SPRING/FALL 1984 DOUBLE ISSUE

DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 02138 Tambiah heads Anthropology Department

Professor Stanley J. Tambiah is the new chairman of the Depart­ ment of Anthropology (1984-87). After teaching for many years at the University of Cambridge, where he was Lecturer in Anthropology, and Fellow of King's College, he joined the University of Chicago in 1973 as Professor of Anthropology. He came to Harvard in 1976. At Continued on page 20

Dancing headdress frontlet representing dogfish shark, Tlingit, Northwest Coast. No. 64-30-10/1664. Loaned for Soft Gold exhibit. Stanley J. Tambiah

Featured in this issue: Ancient China and its anthropological significance KWANG-CHIH CHANG The structure of violence among the Swat Pukhtun CHARLES T. LINDHOLM The Peabody Museum at home and on the road LEA S. McCHESNEY

Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 1 Ancient China and its anthropological significance KWANG-CHIH CHANG

Kwang-chih Chang, a specialist in Chinese archaeology and prehistory is Professor of Anthropology at Harvard and Curator of East Asian Archaeology at the Peabody Museum. Born in Peking, Prof. Chang received his undergraduate education at National Taiwan University and earned the PhD degree from Harvard (1960). He is well known for his synthesis of Chinese prehistory and early historical ar­ chaeology and was among the first scholars responsible for the classification and chronologie scheme of Chinese Neolithic and early historic cultures. Prof. Chang's specializations are in South China Neolithic archaeology and the study of the 18th-12th c. B.C. Shang civilization. A frequent contributor to scientific journals, he is the editor of Food in Chinese Culture, and the author of The Archaeology of Ancient China, Shang Civilization, and Art, Myth, and Ritual: The Path to Political Authority in Ancient China.

The study of how Chinese civil­ China and in comparing them with ancient world. What is remarkable ization originated is only now be­ those of other ancient civilizations about the ancient Chinese civiliza­ ginning to yield an adequate out­ for the sake of testing and generat­ tion is its close relationship with line of the whole story, thanks to ing universal theories of historical shamanism, which gives the same the intensive archaeological re­ change. markers their special meanings in search in the last thirty-five years What excites us today is the fact this context. as well as to the traditional rich tex­ that when we compare the Chinese In Art, Myth, and Ritual: The Path tural record. That story is not only pattern and dynamics with many of to Political Authority in Ancient China of interest to sinologists but is full our long-cherished "self-evident (Harvard University Press, 1983), I of implications of consequence to truths" concerning the origin of presented a hypothesis of the our understanding of ancient world civilization, we find that they do workings of ancient Chinese society history and its evolutionary not fit. And here lies the challenge. to explain its civilizational principles. To explain what is meant here we manifestation. This hypothesis may As recently as fifty years ago may begin by presenting a brief be summarized in this very brief students of ancient China and characterization of the first Chinese formula: The wealth that produced ancient Eurasia still were thinking civilizations, of the Bronze Age the civilization was itself the pro­ of the emergence of ancient from about 2200 to 500 B.C. It is duct of concentrated political Chinese civilization in terms of a important to affirm at the outset power, and the acquisition of that diffusion of some sort from the that the common markers of early power was accomplished through West, and in the ensuing decades civilizations - bronze metallurgy, the accumulation of wealth. The much discussion and debate had writing, cities, state hierarchies, key to this circular working of the focused on the question of whether palatial structures, temples, and ancient Chinese society was the or not the ancient Chinese civiliza­ monumental art - and social monopoly of high shamanism, tion was indeed indigenous and stratification, sanctioned by law and which enabled the rulers to gain pristine. Today, our concern has by military force, that enabled the critical access to divine and long gone beyond that simplistic production of these markers, had ancestral wisdom, the basis of their question. Our interest now lies in­ emerged in force as the Bronze Age political authority. Most of the stead in discerning the character­ of China came into full swing. Here markers of the ancient civilization istic pattern and dynamics of the the Chinese civilization is no dif­ were in fact related centrally to this civilization's origin and growth in ferent from other civilizations of the shamanism.

