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 32 world at industry conferences.world at industry contributeslarly to professional andpublications, journals andspeaksaround the design review panel,of Hackney andamemberoftheIslington Panel. Heregu - Group onArchitecture andtheBuiltEnvironment, ChairoftheLondon Borough Advisory (FRSA). IrelandMinisterial Paul Advisor to theNorthern isalsoanExpert (ULI)andaFellow LandInstitute member oftheUrban ofArts ofthe Royal Society 2012Paulterplan. In Design Group. asChairoftheUrban was elected Heisalsoa vate developers suchas Oxford onmajorprojects Circus and Euston Station- Mas withlocalauthorities,experience central includesworking government- andpri generation, inLondon. masterplanning andpublicrealm primarily Paul’s work, Paul LandscapeArchitect Designer specialized andChartered isanUrban inre Paul Reynolds ground -isitscience orfiction. Planners conference in Singapore, where she presented a paper on ‘Living under and inNovember 2014Elizabeth also spokeat theCommonwealth Association of grout could beconvertedstruction shafts into commercial uses andcommunity Innovation Award by to theRoyal investigate College ofArts how disusedcon- es. Since co-authoring ‘NY-Lon Underground’, has been granted Urben a Design London basedplanninganddesigncitiesbetter focused practice plac onmaking regeneration a andinfrastructure 2011ElizabethestablishedUrben, projects. In plannerwithinternational isanurban Elizabeth Reynolds experience inlarge scale Elizabeth Reynolds AUTHORS - - - for deaths’’, cyclist The Guardian, 1February 2013,London. W Subway Stations’, Bloomberg News . New York: Bloomberg Spillane., C.,(2011), ‘London Entrepreneur inUnused Mine Gold Sees York: Routledge Solis, Julia.,2005NewYork Underground:. New The Anatomy ofaCity Borough ofKensington andChelsea tion Planning Policy Reviewofthe Core Partial Strategy. London: Royal Royal Borough ofKensington andChelsea,(2013),BasementsPublica- New York Times, 20March 2011 S.,(2011), Roberts, for theMap ‘200th Birthday That New Made York’. . London Assessment Impact Hare,Miller (2013),The Leicester Square Project, Townscape andVisual ment_(1904) ) org/wiki/The_New_York_Subway:_Its_Construction_and_Equip Construction andEquipmentIts . New York. (http://www.nycsubway. Interborough Rapid Transit Company, 1904The NewYork Subway: New York Parks City http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/geology ffhist.htm Metropolitan Transit Authority, (2013),http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ New York: The New York Academy ofSciences C.,Sanders.Merguerian, J., ofManhattanandthe Bronx 1990Geology . June 2013.London: ofEnglandand Land Registry ing Standard, 23December 2013,London NewLondon ClubsinHotel J., Basements’Hermann, (2013),’The Even London: Greater London Datastore Authority Greater London Authority, Intelligence (2014),GLA Borough Profiles . -Heinemann ning, andConstruction. London: Design Butterworth Singh,B.,Goel, Zhao, R.K., J. (2012),Underground Infrastructures Plan- London: andAssociates Alan Baxter LLP programme andvehicle movements Prepared forRBKC 2014. January Gardiner, J., (2013),Case Studiesofbasementexcavation inrelation to race-for-manhattan-air-rights.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 New York. Finn, R.,(2013), Great Air Race’,‘The The New York Times 22February 201, Planning Policy Framework. London for CommunitiesDepartment andLocal Government (2012),National York. New York: &Fritts Clark Delaney. P. oftheTunnel AHistory E., (1983),Sandhogs: Workers ofNew Times 21February 1999,New York. the Bargain, Preservationists Say, Deco isanArt Treasure’. NewYork its Underground Concourse into aShiny NewShoppingZone. Lost in Collins, (1999), ‘Bringing UptheBasement; Rockefeller Center is Turning QYHARPZ5000 applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&keyVal=MQ of City W terim Planning Guidance 2013.London: Note Consultation October Draft of City London: Local No. Plan 2013. Booklet 3LDFConsultation RevisionOctober -CMP of City Planning. http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/home.html ofNew City York (2014),NYC Planning , New York: ofCity Department nibus.net/2014/02/what-is-zoning/ Center For Pedagogy Urban ismy (2014),What zone?, http://urbanom- http://www.brooklynrail.net/proj_aatunnel.html N.Y. Brooklyn, RailwayAssociation Historic (2011),The AtlanticBrooklyn Avenue Tunnel. LondonShaped . London: Allen Lane Bownes, D., Green, O., andMullins, S.,(2012),Underground: How theTube February 2014, New York: Architectural League Architectural League (2014), ‘ - TextReferences alker, P., (2013), ‘Construction lorries ‘disproportionately responsible estminster Council City W W W W estminster (2013),http://idoxpa.westminster.gov.uk/online- estminster inWestminster (2013),BasementDevelopment In- estminster Westminster’s (2013),Basements–Developing http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/realestate/the-great- estminster Council City W W hat isZoning?’, 19 UrbanOmnibus ales, (2013),UKhouseprices: to April - - Val=MQQYHARPZ5000 ster.gov.uk/online-applications/applicationDetails.do?activeTab=summary&key Leicester Square Hotel Project of City Figure 19 Proposed Lowline underground http://www.thelowline.org park Figure 18 filelibrary/news/Canary_wharf_crossrail_design_229.jpg Proposed Crossrail Station, Canary Figure 17 tives/gallery_1200/east-side-subway-construction.jpg polopoly_fs/1.1273262.1361833458!/img/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/deriva- worksConstruction onSecondAvenue Subway http://assets.nydailynews.com/ Figure 16 Jubilee-Place/ Jubilee Place, Canary Figure 15 concourse/ Rockefeller Centre http://www.rockefellercenter.com/art-and-history/history/ Figure 14 uploads/2012/11/City-Hall-Subway-Station1.jpeg HallStation,City New York. http://untappedcities.wpengine.com/wp-content/ Figure 13 %20Metropolis/metropolis03.jpg Metropolis http://i144.photobucket.com/albums/r180/Samwanda/BLOG%20 Figure 12 http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/home.html ofNew City York (2014),NYC Planning, New York: Planning. ofCity Department Figure 11 net/2014/02/what-is-zoning/ Center For Pedagogy Urban ismy (2014),What zone? http://urbanomnibus. Figure 10 htm?d=true Times 14March 2014,London. http://www.ft.com/m/html/expandable-picture. Campbell, C.,(2014), ‘London’s Subterranean (2014),’ BuildingBoom Financial Figure 9 2012 holesinLondonmaking streets. London: The Guardian newspaper 9November Hasler, B., in Figure 8 London Plan www.london.gov.uk/LondonPlan Figure 7 jpg New YorkUnderground Figure 6 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interborough_Rattled_Transit_Restored.png Rogers, Figure 5 P.Brock, P. C.,&Brock, W Figure 4 Library Roosevelt, F, D., West EndLondon Raid Shelter Air . New York: Franklin D. Roosevelt Figure 3 Press duced G.,1994The in Saint Chronicles A.,Darley ofLondon . London: St Martins Anonymous, (1830), the ‘Inside Thames Tunnel Construction’. During (Repro Figure 2 ralist, Vol. 73,London: Society London Natural History C.W Figure 1 content/uploads/2010/08/6581.jpg) Monthly, London: Popular Science Publishing Company (http://epicr.com/wp- ‘How You May Live and Travel of1950’ intheCity (August 1925),Popular Science Cover References –Images ., Hill, K., (1994), ., Hill, K., oftheLondon Geology Area’, Surface ‘The The London Natu-

W . A(1905), ‘Interborough Rapid Transit System’, NewYork Herald http:// W ainwright, O., bunkers (2012), Billionaires’ basements:theluxury W Geologic MapofNewYork.G., (2001),Geologic New York., City harf https://www.bdp.com/en/Projects/By-Name/F-L/harf http://enr.construction.com/images/2004/040412-28C. W harf http://www.building4change.com/harf W estminster (2013)http://idoxpa.westmin- -

PLANNING FOR UNDERGROUND SPACES “NY-LON UNDERGROUND” 33 34 Vincenzo DeStefano ·Valerio DiPinto ·CarloGerundo Naples andit s parallel city

elements for anoverall volume of6.000.000m complex system ofunderground spaces, nowadays consisting ofmore than 800 1 hypogean cavities subsoil asabuildingmaterial, whichengendered theformer andoldestartificial This ofyellow process to tufffrom gave themethodicalextraction Naples birth BC,adefendingban texture. to wall theIIIcentury system bebuilt. During started longer visible), large enough to allow the development of a well-structured ur town was settledinaplainby thesea,enclosedby ahillsystem andtwo rivers (no sure, till474BC,whenanewcolony,, was namedNeapolis established. The new maintained itsindependence for over four centuries, despite theEtruscan pres- traditional archaic settlement shape:adockdownstream ofahillvillage. Palepolis ed inthe colony BCasaRhodian namedPalaepolisVII century , andwas builtinthe determining, since itsestablishment, themainbuildingtechnology (Figure 1). inthecity’s hasundoubtedly factor subsoil structure beenacritical development, volcanic rock asyellow known tuff,never lessthan 10meters thick. The geological eastern outlyingareas. oftheCampi Flegreiity , whiletheeruptionsofSomma-Vesuvius where themostdenselybuiltconurbation lieswas created by thevolcanic activ of craters intheCampi Flegrei to volcanic thewest. district, Almost thewholearea region that includestheSomma-Vesuvius crater complex to theeast, anddozens upinthemiddle of anextremelyelaborate rises volcaniccity andcharacteristic in Italy.nicipality metropolitan area Its isoneofthemostpopulated inEurope. The the third-largest mu- Campania and region of the capital of the Italian Naples is Brief history ofundergroundsp the invisible one. transformation hasgonehandinwiththeenlargement ofthevisible city of regularly used andimproved tillthefirsthalfof XX century.In this way, the the development ofa buildingtechnology that basedonthetuffbricks hadbeen the hygienic area, oftheurban giving im- conditions itthemodern ofalarge part pansion, magnificence and wealth. Great infrastructure urban was built to improve tant European capitals, of its history, the best experiencing period in terms of ex domination (1734-1861)Naplesbecameoneofthemostimpor Spanish Bourbons the yellow to tufffrom extract intense thesubsoil. the miningactivity During very walls, beltoftheoldcity. intheexternal This massive ledto buildingconstruction on growing two centuries were andnewsuburbs thenext during builtoutsidethe underground spaces system was hugelyenlarged. Naplesanditspopulation kept doubled in size,city one, compared and, withthepre-imperial simultaneously, the existing settlements. the reign During ofCharles V ofHabsburg (1516-1558)the mans, and increased Aragons), the which gradually boundary expanded the city Naples was conquered andgoverned by many foreign powers (Angevins, Nor of developmentperiod and prosperity. From theyear 1000 to thelate Renaissance, cas. After the theexisting hypogeanperiod Basili- cavities Christian asearly were re-used often Moreover, history. long urban Naplescanbeproud ofavery wasThe found city - For thesereasons, Naplesanditshistorical centre sitsonabankmadeupofthe In thePaxIn Augusti era (29 BC -AD180) It refers It to theunderground madeofpassages, network tunnel, wells, cavities. tanks, andvariable-size W estern Roman Empireestern Roman downfall (AD experienced anew 476)thecity 1 . The persisting . The tuff miningover thecenturiesto gavea birth sufferedNeapolis from decay. urban In this 3 aces inNaples , and, at thesametime, allowed gave origin to the - - - - -

Naples and its parallel city 35 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 36 ing (1884 - 1925) toand one other tunnel wassuburbs realized thehistoric city pierc with itsperipheries. Two tunnelswere dugunderPosillipo hillto join thewestern core and new underground infrastructure was built in order centre to link the city population increase produced growth anurban to theeastandwest oftheold were generally chaoticandineffective. hoods definitively changedinto settlements urban (Figure modern 2). reconstruction works were plannedandrealized, andmany historical neighbour hygiene problems that hadcausedaCholera epidemic. Hugedismembermentand Government a law enacted and in in order1884 the Italian toof Italy solve critical between theRoyal Palace andtheseaside, alreadyastheTunnel known Borbonico. proved buildingworks were andvisionary designed, liketheunderground tunnel age wetoday. know thesameway, In underground andcavities networks were im- plete the Rome-Naples railway andtheFunicularplete the Rome-Naples railway system. undergroundaddition, from 1909 to 1925, important tunnels were made to com- made to regenerate andrequalify itsunderground cavities. ades somepositive attempts, inthefollowing analyzed in-depth paragraphs, were to connected risk underground spaces instability, butalsobecauseinthelastdec Naples is still influenced by its “undergroundtwin” notonly for hydrogeological andundergroundactivities spaces hasalways been highlysymbiotic. Nowadays to findacity,in fact, asNaplesis, where the relationship between overground distinguishes Naples from all the other metropolitan areas in Europe. is unusual, It and underground condition that spaces themillenniaisextraordinary during uses compatible withtheoverground life. city subsoil resources inorder to reduce ground collapse andto risk ensure permitted to ensureabsolutely acareful necessary and, at thesametime, profitable useof These experiences have shown how anunderground spaces planningprocess is andcalledattentionhoods ofthecity to thepoorcondition oftheNaplessubsoil. none ofthemhasbeenintegrated into theunderground system. mobility last 40years, hasallowed theidentification ofmany hypogean cavities. However, ground system mobility was drawn up. and, the isstillunderconstruction during It attention to theunderground spaces cameinthelate 1960s, whenanewunder yellowto dumps. tuffandbeganto garbage extract be usedasurban Arenewed thecavities werecame themost-used buildingtechnology: nomore exploited by was overwhelmed realcity estate speculation. From the 1950s, concrete be air-raid shelters, uncontrolled development emerged issue. asthekeyurban The In the period between theendofXIXandbeginning theperiod oftheXXIn century, The XX was theageofplanningfor plansadopted century Naplesbutthecity 1861NaplesandtheareaIn itruledwas handedover to thenewKingdom After theSecond To sumup, ofNaplesproves thehistory that thecloselinkbetween theover- the In ‘90s, several ground alarming collapses occurred indifferent neighbor Pizzofalcone hill (1929)soasto getafaster access to theeastern periphery. In W orld orld W ar, which thehypogean during cavities were usedas ------1600 existing cavities butonly800are presently identified. presented anunderground arguing spaces that there report are approximately LorenzoSan and28underPosillipo 2007theassociation . In “Naples Underground” Avvocata Fernando 34inSan district, andothersintheChiaia 160.000 cubicmetres. Another 86caverns are Carlo beneath all’Arena San , 85inthe therethat are intheStella district 62man-madecavities occupying avolume of tected, across 13districts. The existing census ofunderground cavities reported the firststudy, 366caves were recorded whilstinthesecond one472 were de had beencreated inorder subsoilthrough to studythecity census. thecavity In These two studieswere two committees after publishedby NaplesMunicipality years later,(700.000 square meters) thirty according out in to1997. a study carried square meters inNaplessubsoil. They “became” more thanthree timesaswide centre.lapses anddamageto buildingsintheoldcity underground to beinvestigated spaces started following col many- road surface scientific inthepasttillendof1960swhen condition of community a “parallel city” laiddown beneath thebustlingstreets oftheancient city. stone caverns, tunnels, Greek tombs, and Roman whichconstitute andaqueducts, andnatural, madeupoftuff es bothartificial area,Naples urban asmentioned above, ofunderground hasahugeheritage spac Use, re-use,andabuseoftheundergroundcity A research study developed in 1967 revealed the existence of cavities of 220.000 attentionMinimal hadbeenpaidto theNaplessubsoilby localgovernment and hypogean cavities, sand- quarried district, 32beneath district, - - in Naples. and tuffbankdepth Figure 1: Time scale

Naples and its parallel city 37 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 38 stages ofexpansion. andits districts Figure 2: Naples are, inchronological order: AD.building ofcatacombs intheIIcentury The major catacombs inNaplessubsoil dead hasalways beenregarded asasolemnreligious anditbrought act aboutthe derground caves places. asburial remains oftheChristian The ofthemortal burial grew,city theywere perimeter. includedintheurban old and were originally located walls. just outside the city As time went by and the cut tombs were discovered inStella district. They are estimated to be4500years the studyanddonotillustrate specialaboutNaples. anything particularly supply, sewer andtechnological systems because theygobeyond of thepurpose ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ caves inNaplessubsoilinto thefollowing sections: overall viewoftheseunderground spaces. ispossibleto categorize It theartificial ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ The role played spread inincreasing ofChristianity animportant theuseofun- caves ancient artificial Most were dug two places.to buildburial In 1950, rock- This paper does not take into account excavation works to realize water modern Tunnels caves. andwalking Lapillus andPozzolana caves; Tuff caves; Aqueducts; Rain tanks; Rain Tombs andplaces ofworship; ofhypogeanThe multitudeandvariety cavities makeitdifficult to present an colonizers hadto face. in Naples subsoil since water supply was one of the first issues that Neapolitan area ascunicolias linksbetween othercavities. known consisting ofmilesandtunnels, tanks, cavities andnarrow channelsused ing newones. ofparallel created underground ofextraction This asort city type already existing wells, theexistent extending water cisterns for andbuild- drinking tuffinthesubsoilthrough peopleusedto extract of newbuildingconstruction, its core. order In to avoid penaltiesand, at thesametime, to satisfy thenecessity wallsof buildingmaterials to within the city avoid the uncontrolled expansion of Spanish domination (1588-1615 AD) some royal forbade the introduction edicts butalsoforducts, leisure andrecreation tanksortheatres. asthermal Underthe aque Greek infrastructure asholdingtanksandRoman notonlyfor period service ground Long spaces from hypogean thestart. cavities were dugsince theAncient Coroglio, traversing theCape ofPosillipo (Figure 5).No otherunderground roads arrives intheplain ofFuorigrotta GrottoSeiano . from PiedigrottaThe firstonestarts , crossesofPosillipo theHill , and excavations,galleries outby Romans, carried andthe were Neapolitana theCrypta routes that could allow afaster transit ofpeopleandgoodswas necessary. The first coreThe oldcity was surrounded by ahillyrange, andthecreation ofconnecting ∙ ∙ to improve themechanicalqualitiesofcement mixture. cient times. Lapillusand Pozzolana were also intensely exploited inbuildingworks plain ofFuorigrotta. other onefollowed path to aperpendicular andran come insidethe city outinthe grotta the water to bebuilt;it carried from started theheadwaters duct to oftheriver Serino Mercato, ofDogana, to thedistricts Sebeto Cappella Annunziata, Vecchia andLoreto. hinterland hillyarea to thewater Stadera distributing drawn district, from theriver cisterns that now constitute thebulkofunderground cunicoli. overcome thedependence onrain water andto ofchannelsand buildthenetwork 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. ∙ ∙ In additionto catacombs,In agreat numberofwater tanksofvarioussize was dug As alsopreviously discussed, Naples has created links to itscavities and under precisely traced). The last category ofundergroundThe lastcategory cavities includes pathways and galleries. access from wells ortunnels. at-grade access; ispossibleto classifytheundergroundIt cavities onthebasisoftheirentrance type: Tuff Moreover, theexisting century, ones. intheXVIII was builtto support anewaqueduct AD, the I century During under roman Emperor Claudio Nerone, a second aque that Thewas built firstwas aqueduct the “Bolla”, running aboutfive miles from a Catacomb of Catacomb date); MariadelPianto ofSanta (uncertain cent.); Catacomb (V Gaudioso ofSan Catacomb Severo (endofIVcent.); ofSan , (endofIIIcent.);Catacomb ofSant’Eufebio was there buried at thebeginning of (FigureV century 3); Catacomb ofSant’Arpino, (IIcent.) renamed Catacomb he Gennaro after ofSan Piscina andcrossing Mirabilis thewholecity. inBaia,running92km, At Piedi- it forked: onebranch crossed lengthwise; the theGajola Posillipo to serve Hill was not the only volcanic from rock the underground extracted since an- or Martino San W ith theincrease indemandfor water, to itwas necessary (historical hints as its locationSant’Eramo cannot be (Figure 4). The second onegoes from to Gajola - - -

Naples and its parallel city 39 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 40 of San Gennaroof San Figure 3:Catacomb are alsogainingpopularity. ground railway routes. Underground lotswithdifferent parking design solutions ment was directed mainly at theimplementation andnational ofurban under then aimed at improving the living conditions of these places. of the invest Most were directed at improving mobility, andsuburban ofboth urban thequality and spaces inNaples, andmore generally from inItaly, sporadic tourist initiatives, apart Tramway andUnderground Metro. buildingtechniques,modern are Speed thetunnelsofNaplesBypass, High come up beyond the hill range. The latest excavation out, with of buildings carried railway were galleries centre thecity builtto connect whichhad andthesuburbs ofPizzofalconepassing underneath theHill . underground tunnelwas plannedto linktheRoyal Palace to thebeachofChiaia, were long time thereafter. builtfor avery Reign, an 1855,undertheBourbon In It ispossibleto say thatIt themostrecent andwidespread usesofunderground As previously mentioned, inthefirsthalfof XX century,road and important - - legislation isneededto regulate theirdevelopment anduse. planned andmanaged asothernatural resources are. To dothat, firstof all, new and itspopulation could benefit. sustainable usestolems andensuring underground spaces from whichNaples system, prevent localadministration from prob bothsolving subsoilinstability intoplanned interventions, account withouttaking alltheproblems ofthesubsoil use. and Onthe toplantheirfunctional contrary, theirefficiency preserve poorly to facilitate cavitiesis equally necessary and wells maintenance both to work, spaces isneeded, butitisdefinitely notenough. An underground spaces use plan people. main causeofinstability, collapses anddamageto buildingsand, sometimes, to undergroundand their consequent spaces areinteraction withpre-existing the network ground intheaqueduct system. water infrastructural Recurring leakages ofthecavitiesof thestructure butto themeagerandbadly-maintained under doubt that theseevents, centre, inthehistoric city are notdueto theinstability about thehypogean cavities existence andhow thesespaces have to beused. wherein are building typologies item described by item, butitprovides nohint prevented walls andceilings. andbuildingworks donotinterfere withvertical mitted and an increase infloorarea is allowed, providing that new excavations are contemplated for underground Buildingworks carparking. insidecavities are per regulate how historical underground spaces should be linked to strategies. urban one.and thecontemporary Anyway, recommendations nopractical are given to fies theundercity asameans to show the relationship between theancient town simply aspotential sources ofarchaeological discoveries. The Town Plan identi- hypogean cavities inthe Town Plan, ratified in1999.Underground spaces are seen ministration never fulfilledthisobligation, butalsoscarce attention ispaid to the drawn upandapproved it. and contents are given by theDirettiva andconsequently onlyafew citieshave Unfortunately, detailed indications poorly concerning the P.U.G.G.S. very subjects acronymItalian P.U.G.G.S., required for citieswithmore than30.000inhabitants. utilities, byment planofunderlying ofplanning:theGeneral urban its alsoknown ground space administration as a planning issue, introducing a specific instru- approached asDirettiva dated theunder Minister 1999,alsoknown . It Micheli in 1997(related to theinstallation oftelecommunication networks). larly, ruleshadbeenintroduced othersector-based in1993(related to taxes) and FulfilmentRegulations (1992),mainly road safety.focused onpreserving Simi- was limited to Highway afew Code rulesincludedintheItalian (1992)andinits until 1999,thebasicregulation aboutundergroundest inItaly: space utilization Underground planningandtheplanners’ city role hasnever akeeninter sparked an example ofworst pract ice Planning, planners,andtheundergroundcty: Underground spaces, therefore, have to beassessed, monitored, evaluated, ofthelocation ofunderground adeeperknowledge thiscontext ofrisk, In Collapses wreak intheundercity periodically havoc overground, andthere isno The Town Plan centre commits thehistoric city regulation to specificlegislation As far as the Town Plan is concerned, use of hypogean functional cavities is only Although Naplesissupposedto adoptaP.U.G.G.S., notonlyhasthelocalad- The firstgeneral and consistent Italian regulation was theGuidelineofPrime - - - - -

