HUMAN TRAFFICKING in the REPUBLIC of SERBIA Report for the Period 2000-2010
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HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA - REPORT FOR THE PERIOD 2000-2010 THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA - REPORT FOR TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN 2010 HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Report for the period 2000-2010 ASTRA – Anti Trafficking Action Belgrade, 2011 European Union HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Report for the period 2000-2010 Authors: Print run: 300 Marija Anđelković Dr Violeta Beširević Design: Darko Kolesar Tamara Vukasović Marijana Gligorić Print: Tuli, Vršac Danijela Nikolić Olivera Otašević Ivana Radović Marjan Wijers Associates: Translated by: Nataša Bošković Milan Marković Milena Maričić Ivana Radović Publisher: ASTRA – Anti Trafficking Action Belgrade, Republic of Serbia [email protected] www.astra.rs ©ASTRA 2011 DISCLAIMER: This Report has been produced with support of the Delegation of the European Union to Serbia through EIDHR program within the project “Human Trafficking Watchdogs in the Republic of Serbia”. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility of ASTRA and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. All rights reserved. The content of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction identifies ASTRA – Anti Trafficking Action as the source. For Biljana Kerčulj (1972-2002) and Vesna Radovanović (1977-2002) TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . 10 PREFACE . 12 I. GENERAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION IN SERBIA . 14 I.1. General Information about Serbia . 14 I.2. Political, Economic and Social Situation in Serbia . 14 I.3.Human Rights in Serbia . 19 I.4. Women in Serbia . 21 I.5. Children in Serbia . 28 I.6. Persons with Disabilities in Serbia . 35 I.7. National Minorities in Serbia . 40 I.8. Nongovernmental Organizations in Serbia . 45 II. HUMAN TRAFFICKING . 50 II.1. Trafficking in Human Beings as a Global Phenomenon . .50 II.2. Trafficking in Human Beings in Serbia . 53 II.3. Anti-trafficking Activities and Mechanisms in Serbia . 56 III. PROTOCOL TO PREVENT, SUPRESS AND PUNISH TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS, ESPECIALLY WOMEN AND CHILDREN AND COUNCIL OF EUROPE’S CONVENTION ON ACTION AGAINST TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS . 60 III.1 How to deal with trafficking: international and European obligations of States . 60 III.2. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Articles 1 – 5 / CoE Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Articles 4, 18 – 26 and 30 - 31 . 70 III.2.1 Legal Analysis . 76 III.2.1.1 Criminalization of Unlawful Acts in Criminal Legislation . 76 III.2.1.1.1 Human Trafficking and Other Related Crimes in the Serbian Legislation . 77 III.2.1.1.2. Criminalization of Human Trafficking in the Serbian Legislation . 78 III.2.1.1.3. Criminalizing Attempted Offence . .84 III.2.1.1.4 Accomplice Liability for Trafficking in Persons . .85 III.2.1.1.5 Criminalization of Trafficking in Children for the Purpose of Adoption . 86 III.2.1.2 Application of Mandatory Provisions of the UN Convention on the Palermo Protocol and CoE Convention . 87 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS III.2.1.2.1 Criminalization of Money Laundering . 88 III.2.1.2.2 Punishable Acts of Abuse of Travel Documents . .89 III.2.1.2.3 Responsibility of Legal Persons . .90 III.2.1.2.4 Acts must be Criminal Acts (except for legal entities) . 91 III.2.1.2.5 Sanctions . 91 III.2.1.2.6 Previous Senteces . .93 III.2.1.2.7 Presence of Defendants . .93 III.2.1.2.8 Statutes of Limitation . 96 III.2.1.2.9 Asset Confiscation . 97 III.2.1.2.10 Jurisdiction . .98 III.2.1.2.11 Extradition . 99 III.2.1.2.12 Mutual Legal Assistance . 100 III.2.1.2.13 Special Investigative Techniques . 102 III.2.1.2.14 Obstruction of Justice . 103 III.2.1.2.15 Protection of Victims and Witnesses . .104 III.2.1.2.16 Cooperation of Offenders . .104 III.2.1.2.17 Law Enforcement Cooperation and Training and Technical Assistance . 105 III.2.1.3 Other General Demands for the Criminalization of Human Trafficking in the National Legislations Prescribed by the UN Convention and Palermo Protocol . 106 III.2.1.3.1 Non-inclusion of Transnationality in Domestic Offences . 106 III.2.1.3.2 Non-inclusion of an Organized Criminal Group in Domestic Offences . 106 III.2.1.3.3 Criminalization May Use Legislative and Other Measures, but Must Be Founded in Law . 106 III.2.1.3.4 Only Intentional Conduct Need to Be Criminalized . 106 III.2.1.4 Optional Criminalization . 107 III.2.1.4.1 Criminalizing Offences Related to the Exploitation of Children and Juveniles . 107 III.2.2. Practice Analysis . 110 III.2.2.1. Human Trafficking in Serbia before the Criminalization . 110 III.2.2.2. Practice of the City Petty Offence Authority in Belgrade . 113 III.2.2.3. Other Legislation Used to Criminalize Human Trafficking . 117 III.2.2.4. Prostitution. 117 III.2.2.4.1. Explanation of Terms . 117 III.2.2.4.2. Depenalization of Sex Work . 118 III.2.2.4.3. Association of Night Bar Owners’ Initiative to Legalize Sex Work . 120 HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA - Report for the period 2000-2010 5 III.2.2.4.4. Users of Commercial Sex Services – Survey Findings . 122 III.2.2.4.5. Escort Agencies . 123 III.2.2.5. How Human Trafficking Has Actually Been Criminalized in Serbia . 129 III.2.2.6. Human Trafficking and Illegal Migrations . 130 III.2.2.7. Trafficking in Children . 132 III.2.2.8. Money Laundering . 133 III.2.2.9. Convictions for Human Trafficking . 135 III.2.2.9.1. Mladen Dalmacija Case . 139 III.2.2.9.2. Milivoje Zarubica Case . 142 III.2.2.9.3. Trial In Absentia . 150 III.2.2.10. Penalties Affecting the Property of the Perpetrator . 151 III.2.2.10.1. Confiscation of Gain Acquired Through Criminal Activity . 152 III.2.2.11. Setting Up the Special Department of Belgrade District Court for Organized Crime and Prosecutor’s Office for Organized Crime. 154 III.2.2.12. International Cooperation . 154 III.2.2.12.1. International Legal Aid . 155 III.2.2.13. Judicial Treatment of Trafficking Victims . 156 III.2.2.13.1. Compensation Claims . 157 III.2.2.13.2. New Investigative Techniques . 158 III.2.2.14. Police Cooperation . 159 III.2.2.15. Abuse of Modern Technology for Human Trafficking and Other Forms of Exploitation . 160 III.2.2.16. ”Missing Babies“ Case . 164 III.3. Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, Article 6 – Assistance to and protection of victims of trafficking in persons / CoE Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, Article 10 – Identification of the victims, Article 12 - Assistance to victims, Article 13 - Recovery and reflection period, Article 15 – Compensation and legal redress and Article 27 - Ex parte and ex officio applications . ..