Figure 1. Incised scenes of ritual on a bronze cup of Eastern Chou period, approx. 400-200 B.C., in the collection of Shanghai Museum. Note the birds and trees at left. (From Wen-wu, 1961, No. 10). 2 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 Men and gods, animate and in­ animate things, the living and the dead members of the clans - all of these beings existed in the ancient Chinese world side by side within the same universe, but that universe was layered and sub­ divided. The most important divi­ sions were the Heaven and the Earth, and the ancient Chinese could be seen to be particularly preoccupied with the Heaven-Earth intercommunication. The shamans - religious personnel equipped with the power to engage in flights across the different layers of the universe with the help of the animals and by means of a whole range of shamanistic rituals and paraphernalia - were chiefly responsible for the Heaven-Earth communication. From Heaven the shamans and their agents brought to Earth music, poetry, and myths, but they also brought down wisdom and foreknowledge, which invested the rulers with the authority to speak, to guide, and to command. To achieve their flights the shamans depended upon the aid of a system of objects and things. (As well as, presumably, incantations). There were sacred mountains, through which they ascended and descended. There were sacred trees, often depicted in art with birds perching on top, serving the " same purpose (fig. 1). Divination J: was carried out through the animal 0 15 bones and shells or with the help .<:c.. of yarrow sticks. Writing was Figure 2. Inscribed shoulderblade fragment left by Shang Dynasty diviners, about 1300 prominently associated with divina­ B.C. At left the underside shows a series of hollows, at the bottom of which heat was tion: bone divination was recorded applied to produce the cracks on the upperside at right. The cracks were interpreted and in the oracle bone inscriptions (fig. writing was incised on the surface afterward. (Collection of Peabody Museum.) 2), and a manual of what was prob­ ably a yarrow stick counting system One notices that the above through in this sphere - bronze eventually evolved into the classic shamanistic items include many of metallurgy - was applied to poli­ Book of Changes. the markers of ancient civilization. tics in the form of ritual vessels and Animals were the main helpers of Because these items induce authori­ weapons. the ancient shamans, their images ty, their possession invokes political This rise of civilization in ancient adorning the ritual vessels and power. Shamans were employed by China associated with a differenti­ weapons of bronze (fig. 3) and of the politically powerful, and in fact ated access to the means of com­ other materials (fig. 4). Rituals at the king himself is known to pos­ munication - instead of the means which the vessels were used were sess shaman's powers. When the of production - was in essential likely the occasions where the ac­ road to Heaven was monopolized ways at variance with our tradi­ tual flights took place, and on these by the possessors of shamanistic tional wisdom pertaining to the rise occasions other instruments for the powers, ancient art and ritual were of civilization. In the latter we flight also came into display: foods, the sources of political clout, and associate that rise with such drinks, music, dances, costumes the accumulation of art and ritual qualitative changes in culture and and their appendages, and perhaps objects was an instrument of social society as technological innovations a little sexual flirtation. The stratification. In this scenario, in the form of metal implements shamans may on occasion work technology plays no crucial part; in and irrigation devices, cities in themselves into ecstasy, un­ fact, Bronze Age technology of food which merchants and craftsmen doubtedly helped by imbibing production remained the same as congregated, writing that served to alcohol. the prehistoric. The only break- Continued on next page Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 3 Figure 3. Man-and-animal motif in Shang bronze art. Man depicted is possibly image of shaman, the animals his helpers. Wine vessel (left) is in the Sumitomo Collection of Kyoto; photo courtesy of Senoku Hakkokan. At right is decoration on bronze ax found in tomb of Fu Hao in An-yang; photo courtesy of Institute of Archaeology, Peking. record economic transactions that This concept of the first civilized China presents it compels us to ask had become complex, and a society is fundamentally at odds with the crucial question and to look political system increasingly based the ancient Chinese reality of a again at the evidence. When we do on territorial bonds and less and layered but interlinked world con­ so we find that the Chinese case is less on kinship. All together these tinuum, in which privileged far from being unique but that it is new features boiled down to a new humans and animals roamed about repeated within many other ancient stage in human history in which an from one layer to another. The civilizations that we deal with. artificial civilization emerged to Chinese civilization in its outer ap­ Take, for example, the following elevate the humans to a higher pearance focused on those in­ statement about the Aztecs and plane than that of our nature­ struments that enabled this in­ contrast it with the above quotation bound barbarous ancestors: terpenetration. In many ways - from Renfrew: We can see the process of among them the closeness to The Mexica saw the relation­ the growth of a civilization as nature and to animals and the con­ ship between their city the gradual creation by man of tinuity of kinship to play a central [Tenochtitlan] and its environ­ a larger and more complex en­ part in human society being para­ ment as an integrated vironment, not only in the mount - the first civilized society cosmological structure - an ordered universe within which natural field through increasing of China carried on many essential exploitation of a wider range of the natural phenomena were resources of the ecosystem, but features of its savage and barbarous regarded as intrinsically sacred, also in the social and spiritual antecedents. Politics, it appears, alive, and intimately relatable fields . And, whereas the rather than technology and trade, to the activities of man. This savage hunter lives in an en­ was the prime mover of the major outlook contrasted with that of vironment not so different in societal transformation that resulted the Europeans, who saw cities many ways from that of other in the Chinese civilization. as artifacts of civilization - animals, although enlarged How is this apparent lack of cor­ places where religions and already by the use of language respondence of China to the civil­ legal institutions sharply and of a whole range of other distinguished man's identity artifacts