Naples and its parallel city 41 Figure Grotto. 5:Seiano Figure. Neapolitana 4:Crypta to finance survey campaignsto andbuildageographic finance survey information system, as well period, from 1997 toactivity 2012, huge amounts of public resources were spent solely regarding actions, priority sewers. the Commission during Nevertheless, safety.city Atechnical committee, appointed by theCommission, pointed out42 problemscauses oftheinstability and determine suitablesolutionsto guarantee and presided over by the Mayor of Naples, the Commission had to pinpoint all the a specialCommission for Naples’ subsoilemergency. EstablishedinMarch 1997 occurred at theendof1990s, which drove toinstitute HomeOffice theItalian frightening hydrogeological phenomena,likestreet instability pavement collapses, right over paying themafter anadministrative fee. purposes, includingbythem alsofor granting non-military private stakeholdersthe to thislaw, hadto Municipalities maintain theseassetsandgainedtherightto use ing alltheair-raid underState shelters builtinthewartime, ownership. According management jurisdiction. ated amurky 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. a novel whichisstillanissuetoday. problem ofmanagement jurisdiction, but also distribution, result of restoring was not only the impossibility the property of hypogean cavities, especiallythosethat were dugintheyellow tuffbank. The for anefficient setofair-raid shelters led tothe requisitionofanundefinednumber operating at leastuntil thefirstdecadeof XX century.By themid-1940s, theneed network, ofthecavities inafunctional allowed together ofthebestpart thelinking the correspondent foreground landowner, adjacency. asanatural had functional It until the Second more system similartonetwork isactually asizeable setofpatchwork tiles(Figure 6). tion, hascausedsuchadiversification inuseand confusion instakeholdersthat the historical fragmentationan extraordinary inproperty, paired withatangledjurisdic work inawidelyintegrated system, dueto theirgenerative dynamic. Nevertheless, As seenbefore, Neapolitanunderground spaces could asacomplex bedescribed net odd causes andcatastrophic effects Underground sp In addition to the state of uncertainty regarding additionto thestateIn underground ofuncertainty spaces property, Furthermore, at the endof recognitionThis fragmentation have inproperty andambiguity obviously cre ofthecavities inuse.ship –themajority Cavities inuseby private usersinrecent timeswithoutany clearowner but they are estimated to be more than those that are used or simply accessible; before withoutany theconflict, clear ownership: theprecise numberisunknown, Cavities unusedorinaccessible for alongtime, generally stillinthisstate limited number; – avery vate the Second usersduring theyare used - by pri thecavitiesCavities certainly ofdefinite private property: there istestimonial evidence; theSecond usedduring ties certainly Cavities ofdefinite State ownership,: theyareknown theset ofcavi asDemanio - cally thelayout nolongerinuse; oftheancient aqueduct, thespace utilities–basi- for underlying Cavities ofdefinite municipalproperty: Presently we could recognize, interms ofproperty, fivetypes ofcavity: main ofNeapolitanunderground andproperty space hadbeenall-in-one Jurisdiction W orld orld W aces ownership structure: ar. Before this, thecavities hadbeenmanagedby infact, W W orld orld ar, Government passed a law the Italian - bring W ar, ofwhichthere istestimonial evidence W orld orld W ar asair-raid shelters, ofwhich - - - -

Naples and its parallel city 43 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 44 age ofcavities). (points size grows with of Napleswithcavities Figure center 6 -City leads peoplenot to takeentrepreneurial initiatives, orworse, to sidestep thesystem. to cavities. theunderlying Proposals openly developed are caught inred tape:this egies developed andestablishedfor overground development are roughly applied cess. to Due thelackofanunderground spaces plan,regulations andplanningstrat ground has been completely marginalized from any pro planning and regulatory of theinhabitants associated withthesemysterious locations. tional poses likeNaplesunderground cavities are, were included. belonging pur Militare, to Demanio notusedforamong whichproperties military in order to makeover to thelocalauthorities’ assets, ownership somestate-owned which way thislitigation willfinish. cessions have beenfrozen, andat present nooneisableto foresee whenandin obviously generatedIt anewwave particular, ofconfusion. In theGovernment con- Militare). (Demanio property ferred), butthespecialassetsofMilitary to asDemanio that thehypogean cavities usedasair-raid shelters were notassetsoftheState (re Government concessions, costly andat arenewable fixed-term. categorized asdefinite State ownership, the old agreements were replaced by new ties requisitioned theSecond during re-involved in that issue. Unexpectedly, it claimed possession of the hypogean cavi- more interested in Naples underground spaces, State was and theItalian inevitably institution, such as a Municipality. As a consequence, the stakeholders became ted to thesignature ofaninstitutionalagreement between theState andalocal ously required. Before Government 2005, infact, public concessions were submit from theState, excluding theintermediation oflocalinstitutions, whichwas previ - that thiswas notthebestchoice. even thoughthose spaces didn’t . belongto themunicipality Today itcan be argued derstanding with private stakeholders to grant them the rightover some cavities, before the Commission, autonomously decided to sign a set of legislation about publicconcessions. Moreover, ofNaples, years theMunicipality confused Italian and thevery issue, distribution founded ontheunclearproperty the granting ofconcessions to hypogean cavities. generates a It newcontroversial to takeadvantage oftheundergroundtemplated through theopportunity city ing thislong-standingissue. responsibility. otherwords, In thecommissarial regime hasnotcontributed to solv inchargeonly actor for cavities maintenance, andsorelieving private usersoftheir Moreover, itestablishedthecommon to asthe practice consider theMunicipality were. oftheirefforts whothemainbeneficiaries withoutknowing mission acted otherwords, out. In andusagerightswas carried analysis theCom onproperty - as a problem for safety and not as a resource, the city implying that no in-depth happen.Unfortunately,instability theNaplessubsoilhasalways beenconsidered register, even ifnewhypogean cavities are identified onlywhen collapses orsoil was strengthened. continues to It managetheupgrade oftheunderground spaces department municipalsoil conservation prolific survey, fact-finding a pre-existing as to assure themaintenance ofhypogean cavities. Moreover, to coordinate this Despite thissituation, notable success has beenachieved by some initiatives. If This complex framework hasobviously prevented thedevelopment ofaninstitu- Finally, inMay 2010,afederal reform was approved act Government by theItalian Government organization reformed 2010,theItalian anddecreed In themilitary law allowed 2005,a new Italian apublicconcessionIn to be obtained directly thissameframe,In from thelate 1980s, sporadic businessinitiatives have con - culture oftheunderground inNaples, clashing withthecommon sentiments W orld orld W ar. Anyway, for thecavities previously De facto, theunder De memoranda ofun------

Naples and its parallel city 45 progess has been made in recent times, in fact, it is only due to the commitment of a The non-profit association which takes care of these was founded in the 1960s small group of businessmen that have carried on their proposals struggling against in order to begin an exploratory, geological, speleological, archaeological and an- institutional opposition. Two of the most interesting cases from this viewpoint are thropological program for every artifact of artificial extraction and of the subsoil of Napoli Sotterranea and Tunnel Borbonico. The former initiative led to a renewed at- the city of Naples. In addition, these activities were aimed also at building a better tention to the Neapolitan hypogean cavity system in the late 1980s, after being in understanding of these cavities to assess the safety of the city of Naples, which is limbo for over forty years. It was the first, and for many years the only, activity that historically known to rest on an empty space for nearly a third of its surface area. had ever been formalized by relationship with the Municipality, inciting the latter to In the mid-1980s, this association fostered the establishment of a committee to the development of a kind of agreement, achieved in the memorandum of under- value and revive Naples’ underground. The organization of “walking tours” in some standings previously discussed. The second one, the Tunnel Borbonico, obtained in historically and archaeologically interesting hypogean cavities was one of its key ef- 2005 the first direct State concession in Naples, and probably in Italy. forts. These excursions were repeated weekly and aroused the interest of hundreds In the next two paragraphs the two cases are analyzed in-depth in order to of people who booked these underground trips. highlight the complexity of the Neapolitan hypogean grid as well as the need of a Thus, born as a movement involving just experts and technicians keen on Naples’ master-plan able to define ideas and a strategy for the future of such an important under-city, at the end of the 1980s it turned into a touristic phenomenon with the resource of the city. Association signing a memorandum of understanding with the Naples Municipality. This agreement allowed the Association to manage more than 4000 square meters Napoli Sotterranea of hypogean cavities underneath Naples historic city centre, in return for mainte- nance and clean-up activities. The complex of tunnels which is commonly called Napoli Sotterranea is located in Although the ownership of these cavities didn’t belong to the Municipality, but the heart of the historical centre of Naples (Figure 7). There are several access points to Demanio, the Association managed it from 1989 to 2005, pursuant to the memo- to this maze that is about 30 metres below the street level, running under down- randum of understanding mentioned before and never institutionally opposed by town streets, but not all of them have been discovered yet (Figure 8). The main body Demanio itself. of such a tourist complex is formed essentially by aqueducts, water storage tanks The lack of any underground space planning activities and public funding has not and their connecting pipes. They are mainly characterized by classical architecture: prevented the Association from independently managing these hypogean cavities, Figure 7: Layout of Napoli Sotterranea. Greek and Roman. giving life to an international tourist phenomenon which, thanks to the interest and

Figure 8: Cross-section type of Napoli Sotterranea. ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 48 association, accessed theTunnel Borbonicoandfound to dosomesurveys ithad 2 Scientist and/orresearcher2 Scientist inthefield ofspeleology, thescientific studyof caves, structure, theirmake-up, Two rule. Siciliesand theBourbon encountered andthepoliticalupheaval ofthe whichledto theendofKingdom in 1855,before thesecond exit was ever realized, dueto thenumerous setbacks built (Figure 10). tuff space,huge empty 3180 square meters wideand35meters high,usedasayellow creating two parallel tunnels. After 84m,thedouble path stops andrunsinto a to defend theRoyal Palace, andasafe exit route for theroyal family. two underground parallel paths, was to create passage arapidly accessible military a total length of 530 meters (Figure 9). The aim of the project, originally envisaging Pizzofalcone hill that would link the Royal Palace with a barrack near the seaside, for famous Neapolitanarchitect Alvino Errico to design anunderground passageunder neath T cesses activated by the Association. tions. The lackofunderground space planninghas, however, slowed down thepro istic exploration in a town where there is a profusion of historic and cultural attrac which was thefirst to grasp thepotential cavities andappealofurban charm tour leads visitors to 17hypogean cavities andtankslinkedby 9maincunicoli. tively. The path followed theseunderground during “walks” and islongandtwisting age, one, andthenintheRoman was occupied by theagora andtheforum,respec izes from excursions Piazza Gaetano, starting San asquare that, at firstintheGreek undergroundtime, preserving spaces stillorgan from- degradation It andneglect. and,sion, bringing to at the same light hiddensidesoftheNeapolitanunderworld jeopardized. inNaplescouldmost appreciated have hubsofthe tourist beenseriously industry to unravelability andsolve thethorny problem ofthecavities propriety, oneofthe ment real estate grant. nicipality. The Association hadto adaptto thisregulation andgota12-year Govern- real estate grants, threw light onthecontroversial agreement signed by- theMu world for 25years. dissemination tourists from ofthemassmedia,hasbeenattracting allaround the tans. After thewar, thetunnelwas usedasanimpoundlotuntil the1970s. hospital, providingter andmilitary aidandprotection to almost10,000Neapoli- over time(speleomorphology). physical history, properties, life forms, andthe processes by whichtheyform (speleogenesis)andchange unnel Borbonico During theSecond During The didnotfare project well, however, andthebuildingworks were interrupted byThe digging works into started thehillfrom alittlesquare by the seasideand The Napoli Sotterranea’s success has obviously been produced by private enterprise, Today thisAssociation continues exploration to bemotivated mis- by itsprimary theabsence ofaclearplanningframeworkIn for underground spaces, withthe 2005anewlaw concerningIn andprocedures criteria to follow for Government In March 2005 a groupIn of geologists and speleologists cave since 1512andnamed “Cave Carafa”; thereafter, onlyasingletunnelwas Pizzofalcone hill.February 1853,Ferdinand In commissioned the IIofBourbon Tunnel Borbonico isalong underground be passage, builtinthe XIX century W orld orld W ar, asanairraid thiscavernous shel- served structure 2 , members of a cultural - - - - - Figure 9:Layout of Tunnel Borbonico. nected bynected a circular ramp,In thehall, located parking. offer in longandshort-term floors(overall, Sevena water parking tank. about20,000square meters wide), con- hypogean (itcanreach cavity 40meters as inheight) usedsince the16thcentury scenic entrance thanksto built upinahuge theopeningofamulti-storey carpark, commonly usedto regulate buildingwork procedures above theground. the developed can’t project beauthorized, inaccordance withthebuildingcode, of creating a permanent museum inside, for instance, has not materialized because tion itselffrom improving ofTunnel thetouristic package prospect Borbonico. The mised dueto thelackofunderground space planning, whichprevents theAssocia- ed tours andcultural events are organized alsoperiodically rightinside. and illuminated adhocfor theroute (Figure 11). abandoned for years inthetunnel, freed from pilesofrubbish,restored, arranged day, of the path for is reserved a section the exhibition of cars and motorcycles, five 2010,after to thepublicinOctober years ofcleaningand restoration work. To aged to secure Estate aReal Grant from Demanio, andTunnel Borbonico was opened to organizing andstudying thearchaeological material discovered. They thenman- its members and other volunteers who also contributed period a five-year during underground spaces inthat area. hypogean cavities that were never before surveyed andenhance theawareness of ing from thenewsubway digging works. enabledthemtoThese discover surveys inastate ofabandon,totallybeen left degraded, and filledwithdebris residue com- The contribution made byThe theAssociation important could compro beseriously At present, theTunnel Borbonico outguid- has regular state authorization to carry of The Association beganto withthesolesupport clearthetunnelofdebris Tunnel Borbonico, since December 2010,hasbenefited from a restored and - -

Naples and its parallel city 49 Figure of 10:Cross-section type Tunnel Borbonico. of TunnelBorbonico. Figure view 11:Interior preneurs, plannersandassociations. sectors, overcome andencourage conflicts synergies between local owners, entre be possibleto successfully regulate therelations between thepublicandprivate cavitiesership pattern needsto ofknown beestablished. Onlyinthisway willit strategy to mitigate hydrogeological Moreover, risk. a clear framework of the own - gean cavities, broaden Naples’ subsoil knowledge, and subsequently implement a long-lasting useofunderground spaces isessential to continuously monitor hypo and responsible useofunderground spaces bepromoted inNaples. Astableand ∙ ∙ ∙ and itshouldplan: the existing underground spaces, deeperandmore accurate thanthecurrent one (masterplan) needsto bedrawn of up. shouldbebasedonasoundknowledge It common planningactivities. urban Therefore, aplanfor underground spaces use context, theplanningofexisting underground spaces ismore urgent thanother (e.g. lots)intheinnercity.a considerable lackofpublicservices this parking In beset with. for to solve the city rather the problems than an opportunity it has always been an organic visionoftheiruse, thissystem hasalways beenperceived asathreat Naples hasinherited alarge andcomplex system ofunderground spaces. Lacking fostered, over thecenturies, aconstant underground miningactivity. Therefore, yellow logical point ofview, center itshistoric city area almostentirely settledonabankof The authorshave attempted to demonstrate how Naplesisuniquefrom amorpho C works, whichlasted 3years inall, endedin2010,about20years later. pal concession in1990 to butbuilding buildandmanagethemulti-storey carpark, from Apubliccompany red itsconstruction. tapeduring initiallyachieved amunici- traffic congestion,it toosuffered fromalackofunderground spaceand planning usually organized. of the building called Agoràthe heart , cultural events, expositions, etcconcerts, are ∙ ∙ ∙ onclusions Only through aplanningprocess focusing canasustainable ontheseaspects in theabsence of planningactivity. -how to inunderground ofbestpractices makeanetwork space utilization, born allow asafe andeasyconversion ofabandonedcavities; permitted buildingworks inorder ineachcavity and to thesoilstability preserve with theupper-city, thepotential use(e.g. touristic newpaths, activities, etc.); but also their location, accessibility, risk, status and the use-related relationships the hypogean cavities’ permitted uses, considering notonlytheconservation Naples ispresently housingand afflicted bysoilinstability, high-density very Although hasastrategic thismajesticbuildingproject role of inthereduction , whose easy workability and recurring use in the building industry had andrecurring useinthebuildingindustry tuff, whoseeasyworkability - - -

Naples and its parallel city 51 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 52 between urban planning and transportation planning. planningandtransportation between urban says and presented papers at specialized conferences on the topic ofinteraction in 2010.HeisamemberofIstituto Hehaspublishedes- NazionalediUrbanistica. intheEuropean ArchitectureHe took part Students Assembly inManchester(UK) ministrations. Film Hewon firstprize Festival intheIschiaArchitecture Short in2009. “Federico II”. andadvice for planningactivities Heisco-worker inurban Public Ad- lic, Transportation and Territorial Systems Engineering” at theUniversity ofNaples in2011andheiscurrentlyat theUniversity ofSalerno aPhD student in “Hydrau- graduatedCarlo Gerundo (cumlaude)inArchitecture andBuildingEngineering ing Degree course. Y2, at the University of Naples “Federico II” - Architectural Engineer Construction professor,2013/2014, as adjunct hehasbeen teaching the Design Lab”“Urban at integration crimeandsocial theacademicyearaffects . During inthe European City tion for the research programme Cities-How Communities; urbanlayout Safer Safer 2013,hegainedarecognitionpattern. In by Studies ofmerit Founda theUrban - versity of Naples “Federico II”. research His work is focused on the analysis of urban ofCivil, Architecturalthe Department andEnvironmental Engineering at theUni- Valerio DiPinto isaregistered architect. 2013hewas OnApril awarded hisPhD by Systems.published andpresented papersaboutSpatial Support Decision II”, includingPRINITATOUR Hehas andtransportation. abouttourism, sustainability Architectural andEnvironmental Engineering oftheUniversity ofNaples “Federico Naples Federico of Civil, in research II. He took in the Department projects part Engineering” andgraduated inEnvironmental Engineering at theUniversity of Vincenzo Stefano De isaPhD in “Hydraulic, Transportation and Territorial Systems AUTHORS - Puntillo, E. (1994).Grotte ecaverneRome, diNapoli. IT: Newton Compton. città parallela. Naples, IT: Edizioni Moenia. Intra Piedimonte, A.E. sotterranea: (2008),Napoli percorsi tra imisteri della ofNaples, (2004),Naples Municipality Town Plan. Naples, IT. durante -Napoli e Sociali laIIguerra mondiale.Naples -IT. bombardamenti diNapoli’. Convegno I.SS.E.S. -Istituto diStudiEconomici L.(2005), Monda, ‘Napoli durante laIIguerra mondiale, ovvero: i100 Melisburgo, Sotterranea. G.(1889),Napoli Naples, IT: Colonnese Editore. Space: ExpandingtheFrontiers. Athens -GR. of Underground Space inItaly’. 11thACUUS Conference -Underground Lavagno, E., L.(2007), &Schranz, ‘Recent development andutilisation Naples-IT:di Napoli. ofNaples. Municipality Commissione diStudio perilSottosuolo diNapoli.(1967),Ilsottosuolo “città disotto”’. NationalGeographic, 18(6). Carratelli, M.(2006), ‘Nel ventre diNapoli- Viaggio della allascoperta References

Naples and its parallel city 53 54 of Attica inGreece 1: Map The Region Marilena Papageorgiou of theAthens Metro cul archaeological and Netw tural sies:Thecase ed” itsunderground ofthewiderarea. Greece’s space istheseismicactivity location considered often a isvery heritage ‘curse’ inpeople’s eyes, rather thanablessing. the destiny oftheantiquities. This isthereason why antiquities andancient built which is responsible and thefinal decision about for conservation the preservation, months oreven years. The wholeprocedure by theMinistry, must besupervised ofCulture might lastfor oftheHellenicMinistry alongtime,the surveys several theareacal Law to ofinterest. 3028-immediately survey stop thework andstart ofCulture –inaccordance oftheMinistry authorities withtheGreek Archaeologi - tiquities even at ashallow depth.Usually, whenthat occurs, thearchaeological neling (publicworks, private etc) islikelyto buildingconstruction encounter an- that requires inGreece, activity digging, fact, construction In ortun- every boring or inusingitsunderground space for development city –and/orotherpurposes. Greece that doesn’t isacountry have longtradition eitherinbuildinghigh avery INTRODUCTON: THEUSEOFUNDERGROUNDSP orking underground Apart from encounteringApart antiquities, another reason that Greece has not “exploit general,In ofarchaeological dueto thehighdensity items intheGreek subsoil, considered to bea “curse” into –turned a - “bless the antiquities encountered - whichwere once W regarding the use of its underground space. sulting from natural disasters orthreats of war. and insomecasesfor shelter inemergencies re spaces infrastructure, parking as transportation used onlyfor themundane andnecessary, such time inGreece, underground space was usually earthquakes. standardsconstruction to ensure safety against deep underground mustfollow extremelyhigh aimingat eithergoinghighupor construction inEurope.est seismicactivity This meansthat - intheeastMediterranean Basin-hasthehigh ith the construction ofthe Athensith theconstruction Metro, Recently though,Greece entered anewera toDue theaforementioned reasons, for along ACE INGREECE - - of 13;the UnitofAthens consists consistsAthens theNorth of8Municipalities; Sector/Unit ofPiraeus).cluding thecity The 8Regional Unitsare thefollowing: Regional Units, 5of whichtogether form agglomeration theurban ofAthens (in- istrative reorganization (Law 3852in2010),theAttica Region isdividedinto 8 proximately 20%oftheAttica Region (ITA, 2005).According to thelatest admin- Pentelitha andMount to theeast. Hymettus andMount to theNorth Basin. Four mountains surround Egaleo thebasin:Mount to thewest, Parni Mount - finally theislands,Municipalities (See 7 Table 2). tory spanningmore than3000years.tory one oftheoldestcitiesinworld, withahis- Greece. islocated intheAttica It Region andis Since 1833, Athens of hasbeenthe capital city Metropolitan Area Key issues for theA ATHENS INLAYERS ning process. of an integratedpart and holisticspatial plan- canbecome inarchaeologicalso rich artifacts, the way that theunderground space ofGreece, challenges for Greek planners regarding urban tity. Furthermore, thecaseaimsto discuss the to enhance thecity’swhich canalsoserve iden- can have analternative, more sophisticated use, this common use of the underground space the caseofAthens Metro andtheway that Bank ofGreece). (e.g.of thesurface inthebuildingofCentral withthecultural andarchaeologicality spaces displayed often are insituandcontinu very - treasures found inotherunderground spaces ing”. Indeed,since that time, thearchaeological Further, these8Regional Unitsare dividedinto 66Municipalities. The Central The Athens Metropolitan Area over extends covering more than400km², ap As the capital of Greece, Athens is the economic, commercial and administrative Athens sprawls across thecentral plainofAttica, referred often to asthe thiscontext, thepresentIn paperpresents W est Unit 7; the South Unit7;Piraeusest Unit7;theSouth 5;EastAttica 14; Islands W East Attica Piraeus AthensSouth Athens Central W Athens North est Attica est Athens thens Metropolitan Area ofAthens W est Attica 5;and 4 · Athens 3 ·North Athens2 ·South Athens Central · 1 W

est Athens Athens - 8 · 7 ·EastAttica 6 ·Islands 5 ·Piraeus the authors Source: processed by Units ofAttica Region 2:AdministrativeMap W est Attica

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 55 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 56 (res/km²) Density Area Population TOTAL East Attica West Attica Islands Piraeus West Athens Athens North AthensSouth Central Athens Regional Units Source: ELSTAT (Hellenic Statistical Census Authority), 2011 Table 2:Keydata for thespatial/administrative UnitsofAttica Region Source: ELSTAT (HellenicStatistical Census Authority), 2001and2011 Table 1:Keydata for Athens andAttica Region sites, theatres, andothercultural galleries institutions. mense cultural isreflected heritage by itshundreds ofmuseums, archaeological capital, withmany qualifieduniversities and research centers.Moreover, itsim- productivity.per itslevel/percentage oftertiary Attica Metropolitan Area isranked 8 the samePlan, amongstallmetropolitan areas intheEuropean Union,theAthens- sector, sector,secondary 19.57%;andprimary 0.57%.Furthermore, according to oftheregionalstructure economy sector, ofAttica isasfollows: tertiary 79.86%; (statistical40% ofthedomesticproduct data of2011:ELSTAT). 3% of the total area of Greece, Athens and the Region of Attica produce almost most 30%ofthepopulation ofGreece. that itrepresents Despite thefact lessthan center ofthecountry. Moreover, itisthemost populated center, urban hometo al- 19.133 745,514 2001 ofAthensMunicipality Finally, mentioning that dueto itisworth itslonghistory, Athens isavibrant According to thedata oftheRegional Economic Plan ofAttica (2007-2013),the 3,827,624 502,348 160,927 74,651 448,997 489,675 591,680 529,826 1,029,520 Population 38.964 km² 17.042 664,046 2011 3,808 km² km² 1,512.993 km² 1,004.0 km² 878.965 50.4 km². 66.8 km² 138.79 km² 68.9 km² 87.3 km² Area size 7,595.62 3,130,841 2001 Area ofAthens Metropolitan Palini,Saronikos, Rafina-Pikermi, Oropos. Spata-Artemida, Peania,Lavreotikis, Marathonas, Markopoulo-Mesogaia, Acharnon, Varis-Voulas-Vouliagmenis, Dionysos, Kropias, Aspropyrgos, Elefsina, Fyli, Megara, Mandra-Idilia, Hydra Egina, Poros,Agkistri, Kithira, Spetses, Salamina, Trizina, Piraeus, Perama, Keratsini-Drapetsona, Koridalos, Nikaia-Ag.Ioannins Rentis, Petroupoli, Chaidari Ag.Varvara, Ag.Anargiri-Kamatero, Egaleo, Peristeri, Ilion, Cholargou, Penteli, Filothei-Psichico, Chalandri N.Erithrea, Lykovrisi-Pefki, N.Ionia,Papagou- Metamorfosi, Ag.Paraskevi, Maroussi, Vrilissia, Kifisia, Heraklion, to-Tavros, P.Faliro N.Smirni, Ag.Dimitrios, Alimos, Glifada,Elliniko-Argiroupoli,- Moscha Philadelfia-Chalkidona, Kesariani, Ilioupoli, Athens, Vyronas, Dafni-Hemyttos, Galatsi, Zografou, Municipalities 412.19 km² th according to itspopulation size, and14 7,495.81 3,089,698 2011 987.87 3,761,810 2001 Attica Region 3,808 km² 1,005.15 3,827,624 2011 th as area (of about 2 km²) and it was situated at a distance from the sea (Saronic Gulf). anditwas situatedarea at (ofabout2 km²) adistance from thesea(Saronic Gulf). According to researchers of ancient writings, the ancient covered walled city a small Cyclopean theMycenaeanthater during was proved civilization, afact by theexistence of cline,Moreover, andwas in1688. finallyburned at thebeginning ofthe 19 times, theParthenon was converted into amosque, faced asignificant thecity de quered by theLatins, andtwo centuries later Empire. by theOttoman these During invasions. again the 11 flourished It 7000 years ago(4 isestimated that AthensIt hasbeensettledsince theNeolithicera, whichmeans The historical phasesofsettlementintheA built upareas, etc). (Unification of Archaeological Sites of Athens S.A. · Travlos, 1993). changes regarding publicspaces (i.e. elimination ofpublicsquares, increase ofthe andfinallyimplementedKlenze) in1860(by the Stavridis Commission) withmany towardsthe city otherareas. soonmodified(in1834, Thisby plan,though,was very thearchaeologicaltect sites andmonuments inthehistoric center andto expand chaeological treasures, goal setby the architects was to restore theprimary and pro Since themainreason for choosingAthens to become Greece’s capitalwas itsar (aBavarian) to produceMasterand Schaubert thefirst Plan for theGreek capital. was thenthat the State6,000. It appointed the Architects (a Greek Kleanthis native) come thecapitalofGreece in1833.At that time, thepopulation ofAthens was nearly still claimsshouldbereturned from theU.K.). of many sculptures from astheElgin marbles, theParthenon (known which Greece Lord Elgin Empire) Ambassador to (theBritish arranged theOttoman for theremoval (Museum of the City ofAthens, oftheCity (Museum 1997). buildings, possessesmany mostlychurches,city well-conserved oftheByzantineera fortunes. In the6 fortunes. In of OlympianZeus ofAthens, oftheCity (Museum 1997). severalueduct, andthecompletion templesabridge ofthe andsanctuaries, Temple buildingssuchasalibrary, agymnasium,anaq- ofimportant with theconstruction man emperor A.D.), Adrian (2ndcentury Athens ofitshistoric glory acquired part GeneralSulla)andthenreconstructed.Roman thetimesof Ro Indeed,during tion ofAthens began to decrease asthe Athenians migrated to theEast. citizens’ rightswas about70,000. while theslaves numbered between 150,000–400,000,andthepopulation without that theAtheniansreports andtheirfamiliesnumbered atotal of140,000people, istry ofCulture, istry 2005). more than 1,000,000 inhabitants, which means that it was already- a metropolis (Min lowing years, by theeve oftheSecond 450,000 inhabitants. to Due theimmigration waves from thefol during Asia- Minor approximately 50,000inhabitants. the1920’s, By Athens hadgrown to more than By the period ofthePeloponnesian theperiod By At thebeginning ofthefirstmillennium smallsettlement. B.C., Athens was a very In themiddleof the 19 In rule, fromAfter theliberation Ottoman Athens ofthecountry was chosento be However, didnotlastfor thisprosperity long. the13 In During theByzantine era, AthensDuring was converted to aprovincial town, withvarying conquest, oftheRoman theperiod AthensDuring was initiallydestroyed (by the B.C. theconquests -after ofAlexander the4thcentury the GreatIn -thepopula W alls intheAcropolis site (Travlos, 1993). th th century A.D. century shrank considerably, thecity dueto thebarbarian millenniumB.C.). economic Athens cent was alsoanimportant th century, theMasterPlan ofAthens for designed thecity th and 12 W W orld orld ar (5 th centuries A.D., due to which today the W th ar, thecapitalofGreece numbered century B.C.), century states/Thucydides thens (A th century Athens was con century - ttica) area th century, ------

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 57 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 58 L8: Brown L7: Yellow L6: Pink Blue L5: Dark L4: Orange L3: Light Blue L2: Red L1: Green Lines Source: www.ametro.gr (processed by theauthors) Table ofthemetro 3:Keycharacteristics lines 2013). S.A., Metro (Attiko ofnewtunnels ditional stations and7.6km inthenearfuture to itscapacity through isexpected extend 2013, thenetwork 6ad- passengers onadailybasis. Moreover, according to anewcontract signed inMarch includes65stations, almosttwo million work to extends andserves almost80km, with 21 stations. Today, net several and extensions, after the actual re-adjustments technologies. The initialplanwas approximately to construct ofmetro lines 20km later, theworks are stillproceeding at anintensive pace, usingthemostup-to-date would improve by reducing theairquality thesmoginatmosphere. Two decades the newAthens Metro would contribute to thedecrease oftraffic congestionand section). (seenext the project ofseveralduct ancillary, buttotally necessary, for surveys/plans therealization of dimensionoftheproject,whichsetasaprerequisite thecon- multi-disciplinary more thantwo decadeslater, inthelate 1980’s. The reason for thedelay was the (Nathenas,network 2007). tion inthecapitalofGreece, subway whichinsomecasesincludedafourteen-line thepreparationernment started ofseveral plansfor theunderground- transporta system inAthensportation hademerged. As aresult, 1960’s, intheearly thegov the Athens conurbation) in1957(Androulidakis, 1995). of suburb in 1904 and reached its current length (terminating the northern at Kifisia, was ofPiraeus eventuallyfrom It electrified to theport thecenter ofAthens (Thissio). Line1was thetransit initiallyopenedin1869asasteam railwaynetwork. –serving of Greece was therailway ofISAPS.A.,whichnow represents Line1oftheMetro of the AthensUntil the construction Metro, the only rapid transit line in the capital Key elementsoftheconstruction oftheA CHALLENGES ANDCONSTRAINTS ATHENS METRO CONSTRUCTION: Circular –PoseidonosChaidari – Vryoni /Perama Amalia Fleming Fyli –NeaElvetia Odos Petroupoli /Ethniki – D.Plakentias/Airport Agia Marina Anthoupoli –Elliniko Pireaus –Kifisia Route Finally, inNovember 1992,withthehopethat oflines2and3started construction conception,Despite the early thePlans for theAthens Metro were onlyfinalized thetimeLine1wasBy completed, newaspirations for theevolution ofthetrans------2000 January 2000 January February 1869 Opened First Section - - - - - 2013 December July 2013 August 1957 Opened Last Section thens Metro Not defined Not defined Not defined Not defined 29 21 20 24 No ofstations Not defined Not defined Not defined Not defined 33.0 km 37.6 km 16.4 km 25.6 km lines (km) Length of - - the underground space is100% public. Moreover, according to Greek legislation, Rail ofUrban equipment istheproperty Transport S.A.includingtherails, while to Athens International Airport) themainRailwayCompanyTRAINOSE, ofGreece. 60 ofwhichbelongto Rail theUrban Transport S.A.andtherest ofthe (inthevicinity Transportation of Athens). Source: Attiko Metro S.A. 3:AthensMap Metro LinesDevelopment Plan shouldbementioned that theconsolidation1 It ofoperations was attempted for thefirst time in1998 by TransportRail Urban railway management (AMEL S.A.,ISAPS.A.and Tram S.A.)into oneCompany:the ofLaw 3920/2011,byenactment whichtheGreek government unifiedallurban erated Lines2and3. ens &Piraeus Railway Company (ISAPS.A.),whileAttiko Metro S.Aowned andop was not unified. Line1 was owned andoperated by themanagement ofthe Ath- Until June 2011,theoperational management ofthesubway ofAthens network Managerial, fundingandproperty issues the Greek Government (Law 2669/1998),but it never cameto fruition. M A a n d V r a a S M s L According to thelaw company, andthecontracts oftheconstruction allthe in total AthensAt 65stations, Metro themoment, serves network thethree-line The consolidation of operations of the Athens Metro finally arrived withthe a s l i a E l E T i m k o T i n G a R E O H

N L L L L L L L L L L I D 8 7 6 6 5 4 3 2 1 N M , , A , , , , , , a E

g A R H M V P Z K , o S

u i y e E T e e i a r e P l n a r p f a t r h i l o yr g d r l a i o o i s o n si u a t r i L si u s k

a t r i o - a

i i i p a n n s - K

G N - o

-

e i a P - -

A m S l l - P

i y e A i

P a l r l - N E t e i i f a n e m n i a l e r i L r r . a e o o f a d a E s yk o u i

e a m n S r s L s a yt u o i a o s vr h si r ys a a e

i a

M P e r a E m L a L 6 6 T A A 1 (STASY)OASA of asubsidiary (Company S.A., S.A. the Urban of R A s p r o p y S r g k O o a s r a m a g a s

R D r a p E e L L t s o n 1 a 1 G P I S R N A i K k Î E e O a U L a L R S Y N U D K I M K r 6 A A 6 o E L A G r P y L A N i H o r d O e I I a A A S a l L T V

l L u V o T D A I a n s K A H s I L r g M A v R E h a 3 O A 3 V i r a i A T T a K I R R K k A O A O H M a A I i N d o a I A r i s F T L L A

L I A F R o H I G R y g a e A 7 l 7 O h n n i M I i D n t o i o i s A s s O s u R h E I a P A g t e N o a t l l T r e o H o M u f O p O U E o P S R P G l E i H O A R P K A L L A e I A T L S I E r N O L i i T A o L O s I A L T L I E T t n s O I G F e P R s H o S r a a N H i I S T i E a Y l l 4 i I I a e 4 O A r O O T v o o P A S S S E r K E V o L T E R s E I R R O l L O L i L A o L A S K N n L M

a A O E m 2 S 2 N 5 I 5 M a K A

S t E O e T T r S . o A L A P A X S L G L O R E H T P U I S S I Z O H O R Y S 7 e 7 I S G A L G S f I S y

T I R H S N A r E T A i O I I I O o L L O I K P K C U n E V A O A M I R - F I T A F C g L O O T K I A I h l A S T X A N i H P A D N m i O S O o A G A E T O i O O I R m o i S O A g R H

S L M A

H s I A P h i T I I A I t O O n O a A i r I o R l i a S S T N N k o D s r A I i K N s I e H g d a S S A K a y O E f e o S Y n r I l O n S I N l i i A i a M S n T P i A A O k N K I A G o N G O S E F O G M L E A i X L l Y H D A a P A A N N P O F d I A h I A R e N O S N A e a a F G A H P (A I T S A l A r D S f N A D K G R n I I i L K M L A A a I N e I Y H A E . K I L Y I s A L A P T O X I A A P O m L I L G T L S L I L A E L S E A S i H O I E N t I O R T V H

M R t E 8 L U D o 8 D A I I U E A I G I R S N L O 5 l s 2 I 5 R M N i 2 L P M r I o I S Y S S S) g A P A L G O e u O R I y T I E t S E L p N a O V r S R F o G I o L m M I M Y U K K I G K u l I A O R i K O S E o I N P A G p O a O E L S M O e P r G U O E A o l K O V S f N A a s A o L N A l S O A L A y L I S I L L t s i T I l A N s s A S i r I A S R M S a A G A F S o o i i O O I r S O R I B L N u n K I i R R a S Y p 8 I O I P a E I 8 o N A n A S M

F o s s L V n i e N A K l y O O i E i a h I a D L P U I K F i K I A S k O A I A I L O P o A I R r N I I V Z a U L S O O G k o o I S Z D S l O u g I i O L I A o L l r U F a a G I D f L F R o I O i u A 4 l 4 o T K F t H A O h E T e L U I P R i I E y s k H I N N i o h A e I v i o E K N k r T y o I E H s R P i N A e I P T M S f K k a Z I a I D i p

I A r O a E o M g T R u S O o Y H I s A S T u L N s O S A Y i A L H A D M A o I P O R l a I H G

M A r a g K O l o a O P K

o S s n A O M A

u d R T T A r N E i A R

n K O D O I M F

t I U S I K I S E S S S P A i S A r f S M O Y G y i N I s I R A S A t H e s m h A T I a i r A

i a O S t t o e A a

s K K C E O V P N H P I O I a A O A r L a g D L A s L h - k N i a e V

F L D L v r T R 1 i i 1 l i I U s H s 6 6 i D a N M O E e U E l i K k D

s a . s

P l i i E a L E A - K U G N D E l e y N r R k a T a

I A

O P S B P e a E n P P A i Y e N a N n e I E t A a e

- l K

i P A A P A G D e N L r n N o T L t s I R Z e N s A l

i I i A a U E n

K

t h M o N r o E

o u p o s I

i

a C

O u

E n D N

t i o n

y P s

s R

o e o s d

o n p

o t

l

i e

l i

K O k

P R a o O l l P i n I i S p a t a T M R I N M A a I r k S o N A p T I o R P u P S i l R k o O e R r Y P m T i

O O L L 0

F R

3

3 5

0 T I o 0 o N ° !

1 F

, 0 & 0 R 0

A

N S 2 T E , K 0 a R 0 l m l T 0 i t . e U c W

Networking underground archaeological and culturalh sites: The case of the Athens Metro 59 n C o u O T p o U l M i R N a P e k

a R a r n A

K i t g e

E

h

l e

i

S

o i

S m s o

Z n o Ja u A b A n e g n d r h i u r i e ( A M o L a a s r o a s t ry u t e i m t s

2 i a s ) 0 1 R V 2 a r f a i n v a r o n a ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 60 property since any kind of construction usually occurs at a depth from 18 to 30 me 30 to from 18 depth a occurs at construction usually of anykind propertysince private to relating problems serious no are there construction, Metro the of case quential steps below. asdescribed gan inthelate 1980’s, were ofthree broad categories andwere inse conducted planswere –surveys/ needed.necessary Indeed,thestudiesandplans, whichbe aged inGreece and, therefore, for itsrealization multipleprovisional -buttotally As mentioned above, the Athens Metro is the most extensive ever project envis- Provisional studies undertaken ground level. at spaces public under or buildings) for level basement normal the below (far ters 2 Ιn Greece2 Ιn there isnospecificlaw orany otherstatute mat dealingwiththeuseand related property implementation oftheMaster Plan ofAthens (ORSA). of the Urban Transportation of Athens (OASA S.A.) and b) the Organization for the whichwereother authorities alsoinvolved were: intheproject a)theCompany number of passengers. For the realization of the Plan, beyond Attiko Metro S.A., regarding theoptimumroute/alignment the maximum oftheMetro to dailyserve tance before ofthesubway, theconstruction inorder to develop thebestscenario The Transportation MasterPlan for theAthens Metro was ofparamount impor Transportation Master Planfor theAthens Metro ofsubsidies and proportions Figure 1:Cost oftheAthens Metro project fully to the State, asdoallminerals andores ofthesubsoil depths lower thanthosethat theBuildingCode allows to buildbasements belong below openpublic spaces in order to be easilyreached incaseofrepairs andmaintenance work. ture works (sewage system orwater supply, subway metro lines, etc.). Very theseinfrastructures lie often, owned by (state thepublic authorities orlocalgovernments) and isusedto meetthe needsfor infrastruc for ofmore the construction underground floors. Therefore, the groundtwois below thedepthof floors (garages,buildings withaspecialpurpose hospitals, etc.) whichreceive buildingpermission thenecessary level.floors (basements) whichmeans6 to 8meters below However, surface there are some exceptions for Code. More specifically, theBuilding Code,two asarule, ofonly underground the permits construction ters ofunderground space. However, ofissuesare addressed indirectly thesekinds by theGreek Building 11% -Greek State 39% -European Investment Bank–Loans 50% -European Union–Subsidies 2.100 millionEUROS 19% -Greek State 38% -European Investment Bank–Loans 43% -European Union–Subsidies 2.200 millionEUROS Metro Ex tensions B ase