in the culture, civilized ization stereotype to be resolved? from that of untamed nature. man lives in an environment No one is better equipped to tackle The Spanish friars and soldiers very much of his own creation. this problem than the anthropolo­ automatically placed Civilization, in this sense, is gists who can understand cultural themselves as human beings the self-made environment of differences as well as they under­ on a higher level than other man, which he had fashioned stand cultural similarities, and who forms of life in a hierarchy of to insulate himself from the have access to many of the varia­ Creation. But the Indians ap­ primeval environment of tions on the same civilizational proached the phenomena of nature alone. (Colin Renfrew, theme. The outstanding contribu­ nature with a sense of par­ The Emergence of Civilization, tion of Chinese Studies is that ticipation: the universe was London: Methuen & Co., 1972, p. 11). because of the clear and strong case Continued on page 20 4 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 Culturally Different Populations. Scholars, symposia, and seminars William W. Howells, Prof. Emeritus, chaired a session at the 4th Congress of European Anthro­ Department of Anthropology pologists held in Florence. He is the co-editor, with G.N. Van Vark, of Multivariate Statistical Methods in Prof. Thomas J. Barfield par­ in the International Conference on Physical Anthropology: A Review of ticipated in the Forum on Afghan­ Assistance to Refugees in Africa, Recent Advances and Current istan sponsored by the State also held in Wash., D.C. Dr. Clay Developments. Department and the University of is the editor of Cultural Survival Prof. Glynn Ll. Isaac gave a lec­ Nebraska at Omaha held in Wash., Quarterly, and authored Cultural ture entitled "The First Clubs - D.C. He delivered a paper entitled Survival Occasional Paper no. 77 archaeological evidence for the " Current Events in Afghanistan" at entitled The Eviction of Banyaruanda beginnings of tool use, central place the Middle Eastern Studies Assoc. - The Story Behind the Refugee Crisis foraging and information inter­ meetings in Chicago. Prof. Barfield in Southwest Uganda . change" at the Leakey Foundation w ill be the guest lecturer on the Dr. Terrence Deacon presented a Symposium to honor Dr. Mary Peabody Museum's trip to Pakistan paper at the Wellesley College Leakey held in Nairobi. He was co­ and Northern India in May (see Biology Colloquium entitled "The organizer of the 1985 Gordon Con­ page 17). Evolution of Cortical Circuitry and ference on Diet and Human Evolu­ Dr. Garth Bawden presented a the Uniqueness of the Human tion, Centura, Calif. Part of Prof. paper on his " Recent Field Brain." In cooperation with the Isaac's investigation of the impor­ Research in Moquegua, Southern Boston Aquarium and the Whaling tance of bark and tubers as poten­ Peru" at the annual Northeast Con­ Museum, Friday Harbor, Washing­ tial foods for early hominids (to ference of Andean Archaeology and ton, Dr. Deacon has been collecting which access was gained by the use Ethnohistory in New York. "The and examining the brains of a of stone tools) involved taking social role of Moche decorated variety of marine mammals for quantitative measures of the har­ ceramics" was the topic of a paper research on early mammalian brain vesting of wild tubers among the delivered at the Liberal Arts evolution. He was in Iceland dur­ Hadza of Northern Tanzania. School, Virginia Commonwealth ing the summer to collect and ex­ "Some hillsides had as much as a Univ., Richmond. amine brains of a number of ton of tubers per hectare! Skilled Dr. Ian W. Brown was elected to species of whales. Dr. Deacon Hadza women were routinely col­ the Executive Committee of the served as a consultant for the PBS lecting 5 to 10 kilos in two or three Southeastern Archaeological Con­ Series Nova, and for a new series hours of digging and one morning ference. "The excavation of proto­ on human origins being produced one woman got 20 kg." he reports. historic sites in the Natchez Bluffs by the Canadian Broadcasting "Clearly these wild tubers, growing region, Mississippi: An update" Corp. in a semi-arid environment, may was the title of a paper given at Prof. B. Irven DeVore gave a lec­ have practical importance as famine that Conference's annual meetings ture on "Sociobiology: A New relief food as well as academic in­ in Columbia, S.C. Dr. Brown is the Paradigm for the Behavioral terest as potential food of evolving author of Natchez Indian Archaeology: Sciences" sponsored by the Dept. pre-agricultural hominids." Glynn Culture Change and Stability in the of Anthropology and the Yerkes and Barbara Isaac visited Prof. Lower Mississippi Valley, Miss. Dept. Primate Center, Emory Univ., DeVore's lturi Research Project in of Archives and History, Archaeological Atlanta. "On the Origins and Con­ the heart of the Central African Report No. 15, Jackson, Miss. Dr. sequences of Sexual Reproduction" tropical forest. They helped map Brown was recently appointed was the title of a lecture given at camp sites recently abandoned by Associate Curator of North the American Academy of Arts and Bambuti (Pygmy) forager-hunters, American Collections at the Sciences, Cambridge. Prof. DeVore and helped with the test excava­ Peabody Museum (see page 16). presented a lecture entitled tions at two sites. This is the first Prof. Kwang-chih Chang served "Human Nature in Evolutionary archaeological work done in the on the Panel on Humanities and Perspective" at the opening of center of the forest and preliminary Social Sciences of the Committee "Ancestors," an exhibit at the results imply the existence of Iron on Scholarly Communication with American Museum of Natural Age and Stone Age layers. the People's Republic of China. He History, New York. Prof. Arthur Kleinman presented is a member of the Steering Com­ Prof. Byron Good presented a a paper at a Conference on Interna­ mittee for the CSCPRC Conference review of the cross-cultural evi­ tional Issues in Psycho-Oncology, on Chinese Prehistory and Ancient dence on anxiety disorders for a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer History and Models and General­ major National Institute of Mental Center in New York, entitled "A izations to be held in Boston. Prof. Health conference on Anxiety and Cross-Cultural Perspective on Chang received a Guggenheim the Anxiety Disorders. He pre­ Death, Loss and Grief." Prof. Fellowship for 1984-85. sented a paper on "Stress Kleinman was a Distinguished Dr. Jason W. Clay took part in discourse in American and Iranian Visiting Scholar at the University of discussions on Human Rights Culture" at a NIMH meeting on Adelaide, Australia and delivered Violations in Uganda held in Medical Anthropology: Implications the Flory Lecture on "Health Con- Wash., D.C. He was a participant for Stress Prevention among Continued on next page

Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 5 sequences of Bereavement." He systems of hornbills" was the title Society (1982) . gave the keynote address, "Culture of a paper delivered at the Prof. Robert Maddin took part in and Somatic Complaints: the Study American Society of Zoologists the excavation of a late 15th-early of illness Meanings" at the First meetings in Philadelphia. A lecture 14th c. B.C. shipwreck off the coast International Conference on Social at the American Association for the of Kas, Turkey, and is studying and Clinical Aspects of illness Advancement of Science meetings, copper and tin samples recovered. Behavior held in Adelaide. Prof. New York, was "Ecological effects He also surveyed metallurigical Kleinman was elected to the In­ of drought and fire in East Borneo smelting sites in Sardinia, a Sar­ stitute of Medicine of the National Rain Forests." Prof. Leighton was dinia, Harvard and the Univ. of Academy. doing field work in Indonesia dur­ Penn. project. He delivered a lec­ Prof. Dorinne Kondo presented a ing July and August. He revisited a ture entitled "The Status of paper on "Circles of Attachment, former research site in East Chinese Archaeometallurgy" at a The Domains of Work and Family Kalimantan (Borneo), and estab­ Symposium on Early Technology in in Japanese Small Scale Enterprise" lished a new research site in West China at the AAAS Annual Meet­ at the Conference on The Family in Kalimantan for a project on primate ing in New York City. At a sym­ Urban Asia at Cornell Univ. The behavior and community ecology in posium held by the Comite pour la title of a lecture given at Yale was the tropical rain forest. Prof. Siderurqie Anceinne in Belfast, "Self and Society in Japan." At the Leighton was appointed a Research Northern Ireland, Prof. Maddin Hamilton College East Asian Stu­ Associate of the Univ. of delivered a lecture on " The Craft of dies Lecture Series she delivered a Washington Primate Center. the Blacksmith." A special lecture paper entitled "Creating an Ideal Prof. Charles Lindholm was a at the Ulster Museum was entitled Self." discussant at a Columbia Univ. " The Blacksmith's Art at the Begin­ Prof. C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky Conference on Contemporary ning of the Iron Age in the Eastern gave a lecture entitled "The Process Pakistan dealing with Afghan Mediterranean.'' of Colonization and the Proto­ refugees. Prof. Sally Falk Moore gave a Elamites" at the Univ. of Montreal. Prof. David Maybury-Lewis did paper entitled "Planned Interven­ A paper presented at the Univ. of field work among the Sherente In­ tions" at a Yale Seminar on African Arizona was "Literacy, Economy dians of Central Brazil during the Studies. She organized and chaired and the Urban Process Between summer, completing his re-study of " Recent Research on Politics and Mesopotamia and the Indus." Dur­ tribal peoples whom he first in­ Law," at a session of the American ing his sabbatical leave Prof. vestigated more than twenty years Anthropological Association annual Lamberg-Karlovsky gave the follow­ ago. In order to determine how it meeting. She was a participant in ing lectures: "Death in Dilmun" at may best assist the Indian cause in an international conference, spon­ a Conference on The Past and Pre­ Brazil, the Ford Foundation invited sored by the Indo-U.S. Sub­ sent of Bahrain, Bahrain; "The Prof. Maybury-Lewis to travel Commission on Education and Economic Structure of Mesopotamia throughout that country and report Culture, on Law and Social Change in the Third Millennium" at a con­ on the present situation and future at the Fletcher School, Tufts Univ .. ference in Rome on Eurasia: One prospects of Indian and pro-Indian Prof. Moore spent a month in World; "Recent Advances in the organizations. The title of a paper Africa making contacts for future Archaeology of the Persian/ Arabian presented at a conference on research projects. She was named Gulf" at the National Museum, Anthropology and Advocacy in an Honorary Research Fellow in the New Delhi; and " The World Canada was "Not so strange ad­ Dept. of Anthropology, University Economy of the Third Millennium vocacy: anthropology at the service College, Univ. of London, and in the Ancient Near East," the of ethnic groups." At a Conference elected a Fellow of the American Israel Museum and the Institute of on native people and economic Academy of Arts and Sciences. A Archaeology, Jerusalem. Prof. developments in Mexico City, Prof. forthcoming book entitled Social Lamberg-Karlovsky was guest lec­ Maybury-Lewis gave a paper en­ Facts and Fabrications: Customary Law turer on a 3 week Harvard Alumni titled "Brazilian lndianist policy: on Kilimanjaro 1880-1980 will be Assoc. cruise/tour called From the some lessons from the Shavante published by Cambridge Univ. Arabian Sea to the Mediterranean: project." Prof. Maybury-Lewis is Press. Prof. Moore and her hus­ Civilizations in Transition. Visits to working on Millennium, an anthro­ band are Co-Masters of Dunster the Institute of Archaeology, Soviet pological film series for television House at Harvard. Academy of Sciences in Moscow being planned under the auspices Prof. David Pilbeam delivered a and Leningrad concluded with an of Cultural Survival, Inc. In addi­ paper at the AAAS annual meeting agreement for continued tion, he recently obtained a grant in New York on "Molecules, USA/USSR archaeological sym­ from the Tinker Foundation for the organisms and evolution." The title posia, individual research ex­ support of Cultural Survival's of a paper given at the opening of changes, and the development of research on the problem of tribal "Ancestors" at the American collaborative archaeological field peoples and ethnic minorities, in­ Museum of National History, New programs. cluding his own forthcoming work York was "Patterns of Hominoid Prof. Mark Leighton presented a on the second conquest of the Evolution." "Human Origin Re­ paper on ''Models of foraging and Americas. Prof. Maybury-Lewis was search" was the title of the Terry hominid diets" at the Gordon Con­ the (contributing) editor of The Lecture Prof. Pilbeam gave at ference in Ventura, Calif. "Food Prospects for Plural Society, Pro­ Washington Univ .. Prof. Pilbeam resources and comparative social ceedings of the American Ethnological was guest lecturer, with Prof. Isaac 6 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 on the Peabody Museum's trip to Paradigm and Modern Thai Mani­ anthropology and cross-cultural East Mrica in May (see article and festations." Prof. Tambiah is the psychiatry, especially in Iran and song!) by Sue Lonoff, page 19). author of a recently published the United States. Prof. Pauline E. Peters is organiz­ book: The Buddhist Saints of the Prof. Good holds a B.D. from ing with Prof. Jane Guyer a work­ Forest and the Cult of Amulets, A Harvard Divinity School (1969), shop sponsored by the Social Study in Charisma, Hagiography, Sec­ where he studied comparative Science Research Council/ American tarianism and Millennial Buddhism, religions, and a Ph.D. in an­ Council of Learned Societies on Cambridge Univ. Press. thropology from the University of "Conceptualizing the Household: Prof. Evon Z. Vogt, Jr. delivered Chicago (1977). He conducted Issues of Theory, Method and Ap­ two lectures at the State Univ. of research in a Turkish-speaking pro­ plication" to be held at Harvard New York, Albany: "American vincial town in Iran from 1972 to this Fall with participants from Sports as Ritual Models," and 1974, and returned as a World Africa, Europe and the United "Some Puzzles in Mayan Cos­ Health Organization consultant in States. "Household Management in mology.'' The title of a lecture 1975 and 1976. During his years in southern Africa: Crops, Cattle, and given at Dartmouth was "The Cult California, he continued his Wage Labour'' was the title of a of the Ancestors and the Cult of research on Iranian culture, work­ paper presented at the Joint the Sun among the Maya." Prof. ing with Iranian immigrants and Rockefeller Foundation - Ford Vogt chaired ''People of the Forest; psychiatric patients, focusing on the Foundation Conference held in Prospects for Human Diversity in a Bellagio, Italy. Prof. Peters gave a Changing World," a symposium seminar at the African Studies sponsored by the International Center, Boston University entitled Center for Photography and the "Struggles over water, struggles Center for Documentary over meaning: Cattle, water and Photography, Duke Univ., at City the state in southern Africa." She Univ. of New York. also gave a lecture at Cornell Prof. Gordon R. Willey received School of Agriculture on "Woman an Honorary Doctor of Letters from and African Development." Prof. the Univ. of New Mexico. He was Peters spent three months travel­ elected a member of the American ling in Africa visiting universities Philosophical Society. and research centers to discuss cur­ Prof. Stephen Williams par­ rent and future social research on ticipated in two regional con­ rural economies. ferences on Lower Mississippi Prof. Izumi Shimada carried out Valley Archaeology: at the Wickliffe a month-long survey of ancient (Kentucky) Ceramic Conference he copper mines on the North Coast moderated one session and gave a of Peru, part of a multi-year, inter­ presentation in another. At the disciplinary research project on the Mid-South Conference (Pinson, prehispanic copper-alloy industry in Tenn.) he gave the summary Batan Grande. Prof. Shimada is co­ presentation: "A View From The editor of a forthcoming book en­ Lower Valley." Prof. Williams titled Andean Civilization and Ecology, traveled to Rwanda, Tanzania and Univ. of Tokyo Press (American Kenya on a trip sponsored by the Byron J. Good distribution through Univ. of Col­ Peabody Museum. umbia Press). Prof. Stanley Tambiah was co­ role of cultural meanings in the ex­ organizer of and delivered a paper perience and expression of emotion on "The Sinhalese-Tamil Ethnic and psychiatric disorders. This Conflicts in Sri Lanka", a Collo­ New appointments work has resulted in a number of quium on Ethnicity and Natives publications on the semantic struc­ held at Rothko Chapel, Houston. Byron Good was appointed As­ ture of medical discourse in Iranian "Rituals, Symbols and Perfor­ sistant Professor of Medical Anthro­ culture. mance: New Perspectives in pology in the Department of Social Prof. Good has also conducted Cultural Analysis" was the title of Medicine and Health Policy of Har­ research, in cooperation with his a paper given at Brown Univ. in vard Medical School and Lecturer wife (Mary-Jo DelVecchio Good, a the Charles Colver Lectureship in the Department of Anthro­ sociologist at Harvard) in several Series. Prof. Tambiah delivered the pology. He is also a Consultant to community and clinical settings in Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures the Department of Medicine at the the United States. He worked with (four) at Rochester Univ. on the Massachusetts General Hospital. He three spiritualist healers and topic: "Magic, Science, Religion came to Harvard in 1983, after brought them into a "cultural con­ and the question of Rationality.'' A teaching for seven years in the sultation clinic" in the Psychiatry paper presented at the Berkeley­ Department of Psychiatry at the Department at Davis. He conducted Harvard Conference on Com­ University of California, Davis. His a large study from 1980 to 1983 on parative Ethics at Berkeley was research and teaching interests the culture of rural medicine in nor- "The Buddhist Arahant: Classical focus on medical and psychiatric Continued on page 14

Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 7 The structure of violence among the Swat Pukhtun CHARLES T. LINDHOLM

Charles T. Lindholm is Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Social Studies at Harvard. A graduate of Columbia College he received the PhD degree from Columbia Univ. (1979). Before joining the faculty at Harvard he taught at Barnard and Columbia in the Anthropology Dept. Prof. Lindholm has travelled extensively in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India, and conducted field research among the Pukhtun in the Swat Valley of Pakistan. A book entitled Generosity and Jealousy: The Swat Pukhtun of Northern Pakistan resulted from his fieldwork in the area. Prof. Lindholm's current research concerns the comparison of social organization of two frontier regions: The Great Wall area of North China and the frontiers of traditional Middle Eastern and North African states.

Violence is usually associated 'cholera' are often rumored to have brothers. Most of these killings are with chaos and disorder, but in the been murdered. over property, though sexual context of Middle Eastern tribal The men, on the other hand, are jealousy and seduction of wives systems, it is violence that gives permitted and encouraged to beat within the extended family can also structure. Nowhere is this seeming their wives regularly. Only if bones cause murder. In one instance dur­ paradox more evident than in are broken is a woman allowed to ing fieldwork, a landlord shot and Swat, Northern Pakistan, where I flee to her family, and even then killed his son because the young did my fieldwork. The Pukhtun she must return to her husband man had refused to give a share of tribesmen who dominate this after a year or so. Outright murder his rice harvest to the killer's isolated mountain valley have of wives, however, is uncommon, mother, the victim's own grand­ highly articulated relations of since her lineage would be obliged mother. The wife of the dead man violence that serve to give order in to avenge her death, except if she asked that the killer be prosecuted, an environment of constant strug­ has been sexually promiscuous, in but her brothers-in-law pressed her gle and competition. which case her own lineage will to drop the case, which she was Swat itself is a fertile region, pro­ repudiate her, and even kill her obliged to do. ducing double crops of wheat, corn themselves. Violence within the family seems and rice in its irrigated fields, but Violence in the nuclear family is to be of two distinct types: that high population density and a not limited to husband and wife. directed against wives, and that social structure lacking in internal Fathers, sons, and brothers have directed against agnates. The hierarchy combine to exacerbate in­ relations of enmity, despite the former is part of a larger pattern of ternal hostility. This hostility, formal respect and service offered enmity between lineages which is however, is not directed aimlessly. by juniors to seniors. As is typical acted out, in part, between hus­ It varies according to the particular in patrilineal society, brothers are band and wife, and which may end kinship relationship that is in­ rivals for the father's land, and in feud if the wife is killed without volved. For instance, within the squabble among themselves and sufficient cause. The latter derives nuclear family husbands and wives with the father for a share. These from rivalry within the family over confront one another in a con­ conflicts rarely end in murder since property and women. It may also tinuous struggle for dominance. a man's father and brothers are his escalate to murder, but does not in­ Women, as incoming wives, seek to most certain allies in any clash with volve revenge, since the killing has retain their lineage honor and con­ more distant relatives, and it would been committed by the closest trol their new household. For men, be self-defeating to kill them. One possible agnate. the task is to subdue the wife or, man in recent memory did kill his The next, and most violent, rela­ failing that, to humiliate her. The brother. The motive was greed for tionship is between close paternal husband has the trump card in this the brother's wealth and lust for cousins. Of the seventeen killings I battle, since he can take a second the brother's wife, both of which recorded during fieldwork, seven wife, thereby shaming the first and he inherited after the murder was were of these cousins. In addition, all her lineage. The woman's accomplished. He was safe from there were any number of fights response may be violent, since she revenge, since he was himself the which ended short of killing or is not allowed divorce. Fighting, murdered man's closest relative. serious injury. The tension between abuse, and the covert use of But without allies he was unable to paternal cousins is so great that the magical spells are the weapons a protect his gains, and a local strong kinship term, tarbur, is synonymous woman uses against her rival. man deprived him of both his with 'enemy'. This hostile relation­ Should she fail to drive out her co­ property and his wife, and drove ship springs from disputes over wife, she may vindicate herself by him from the village. land of the common grandfather. poisoning her husband, and men Killings of fathers and sons are The holdings of cousins are adja­ with two wives who die of more frequent than killings of cent, and each will try to push back 8 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 Photos in this article by Cherry Lindholm.