Project ofLines 2 & 3

2 . Consequently,the in ------∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ weresurveys alsonecessary: seismic activity ofthearea andthecomposition ofthesubsoil.seismic activity Specifically, thesoilof Athens The oftheAthens construction Metro hadto overcome ofgeological obstacles:the two kinds Geological andHydraulic Surveys Photo ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ Simulation studiesregarding inareas theland-useandreal-estate changesexpected Simulation withmetro stations. Record meansanditineraries oftheAttica Region; oftheexisting transportation Record oftheexisting road ofAthens; network regardingQuestionnaire oftheAttica survey thedailymobility Region citizens; General Land-Use Plan oftheAttica Region; Finally, notingthat for itisworth theelaboration ofthe Transportation MasterPlan, thefollowing galler y from

the period of the constr uction of the

tunnels

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 61 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 62 ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ tions inthehistorical center of ofAthens the andspecificallyduring construction ofCulture (MoC). oftheHellenicMinistry services techniques usingmodern undertheguidancedetail andpreserved oftherelevant out instations andventilation shafts. The antiquities revealed were recorded in of Culture). werestructures) found at greater depths, i.e. from 15mto 45m(HellenicMinistry 7.0m, althoughinsomecasesarchaeological ‘layers’ (regarding mostly “hydraulic” the onewhere antiquities are usuallyencountered. depth of 15 meters and deeper, which is considered to be a much lower level than theoperations/excavationsstruction, for theopeningoftunnelstook place at a Indeed, inorder to avoid encountering ordestroying antiquitiesthecon during - nels, drains, wells allowing andkilns, newinsight into Athens’ ancient topography. ancient streets,sanctuaries, houses, publicworkshops, pits, sewage foundry tun- Attiko Metro S.A. – revealed archaeological finds, such as:aqueducts, cemeteries, area of80,000m² (Attiko Metro S.A.). outexcavations,ried whichrevealed more inatotal than50,000ancient objects excavation intheGreek capital. For more than6years, teams ofarchaeologists car (in November 1992)was alsothebeginning ofthemostextensive archaeological tion ofarchaeological findsinitssubsoil, the beginning ofthesubway construction ofsettlement inAthens,Given thelong history andtherefore themassive- expecta The uncovered archaeological treasures ofA tion ofthemetro was ready to begin. to finalize thealignmentserved ofthetunnelsandlocation ofthemetro stations. The topographicaland surveys the above-mentioned studies began right after Topographical Studies ∙ beingthefollowingmost important (Attiko Metro S.A.,2013): Investigations were theexecution outduring alsocarried oftheproject,with more than350boreholes, whichwere dugat adepthofapproximately 20-30m. geotechnical investigations were to- including out prior the construction carried ofthearea accordingly. andadjusted theconstruction mic activity Furthermore, 1976).and Κoukis, consists (Andronopoulos whichinturn ofrocksSchist, withlittlepermeability consists of geological of a series formations as the system known of the Athenian ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ buildings and structures inthetunnelalignments.buildings andstructures Geotechnical monitoring program (always inoperation) for thesafety ofthe Tests ofsoil, rock samplesandotherdata onsite; collected Measurement oftheunderground water level alongthemetro lines; river channels, etc; majorobjects, Geophysical surveys, usingvarious techniques, inorder underground to detect Undoubtedly, themostsignificant antiquities were the excavafound during - general, notingthat moreIn excavations itisworth thantwenty were carried The average were depthat whichtheobjects foundbetween varied 0.5mto More specifically, the excavation program –which was totally funded by the Ultimately, withthe completion ofalltheabove studiesandplans, theconstruc ofthegeological andgeotechnical conditionsSurvey with1,100boreholes; For oftheMetro, theconstruction theengineers took into consideration theseis- thens: Blessing orcurse? - - and theAttiko Metro S.A.(processed by authors) ofCultureSource: data obtainedfrom theMinistry Table 4:Archaeological finds by area of excavation Ag. Antonios Station Stations and Ag.Antonios AnthoupoliBetween Stations and D.Plakentias Eth.AmynaBetween and Egaleo Stations Monastiraki Between Eleonas Station Egaleo Station Panepistimio Station Evangelismos Station ventilation shafts centerHistorical Acropolis Station Station Monastiraki Keramikos Station Syntagma Station Location - a cemetery of vacant Kalyvites-type tombs, dating years backto ofvacant Christian theearly Kalyvites-type - acemetery - bonesandtheheadofayoung woman, probably dating backto era theRoman - ceramic items - anancient well -  - ancient disposalareas withnumerous findsdating from allancient eras solidmasonry, possiblybelonging ofancient to walls ancient withparticularly temples - parts - residential complexes andworkshops dating from Archaic theearly to theByzantine years ofcemeteries - parts - acemetery workshop- ahandicraft facility -  ofIera B.C. dating Odos from upto the7thcentury era. theRoman - parts - anancient cemetery withitssurrounding wall,- anancient cemetery aPeisistranian andaroad duct - abuildingofsignificant in importance, “Assomaton” Shaft - anancient cemetery, in “Iachou” Shaft - workshop areas andhydraulic systems, in –Arionos”“Ermou Shaft - abuildingdating backto thePost Classicaltimesandworkshops, in “Thissio” Shaft - abuildingdating backto era theRoman andByzantinestorage facilities, in “Fokionos” Shaft -  - buildingremains, in “Mitropoleos” Shaft bath- aRoman ofsignificant in importance, “Amalias” Shaft andhydraulic house,- aRoman acemetery systems, in “Irodou Attikou” Shaft a few andPost-Helladic graves- Eras, oftheMiddle-Helladic houses, workshops, roads andbaths. residential remains- B.C. dating from A.D. (Geometric the8thcentury Era) upto the19thcentury - buildings, workshops, graves ofwater andavariety supplyandsewage systems River - thevaulted bedoftheIridanos River - thebedofIridanos workshop- theremains ofaceramic art grounds,- burial dating backto thebeginning ofthePeloponnesian - thewestern surrounding wall ofthecemetery -  - theancient road leadingfrom thegates ofthewall to region. themunicipalitiesofMessogaia River - thebedofIridanos ofthePeisistranian- asection Aqueduct - abaths complex dating backto times Roman dating backto andByzantine times thesub-Mycenaean - acemetery dating- asculpture from foundry theClassicalEra Archaeological F remains ofbuildingsandanancient road leadingto inlandAttica archaeological investigations were executed inanoverall area of12,000m²andrevealed 6th centuries BC. belongingriver, ofthebridge to theancient Kifissos the part dated between the5thand the on columns, in “Petmeza” Shaft dating froma cemetery theClassicalupto theByzantineperiod, aswell asaroom supported B.C.beginning upto ofthe7thcentury times Roman ofAthens, oftheancient city ofacemetery with1200gravespart dating backto the inds W ar

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 63 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 64 Photo Elliniko Keramikos A Syntagma cropolis galler Station Station Station Station y from

the

time of the ex ca v ation project ∙ ∙ ∙ More specifically, thestations withcultural andarchaeological exhibitions are: tal andarchaeological treasures that are located inthehistorical center ofAthens. exhibitions are open to ofthegreater thepublicfree andconstitute part monumen- or their replicas which were found of theMetro lines. the construction during These the insitudisplay ofseveral findsinquite a few cases. Therefore, instead of removing of Culture all items found, decided on the Ministry for theemergence ofanewconcept onhow to dealwiththearchaeological finds. As inprevious described theAthens sections, was Metro theimpetus construction T ofCulturekept inthestorehouses for future oftheMinistry display. exhibition ofapproximately are 2,000m²andasmallmuseum),whilethemajority ties, someofthemare displayed intheZografou University Campus (inanopen-air items theremaining (authentic orreplicas). hundreds Of ofthousandsantiqui- andexposedMetro insitu(at specific left stations), asare quite a few removable forpractice oftheantiquities. thepreservation ofCulture toimpetus for changeitsperception theMinistry regarding thebest (i.e. non-removablestructions findings),thecaseof MetroAthens was the to themassive presence notonlyofarchaeological items, butalsoofancient con- compounded due Nevertheless, boththecost andthetimeofconstruction. ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ofthetunnels theboring findsduring were the the mostimportant following: the Metro Stations of Syntagma, and Akropolis.Keramikos, Amongst Monastiraki ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ urning theMetro stations into free museumsandcultural spaces onsite, which were detachedandplaced inanexhibition opento thepublic. 2,500m². The mainunderground area found incorporates someofthearticles of theAcropolis andtheParthenon. The excavations to extended more than Acropolis isthe mainstop for Station: It visitsto theUNESCO world site heritage galleries,cultural exhibitions, events bazaarsetc). (art tion, theSyntagma Station alsoincludesaspacioushalldesigned to hostspecial andfindingsfrom the excavationsexhibition ofartifacts Metro.for the In addi- andinquantity) (inquality ma Station was chosen to hostthemostimportant large area compared to otherStations. to Due andsize, itscentricity theSyntag- subway, ofAthens. underground Its itisrightintheheart space covers quite a Syntagma Station: The mostcentral andthebusiestinterchange station ofthe underground corridors. onsite Riverwas preserved andisnow ofthe presentedIridanos inaspecialpart transferred of Culture, of the vaulted to bed of the areas part of the Ministry of items Station found: Although the majority Monastiraki at the station were At and/ present, six(6)oftheMetro stations includeexhibitions ofancient artifacts For thisreason, found ancient constructions theMetro during excavations are The excavation program that took place inAthens for theMetro construction 6 the mostancientexcavated bridge inGreece dating backbetween the5 River oftheancientbelonging intheEleonasarea, bridge to theKifissos part ebrations for Demeter andPersephone; route that followed theprocession oftheEleusinianMysteries, thecel during - the ancient IeraAthens axiswhichconnected Odos withEleusisandwas the Riverwhichwas thebasicaxisoftown the Iridanos planningofAthens inalleras; the Adrianion Aqueduct; th centuries B.C. th and and

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 65 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 66 acquired by onsite investigation) Source: processed by authors(data Table 5:ExhibitionsineachMetro station Egaleo Eleonas Panepistimio Evangelismos Acropolis Monastiraki Syntagma Metro Station to ofcitizens makethejourney andvisitors usingthe Metro even more pleasant. of these stations, addition, in the majority each station. orchestral In music is used panied by photo regarding galleries) thetimeandfindingsof excavation of the Metro areas, visitors and passengers can also find special information (accom- offsitedetached andpreserved andlater placed intheiroriginal location. onsite.the antiquity At Attiko Metro’s expense, theabutments were ofthisbridge found inGreece, theCentral Archaeological Council ofGreece decidedto display River the wasancient Kifissos revealed. Since is the most ancient the bridge one ∙ - exhibition with artifacts andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts Main underground area of theMetro Station - archaeological site ofIera Axis Odos Area Surface - information techniques presented artistic withthehelpofmodern Main underground area of theMetro Station -  Area Surface sculptures- modern andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts Main underground area of theMetro Station sculptures- modern andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts presenting- cross-section theunderground layers ofthecity Main underground area of theMetro Station - Sculptures representing theauthentic frieze oftheParthenon Platform Area presenting- cross-section theunderground layers ofthecity - replicas ofsculptures andstatues found intheAcropolis area andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts Main underground area oftheMetro Station River ofthevaulted- archaeological bedoftheIridanos site withpart Platform (of Area Line1) sculptures- modern - exhibition hall andfindsofthearea - exhibition withartifacts presenting- cross-section theunderground layers ofthecity Main underground area ofMetro Station presenting depththat tunnelsreach- expanded shaft theactual intheStation - archaeological ofthePeisistranian site withasection Aqueduct (Syntagma Area Surface Square) Exhibitions anduses ∙ between the5thand6thcenturies B.C. River, belonging ofthebridge archaeological to theancient Kifissos site includingpart dated Beyond the exhibitions of artifacts ortheoriginal archaeological structures, in Beyond theexhibitions ofartifacts belonging ofabridge theworks to intheareaDuring ofEleonasStation, apart also usedintheexhibitions inEvangelismos Station andEgaleo Station. view of the undergroundan unobstructed layers of the city. The same rationale is derground area, whileanexposedofthesubsoilAthens cross-section provides Panepistimio andreplicas are exhibited Station: Ancient in the mainun- artifacts to enhancingitscultural identity. doubtedly contribute bothto increasing the cultural spaces onoffer and inthecity archaeological cultural layers institutionsare found and the mostimportant -un enrichment ofthecultural displayed heritage intheunderground space oftheMetro. to the is to expected archaeologicalcontribute further findswithmodern ofart works stations oftheAthens MetroUndoubtedly, extension. the combined incorporation of tive orinteractive pieces ofart. Metro stations. These includedsculptures, statues, photo andothercrea galleries - weretinguished Greek invited artists to create to decorate works ofart theAthens Forthe works Greek ofcontemporary artists. therealization oftheprogram, dis- is to demonstrate between the significant a co-existence archaeological finds and mented from thebeginning oftheMetro’s operation. The program’s aim primary Registry Cadastre S.A. Agency andMapping Registry Source: processed by theauthorsonNational Land of cultural interest inthehistorical center ofAthens. ofunderground sites 3:Interaction Map andsurface All the above ofAthens, stations - located where rightinthe heart the dense programThe isstillinprogress, art since itinvolves allnewandunder-construction Another uniquefeature program oftheAthens Metro that istheart was imple -

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 67 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 68 in theMaster Planfor A The provisions for theA justments to theland-use planninginthesurrounding area. generation above ofthecity themetro stations andconsequently- for there-ad the giant metro drills. the tunnelswere notinacondition to withstandtheconstant vibrations causedby measures in case some of the existing buildings lying on the all routenecessary of close to the depth of the tunnels. The same Offices were also responsible for taking metro tunnels(50 meters from allsidesofthestations) had nobasements reaching that theexisting buildingsinabuffer zone of30meters from bothsidesofthe ro tunnels. Specifically, theUrban OfficesControl werecertifying responsible for mostly torestricted the approval of the plans regarding the alignments of the Met of theMetro lines. play asignificant role, period, theopening orafter the eitherduring construction were notthat involved actively intherealization andtheydidnot oftheproject ofCulture.archaeologists oftheHellenicMinistry This meansthatplanners urban was mainly ataskhandledby company theengineers oftheconstruction andthe general,In ofincorporating theproject theantiquities inthesubways ofAthens The contribution ofplannersduringtheconstruction period ALTERNATIVE /CULTURAL USEOFTHEATHENS METRO THE ROLEOFURBANPLANNERSIN Tram railway. andthesuburban network Ultimately, ofthenew thebasicpriority At thesame time, the it isplanned to interconnect network, with a dense Ring-Road pand to atotal ofeight lines, ofapproximately 200stations. 220 km inlength,serving ens Metroto isexpected cover 85%ofthewiderarea oftheAttica basinandto ex systemconcerning oftheMetropolitan thetransportation Area ofAthens, theAth- was ratified by theHallenic Parliament in2014. As for theguidelinesand regulations of public consultation)(including the periods lasted for at least 8 years and the plan vironment, decidedto openthePlan for revision. The elaboration oftherevised Plan and thus, theimprovement ofthenatural environment of Greece’s capital. glomeration was seen asaprerequisite for oftheatmospheric pollution thereduction ing to theMasterPlan, system thedevelopment intheAthens ofthetransportation ag- posed, whether for the Athens Metro Accord or for the other meansoftransportation. - detailsorguidelineswerewhich allmeanswould pro andinteract), nofurther connect ment ofanintegrated system intheMetropolitan transportation Area ofAthens (in separately. system ofAthenstransportation ingeneral andnotto eachmeansoftransportation references to theAthens Metro. allguidelineswere fact, In too broad, referring to the Plan ofAthens (whichwas prepared for of20years) aperiod includedambiguous and the plans for the new lines were still under discussion. Given the Master this fact, fied in1985(by Law 1515), at atimewhenonlyLine1ofthesubway network existed The existing Master Plan for theMetropolitan Area ofAthens (Attica Region) was rati- Furthermore, Control theUrban Officeswere also responsibleurban forthe re More precisely, period, therole theconstruction during plannerswas ofurban Almost 30 years after the ratification of the Master Plan, the Hellenic Ministry ofEn- Almost 30years theratification after Ministry Master ofthe Plan, theHellenic To goalthedevelop bemore specific,Master althoughthe Plan hadsetasaprimary thens andA thens Metro ttica - - - - - the Metro Stations. plans didnotinclude theunderground archaeological sites andexhibitions of of Filopappou, theAncient Agoras and Roman and theKeramikos area), these jor archaeological (theAcropolis sites ofthecity Hill,theOlympieion,Hill ing theso-called “Grand Promenade” ofAthens. eral streets (Dionysiou Areopagitou St, Apostolou Pavlou St. St.) and Ermou creat oftheprogram interventions most important was thepedestrianisation ofsev monuments andsites inthe historical center of Athens. To this end, oneofthe es, and facilitiesfor parks culture andrecreation, embracing allcultural spaces, More precisely, theprogram aimedat creating acontinuous ofpublicspac fabric various elements associated with the city’s growth. and modern cultural history therefore, aimedat creating areas urban of for co-existence theharmonious Planning, in2004. intherun-upto theOlympicGames ofEnvironment ofCulture and andthe Ministry launched in1997by theMinistry program called “Unification ofthe Archaeological Sites of Athens“, which was archaeological andcultural spaces into thecity’s cultural was network the chance for plannerstoAnother urban important incorporate theunderground The program for theunification ofthearchaeological sites ofA that plannersneedto urban address atopportunity. theearliest logical and cultural ofAthens network isanomissionintheMasterPlan for Athens ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ofAthensheritage are: taken into account. Specifically, thespatial guidelines for theupgrade ofthecultural cultural thePlan sites setsspatial are work, guidelines, inwhichonlythesurface grade of the cultural of Athens heritage thisframe as one ofitsguiding principles. In form ofamajoropen-airArchaeological Park, andsetsthepromotion andtheup tion andinfrastructure from itscultural dimension. cultural sites, andb) ofthesurface isolatesonly thenetwork thesubway- transporta Metro spaces. Indeed,thenewMaster Plan for Athens: a)focuses onandpromotes integrated planning approach for the alternate (cultural) use of the underground crease inaccessibility for allareas oftheAttica Systems. Region mainlyby Rail Urban Strategic Plan ofAthens isthereinforcement ofsustainablemobility, through thein- ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ Despite the fact that the Despite thefact “Grand Promenade” was allma - plannedto connect The program focused onthepromotion ofthecultural ofAthens identity and, Undoubtedly, theexclusion oftheunderground cultural spaces from thearchaeo chaeological sites inthearea ofthe historical center ofAthens. the completion for oftheprojects theunification (pedestrianisation)ofthear cultural sites; portant the creation andpromotion ofcultural routes andpromenades, im- connecting to railwaynected systems (Metro stations etc.) for easeofaccessibility; the creation ofnewcultural to usesandspaces, places that are withapriority con- cal center ofthecity; the promotion of cultural and the monumentsconnection andsites in the histori - (museums, archeologicalwith cultural importance sites etc.); ofhighquality, interventions tothe design spaces oflarge-scale withapriority the enhancement ofthehistorical features ofthecity; More precisely, thePlan aimsat organizing thehistorical center inthe ofthecity Unfortunately, therevision oftheMasterPlan for Athens-Attica failedto adoptan thens thens ------

Networking underground archaeological and cultural sites: The case of the Athens Metro 69 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 70 construction eitherforconstruction publicorfor private use. tice –Greek legislation hasrelatively few concerning restrictions underground to since taking, international isanapproach –contrary sustainable. prac worth It planning,in combination canmakeGreek and withsurface citiesmore functional first step towards greaterknowledge andinsight into how underground spaces, offered. planners canalsousethecaseof MetroFurthermore, Athens asthe layers ofthecity, thuscreating another, unique dimensionto thecultural tourism thehistorical centerturn ofAthens into usingmultiple acontinuous cultural park, sites to promote Athens’ immensecultural heritage. ologists have to integrate neglected theundergroundcultural withthesurface including thosenotondisplay, interactive usingmodern technologies. information and b) provide on the excavations art, further and modern and finds, museumscould: a)hostexhibitions ofancient artifacts tions, thesesub-surface chaeological sites, whichexist above ground. As isalready thecaseinsome sta- free underground museums, integrated into of museums and ar the network all Metro stations inareas where antiquities have beenuncovered shouldbecome (e.g. theAcropolis artifacts modern Station). areas lower (the next level), only a handful of Metro Stations display ancient or main underground level oftheMetro Stations (ticketslevel), whileat theplatform in theirsurrounding area. Moreover, ofexhibitions takeplace inthe themajority few Metrotions andvery stations have exhibitions withtheantiquities discovered oftheAthens theconstruction Metro,during few are very ondisplay at Metro sta- alltheitemsMetro andtreasures hasnotbeenexploited enough.Of discovered ofthecity. andidentity the publicbutalsopromotes cultural thedistinctive history systems needsof intheworld, theeveryday transportation whichnotonlyserves another option:thedisplay ofantiquities insituandopenviewat publicspaces. ofCulture experimented with -theHellenicMinistry protection andconservation site -whichuntil thenhadbeenconsidered theonlyacceptable for practice their spending years excavating inorder to remove allarchaeological items from the dealing withthetreasures found inunderground spaces. Specifically, instead of ground space. of the Athens Metro - Greece has entered a new era regarding the use of its under tiquities frequently found inthesubsoil. Recently though-since theconstruction ofany integratedand isnotpart planning, andholisticcity mainlydueto thean- Undoubtedly, underground space in Greek cities has not been sufficiently used CONCLUSIONS: MP Nevertheless, itisneverNevertheless, too late, andifplannersthinkstrategically, theycan example ofamissedopportunity, plannersandarchae bothurban astriking In For thebestpromotion ofthecultural andarchaeological ofGreece, heritage accomplishment, of the AthensDespite this extraordinary this unique aspect As a result, Athens now has one of the most interesting and admirable subway oftheAthens in Indeed, theconstruction Metro hastriggered anewthinking ACT ANDLESSONS LEARNT - - - - Beriatos, forhisvaluable advice andcontribution to therealization ofthispaper. Acknowledgement: [email protected](e-mail: ) consultant for and regional spatial (urban planningprojects plans)inGreece. intourism and cultural planning with and development.a specialty Sheis also a at the University of ofPlanning andRegional Development)Thessaly (Department PapageorgiouMarilena (PhD) isaSpatial Planner andLecturer ofSpatial Planning author andacknowledgement Ministry ofCulture (1985),Athens inthe20 Ministry tation inAttica Region. Law 3920/2011,Reformation anddevelopment transpor oftheurban Law 3028(2002),Protection ofantiquitiesandcultural heritage. and Piraeus widerarea. intheAthensLaw 2669/1998,Organization oftheurbantransportation Protection ofthewiderarea ofAthens. Law 1515(1985),Strategic Plan andProgram fortheEnvironmental Athens: ITA (inGreek). ofLocalInstitute Government –ITA (2005),Metropolitan Government, system ofAthens, Athens:proposals forthetransportation SES(inGreek). Association ofGreek Transportation Engineers –SES(2005),Twenty-one 1995) in Kathimerini Newspaper 1995) inKathimerini ofRailways, specialissue(15October (1995),History K. Androulidakis Explorationogy &Mineral (inGreek). area oftheAthens Acropolis, Athens:- ofGeol IGME–HellenicInstitute Andronopoulos V. G.(1976),Geological studyinthesurrounding &Κoukis Attica Region (inGreek). Region: 2007-2013(CCI 2007GR161PO006),Athens: Administration of Administration ofAttica Region (2007),RegionalEconomic Plan ofAttica Sources /References till the beginning ofthe20 till thebeginning Travlos ofurbandevelopment ofAthens from I.(1993),History prehistoric times ment forAthens andAttica Region,Athens: NTUA National Technical University ofAthens (2004),Strategic spatialdevelop Metro 2,Athens: (inGreek). Militos P.,Karamanis N.(2007),From thecarriages A.andKokkinos to Klonos the Nathenas A., G.,Kourbelis Vlastos T., Kourouzidis S.,Katsareas V., Conference,Interdisciplinary Athens: Arsenidis Publications (inGreek). from ancienttimesto thepresent: thecase ofAthens, Proceedings of ofAthens oftheCity Museum (1997),Architectural andtown planning forthenew/revised StrategicDecision Athens: YPEKA. Plan ofAthens-Attica, ofEnvironment – Ministry (2013),FinalYPEKA Common Draft Ministerial Athens cultural capitalofEurope (inGreek). th , Athens: Capon century Publishers (inGreek). The authorwould like to thankProfessor ofSpatialPlanning, Elias , Athens (inGreek). th century 1900-1940,Athens: century - - Unification of Archaeological Sites of Athens S.A.(www.astynet.gr) Region ofAttica (www.patt.gov.gr) Organization oftheStrategic Plan ofAthens (www.athensorganisation.gr) ofAthens (www.cityofathens.grMunicipality ) Hellenic Statistical (www.statistics.gr Authority ) ofEnvironment andPlanning.gr) (www.ypeka Hellenic Ministry ofCulture (www.moc.grHellenic Ministry ) Attiko Metro Railway ofAthens –Urban S.A.(www.ametro.gr) AuthoritiesSites ofimportant

71 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 72 Liang Huew W in HongKong Cavern Space Development Underground and ANG prevailing laws andregulations. sion Against procedures Corruption ensures (ICAC) alldecision-making follow the operationday-to-day procedures. Commis Independent - addition,thepowerful In effective coordination amongdifferent bodiesinplanningandthe departmental existing administrative system, practice, whichisbasedontheBritish allows for intheSAR. amongvariousgovernmentanced decision-making departments The to directly theChiefSecretary.ments report Coordination isneededto ensure bal- oftheFinancialis underthesupervision Secretary, whiletheotherthree depart cial areas, ofDevelopment isalsoto amongothers. benoted that It theSecretary Protection andtheFood andHealthBureau, andspe whichmanagestheparks also involve of theSecretary Transport for andHousing, Environmental Secretary ofDevelopment. Notwithstanding, planningissuesinHongKong of theSecretary Underground andcavern planninganddevelopment are underthejurisdiction the LandRegistry,Planning andthe Department, the andtheLandsDepartment, Department Services andMechanical Electrical the Department, theDrainage Services andDevelopmentneering Department, theCivic Engi- the Buildings Department, Department, the Architectural Services ofDevelopment isresponsible forSecretary theoperation ofninedepartments: secretaries covering orministries awiderange ofadministrative functions. The underwhichtogether there andtheJustice aretary Secretary 13otherfunctional Executive Council. The administration isledby theChiefSecretary, Financial Secre financial centre, New after and York London. andlogistics centre isnowcosmopolitan amajortransport city inAsia andaglobal planning system will also remain practice based on British unchanged. The modern continue for at least 50 years the reunification. after ensuresThis indirectly that the the SARwhichguarantees that theprevailing capitalisticsystem andsociallife will trated undertheBasicLaw of “One Country Two Systems”, theminiconstitution of istrative Region (SAR)in1997( was rulefor underBritish 154years until itwas returned to ChinaasaSpecialAdmin- Hong Kong, located at theeastern sideofthePearl River entrance China, insouthern Hong Kong theSpecialAdmnstrative Regon The SARGovernment isheadedby theChiefExecutive by anappointed supported W ang and TSE (2014)). isnow adminis- The territory W ater Supplies Department. ater Supplies Department.

- - - from the stations. Mass transit is the backbone of the public transport system, from which ofthepublictransport thestations. transit isthebackbone Mass usage, withmore totransport and than70%ofthemasstransit passengerswalking largest busfleetinthe world. areasPedestrian are public well developed to support options. HongKong claimsto have thebestmasstransit system andonce hadthe commuting rely trips onawiderange andextensive ofpublictransport network trol, discourages private caruse. More than91%ofthe11milliondailynon-walking underground orotherwise. habitat. TOD ofawell walkway system, linkedpedestrian demandsthefullsupport sequence of environmental created and constraint restriction dense of an artificially mentation ofa Transit acon- Oriented inHongKongisfact Development (TOD) in thecreation ofafavourable environment. publictransport The successful imple the1920s. The convergence ofthetwo parallel administrative strategies hasresulted tion, aprivate wasmooted cartraffic andhas management policy prevailed since the sea. addi- In This the successfullyillusion of land shortage. highlighted further has reclaimed, at variouscoastal areas, intotal over oflandspace 67hectares from needed highvalue landto accommodate habitat, theexpanding urban HongKong of publicfacilitiesprovision andsubsequent maintenance expenses. To provide the sprawl. urban curtails market The intensive alsoreduces landusepractice thecost thegovernment.for The strategyincome ofcontrolling land of source important L.H. 2014).Revenue from landsales(orleasing, hasremained to beexact) an and landpremiums coffers for ofthe city thecomfort since the colonial era ( land supplystrategy hasbeenupheldinorder to beefupmechanicallylandprice oftheintensive Indeed, asacorollary landuse policy,housing shortage. arigid ostensibly a lack of landsupply. This created in turn a falseillusionofpotential the colonial era. Intensive landusedesign produced asenseofcrowdedness and environment isaresult oftheintensive landuseplanningstrategies adopted since that average. up km². The mostdenselypopulated Kun Tong hasafigure several District times of 25,357 persons per built which yields a density up area is only about 280 km², asprotectedis reserved green areas as known “country parks”. To date, thebuilt million inhabitants crowding into anarea ofslightly overofwhich40% 1104km², Hong Kongisoneofthemostdenselypopulated citiesintheworld, withover 7.23 The urbanenvironment Land usecontrol, onvehicle together con withnarrow- policy streets andastrict coreThe city islocated onbothsidesof Victoria (Figure Harbour 1). The crowded (2014 pending). W China.Source:South Hong KongSARin Figure 1: Location of ang and Tszang W

ang, -

Underground and Cavern Space Development in Hong Kong 73 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 74 connecting withentrenchmentconnecting didprevail theSecond during ofthemasstransitsince railway theconstruction inthe1960s, althoughtunnels thelarge scaleundergroundopment. Hong Kongstarted development process underground space could become anessential resource for future devel urban - frontier mostlyuntapped in many cities. properly designed If andmanaged, ployed by plannersworldwide. Underground space, however, provides anew happening inmostcitiesChinaandelsewhere, istheconventional optionde or through sprawl urban permitting into the surrounding area of the city, as is has beendoneinHongKongandsomeothercountries suchastheNetherlands, boundary, thecity eitherthroughExtending landreclamation from theseaas spaceurban to accommodate theever-increasing associated withit. activities populationIncrease inurban many citieshasledto ahighdemandfor more The needto explore underground usage Underground andCavern Sp Urban Planningand ground landuseplanning, notonlyinHongKong, butalsoelsewhere. provide someinputto theformulation ofaplanning paradigm for future under design, ishopedthat and thechallengesofurban thepapermay amongothers. It opment; incorporating existing development, both above and below the ground, challenges andconstraints; landownership issues;financingofunderground devel - crowded environment, urban andcompact including, for example, legalandpolicy ment, andthefuture design ofthecity, willalsobediscussed. publicutilitiesontheother.unfriendly ontheoverall impact landusearrange Its ontheonehandandaccommodation activities ofenvironmentally-pedestrian is plannedandutilized to meettheincreasing demandintransit, commercial and opment ofunderground usageandthento illustrate theways underground space isto first explain thebackgroundThe ofthisarticle ofHongKong’s purpose devel- aresponse to system, space. thelackofurban andpartly port aresult ofthiswell-developed publictransspace- development ispartly inthecity ferries, taxis and speedwalks or passenger conveyors. The advanced underground -bus, minibus, services light rails, witharange ofpublictransport trams, is supported erns inHong Kong,erns including, for example, arefuse transfer station, asewage treat At present, government there facilitiesinrock are cav anumber ofpurpose-built commodate facilities, vehicletraffic tunnels, parking shoppingmallsandthelike. (Zhao,tory ChoaandBroms, addition,caverns 1996).In canalsobeutilized to ac pumped hydroelectric installation, waste storage, andindustrial reposi- military treatment, oilandgasstorage, storage, cold power anddry stations, underground as shelter, recreational centres, water storage collection and treatment, sewage utilization inHongKong. plant andunderground explosive depotsare thetwo prevailing ofcavern types explore thepotential expansion ofcavern usage. Currently, refuse urban transfer recent emphasisinHongKong. studiesare Consultancy beingcommissioned to areas,and parking shoppingmalls. Cavern development, however isamore for facilities, thedevelopment underpasses includingpedestrian oftransport to othercities, mostofthe existing underground space inHongKongisreserved The paperwillalsohighlight theplanningissuesandchallengesfaced insucha Underground caverns could provide infact awiderange ofpotential uses, such ace Usage W orld orld W ar. Similar ------would bemany non-governmental facilities, inaddition to underground property ning andexecution isneeded. Private shouldbeencouraged asthere participation option(Chanconsidered 2011). asapriority To thisend, aholisticapproach inplan- being advisedthat whenplanningfor publicfacilities, cavern location shouldbe velopment featuring prominently among these. are Government departments itsattentionhas re-focused in searching for alternative solutions, with cavern de derground innature, may bemore difficult tohandle. However,article. theproblems related to solidwaste landfillsites, whichisnotun- ally hard to findinHongKong. elaborated laterThis example willbefurther inthis environmentthe urban around theexisting site. Asuitablereplacement site isusu- Territories, to anearby cavern 650m away, may result inimproving of thequality to relocate theSha Tin Sewage Treatment Plant inShatin New Town intheNew landfill sites, for example, are common complaints ofnearby residents. Aproposal delays thecompletion oftheseprojects. from Odour sewage treatment plants and public consultation andnegotiation insearch ofaconsensus orcompromise often unfriendly” public facilities within the densely populated area. The long process of has beenachallengefor thegovernment to findsuitablesites for certain“vital but vironmental protection andtheupholdingofpublicinterest inHongKong, it facilities are removed from a crowded area. to Due the increasing emphasis on en- (Durmisevic, 1999). cinity This is especially valid when environmentally unfriendly the impetus for new development and improve of life the general quality of the vi- are aggregates, usefulconstruction especiallyfor landreclamation purposes. land value inthevicinity. Further, theexcavated materials from cavern engineering land, to remove publicfacilitiesaway unfriendly from inhabited areas enhances the areas releases valuableof land(Development Bureau starved etal.acity 2012).In that relocation facilitiesaway ofthenever-in-my from inhabited –backyard (NIMBY) related development. land for to urban sparing property The government argues placement.tally notsuitablefor surface Kong have usesthat are beenchosenmainly for considered certain environmen- 1996).As(Malone mentioned earlier, until now, theunderground optionsinHong of rock caverns, where suchdevelopment isappropriate, since 1990s theearly practice, the Hong Kong Government of encouraging has adopted a policy use viewoftheneedto exploreIn landdevelopment optionsaway from theusual Cavern development asaplanningoption faut andLabbe2002; Yokotsuka etal. 2007). development- examples landscape(Duf offuture urban inthemodern transport large scaleunderground freight tunnelroute distribution for Tokyo, are interesting the high-speedrailway road terminal withtheurban system, ortheproposal for a centre ofSingapore aswell inHongKongto link astheoneunderconstruction etal.congested 2006). (Liu2004, Rijsenbrij The underground trunkroad inthecity prove viable in the future as the highway facilities become increasingly transport land usesintheHongKongPlanning Standard Guidelines(HKPSG)(see Table 1). (2011), theHongKongSARGovernment hasincludedseveral additionalpotential ment plant, explosive depotsandsalt-water reservoirs. According service to Chan In view of the above-mentioned challenges, viewoftheabove-mentioned theHongKongSARGovernmentIn W One oftheconsiderations for HongKongto explore cavern development isalso Further, anautomated regional underground system freight may transport ith properly designed underground facilities, thelandabove itmay provide -

Underground and Cavern Space Development in Hong Kong 75 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 76 water supplyfacilities, amongothers. Highway tunnels are andpedestrian mainly the masstransit railway, thewaste water discharge sewage tunnels, andthefresh Harbour Tunnels inlengthtotal) for thetubes for (7.06 km vehicle transport, Tunnels that are submerged underwater include, for example the three Cross different locations, suchassubmerged in water, surfaces. under rock andearth as well sewageas for transport, storage and services. Tunnels are in constructed the railway andmetro system, for highway walkways, and pedestrian for water and oftunnelsexistposes doexist. inHongKong, Avariety ranging from tunnelsfor between two points, connection although tunnels fortransportation other pur Tunnels refer normally to underground for passagesconstructed of thepurpose T Types ofUndergroundDevelo pment inHongKong private engagement.meaningful sector Hong Kong, noconcrete regulations andconcession procedures are available for in cavern development isto issue. benoted that remains It even animportant in data centres incaverns isonesuchexample. How to engageprivate participation development, whichcould belocated incaverns. The recent proposal ofbuilding Table 1:Potential LandUses Cavern inRock Development. Public Utility tion andCommunity Government,- Institu Industrial Commercial Land U unnels se Category Power station W and networks Transport Connections Slaughterhouse Reservoir Service ment plant Sewage, /water treat transferRefuse facility halls games/sport Indoor Incinerator leum /mortuary Columbarium /mauso Civic centre / W Storage Oil bulkstorage LPG bulkstorage Industry Retail the Current HKPSG Potential LandU holesale market holesale market arehousing ses in - - Substation W Food / to beaddedto HKPSG Potential LandU Science Park Research laboratories Data centres Dangerous goods arehousing W ing storage ses - most outstandingtransit citiesintheworld. thus makes Hong Kong one of the the different services modes of public transport system. ofthe public transport designated asthebackbone The fullintegration of lines to feed themasstransit assupplementary system,to serve whichisarguably provided to linktheMTR hub. hood asshown inFigure 2.Pedestrian paths, eitherabove orbelow ground, are with housing blocks forming a cohesive commercial-cum-residential neighbor malls ontheupperdeckofmostMTR stations, are whichinturn surrounded a majortraffic andbusinesshub. Thisallows the development oflarge shopping to themaximization oftraffic andlanduse coordination. as Eachstation serves in2017.An undergroundbe inservice road system isattached to theterminus. (430,000 m²)with15tracks incentral HongKong. The highspeedrail to isexpected with themainland, willhousetheworld’s largest underground contemporary station speed express rail linkthat ispresently Hong Kong to beingconstructed connect to thepeak ofHongKongIsland. oftheMTR Most tracks runintunnels. The high fixed tracks includethetramway andthe Peak Tram whichrunsfrom centre thecity andafewin London, on-surface Melbourne otherChinesecities. Stockholm, Other railheavy in2007undera50-year franchise. The MTRC alsomanagessimilarfacilities tions. The corporation took over theoperation management of the Kowloon Canton oftherail system.construction Presently, theMTR with82sta- isasystem of175km system inHongKongisprovided by Yeung (2008). modified andfinally completed. Adetailed discussionofthedevelopment ofthe rail investmentwithdrawal ofthefirstJapanese-led consortium. The project was further constraintsous market resulting from oftheperiod, theoilcrisis whichledto the Evenversion inscale, ofonly 20km. withareduction was- theproject metwithseri proposed. The firstproposal was later modified into amuchshorter“Initial System” gradually worsening traffic urban situation - inlength were fourlines totaling52.7km don Transport Board Research andtheRoad Laboratory. aimedto helpeasethe It oftheFirst1960s aspart Comprehensive Transport Study, completed by theLon- The masstransit railway (MTR) system ofHongKongwas firstproposed inthe Mass transit related underground usage for safety reasons W 90 unused tunnels which were bored deep into the Second the hills during cover atotal lengthof24.83km. centre, issubmerged inthe Victoria Harbour. The other12road tunnelsonland shore ofHongKongIsland,traffic the core congestioninthenorthern ofthecity forand IslandEastern Corridor Linkunderconstruction ofreducing thepurpose oftheCentral-located althoughasection onlandandunderrock, 2 See, for example, http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1389781/smugglers-built-secret-tun - http://www.timeout.com.hk/around-town/features/8906/secret-hong-kong.html1 See gling purposes, was discovered recently across theborder withthemainland nel-leading-hong-kong-border-officials nel-leading-hong-kong-border-officials ar. Those located inthedenselypopulated area urban are occasionally inspected According to theprevailing policy, busesandminibusesaswell astaxisare urged One ofthemajor considerations intheHongKong MTR development isrelated The Mass Transit Railway Corporation is responsible (MTRC) for all investment and There are alsosomeunusualtunnelsinHongKong. For example, there are about 1 . An illegalsecret underpass, about40m long, for perhaps smug- W

an Chai Bypass an ChaiBypass W 2 . orld orld -

Underground and Cavern Space Development in Hong Kong 77 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 78 daily societal interaction. daily societalinteraction. depends ontravel timeinstead oftravel distance asaspace measurement intheir transforms to structure production suchanextentthat thegeneral theurban public mally occur onmasstransit lines. ofthemass transit successfullyThe highefficiency and economic interaction. offocus asastring points ofsocial withthetransitlinear cityscape terminals serving has evidently reshaped structure, itsurban highlighted withtheemergence ofa ment) architecture urban design onandaround themasstransit hubs, HongKong (hotel,adopting aHOPSCA office, shoppingmall, parking, convention, andapart W cametopersonal contact begradually grouped ontop orcloseto masstransit lines. sphere oftheurban insuchaway thatactivities require that thoseactivities inter- The ofthemasstransit extension system inevitablyrearranged thelanduseand The emergence ofanew urbanstructure facilities,linked to wherever the nearby publictransport possible. areas as well as commercial blocks. This underground space is normally network system ofunderground inlarge and otherpurposes spaces residential for parking 2010). The emphasisof TOD inlanduseplanningencourages ofa theconstruction to relievetral District, pressure the pedestrian Department on thestreets (Transport Causeway Bay, amajorshoppingarea onHongKongIslandto theeastofCen - transit railway stations. Alarge walkway in isbeingconstructed scalepedestrian brightly-lit access andwithdirect to underground shoppingfacilitiesorthemass between vehicle traffic. andpedestrian inHongKong underpasses Pedestrian are walkways,trian eitherelevated orsubmerged underground, to avoid conflict direct One ofthesignificant planningstrategies inHongKongistheapplication ofpedes- Underground pedestrian walkways area. Government provided are carparks multi-storeyed structures. Kong are smallinsize andattached to private buildingsscattered around theurban usage. Except for afew ofthelarge shoppingmalls, inHong mostofthecarparks centrethe city in order to discourage private car use and promote public transport oftheHongKongGovernment, reduces whichpurposely policy in carparks parking ing facilitiesandat concessional rates. This, however, contradiction to isindirect the the station, itbecomes oneofthefocus inthecity. points ofsocialactivities W ofMTRthe closevicinity stations. MTR stations are provided withampleretail space. several ofwhichare located underground, asexplained earlier, eitherontop orin As amajorshoppingcentre inAsia, HongKonghasmany large shoppingmalls, Shopping mallsandvehicle parking ith theimplementation ofahighlysuccessful metro system andtheconcept of ith shopsandrestaurants linedupalongtheunderground space inandaround Through the “tubes”, travel timebecomes manageable, astraffic jamsdonotnor provideShopping malls normally customers with sufficient underground park - - - Source: http://www.luxuo.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ICC-Hong-Kong.png Figure 2: The International Commercial Centre Complex, HongKong.