the holdings of the other by Unlike other Middle Eastern tribal avenged and the fighting carried to trickery or force. For instance, one groups, the Pukhtun have little no­ its bitter conclusion. For this cousin walked to his field on a tion of group responsibility. Retalia­ reason, these lineages try to avoid pathway which verged on the plot tion is directed against specific per­ situations that could start fighting. of his tarbur. There was a sirruner­ sons and their immediate agnates In consequence, this society, which ing dispute over the width of this (women are never objects of is ordered by the threat of violence, narrow path which ended in a gun­ vengeance). Men will wait many is actually one of extreme fight and the death of one man. years to take revenge on a par­ courteousness. Insult, harassment, Among the Pukhtun, no man is ticular individual. A saying il­ and anger are far less common than recognized as the superior to any lustrates this: "A Pukhtun took in many supposedly 'peaceful' other, and in particular, no tarbur revenge after 100 years and said 'I societies, since the result of hostile will suffer his cousin to dominate took it quickly"'. As an example, a action is automatic and frightening him. A man whose cousin has be­ man whose father had been killed retaliation. As an axiom goes, "he come wealthy and powerful will thirty years ago shot the killer who does not return a blow for a feel pressure to pick a fight with while the old man was lying pinch is not Pukhtun". him to display his own power and helpless and near death in a Outsiders, who are jealous of a fearlessness. The most devastating hospital bed. From this history, it is leading family, will sometimes try feud while I was in Swat was evident that the act of vengeance to precipitate a feud between tarbur caused by just such a manifestation itself need not involve daring. in order to bring about their ruin. of pride. It began with a boy's Rather, it may be accomplished by In my village hostility between refusal to let his less affluent sec­ stealth and betrayal. What is impor­ powerful tarbur escalated when one ond cousin play soccer with him. tant is that revenge be taken. man's valuable fruit orchard was This insult led to a fight which Courage is not so much in the kill­ cut down overnight. The people spread to the boys' fathers. At least ing as it is in the willingness to suf­ waited anxiously to see what the three men were killed, and the fer the consequences for the sake of outcome would be, but after con­ fields of both families were sold for cleansing one's honor. sultation with his brothers the weapons or left fallow as the re­ Among elite Pukhtun, such as owner of the trees decided to do maining men struggled to eliminate the men involved in the feud re­ nothing. "Thank Allah, I have their rivals. ferred to above, insults must be Continued on next page Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 9 many enemies," he told me. "They alliances drop away and the affair villages would meet in a field to would like to see me destroyed in a becomes one of feud to the death fight with slingshots. There were fight with my tarbur. Perhaps these between two nuclear families. always a number of injuries and enemies cut down my trees." This Much more likely in village politics sometimes a death. No revenge case illustrates the repeated motif was exile. Should one tul become was taken for fatalities, since they of third party manipulation in overwhelmingly powerful, their were seen as accidental. Swati politics. disgruntled rivals might flee the Fighting with more distantly Rivalry between the close cousins village to find refuge with a nearby related villages was considerably and the focusing of revenge on in­ ally. The refugees would encourage more violent and was known by dividuals and nuclear families their hosts to plan warfare on their the Pukhtun themselves as jang, or rather than on larger groups limits home village in hopes of humbling warfare. It was to these more dis­ the range of blood feud in Swat. their proud opponents. tant villages, who could wage real Other forms of violence, however, Exile, while sometimes lengthy, war, that exiles fled. Fatalities in do involve more inclusive groups. was almost always impermanent. jang could be high as allies and All Swati villages are divided into The exiled party was never totally bodyguards were rallied for attacks neighborhoods (palao). A very small accepted by its hosts on the on enemy strongholds. But these village may have only one palao, grounds that ''a man who would deaths also did not entail revenge, but most have three. Two of the betray his own kin would certainly or even lasting enmity. Conversely, palao are usually larger and stronger betray us as well." Furthermore, killings committed by turncoats than the third. Each neighborhood the exiles had no rights in land in who had joined the enemy were in turn is subdivided into tul, or their host's territory, while their avenged. In the last great inter­ wards, also often three in number. claim to land within their own village war (around 1900) one man These wards are dominated by and village continued in force. Eventual­ from my village joined the opposi­ named after a leader who, with his ly, the exiles would tire of living on tion. With his help, the enemy close relatives and clients, heads a charity and return home to claim group managed to occupy the faction which must be represented their patrimony. Sometimes they village, and the traitor killed two of in the village council. The tuls in a had to return as supplicants, but his tarbur's men and destroyed neighborhood, though in opposi­ more often they were invited back some of his property. Later, with tion, can join together in action by their tarbur in order to the aid of allies and defectors, the against another palao. Of course, all strengthen the manpower of the village managed to expel the con­ is not peaceful within the tul either, village. Occasionally, the exiles querors, once again balancing the as tarbur compete with one another returned as members of an in­ regional distribution of power. The for leadership and prestige. The vading army and used the power of exile was obliged to return home village political organization is their new position to settle old and permit two of his sons to be therefore perhaps best conceived as grievances. killed in compensation for his acts. small circles of patrilineal kin, Violence between villages varies He then rejoined the village council residing dose to one another, and according to the genealogical and retained a position of in­ acting together in opposition to distance between them. Villages fluence. It is significant that this other circles of the same scale. which are closely related have a man's erstwhile allies were not Within the village violent political ritualized form of warfare which held responsible for deaths which action is always possible but rarely formerly occurred at the end of occurred in this war. Also note­ occurs. A murder, whatever the Ramadan, the Muslim month of worthy is the matter-of-fact Swati cause, leads to revenge. Political fasting. Young men from the Continued on page 23 10 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 The Peabody Museum at home and on the road LEA S. McCHESNEY Administrator of Exhibits and Director of Collection-Sharing