79 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 80 liminary treatment works andlaterliminary raised from the tunnels by pumping. To date, siphons. discharged at seathrough thedeeptunnels, whichoperate ofinverted asaseries treatment is forcollected of the city before chemically enhanced primary being km tunnel, 80-150meters under theharbour.km to China. the return oftheterritory TheScheme consists ofa24 firststageofthe proposed isoneofthe major engineering projects Scheme several years before toScheme reduce water area pollutionintheurban (McLearie etal. 2001). The Area Treatment (HATS), Scheme formerly astheStrategic known Disposal Sewage the waste water discharge system underthelarge scalePhase IoftheHarbour mass transit system under the Victoria Harbour, there isasetofdeeptunnelsfor additionto thethreeIn cross-harbour vehicle tunnelsandanothertwo for the The HarbourArea T in(Li2014). as reported rock caverns, according (CEDD) to theCivil Engineering Development Department ( plies Department modate thedevelopment oftheirCentennial Campus, relocated two thancarparks, theUniversity ofHongKong,Other for example, in order to accom- use ofunderground space for theprovision facilities(Zhao2000). ofpublicutility major consideration inallunderground facilities. and as explained inCharmoille Thoraval remains (2012).Safety precaution a infact AMSL. Severalsafety altitudeof3000ft precautions mustbetakento ensure safety, in radius from flying with arestricted the zone of1km centre ofthedepotanda Protected Place Ordinance (Cap. 260). The depotisclassifiedasaprotected place and explosive accessories mustfirstbekeptinthedepotunder theHongKong tons ofblasting explosives, andexplosives accessories. explosives All imported shore has18magazinesfor ofLantau Island. anotionalstorage of500 It capacity designed to avoid visualblight. areas.main urban Even the road leading to the entrance of the plant is carefully The plant confines all waste handlingoperations withinthecavern, away from the moval unit, waste water treatment plant andvehicle wash system, amongothers. computerized weighbridge system, exhaust ventilation system withodourre to handle1000tonsthe capacity ofrefuse perday. witha facility isamodern It since 1997underadesign-build-operate has contract (Chengin service 1997).It reservoirs. service Kau Shat Kau the Island There are several publicfacilitiesinHongKonglocated insidecaverns, suchas meet theincreasing demandfor space facilities. to houseespeciallypublicutility space, is now its planning in cavern the extending city development as well to additionto acquiring landfromIn theseaandexpansion ofunderground Existing cavern development Cavern Development inHongKong Higher education institutionshaveHigher alsoinrecent years begun to promote the Shat The Kau The Island W W astewater isfirst discharged dropat each of thepre into shaft a vertical W an Government Explosives Depot. The latest onthelistare saltwater W est refuse transfer plant, Stanley sewage treatment plant, andthe est refuse transfer plant, which was built inside Mt. Davis, has been W an Government Explosives islocated Depot onthesouth-eastern SD) salt water service reservoirs (12,000 m³ capacity) within (12,000 WSD)m³ capacity) reservoirs salt water service reatment Scheme(HATS) W astewater from thewestern section W ater Sup - - - 1994). The aresidential plant isbuiltto population serve of27,000people. main caverns have amaximumdimension of17mspanand high(Oswell etal. The cavern hasanunlinedroof andunlinedwalls above thelevel of the tanks. The endoftheStanley Peninsulaplant islocated at thenorthern ofHong KongIsland. house a treatment plant 60m below the ground, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. The anundergroundprises ofa80,000m³cavern construction builtongranite rocks to The Stanley Underground Sewage S development. erty such aspreferential landpremiums andtaxincentives for this newarea of prop to negotiateThe for private may possibleconcessions sector taketheopportunity the private undertheprevailing sector town planninglegislation inHongKong. (Clarkand the publicsectors 2013).Land development assuchlies in thehandsof ground data centres for theinstallation ofsensitive ITdata for both theprivate of the items that caught the attention of under of the media is the construction ofundergroundhectares space have exploration. beenidentified One for further government facilitiesfor future relocation underground. Five areas withover 20 for asshown cave-digging, inFigure 3. The Study alsoidentified 400potential landscape hasa to “high mediumsuitability” concluded that two thirds report ofthesibility rocks spread across theterritory. The saidfea- a vast area of Mesozoic volcanic andgranitic bedrock suitable for cavern development, with caverns deepunderneath thecity. drilled voirs, atrash transfer station andmore, into vast for example, power stations, fresh water reser completed in2011,proposing the relocating of, above. Alarge scalefeasibility studywas also eral public facilities underground, as discussed tial in 1988. sinceThe then has housed sev city its firststudyofthecity’s underground poten- out carried the Geotechnical Engineering Office inrecent socialobjections and serious decades, the variousconstraints facinglandreclamation of creating space HongKong. inurban Given Land reclamation isthemost favoured method Feasibility study onpotential cavern development accommodate rapid rainwater discharge. to avoid flooding. is equipped with severalThe city additional drainage tunnels to under the racestructed course in Causeway Bay adjacent core to the city in order soon season, a large rainwater retention of about 60,000 m³ isbeingcon reservoir - tunnels willberequired to complete theotherthree phrases oftheScheme. the plant is about 40m³ per second. is of proposeddeep that It an additional 43km isoneofthelargest intheworld.the pumpingfacility Total treatment of capacity tanley underground sewage water treatment works The hillyHongKonghasstrong foundation orderIn to accommodate the sudden downpour of rainwater the mon- during W ater Treatment - - Day2/Ir%20Raymond%20K%20S%20CHAN.pdf Source: http://www.hkie.org.hk/hkiehkip/pdf/presentation/ Figure 3:Cavern Map, Suitability HongKong W orks, ontheotherhand, com- - -

81 82 W Stanley Underground Sewage Figure 4:Layout Plan ofthe infrastructure.aspx hk/en/gallery/photo-sewerage- Source: http://wqrc.epd.gov. Treatment W W Sewage Underground Figure theStanley 5:Inside Source: Oswell et al. (1994), p. 118. ater Treatment orks orks W orks orks ater W Figure 6:ExistingSite ofShatin Valley NearBy. Relocate theExistingPlant to the Figure 7:Government Proposal to ment_W wiki/File:Sha_Tin_Sewage_Treat Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/ aste W ater TreatmentPlant orks.jpg

- construction ofthehigh speedrail terminusconstruction alsofaced similarrock excavation chal- The nearest the ground conditions could onlybeinferred from existing parallel tunnels, ifany. mountain inHongKong. This doesnotallow theuseofclosely spaced boreholes and out680mbeneathto ground becarried level underthe Tai Shan,thehighest Mo provide additionalchallenges. For example thetunnellingofrapid rail linkhas mally appliedwhere rock conditions allow. deeprock Nevertheless, tunnellingmay need to beavoided. existing tunnelsandtrain operations. Groundwater inflow and ground settlement to on the existing assess anyfacilities, of the new construction including impacts including existing rail tunnelsontheother. analysis Detailed needsto beundertaken onone hand, andprevailingto thebuildingsonsurface underground facilities ground. This meansthat thepreferred tunnelwould have to avoid beingtoo close ofthe city, are builtonpilefoundations. parts buildingsstandonsoft certain In land reclaimed inphasessince the1930s. According to Chui(2011),moststructures tunnel access points. The useofexplosives alsohasto ensure maximumsafety. explosives area withintheurban closeto magazinesmustbespeciallyselected the to traffic and environmental considerations. underground Thelocation of temporary tunnel spoilrequires onstreets, analternative solutionto transport due thenormal facilities may need to be relocated to create works sites. temporary The removal of letaloneanysurface, or negativeexternalities. buildings traffic Selected andnoise on thehydro-geological of construction regime impact andthe buildings on the access to theunderground works, andspecialcare mustbetakento minimize the themovementrestrict equipment, ofconstruction thebuilt-up area shaft restricts works indowntownstruction challenge. HongKongisaserious The narrow streets oneofthemostcrowdedBeing built-up areas inAsia, executing engineering con- Cavern construction challengesinHongKong Issues Related to Underground Cavern Develo pment to isexpected becompletedproject in2017. inside caverns before discharging into theatmosphere from aventilation shaft. The ing operational cost efficiency. facilities Deodorizing are required tofilter odorousair to thelocal community, reducing timeandcost, theconstruction aswell asachiev age of the existing downstream thereby disposal network, reducing the disturbance development. The relocation oftheplant to anearby cavern allows thecontinued us- the opposite Riverwillfree sideoftheShingMun site upthe27hectare for housing The relocation oftheplant into thecavern on Shan(Mountain) undertheNuiBo ment Plant (asshown inFigures 6and7)inShatin New Town intheNew Territories. considerations. The government is planning to relocate the Sha Tin Sewage Treat provides analternative solutionaddressing bothenvironmental blight andurban tial area inHongKong, asanywhere intheworld, andtheirrelocation underground Sewage Sewage Shatin underground sewage water treatment plants For muchofthelengthtunnel, excavation drill-and-blast methodsare nor As explainedin the paper, earlier area of the urban is built on an extensive part W ater Treatment Plants are indeedunpleasant sites inthecrowded residen- W est Rail est Rail Tai Lamtunnelsinthiscaseare more than150mshallower. The - - -

Underground and Cavern Space Development in Hong Kong 83 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 84 the contractor andnotthegovernment ortheMTRC. Accordingconstruction. to theprevailing inHongKong, practice lieswith therisk W Planning issues related to cavern development (Efron andRead, 2012). affect the cost estimate, whichalways remains adifficultissueintunneling costing be taken into consideration and properly evaluated, may as such risks significantly whichmust intunnelconstruction risks (2007)discusssomeofthecritical and Nilsen maytractor face lossesiftheground serious conditions are notinhisfavour. Richards businessdecisionon costing, theactual necessarily a reflect andfurthermore, con- measurable. doesnot Thus projects thebiddingprice inmostofthe construction line parameters donotalways theanticipated reflect ground conditions andare not asthebase ostensibly nopurposes to alleviate serve someoftheconfusion, actually (GBR) arguesintroduced that the Geotechnical Baseline Reports into the contract, curate information given to himby Government” (Longbottom 2011:2).Hefurther condition orobstruction” even if contractor“the was misledby insufficient andinac project, thecontractor isassumed “to beexperienced, to have foreseen aparticular a challengeto thedecisionmakers. proves that thesearch for aconsensus orcompromise amongstakeholdersisalways hand, developers may tend to costs keep construction low. Experience in Hong Kong allocation aswelllic utility asintraffic and environmental management. Ontheother underground developments to inpub spatial avoid andsocialconflicts unnecessary developers andcontractors inparticular. isalsoessential to synergize It above and also essential to theresidents ingeneral, for aestheticreasons at least, andto the NIMBY site syndrome, value theinterior oftheunderground and exterior space is wise, remains thekeyissueintheirresponse to proposal. project addition to the In of stakeholders. The willingness of people to pay for the location, socially or other derground facilitiesin a densely populated area as the space may involve a number be considered etal. (Nishi 2000).For example, itisdifficult tolocateurban un- new tion ofsuchfacilitiesmay prove difficultifnotimpossible. especially inahighlydenselypopulated area likeHongKongwhere separa adirect - of theexistence ofthefacilitiesnearby. Suchanarrangement isconsidered essential settlement insuchaway that itallows theresidents to ignore thenegative impacts ning may allow someunderground facilitiesto belocated sideby sidewithsurface underground environment facilitiesfrom thesurface may berequired. Careful plan- somecases,ofthenegativeIn atotal environmental blocking interference ofthe space, andhow to blendtheundergroundenvironment. facilitieswiththesurface This isfollowed by how exploring to maximize thepotential useofunderground andfacilitieswhichare bestsuitableformine thefunctions locating underground. 3 See, for Post example, ChinaMorning oftheSouth news 2014.https://customerser on15thApril report lenges, causingadelay ofcompletion for at leastupto two years der-rail-link-fails-meet-completion-schedule%3Fpage%3Dall er=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Farticle%2F1482898%2Fhk67b-cross-bor ticle%2F1482898%2Fhk67b-cross-border-rail-link-fails-meet-completion-schedule%3Fpage%3Dall&refer vice.scmp.com/meter/1/1?destination=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Far hen dealingwiththeuseofunderground to space, first ofalldeter itisimportant Unexpected geotechnicalUnexpected consequences may alsoemerge underground during Other than issuesrelated there reOther to publicopinion and publicparticipation, W hen dealingwiththelocation ofunderground space, several needto factors

W hen submittingabidfor the 3 . ------and standards on planningare available inHongKong out. To ensure safety inacrowded construction environment, technical guidelines currence whenapublicconsultation onaproposed underground iscarried project undergroundlic to thelocation ofcertain facilitiesnearby isnotanuncommon oc development, from thegeneral althoughobjections space pub usage andsurface Hong Kongdotakeinto consideration theneedfor oftheunderground co-existence the private isyet sector to beenlisted inHongKong. The prevailing regulations in Tunneling Association (ITA): planning regulation of underground space usage, according to theInternational ing items proposed by (1991)may Barker beincludedinthedrawing ofaworkable designed planning procedures and regulations (Parriaux et al. 2006). The follow in order to facilitate offully areorientation oftheplanningvisionandsupport among others. Arevision oftheexisting laws may etal. berequired 2007) (Nishioka ensure ahigherstandard ofsafety, thanotherwise, operation andcost efficiency proceduresplanning andconstruction to engineering projects thanthenormal eration. Cavern development may require a more detailed/comprehensive set of regulations may notnecessarily allow asmoothplanningandengineering op implementationmain difficultiesin asproject well. For example, existing laws and 4 Various planningguidelinescovering variousareas related to underground development are available 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. eration oftheHongKongdevelopmental thedensity environment. requirements into andprecautionsconsid- whentaking are justifiedandnecessary ensure ismaintained. ahighstandard quality ofsafety Stringent andconstruction requirements basisto in addition,certain needto beironed outonacase-by-case private involvement isrequired to adhere to thevariouspublishedguidelines, but requirement.public consultation is a mandatory period Cavern development with before andoperation. itsconstruction applies to cavern development asadesignated project. Transport Assessment isalsorequired Impact space alsoisanissueofconcern (Luo, undated). The Environmental Assessment Ordinance Impact (EIAO) issuesaCode ofPracticepartment for the Protection of Tunnel amongothers. and FireAuthority Department, Services The Occupational HealthDivision oftheLabourDe andtheGuide to ofthe Department CivilEngineering Office Fire Safety Design for Caverns bytheBuilding theGuideto Cavernof thePlanning Department, Engineering prepared by theGeotechnical Engineering in HongKong, including, for example, Chapter 12ofthe HongKongPlanning Standards andGuidelines It isto benoted thatIt afullsetofregulations andprocedures from for participation structures. andsubsurface dueto surface Restrictions Environmental controls; and landuseregulations; Application ofsurface required; permits Major space; andtheright to developOwnership subsurface onnatural andmineral resourceRestrictions exploitation; ownership; property Limits ofsurface W orkers fromorkers Silicosis. Fire Safety ofcavern 4 In addition, a long specified addition,alongspecified In - - - - -

Underground and Cavern Space Development in Hong Kong 85 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 86 al and regional expert panelsinChina,andcanbereachedal andregional at [email protected]. expert policy, management.and transport planningandproject Hesitsat variousnation- in the Asia Pacificservices Region with aChina focus in recent years, land in urban University ofSingapore andtheUniversity ofHongKong. Heprovides consultancy Huew WANGLiang (PhD ofUniversity of Toronto) formerly at lectured theNational author Expanding theFrontiers on September 10-13,Athens, Greece. presented at the11thACUUS Conference onUnderground Space: Usage for Effective Executing of City Facility Construction’, Paper S., Nishioka, Tannaka, Y. andMinemura, T. (2007), Underground‘Deep pp. 79-89. Space Use’, of the Value Environment andExternal oftheInternal inUnderground J.,Nishi, Tanaka, T., Seiki,T., (2000), Ito, H.,andOkuyama, K. ‘Estimation and Underground Space Technology Integral Assessment for Method Strategic Decision-Making’, for theNecessity Determine Deterine Using Underground Space: An Monnikhof, R.,Edelenbos, J., andvan derKrogt, R.(1998). ‘How to http://www.jacobssf.com/images/uploads/Hong_Kong_SSDS.pdf ofCivil Engineers, Society 2001 oftheAmerican pp. 487-498. presented Excavation at theRapid and Tunneling Conference (RETC) Kong Strategic Stage IDeep DisposalScheme Sewage Tunnels’. Paper McLearie, D., Foreman, Tunnelling andUnderground Space Technology, Vol.11(1), pp. 57-64. Malone, A.W Chun.pdf hk/hkiehkip/pdf/presentation/Day2/Ir%20Dr%20Luo%20Ming%20 Luo, M.(undated), ‘Fire Safety inCavern Space’, http://www.hkie.org. Issue No. 3.pp, 1-3. Abuse inHongKong’. Partners inAlternative Dispute Digest Resolution Longbottom, J.B. (2011), – ‘Geotechnical BaselineReports Their Use & (USA), 99p. State Energy Research andDevelopment Authority, Columbia, Missouri Transport inNew York City, prepared Final for Report theNew York Liu, H.etal., (2004),Feasibility ofUnderground Pneumatic Freight ecns.cn/2014/02-14/100834.shtml Li, Y. (2014), ‘HK Explores theUse ofUnderground Space’. http://www. ProjectInteractive Qualifying ofthe Efron, N.andRead, M.(2012),Analysing International Tunnel Cost, An Vol.16(4), pp. 233-246. Durmisevic, S.(1999), Future‘The oftheUnderground Space’, Cities, (ACUUS), onNovember 14-16,2002, Torino, of theAssociated research Centers for Underground Urban Space ground Planning’ City Paper presented at theInternational Conference Duffaut, P., Labbe, M.(2002).’From UndergroundRoad Traffic toUnder tive Council on27thMarch, CB(1)1439/11-12(01) presented to thePanel onDevelopment, Legisla- (2012), ‘Enhancing LandSupplyby Cavern Development’ Paper oftheHongKongSARGovernment Department Drainage Services Government HongKongSAR Civil Engineering andDevelopment Department, Developmentchive/2013-03/22/underground-data-centre-hk Bureau, Caves’, Technology, March 22.http://www.wired.co.uk/news/ar L.(2013), Clark, ‘Hong KongLooks to BuildUnderground Datacentre http://www.world-tunnelling.com/features/hong-kongs-new-lines (2011). Chui, Eric ‘Hong Kong’s NewLinesFeatures’, release4.html TransferRefuse Station’. Cheng, T.K. (1997), ‘How Innovation ineris.fr/centredoc/drs-08-86168-00481d-v12-1385385732.pdf rains’, DRS-)8-86168-00481D. Study Report Paris: I’Ineris. http://www. sances et desPratiques enMatière d’abandon Souter desStockages Charmoille, A.and Thoraval, A.(2012), ‘Synthèse del’état desConnais- Hong Kong and Development ofUnderground Space on23–24thSeptember, in presented at theHongKongHKIE-HKIPJoint Conference onPlanning (2011),’FutureChan, R.K.S. Cavern Development inHongKong’. Paper Space TechnologyUnderground ofITASpace Use: aPreliminary Survey Nations’, Member Barker, M.(1991), ‘Legal andAdministrative IssuesinUnderground Bibliography Tunnelling andUnderground Space Technology . (1996). ’The Use ofUnderground Space. (1996).’The inHongKong’, W http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/misc/ehk97/ch5/ ., Hansmire, , Vol. 6(2),pp. 191-209 W W , Vol. 13(2),pp. 167-172. W orcester Polytechnic Institute, 108p. orks: orks: The First Underground .H. and Tong, (2001), E.K.H. ‘Hong W orld orld Tunnelling, Tunnelling and , Vol 15(1), , Vol Tunnelling - - - Oswell, M.A.,Farmer, L.W W td181-2008_exe%20summary_eng-20100906.pdf in Causeway Bay. http://www.td.gov.hk/filemanager/en/publication/ on Pedestrian Subways andRelated Traffic Improvement Measures Transport HongKongSARGovernment (2910),Study Department, ea0224cb1-931-1-e.pdf http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/ea/papers/ Paper CB(1)931/13-14(01)on24thFebruary. Government (2014), ‘Environmental Projects’. Infrastructure Discussion The Legislative Council Panel onEnvironmental Affairs, HongKongSAR work Program, 36p. oftheEuropean Demands) market Commissions withinthe6thFrame freight andconcepts quality intheEuropean to inrespect Network Project’, aresearch isfundedby the (TowardsTREND project newRail Automated (Underground) Freight Transport Systems for theEU-TREND J.C.,Rijsenbrij, Pielage, B.A. and Visser, J.G. on (2006), ‘State-of-the-art Zlámal, J. London: Taylor &Francis Group, pp. 1585-1590. J.,sion ofMetropolises, Hrdina,I.,Romancov, ed. by Barták, G.and J.N., Krishnan,R., .Rotherdam:J.N., Balkema,pp. Krishnan,R., 301-306. Singapore’, Tunnel andUnderground Structure, ed. by Zhao,J., Shairlaw, Underground Caverns inRock Science City below Park theKent Ridge in Zhao, J Tunnelling andUnderground Space Technology, Vol. 11(1),pp. 73-79. CavernsRock inSingapore Part B:Development Costs andUtilization’, Zhao, J. Choa, V., andBroms, B.B. (1996). ‘Construction andUtilization of ing theFrontiers, onSeptember 10-132007,Athens –Greece, 7p. sented at the11thACUUS Conference ofUnderground Space: Expand- Metropolitan Area Underground Deep Distribution Tunnel’, Paper pre Yokotsuka, M., Taro Kasuya, T. andOkumura, T. (2007), ‘A Proposal of University Press, 315p. cal Controversies ofHongKong’s Railways. HongKong:Kong Yeung, R.(2008),Moving Millions: The Commercial Success andPoliti- ofPlanning Practice,Manual pending. 9p. W Press (inChinese),416p. Industry Construction Tunneling Beneath Open Richards, D.P. B. andNilsen, (2007), ‘Geotechnical for Management Risk IAEG_700.PDF IAEG2006 Paper number700.http://www.iaeg.info/iaeg2006/PAPERS/ ground Resources andSustainableDevelopment Areas’, inUrban Parriaux, A., Tacher, L.,Kauffmann, V. andBlunier, P. (2006), ‘Under Kong’, Tunnelling 94,pp117-135. tion ofcaverns for anunderground sewage treatment plant, Hong ang, L.H.and TSE, j. C.Y. (2014), ‘Hong Kong’, ISOCARP: International ang, L.H.(2014),An Analysis ofHongKong Transit City. China Beijing: ., Lee,W K. ., Hefny, A.M.etal(2000). ‘Feasibility ofDeveloping the . and Mak, B. W . andMak, W ater’, Underground Space –the4thDimen- .L. (1994), ‘Design andconstruc - - - - ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 88 Shi W city (2013-2020) in Tianj(China) central ground Space Planning The Utiliza ujun ·Xiao Yu ·GongYuan ·ZhaoGuangLiuW Figure 1: The location of Tianjin 14 million(year 2012). has a total land area It 11,917.3 and squarea population of kilometers portation. China, andisthenearest from city theEurasian Continental railway Bridge trans- lies Beijing. Tianjin is the gateway to and Northwest the sea from Beijing, North 118°04’. To is of thecity thenorth Yan-Shan, to Bay, the east, Bohai and to thewest the Pacific Gulfin Chinaplain,intheBohai oftheNorth Tianjin islocated City inthenortheast An introduction to T O verview ofTianjnctyundergroundsp W est Coast, in North latitude 38°34’toest Coast, 40°15’, inNorth Eastlongitude 116°43’ to tion ofUnder- ianjin ei ace planning 2020). Acomprehensive ontheunderground survey space in Tianjin central has city Central (2006-2020)”, City whichisaligned to Master Plan theUrban of Tianjin (2005- the document “Comprehensive UtilizationofUnderground Space Planning in Tianjin development andutilization ofunderground space since 2004. This hasresulted in system ofunderground space use, Tianjin outextensive research hascarried onthe tifically andmoderately develop underground space andestablisha well-developed a rapid development stage. order In to better integrate the existing resources, scien- development andutilizationunderground ofurban space in Tianjin hasentered into opment and opening of Binhai New Area the 21st century,In development the urban of Tianjin is accelerating. T 3 BinhaiNewArea isaneastern coastal area in Tianjin, covering ​​ 2 Two guidelines consist design ofthelandsubdivisionguidelineandurban guideline. 1 ismainlycomposed oftwoThe municipalitiesandthree Rim Bohai provinces, includingBeijing, Tianjin, two guidelines” The planof regulatory Tianjin ispresented intheform of “one planand regulatory ing volume, architectural contents style, color andotherinstructional are included. W requirements standards of various planning regulatory in the form of guidelines. tion area, location and size ofpublicgreen facilitiesand space, publicsupporting ofeachunit, mainlanduse,sents thedominant function green rate, total construc provisions iscomposed pre ofvariousunitsandclearly master oftheurban plan.It Government, undertheMunicipal inaccordanceplanning department withthe asthebasisfor acts allplanswithin thescopeof variousspecialplans. of It Tianjin. graphical area banned, limited andsuitablefor aswell construction, asthecontents landlayout,tional districts, integrated system, etc. alsoindicates transport geo It Council identifies in2006,clearly thedevelopment layout ofcitiesand towns, func detailed planning, andsite andthedetailedplanningincludesregulatory plans. planningandtownurban planningare outthrough carried master planningand planning,urban town planning, rural planning and village planning. these, the Of andrural China,theurban planningsystemIn covers planningsystem, theurban Urban planningsystem ofT intheworld. top 20ports Chinaandranked amongthe shippingcenter in North isanimportant water port, Tianjin Port, aninternational, comprehensive multi-functional, deep- andmodern industries. Furthermore, hubintheNorth. transportation Tianjin isanimportant logistics, and other trade, manufacturing port and export vantages in the import role isespeciallysignificant China. Its due to ad- is thesecond inNorth largest city size termsandcomprehensive ofthecity China.In center strength, inNorth Tianjin Hebei, ShandongandLiaoning, covering anarea of​​ and openingunderstate support. rated into China’s national development strategy in 2005andbecome anational newarea for development ters ofcoastline. After 10 years ofindependent development of Tianjin, BinhaiNewArea hasbeenincorpo ianjin’s planningfor underground space utilization ith respect toith respect core contents thebuildingheight, build- construction, ofurban Tianjin is the economic center Rim of the Bohai The planof regulatory Tianjin isprepared by thecompetent andrural urban The Master Plan Urban of Tianjin (2005-2020), reviewed and approved by the State 2 . ianjin 518,000 square kilometers. 3 and improvement of the central city, the 1 2,270 square kilometers with153kilome 2,270 square kilometers , but also an important economic , but also an important W ith the devel------