Recognizing its obligation to intended to present the research The exhibitions described below properly house and care for its and teaching function of the are currently under way through renowned anthropological collec­ museum in a format that conveys Collection-Sharing: tions, beginning in 1980 the the rich resources of our collec­ Northeast Native America Cultures: Study­ Peabody Museum launched an ex­ tions, their artistic and educational Storage Project. 20 objects from the tensive renovation of its storage value, and their ability to inspire North American Collections. The areas to provide the most up-to­ curiosity and enthusiasm for the Children's Museum, Boston, March 1981 - 1985. Artifacts from the date environment for collections range and diversity of human Peabody collections are incorporated in­ care, including the installation of a endeavor in both the novice and to an existing study-storage facility to fully-equipped conservation the specialist alike. augment a high-quality collection of laboratory. Construction over the New installations at the Museum contemporary Northeast Native items. past three years necessitated the will benefit from our internal efforts Soft Gold: Th e Fur Trade & Cultural Ex­ closing of the major galleries for and will utilize the most up-to-date change on the Northwest Coast of America . temporary storage of the relocated methods, as we have done with 143 objects and 13 drawings from the objects. our collections care work. The need North American Collection. The While the museum's galleries Oakland Museum, Oakland, CA, 6/84 - were temporarily closed, however, 9/84. Rare early artifacts from the the Peabody instituted a large-scale Peabody's renowned Northwest Coast loan program through collection­ collections, accompanied by original 18th century drawings illustrate themes sharing to allow its collections to be of cultural contact, trade, and native seen nationwide. Under the artistic traditions. Collection-Sharing Program, the Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya Treasures from Peabody collaborates with other the Sacred Well at Chichen Itza . Approx­ museums to develop exhibits focus­ imately 300 objects from the Central ing on its collections which then American Collection. The Science travel to sites across the country Museum of Minnesota, St. Paul, 10/84 - and Canada. This innovative pro­ 3/85; subsequent travel through 1987: gram has been in successful opera­ Field Museum of Natural History, tion for over four years, enabling Chicago; Houston Museum of Natural Science, Houston; Royal Ontario the museum to maintain an active Museum, Ontario. The objects featured exhibition program bringing the in the exhibit include gold, jade, cop­ Peabody's collections to literally per, wood, ceramics, and textiles, and millions of the general public. were dredged from the Sacred Well at During the renovation construc­ Chichen Itza, a Maya-Toltec trade tion and completion of object capital in the Yucatan Peninsula. storage, Peabody staff have been " From the tree where th e bark grows ... ": actively planning a new program of Gold face ornaments, A.D. 800-900. No. North American Basket Treasures from th e exhibition excellence. As the 10-71-20/C7678,9 Loaned for Cenote of Peabody Mu seum . 61 objects from the museum has addressed storage Sacrifice exhibit. North American Collection. Museum of the Southwest, Midland, TX, 1/10/85 - problems, so it is now confronting 3/11/85; Millicent Rogers Museum, the display of its collections with Taos, NM, 7/85- 8/85; Herbert F. the reinstallation of its permanent for new exhibitions has been rein­ Johnson Museum, Ithaca, NY, 9/85 - exhibition halls and the active use forced by the Collection-Sharing 10/85; Museum of Art, Rhode Island of its first floor rotating gallery. The Program, which has enabled us to School of Design, Providence, 2/86 - Hemenway Gallery of the American benefit from professional collabora­ 5/86. Organized under the Collection­ Southwest on the second floor of tion in exhibit production. As we Sharing Program in association with the the Museum, and the Oceanic reopen our galleries in-house, we New England Foundation for the Arts. Gallery on the fourth floor, from will begin to renew our public pro­ Native American baskets from the first which one can view the newly century A.D. to the twentieth century grams to increase our attendance, illustrate the rich history of North renovated African storage area drawing on the success of ex­ American basket making. through a window-wall, have panded familiarity with the We are also planning two other ex­ recently been reopened. The next museum and its collections devel­ hibits under the Program to open in priority of the Museum is to begin oped through the Collection­ 1986: The Woven Word: Ancient Peruvian a long-range program of exhibition Sharing Program. Con tinued on next page Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 11 Textiles from the Collections of the Peabody Museum and Dumbarton Oaks with the American Federation of Arts, and Native American Games with the Children's Museum in Boston. Both ex­ hibitions will receive national tours. We continue to lend extensively to other important national exhibitions which are not part of the Collection­ Sharing Program: Mimbres Pottery: Ancient Art of the American Southwest. 22 objects from the North American Collection. Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe, 7/1/84- 8/26/84; University Gallery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 12/16/84 - 2/10/85; Colorado Historical Society, Denver, 3/10/85 - 5/5/85; Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, 6/2/85 - 7/28/85; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 9/1/85 - 10/31/85. Organized by The American Federation of Arts. These vessels, painted with a broad range of distinctive geometric and figurative im­ ages, are representative of the remarka­ Chilkat Blanket, 19th c. No. 20-09-10/87563. Loaned for Soft Gold exhibit. ble artistic achievements of this ancient pueblo culture. Masterworks from the Ancient American Woodlands . 7 objects from the North American Collection. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., 3/17/85 - 8/4/85; The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, 9/85 - 11/85; Houston Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, 12/85 - 2/86. Organized by the Detroit Institute of Arts. The exhibition focuses upon the Woodlands region of North America, from the Late Archaic period, begin­ ning at approximately 3000 B.C. to terminal Mississippian times, 1550 A.D. Maya: Treasures of an Ancient Civilization. Bottleneck basket (left), Panamint Shoshone, Calif. c. 1900. No. 07-22-10/72169. Coiled jar, Western Eskimo, Kuskokwim region, 1906-7. No. 29-26-10/98412. Loaned for From 25 objects from the Central American the tree where the bark grows. Collection. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 5/85 - 7/85, subsequent tour through 1986. Organized by The Albuquerque Museum. The exhibit will constitute the most comprehensive survey of Maya art ever assembled, using objects of the highest quality selected from museums in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Our in-house exhibition plans are even more active and ambitious than our loan exhibition plans. The foremost priority is to provide a new installation for the Hall of the North American Indian. To advance this goal, the Peabody has just ap­ pointed a new Associate Curator of North American Collections, Dr. Ian W. Brown (see p. 16). Dr. Brown's chief responsibility is to plan this massive undertaking, bringing together a group of the foremost North American specialists to consult and provide the ap- Jadeite, A.D. 800-900. No. 10-71-20/c6666. Loaned for Cenote of Sacrifice exhibit. 12 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 propriate information for the which has recently toured so suc­ Museum as part of Harvard's 350th presentation and interpretation of cessfully through the Collection­ Anniversary Celebration and subse­ our native American material. We Sharing Program. We also plan an quently tour through the South­ project an exhibition opening in exhibition on the uses of photogra­ west, visiting institutions represent­ 1987, and anticipate an exciting phy in the various subfields of an­ ing areas explored by the expedi­ three years in achieving this goal. thropology, from the founding of tion in 1887 - 1888. In addition, This installation is illustrative of the discipline to the present day. several graduate students have ex­ the long-range exhibit plans of the From Site to Sight: Photography in the pressed interest in developing an museum, which will eventually in­ Seroice of Anthropology explores the exhibit on the Peabody's Mecklen­ clude the re-installation of at least strengths and limitations of the berg Collection, one of the finest three permanent exhibit halls in ad­ photographic medium in scientific European bronze age collections ex­ dition to the Hall of the North contexts which attempt to under­ tant. The exhibit would draw from American Indian: a new stand the parameters of human ac­ their research and that of the MesoAmerican Hall, a new tivity through time. We have sub­ Department of Anthropology facul­ African/Oceanic Hall, and either a mitted a major grant to the Na­ ty, notably Professor Peter S. new installation on European tional Endowment for the Humani­ Wells. archaeology or Early Man. ties for exhibit funding. An exhibi­ These are only a few of the sug­ We have planned a series of tion marking the centennial an­ gestions that are being discussed temporary exhibits over the next niversary of the Hemenway South­ and evaluated as we develop our three to five years. These include: western Archaeological Expedition, 5-year plan for Peabody exhibition. an in-house installation of Soft Gold: 1886 - 1894, which pioneered the We invite you to keep in touch, to The Fur Trade & Cultural Exchange field of American archaeology, watch us, and to support us as we on the Northwest Coast of America would open at the Peabody enter this exciting new era.