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 89 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 90 Planning and Management and other regulatory requirements.Planning otherregulatory andManagement and Space Undergroundof Urban Space, Regulationsof Tianjin ontheUnderground the design schememust meet the Regulations onthe Development and Utilization hensive disaster prevention andsafety requirements shouldbestrengthened and of agglomerationprinciple and integrated development. addition, thecompre In other asmuchpossibleto form asystem ofunderground space by to adhering the purposes. cial andparking The underground spaces witheach shouldbeconnected subwayground nodesrelying stations andpubliccenters onprimary for commer 4 The underground space isdividedby development depth: shallow layer ranges from 0to -10meters; and middlelayer space planning, restructured. thisway, In itisproposed to mainlyutilize theshallow andothercontentstion distribution ontheunderground withsignificant impact planning area was adjusted, thesize forecast amended, andthespatial layout, func derground Space Planning in Tianjin Central thisdocument, the (2011-2020). In City ened theinitialresults madeinthe2009version andprepared theUtilizationofUn- ensure effective transformation anddeep of research results, thecity re-examined launched acomprehensive studyonunderground space planning. Also, inorder to the orderly and rational development and utilization of underground space, Tianjin can’t level.In order effectively planofthesurface to promote meetthe regulatory clear preparation method resulted that the underground in the fact space planning highlighted inthe master plan:theincomplete planningframework andabsence of of underground space in ofoverallTianjin, underground theshortage space was of Tianjin. whole theplanningofundergroundand hasextended space from thecentral to the city identified theideasandframework to makeamaster plan for underground space the overall situation ofunderground space in Tianjin, thisimprovement hasinitially Space (2009-2020) hasalsobeenprepared. Through intensive studyandresearch on Plan of Regulatory Tianjin Central City. The Tianjin MasterPlanning ofUnderground sive Transportation Planning in Tianjin, Design of Overall Urban Tianjin Central City, with theStrategic Planning ofSpatial Development in Tianjin, Comprehen Orbital - been improved onthebasisofinitialresults obtainedbefore 2006andcombined updated ordetailedenoughto guidetheunderground space construction. which the2006planwas developed,So, construction. thisplanisnot andtheactual there are significant differences betweenon conclusionsonsize based projections at this stage, the overall systematic planning is not very and coordinated. Therefore, ited onthedevelopment by ourknowledge andutilization ofunderground space space framework planningandregulatory hasbeeninitiallyexplored. However, lim- nicipal facilitiesetc. have beenstudiedandanindicator system for theunderground space resource assessment, size forecasting, andmu- spatialtransport distribution, in underground spaceorder utilization. In to address theseissues, theunderground outonproblems analysis carried anddifficulties andapreliminary been conducted middle layer ranges from -10to -20meters; and the deeplayer ranges from -20meters below. In 2011, with the commencement of large-scale development and construction development 2011,withthecommencementIn andconstruction oflarge-scale Since development 2009, theurban orientation andspatial layout of Tianjin has 4 oftheunderground space inthecentral under to construct city - - - - - Function type characteristics Development Layout form evaluation Comprehensive million square meters, butthisisstillfocusing onthebasiclevel. areaconstruction ofunderground space in Tianjin central hasexceeded city 15 defense and underground construction municipal pipelines. Currently, the total development andutilization was andexpanded from alsoenriched previous air pace of underground space significantly accelerated,type of while the functional ground andunderground development were projects initiated. The development Metro Line2and3were putinto operation ofcomprehensive in2011,aseries Table ofUnderground 1:Stage Characteristics Space Development ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ back to 1950s. The development andutilization ofunderground space in Tianjin canbetraced Process ofdevelopment ofunderground space utilization inT Evolution ofundergroundsp ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ In the21 In underground commercial space applications gradually increased. traffic congestionandother issues. publictransport, Meanwhile,ing urban the ground role andotherpublicfacilities, carparks insolv whichplay animportant number ofnewunderground constructed, projects including subways, under Since 1990s –Underground space removed from airdefense anda projects socialbenefits; ating certain Late 1980s–Air defense transformed projects into “peacetime” civilprojects, cre transport; public urban to effectively support too short longbutinfact structed, 7.4km 1970 –1984-Metro Line1(Tianjin rate from construction; theurban air defense built, but which fortifications 1950s – 1980s - large-scale were sepa- st century, withtherapid development urban of Tianjin, especiallyafter Initial stage Initial ing, airdefense Underground park single function Single building, Scattered Basic level - Scale stage Scale ment, etc. - ness, entertain Underground busi- symbol utilization asa comprehensive andtake projects Focus onkey Base extension Basic andkeylevel W est Railway Station to con XinhuaRoad) - ace useintheTianj Networked stage Networked traffic Underground rail nodes subway stations as development of the comprehensive the skeleton and subway system as the taking network An underground Network extension Network Network levelNetwork city stage city Underground drainage system undergroundmodern Integrated pipegallery, logistics lines tation, municipaland underground transpor composed ofsystematic lifelineAn urban system Three-dimensional city Three-dimensional functional level functional underground Systematic ianjin - - - - ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 92 zation ofunderground space. resulting in low utilization rate, the development which adversely impacts and utili- rounding areas meansthat theunderground spaces can’t witheachother, connect Lackofunified planningoftheundergroundparking. space ofland plotsandsur on independent basement development for of buildings primarily business and At present, theunderground space development pattern in Tianjin mainlyfocuses composition of underground space (2) There isinsufficientutilization andunreasonable functional is stillfocusing ofunderground onthe basicconstruction space. Shanghai are underground anetworked constructing space system, while Tianjin ground space across Tianjin. of shallow ofunder utilization intheconstruction depth andsmallsingleprojects and theunderground space ofits surrounding areas. But, there are stillproblems undergroundare large-scale space in projects Tianjin, such astheCultural Center system basedontheunderground isbeingconstructed rail system. Now, there space andShanghaicentral inBeijing city, underground andanetworked space with othermunicipalities, there isalready large scaleutilization ofunderground but alsoastrong demandfor underground space in Tianjin. However, compared that there isagrowing demandfor theunderground space in Tianjin central city, ing facilities, andincreased by 55%and72%over 2009respectively. showsThis fact growth rate mainlyinunderground commercial facilitiesandunderground park 2009-2011, the undergroundDuring space in Tianjin central maintained arapid city (1) The total amountisgrowing rapidly withlower overall development level utilization scaleandlevel. The keyproblems are below: described Compared withBeijing, Shanghaiandothercities, there isabiggapinterms ofthe to thespecial geological conditions, thedevelopment. whichsignificantly impact ed earlier, costs ofcreating but theconstruction underground space are highdue The development andutilization ofunderground space in Tianjin could have start Problems inT Table 2:Length ofsubway linebuilt in Tianjin Total Line9 Line3 Line2 Line1 Name ianjin underground space utilization 90.5 12.1 29.6 22.6 26.2 Length (km) W ith respect toith respect thedevelopment stage, and Beijing 62.2 5.8 20.5 19.8 16.1 (km) underground Length / 9/5 23/18 19/17 22/13 underground number/Station Station - - - - Area inTianjinArea . Planning inTianjin Central andUnderground City Space Planning ofBinhaiNew other contents. Practices in Tianjin ofUnderground includetheUtilization Space tion ofrecent ofunderground construction space withthefuture utilization and derground space utilization, analysis andstudyonthesubway frame,- co-ordina cast ofdemandfor underground space anditstotal utilization, keyareas ofun- space intheregion.covers It theunderground space resource assessment, fore ter andrural urban planning, aimingat theresource allocation ofunderground The macro planningofunderground space utilization corresponds to themas- Underground space utilization planning asabasisforconstruction management. urban space into detailedplanningsystem, regulatory theurban andto guidetheurban of underground space andincorporate thecontrolled contents ofunderground lines are usedto control andimplement various elements oftheconstruction the underground space). Among these, theunderground space planningguide tional detailedunderground space planning(orincludingarchitectural design of ground space useplanning, underground space planning guideline and construc been prepared at themacro, mesoandmicro level corresponding to theunder space planning content use. to becloserto theactual of underground withother plots, space enablingtheunderground andinterfaces a few detaileddeepunderground anddepth space plansto detailtheboundary foralso a direction us to explore. recent In years, Tianjin has gradually developed approval requires construction and urban is a contradiction, but detailed plans. It a specialplanat themaster planningstage. However, boththespecificlanduse China,especiallyin In Tianjin, thecurrent underground space planisprepared as development ofundergrounds The roleofplanningnth structure,urban subway linesandotherfactors. space, whilethelayout ofunderground space ismainlydetermined by theground have types been put forwardfunctional based on different usesof underground derground space size forecast, thedevelopment trend ofvarious andobjective term development andutilization ofunderground space. planning withrecent andappropriately projects construction control thelong- underground space planningto focus onthecombination ofunderground space orderIn to solve theseproblems, we thetechnology route have for re-inspected Ideas for T enhance thevalue oflanduse. fore, in the future, Tianjin should gradually increase underground public space to space. Generally, publicspace takes10-15%ofthetotal underground space. There hai andChongqing, there are stringentrequirements for underground public domestic citieswithwell-developed underground spaces suchasBeijing, Shang- space take74%,underground some 21%.In publicspace 5%,andotherfunctions Looking at the actual situation in atLooking the actual Tianjin, the Tianjin underground space plan has composition ofunderground terms offunctional In andtraffic space, parking ianjin underground space planning ace W ith respect toith respect theun------

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 93 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 94 station in Tianjin central city Figure transit transfer 4:Rail in Tianjin central city Figure 3: The ground publiccenter (2011-2020) Planning in Tianjin central city Utilization ofUnderground Space Figure 2: Technical route of The space resources. quirements for thecomprehensive development andutilization ofunderground and propose various control indicators andotherplanningmanagement re between underground municipal, airdefense transportation, andotherfacilities, andthedevelopmentrelationship sites, between thepublicparts aswell asthat prevention oftheunderground space withintheplanning area, coordinate the system, mainentrances andexits, landscapeenvironment, safety anddisaster researchout in-depth onthelayout, spatial integration, public events, transport to carry planning ofunderground space, itisnecessary/compulsory/mandatory According to variouscontrol requirements detailed specifiedinthe regulatory underground space utilization planningandintentions ofthegeneral guideline. areas.and keyconstruction The specificprovisions are prepared to implement the ground public space system, and the overall requirements of air defense projects overalldistribution, layout ofspecialfacilitiesfor underground space, theunder are composed including underground of five parts, space resource utilization and determine control elements ofspecificprovisions.In general, the control elements ments againstelements oftheunderground space withintheunitandguidesto visions and specific provisions. The general provisions propose control require Tianjin detailedplanning. regulatory of extension information soasto become anecessary management department, space to thelanduseandcombine withthedata from theunderground spatial face position, number ofchannelsandother technical indicators ofunderground Underground Space Planning inTianjin Central, apply the scope, City depth, inter areasother keyconstruction ofunderground space identified of intheUtilization ispreparedning. It to implement theunderground city, underground complex and eral control provisions andspecific control provisions for underground space plan- detailed planning(includingthelandsubdivisionguideline),consisting ofthegen- The mesounderground space planningguidelinecorresponds to theregulatory Underground space planningcontrol guideline The guidelinefor underground space planningconsists ofgeneral control pro - - - - - ground Space Planning Levels of Tianjin Under Figure 5:Preparation -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 95 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 96 ideas andstudy ofnewmethods. cation methodhave planning beenputforward withthedeepening ofnewurban hensive index evaluation method, analytichierarchy process and landuseclassifi- development scaleforecast, various forecasting methods, includingthecompre space bothat homeandabroad hasmadeconsiderable progress. Especially, inthe rently, thepreparation ofplansfor development andutilization ofunderground ment basedontheassessment objectives of underground space resources. Cur and rational forecast for proposed theamount ofconstruction againstdevelop The forecast for theunderground space ofscientific development scaleisakind T geological protection. orderly andsustainableuseofunderground space, aswell astheecological and derground significance space, andapplication whichhasimportant value for the opment and utilization objective, layout and development schedule of the un- andclassification basis acteristics for Tianjin central to develop city overall devel- of underground space resources available for reasonable development. status andspecialland,conservation we cangetthescope andoverall distribution ate geological conditions, combined withthelimitation ofground architectural available for full development. On the basis of the evaluation findings of appropri- available for development, theoneavailable for limited development andtheone the underground space resources canbedividedinto three categories, theone not ground space development, utilization andprotection. as to determine theoverall strategic andoverall direction positioningofunder ground space in Tianjin central available city for development andutilization, so scope for reasonable development, potential values andoverall ofunder quality space resources, itisableto comprehensively evaluate theengineering suitability, the ecological system onthedevelopment underground andprotection ofurban derground space utilization in Tianjin central city, andmechanismof theimpact Tianjin central city. undergroundtect space resources, and assess underground space resources in space for development andlimited development, rationally allocate, useandpro Tianjin central city, to scope dividethedistribution ofunderground itis necessary estimate andassess thepotential, value ofunderground anddistribution space in undergroundUrban space haslarge space andrich resources. order to In correctly and divisionofavailable areas Assessment oftotal underground space resources Key planningssues andchallengesf design stage. underground isanimplementation-oriented bined architectural design. It space The micro underground space planningcorresponds to thesite planandcom- Site planofunderground space o determine thescaleof underground space requirements The resource assessment work hasprovided macro char basicdata onquality According to thedifferent influence onthedevelopment ofunderground space, Through analysis ofengineering andhydrogeological conditions, existing un- aced ------Tianjin Central City Space Resources Investigation andAssessment in Table 3:Item-indicator System for Underground system Assessment space resources underground Investigation of space resources underground Evaluation of space resources underground Estimation of Subjects Subjects development Not available for development able for limited Avail- development Available for full development in resource Difficulties opment value Potential devel- development able for limited Avail- development Available for full Grade Iindicators Underground treasure troves Developed underground space Ground buildings conserved W geological disastersSerious structure adverseSerious geological ings andstructures Space under foundation ofbuild- Greenland, water, mountains to develop areaConstruction newlyplanned Roads Square, openspace Area plannedto beremoved Development depth Hydrogeological suitability Engineering geological suitability Land usetype Land price convenience Spatial location andtransportation ings andstructures Space underfoundation ofbuild- Greenland, water, mountains to develop areaConstruction newlyplanned depthbelow) (acertain Roads Square, openspace Area plannedto beremoved ater resources Grade IIindicators /Notes cultural relics Underground mines, underground facilities pipelines, transport Underground building, municipal ings, general buildings build- buildings,Historic important water veins W liquefaction Sand fracture zone Large faultzone andactive and scope Corresponding influence depthand coefficient and proportionality Corresponding development depth (A certain depthbelow)(A certain 20-30 meters of0-10meters;Depth 10-20meters; Corrosion ofgroundwater Groundwater moisture Type and depthofgroundwater Geological lithology Commercial price ofland benchmark hubs Metro stations andtransportation cultural centers and landscapeattractions Urban Business center scope Corresponding influence depthand coefficient and proportionality Corresponding development depth development and scope available for effective Corresponding coefficient, level ater source protection, confined central city in scale proportional Tianjin public facilitiesconstruction building covers anarea of Table 4:Underground land useclassification methodmodeland withparameterscorrected various ofur mand hasbeenproposed basedonthelandclassification andsubsystems in Tianjin. idea andmodel, aforecasting framework system for underground urban space de and determine thestrength ofunderground space development. Basedonsuchan development instances in Tianjin are adopted asthe fundamental basis to correct analysis standard data andrelevant planningindicators oflocalunderground space systems in andlandcharacteristics ban functional Tianjin. addition,thestatistical In 5 stages ofdevelopment, theindicators canbedivided into three grades. ofpublic facilities iscalculated. ofvarioustypes construction According to different oflandinthecentraltypes city, theratio ofunderground buildingsto ground area of underground space accounting for theoverall area ofconstruction. a specificarea to the total area ofunderground buildings, that is, theunitstrength of ly determined by theratio of underground buildingofvarious publicfacilities within and floorarea known,ratio (R)are theutilization scaleofunderground space ismain- ofundergroundbuildings (R)×proportion buildingsto ground buildings(L)}. oflandfor publicfacilities(Z)×floorarea land×proportion struction ratio of ground space scale isforecast according to the following principle: (C5), aswell aseducation andscientific research design (C6). The underground cial andfinancialuse (C2), culture (C4),healthcare and entertainment (C3), sports The landfor publicfacilitiesincludeslandfor administrative offices (C1), commer (2) Underground space scaleof landfor publicfacilities tares ofnewresidential landin2020withanaverage floorarea ratio residential quarters. ratio ofexisting ground buildingsto area theunderground construction of parking land to the ground quantities isdeduced construction 18%-28%by referring to the Construction Projects inTianjin, theratio ofunderground space scaleofresidential According to theUrbanMaster Plan ofTianjin (2005-2020)andParking Standard for (1) Underground space scaleof residential land space will reach 16-25millionsquare meters orso. areaconstruction of92millionsquare meters. 2020,thedemandfor By underground usage land C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1 The demandfor underground space in Tianjin central isforecast city by usingthe Combined withthe latest ofvarious andthe distribution land price distribution From theabove, we canseethat whenthescaleoflandfor publicfacilities urban Underground area construction ofpublicutilities=Σ{scaleclassification con- According to the latest version results, of regulatory there were about 5,140 hec The ratio area ofatotal construction andthetotal landarea withinthescope ofland Underground ratio construction (%) construction of building 10-18 10-20 18-22 10-20 8-15 8-15 Low 10 10 18 10 8 8 Objective (%) Objective Middle 10 15 15 20 15 10 5 of 1.8 and a of1.8anda High 15 18 20 22 20 15 - - - - subsystem landand the urban model basedon demand forecasting ground space Figure 6: Under -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 99 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 100 depth contour map Figure 8:Underground diving Tianjin central city for buildingunderground space in Figure 7: The plotwhichcanbeused the central city, the waterproofing floor work, to resist ofspecificprojects. risks andability logical basedoncharacteristics risks should beadopted geo to mitigate uncertain appropriate and technical structure measures process, construction the actual constructed. In shouldbecarefullyfault structure plannedand and large infrastructures inthearea critical of express ways, subway tunnelsandotherlinear municipal integrated tunnels, underground derground space resources in Tianjin, and large thedevelopmentduring andutilization ofun- to the influence of adverse geological impact quirements for underground space. raises higher waterproofing andanti-floating re on. Meanwhile, the shallow groundwater depth andso fracture structures mic sandliquefaction, jin central includeground city subsidence, seis- poor engineering geological conditions in Tian- each other. According to available information, there are afew smallhillsandpondsalternating slope. rivers, Influenced of by theintersection transformation. The landisflat withagentle rivereffect of and ocean motion and human alluvial andcoast plainformed underthejoint appropriate measures. Tianjin central isan city buthaveing construction, to behandledwith useddur andcannotbedirectly ing security may threaten orindirectly directly theengineer fers to engineering geological conditions that engineering geological conditions usuallyre poor engineering geological conditions. Poor ground space in Tianjin are mainly limited by The development andutilization ofunder underground space utilization project The engineeringdifficultyofthe 50 millionsquare meters approximately. derground space in Tianjin central will reach city the planningperiod. 2020,thetotal By area ofun- land in central within land andtransportation city public green space, andwarehouse industrial ground space of residential land, public facilities, forecast andestimated thedemandfor under According to the master plan of Tianjin, we have development inthecentral city (3) Total size of underground space In areasIn withpoor groundwater conditions in Therefore, special attention needsto bepaid ------Line 5 and 6 are under construction. By 2015, Line 5and6are By underconstruction. Tianjin will complete Metro Line1, of theunderground facilities. Currently, part transportation an important Metro andatotal of73subway2, 3and9withatotal lengthof90.5km stations. They are publiccenters.hubs andurban derground space focusing onthe subway especiallytransportation construction, ture, Tianjin willbe oriented onsubway andvigorously construction develop un- andundergroundficiency space development isthemostsignificant. Inthefu- ofsubway ef- onthelanduse,impact planningandconstruction transportation indicators modernization andsustainabledevelopment. ofurban Especially, the are twobasic system efficiency and transportation landutilizationUrban efficiency development speeddoesnotmatch Subway construction andurban the future to meetthegrowing inthecentral demandfor city. parking scale willreach 17millionsquare meters (approximately lots)in 486,000parking Accordingparking. to that the plan, it is expected the underground public parking ways. Currently, theunderground space in Tianjin central ismainlyusedfor city and promote space theuseofsub efficiency increasepublic activities, theparking oftheundergroundintegral part publicspaceground system andableto support Different from underground garage for internal parking use of someunits, it isan es available for the public, as underground also commonly spaces. known parking lotswillhave beenconstructed.657,000 parking mately 23million square meters ofresidential underground andabout parking rate for that parking 2020,itisexpected approxi aresidential By district. porting - underground depotsandunderground garages. parking publicparking the pressure traffic. onurban Theunderground is composedof residential parking sages to guidepeopleto theunderground system, soasto transportation reduce hubs throughwith surrounding underground buildings and transportation pas- Underground usuallytakestheshallow underground parking space andconnects to meetthegrowing urbancenter parkingdemand T derground space development. by improper water sealingandisolation, thusavoiding agreat ontheun- impact measures shouldbeadopted to prevent piping, leakandotherproblems caused weight, anti-floating anchor, floor overhanging andother anti-floating treatment o provide sufficientparkingspaces Now, there are 4subway linesunder operation in Tianjin, namelyMetro Line1, Underground garages refers publicparking to theunderground garag- parking The residential underground shouldprovide more parking than85%ofthesup - - schematic lotunicom parking Underground Figure 9:

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 101 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 102 Figure10: transit planningof Rail Tianjin central in2020 city state, but the land use right can be transferred and assigned. In Tianjin, the owner based on public ownership,China is a country where the land is owned by the fied intheplanning drawing. underground speci- space shouldbe clearly utilization conditions, the boundary for theshallow layer. the caseofdifferent due In boundaries to different vertical ofunderground space boundary at thedeeperlayervertical may incorporate that than 10meters, more than20meters andmore than30meters respectively. The domain in Tianjin, namelytheshallow, middleand deepcorresponding to more other factors. There are three levels ofunderground space utilization subsurface development difficulties and the necessity to develop underground space and ofunderground space boundary isaffected the vertical by geological conditions, canbeintegratedsame person,suchaboundary asthecasemay be. Meanwhile, plots. However, where two adjacent landplotsare owned anddeveloped by the of ofunderground tohorizontal thelanduseboundary space boundary issubject derground space oftheground andvariousboundaries planning. general, In the ofun- specifytherelationshipline shouldclearly between theutilization boundary andtheunderground space boundary planningguide the horizontal andvertical through negotiation. ment, butits userightisdetermined by andPeople’s theconstructor Government ing municipal roads public green and urban land is owned by the People’s Govern- are unit. attributed to the property The underground space developed by occupy line oflandplotsexcept airdefensewithin theboundary andmunicipalfacilities ship anduserightofunderground commercial, andotherfacilities office, parking Underground space rightdefini The rightdefinonsanddevelopment model The utilization boundary ofundergroundThe utilization space boundary withaspecificlandplotinclude for diversified travel and green travel. and failsto people meetthedemandsofurban cannot keep pace construction with its urban ofrail transitin China,theconstruction in Tianjin in thenearfuture. As oneoffour municipalities andisplannedto reachmore 660km than500km Also, therail transit lineinShanghaihasreached to or more. is expected in Beijing reach 660km 2016, the total subway mileage under operation and273stations. theendof By length of465km subway linesoperational withatotal inBeijing Shanghai. As of2013,there are atotal of17 there isstillagapcompared and withBeijing jin hasentered arapid development stage. But, to reach atotal mileageof470kilometers. Line1willbecompleted Haihe Middle-streams while by 2020,BinhaiNewArea Line3,4,5and reach atotal underground mileageof410km; press way andBinhaiNewArea Line1and2to ex 9andintra-city section), 2, 3,4,5,6,7(north Overall, therail in transit construction Tian- t i o ns - - - - of underground space Figure11:stratification Vertical square meters underplanningin Tianjin. underground complexes withacommercial area construction ofabout2,500,000 rival thesize oftheunderground city. For theunderground complex, there are 23 area, tion ofunderground space in Tianjin, onlytheCultural Center anditssurrounding trol requirements are terms ofthedevelopment shown inthetable6.In andutiliza - ofcorresponding groundthe importance andtheirspecific con- nodesinthecity Among them,theunderground andunderground city complex are determined by derground city, underground complex and basement independently developed. publicspace. Specifically,surface theunderground space asanun- is constructed chical underground system corresponding publicservice to thelevel andscaleof current stageof economic development. underground space in Tianjin is limited by geological conditions, followed by the development modelofunderground space. First ofall, thedevelopment modelof combination of group buildings, whilesuchacombination largely determines the The development modelofunderground space isrelated to ground buildingora Development modelofunderground space Relying onthesubwayRelying framework, Tianjin central ahierar hasconstructed city W est Station Sub-center and the area five kilometers behind Haihe River andtheareakilometers behindHaihecan est Station five Sub-center -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 103 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 104 of Underground Space Table5: Development Mode Single development Mixed development development Comprehensive Types large building Single underground facilities ground municipal Integrated under defense projects Single large air parking facilities parking Underground public commercial center Large underground ness district Underground busi- Urban transport hubs transport Urban ters economic zone Sub-center, headquar core area CBD area, urban location Geographical - - laboratories andsoon. including museums, libraries, gymnasiums, Singly builtunderground buildings, pipe gallery and utility tunnels. andutility pipe gallery stations,collection underground municipal treatment plants, underground garbage Such asunderground substations, sewage peace time. garages andwarehousesshops, in parking evacuation roads, etc., whichare usedas ties, material personnelmasking, reserves, includingthatjects, for command, special- airdefenseSingly orjointly construct pro parking. buildingstoof high-rise improve thepublic squares andopenlandwithinterior space lotsunder depotcombined parking parking To multi-storey construct underground with excellent location advantages. to formcarrier majorground shoppingmalls Taking large squares andgreen landasthe ping mallsorunderground facilities. parking Combined independent underground shop commercial, andotherfunctions. parking tem focusing onpassagebut withbusiness, ing buildingsto form anunderground sys- streets, underground passageandsurround- Combined withunderground commercial and others. combined squares, withurban busstations underground complex andcomplex hub on train stations andmetro hubsto form based andotherfunctions tainment, parking Integration ofunderground business, enter functions. financial, business, commercial andother underground integrating city high-density cluster development coreHigh-end and underground andground buildings form agglomeration andintegration ofthe facilitiesto andpublictransport and parking business, culture space andentertainment Integrated administrative office, commercial F unction andscale unction - - - sity of Minnesota ofMinnesota sity Library, Libraries ofthe Univer TianjinMuseum, Tianjin zhou University Townzhou PipeMunicipal ofGuang- Rack Tianjin HaihePipe Gallery, Ring Project Jinan Qianfoshan Air Defense Parking in Tianjin Parking ing, Underground Xi'anRoad Aocheng Underground Park Tianjin Aqua City Plaza,Springs Tianjin Joy City, XidanPlaza,Beijing Jinan in Jinan ground Commercial Street Yingxiongshan Under Road Commercial Street in Chengdu, First Avenue Underground air defense commercial Streets, Shenyang, andother Harbin Railway Station integrated hub, Guangzhou men Beijing, Dongzhimen hub,transportation Xizhi- Tianjin Tianjin Cultural Center W FinancialBeijing Street, W Beijing Town Center,Urban QianjiangNew Town Core Area, Shenzhen CBD,Beijing ZhujiangNew Typical case angfujing, Xiaobailou Tianjin, angfujing, W est Railway Station est Zhongguancun, est - - - for Underground Space Public Service Table 6:Hierarchical Control Requirements complex Underground city Underground Categories public service in public service Tianjin central city Figure 12:Underground space layout of stations. 1 to 3subway and ground with the underground development of cores, integrated are clearpublic there function, to theground Corresponding stations. than three subway groups withmore and develops in ground transport viaunder nected complexes, con- few underground constituted by a isjointly It Spatial form - parking underground business and it ismainlyfor ground features, Corresponding to subway stations; layout isbasedon The functional parking underground business and it ismainlyfor ground features, Corresponding to core;functional each complex and layout isbasedon The functional characteristics F unctional unctional or less. square meters of about150,000 commercial area an underground with 60 hectares ers anarea of20to general,In itcov meters. 150,000 square of more than commercial area an underground with kilometers of 20,000square covers anarea general,In it General scale - storey 3 to underground dle layer isutilized Usually, themid- storey 3and4 to underground dle layer isutilized Usually, themid- Utilization depth share parking spaces.share parking to connected partially garages, whichare parking supporting There are mainly tions andbusiness; relying onsubway sta- develop inclusters by The system pedestrian ground traffic passage. through anunder lots to share parking depots are provided Large publicparking layout; complexes innetwork system combines all The pedestrian port organization port Underground trans - -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 105 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 106 diagram in Tianjin central city Figure15: The population density underground complex Figure14: diagram Schematic ofthe underground city Figure13: diagram Schematic ofthe solving the urban trafficsolving theurban problem in Tianjin. ease theground traffic pressure; thus, they meansof have become animportant problem ofunderground to caneffectively solvestruction theparking parking underground roads underground andotherurban systems andcon- transport development. byto impedetheurban 2020,whichwillseriously beoverwhelmed rated. average pressure trunkroad loadoftheurban inthecentral hadbecome satu city - Currently, thetraffic congestionis worseningin Bytheendof2008, Tianjin. Effective alleviation ofthetraffic pressure become an urgent requirement for development. urban and intensification andthe land-useefficiency give full play totheland value has opment ontheland. Therefore, how to develop underground space to improve lize landto theurban save landresources andalleviate thestress devel ofurban - compensate oftheground andeffectively for andintensively functions part uti- by 152.6%over 2003.However, thedevelopment ofunderground space can tion price index growing at anaverage annualrate 2007,itincreased of10%.In Since 2003, thelandprice withthelandtransac incentral sharply hasrisen city Improvement intheintensification oflandutilization provide space alotofurban resources to effectively alleviate pressure. theurban conflicts. ofurban However,a series fulluseofunderground making space can tions, centralized building layout and saturated have floor space capacity led to 21,000/km reaching 38,700/km Figure16: Park difficulties the21 In Effective e underground sp Demonstrated advantages of trend. hasgrownThe insixdistricts population to density 25,000/km tion size grew rapidly anddemonstrated/produced/resulted ina “blowout” growth Making fulluseofundergroundMaking space, vigorous development ofrail transport, W ith thecontinuous increase ofvehicles, ground isexpected transportation st century, withtheacceleration of Tianjin, landuseandpopula- the urban 2 in2001. The occurs highestpopulation inHepingDistrict, density xpansion ofurbanspace 2 . The high population density, excessive aggregation of func ace planninganddevelopment Figure17: Traffic jam 2 in2011from - -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 107 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 108 6 The status andplanninginformation ofunderground buildingsin Tianjin shouldcomply withthe for planning managementvide strong urban and preparation. data support withchangesintheground andundergroundnamically vary to pro construction thegroundsystem andunderground linking Suchasystem construction. may dy information canbe combined withplanningto create planningdatabase anurban derground space information across thecity. thefuture, In theunderground space buildings in Tianjin of the un- areon a general and the authorities survey working Currently, there are regulations ontheinformation management ofunderground Scalability oftheunderground space planningdatabase zation ofunderground space. land-transfer conditions can be combined to promote the development and utili- of thepreparation system, thecontrol requirements for underground space and planningsystemregulatory oftheground planning. expanding theindicators By in Tianjin, theunderground space planningguidelinescanbeintegrated into the According to ouranalysis ofpreparation methods ofunderground space planning C oftheundergroundplanning guidelineandscalability space planningdatabase. twois reflected in namely the aspects, of the undergroundcompatibility space ofundergroundThe sustainability casein space planningandconstruction Tianjin Replicabity andsustainabilty emergencies, soasto provide fortheoperation anefficient ofthecity. support improve ofinfrastructures to cope thecapability withnatural disasters andother of underground space ishelpfulto infrastructure system buildasoundurban and with soundinfrastructures to operation, meetthenormal whilethedevelopment As an economic center and a largein the north, city Tianjin should be equipped Improvement inthecomprehensive disaster prevention capability saving to effectively reduce energy consumption andpromote energy conservation. can takefulladvantage ofunderground space resources ininsulation andenergy- the openspace. Meanwhile, thedevelopment andutilization ofunderground space be greatly improved green andtheurban coverage willalsobeenhanced to expand underground,functions ground theecological oftheurban quality environment will Through theutilization ofunderground space andconsequent transfer ofsome According to to theplan,itisexpected reach 15square meters by theendof2020. the green space percapitainthecentral hadbecome lessthan10square city meters. environment problems have become increasingly prominent. theendof2008, By vironment. The development ofunderground space isconducive to improving en- theurban Building aneco-city viaenergy saving Government. Measures ofTianjin ontheInformationManagement ofUnderground Space issuedby Tianjin Municipal ompatibility ofunderground space planning guidelines W ith the recent large-scale construction in ith therecent construction large-scale Tianjin, ecological theurban 6 - - different socialsystems. under theChinese system, butnot applicableto allcitiesinothercountries with of underground space in Tianjin central are city applicable to development urban units. between construction quirements andconnectivity combination, location ofpublicaccess andentrances andexits, airdefense re city, planshave to makedetailedprovisions area, ontheconstruction functional As for thedevelopment andutilization ofunderground space inkeyareas ofthe government incentives for underground space beingopenedfor publicpurposes. onland-transferential policy fees ofunderground space for businessandprovides aged. Tianjin encourages the development ofunderground space, adoptsprefer and invested inby landdevelopers witheachlandplotbeingindependently man- ofundergroundstruction space in Tianjin ismainlydominated by thegovernment basedonpublicownership,China isacountry whilethedevelopment andcon- background of publicownership Exploration ofthedevelopment against the in developing countries to develop underground space. of underground space in Tianjin will provide some reference points for large cities development level. Furthermore, theexperience inandlessonsfrom theutilization space resources withafullconsideration ofthecurrent conditions andeconomic needs ofexploitation, environmental protection andefficient useofunderground pattern of underground space in Tianjin from several to perspectives meet the advanced experience ofdeveloped countries, we shouldexplore anewutilization development.been in full study swing of with the urban Based on an in-depth years. And rail andunderground transit construction space development have also development, playing aleadingrole inthegrowth rate over for many thecountry into anational strategy in2009,the Tianjin economy hasentered anera ofrapid Since the development and opening of Binhai north. New Area was incorporated an international shippingcenter andlogistics center, inthe andaninternal port Rim, ChinaandtheBohai palities inChina,butalsoaneconomic center ofNorth China istheworld’s largest developing country, while Tianjin isoneoffour munici- space for large citiesindeveloping countries Provision ofexperience inutilization ofunderground groundwater level andlow average elevation) withsomereference points. utilization intheplainareas; thusitcanprovide similarcities(inplainregion, withhigh underground space in Tianjin underground caseofurban central isatypical city space are complex geological and groundwater conditions in these areas. The utilization of oftheplanningarea andkeyareas alongtheplanningrailheart transit. However, there mostvaluablepersed, for whilethesections development are mainlylocated inthe layout, theunderground space resources are central to HaiheRiver andflexibly dis- Tianjin,China, is an alluvial plain with low the space elevation. located In in North in theplainregions A typicalcaseofurbanunderground space utilization Lessons learnt The forecast on the demand for and the development and management model - -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 109 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 110 involved inthedesign ofunderground space from level. theconstruction in conversion ofbuildingstructure, andotheraspects simultaneousconstruction planfrom theplanninglevel;statutory to ontheotherhand, solve we problems try specify the convergence of underground and connectivity space in the form of a schedules.timescales andconstruction Therefore, on theonehand, we explicitly and otherproblems between different landplotsdue to different development through negotiation. However, there are poor connectivity, low utilization rates ments anditsuseright isdetermined by andPeople’s theconstructor Government municipal roads publicgreen andurban space, itisowned by thePeople’s Govern- and finances its construction. For theunderground space developed by occupying The owner oflanduserights possessestheuserightsofunderground space Poor connectivity, low utilization rate andotherproblem of underground space layout to create andsoon. structure multiplecity ning andcontrol underground-complex ofurban by Optimization metro-station, and a lot of other underground planning projects. Her main papers include plan- spaces. inPlanning of Shehasparticipated Tianjin central underground city space spaces. Hermainresearch fieldsare planningand urban for underground Planner: of underground space layout andsoon. structure ple, planningcombined studyofurban withrail traffic control, theoptimaldesign guided bysuperstructure themetro planning-a case study of Tianjin as an exam- main papersincludetheunderground space development the scaleprediction, space, BinhaiNewarea underground underground space andJinancity space. His andresearchning projects inrecent years suchas Tianjin central underground city planning for underground spaces. inmany underground Hehasparticipated plan- center ofunderground spaces. mainresearch His fieldsareDesign and Urban Chief Planner:, Chief Planner ZhaoGuang for 1 and research institute section ings inNairobi, CongressCARP Congress inISOCARP 2011andhasregularly participated meet Counties Park Economy Industrial BasedonRecycling Theory” to the47thISO alopolis” to Congress the48thISOCARP 2012and “Study onPlanning of Tianjin and Trend of Tianjin Public Urban - Safety Planning Meg from Rim theviewofBohai planning for underground spaces. Shepresented thearticle “Study onEmphases center for underground spaces. Hermainresearch fieldsare planningand urban YuanGong Chief Planner: 1andresearch Director ofinstitute section , Deputy Congress 2011. jin Counties Park Economy Industrial Based onRecycling Theory” for 47th ISOCARP Megalopolis”Rim for Congress 48thISOCARP 2012and “Study onPlanning of Tian- phases and Trend of Tianjin Public Urban Safety Planning from theviewofBohai and planningfor underground spaces. Shehaswritten thearticle “Study onEm- center ofunderground spaces. Xiao’s Mrs. mainresearch fieldsare planning urban Project Xiao Yu Manager: , Superintendent 1 and research of institute section consultingneering firstprize) andsoon. first prize), (TianjinTianjin BinhaiNew Area engi SpatialDevelopment- Strategy integrated development modelwith engineering consulting TOD mode(Tianjin lent planning and design), hub trafficTianjin design methods and public transport tion), Tianjin plan(2006-2010)(firstprize housingconstruction for Tianjin excel- of Construc ning (firstprize ofthegoodplanninganddesignMinistry by national includemain finishedprojects spatialTianjin urban development strategy plan- awarded thetitleofstrategicby the planningexperts Tianjin Planning Bureau. The planningassociationurban andChinaassociation planning. ofurban Mr. Shiwas senior planner, planner, national certified real estate appraiser, director of Tianjin Shi WujunProject Leader: of , Dean Tianjin Planning Urban andDesign Institute, authors Liu Wei 1andresearch, Planner ofinstitute section center ofunderground W uhan andPerm. - - -

The Utilization of Underground Space Planning in Tianjin 111 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 113 ISOCARP · Think Deep: Planning, development and use of underground space in cities 114 terms ofnatural disasters. The underground urban can be asolutionto alotoftheseissues. climate change, interms ofbothmitigation andadaptation, andneedto become more resilient in public spaces. As demandsoncitiesgrow interms ofspatial requirements, theyalsohave to cope with to combat lack ofspace.are Cities needspace undertaking for housing, for infrastructure butalsofor ence anoverlooked isoften assetofcities. An assetthat could play avitalrole inthequestmany cities At ITACUS we believe underground inanurban future. The underground urban space- inourexperi also contribute to the work ofUNISDRandUNHabitat. anne, Switzerland. ITACUS ISOCARP, works closelytogether withitsglobalpartners ICLEIandIFME. Space, ITACUS isoneof four permanentcommittees. ITA was founded in1974andisbasedLaus- As theInternational Tunnelling andUnderground Space Association’s Committee onUnderground ITACUS nificance andacceptability, and we hope to stimulate boththrough ofcasestudies. this collection years, inclosecollaboration withITACUS. The themeofunderground space isoneofthenewfrontiers beingexplored by inrecent ISOCARP professionals, academics, andresearchers. national organisations suchasUN-HABITAT, UNESCO, UN-ECEetc, aswell ofurban asothernetworks researchtop quality and inthefieldofcity regional planning.In doingso, it closelywithinterworks sustainable, resilient andinclusive future urban based on first handcase studies, and field projects motto for“Knowledge Better Cities” suggests, aimsto ISOCARP buildandsharefor knowledge amore ebrating itsgoldenjubileethisyear, includesover ISOCARP 800membersfrom 80+countries. As its andRegional Planners ofCity isaprofessionalThe InternationalSociety association ofplanners. Cel- ISOCARP W e are certain that thisareae are willrapidly certain gaingreater sig- W e -