Gold masks, Chichen ltza, A.D. 900-1100. No. 10-71-20/c7691 AH. Loaned for Cenote of Sacrifice exhibit.

The Governor General's Vision: the Philippine Islands from 1898 to 1913, at the Carpenter Center, Harvard. Curated by Melissa Banta, Director of Photographic Archives at the Peabody Museum, the exhibit includes prints from a collection of over 7,500 photographs given to the Peabody by William Cameroon Forbes, Governor General of the Philippines in the early 1900s. Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 13 New appointments Continued from page 7 them California, which included a survey of 1100 patients in primary care clinics, an ethnographic study of a small community in Mendo­ cino County, and intensive research with a number of physicians in the communities studied. This research was designed to study the medical culture of rural American com­ munities and the role of physicians in managing psychological and social problems of their patients. Prof. Good has currently begun research on the conflicting perspec­ tives and forms of discourse of research physicians and clinicians at the MGH. Prof. Good is Deputy Editor of Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. He is co-editor with Prof. Kleinman of Culture and Depression: Studies in the Pauline Peters Parker Shipton Anthropology and Cross-Cultural Psychiatn; of Affect and Disorder, forth-coming from the University of California Press. He is also editing America, she was awarded a Parker Shipton, a social an­ a book, with Mary-Jo Good, on scholarship by the African Studies thropologist, was appointed in 1984 Discourses on Person, Affect and Heal­ Centre at Boston University to as Instructor in the Department of ing in the Middle East. And he is pursue a doctorate in social Anthropology and Research Assis­ writing a book on symbolic and in­ anthropology. tant in the Harvard Institute for In­ terpretive theory in medical and Prof. Peters did fieldwork for 15 ternational Development. A summa psychiatric anthropology. months in Botswana, studying the cum laude graduate of Cornell history and organization of groups University (1975), he received the of cattle-owners who jointly owned M.Litt. degree at Oxford University and managed deep boreholes. The (1979), where he was a Marshall research focused on the place of Scholar, and he is a Ph.D. can­ these groups in the wider social didate in social anthropology at Pauline Peters has been ap­ and political structures, the interac­ Cambridge University. pointed Asst. Prof. of Anthro­ tions among patterns of resource Primarily interested in East pology and Associate in the Har­ use, political hierarchies and bases Africa, Mr. Shipton has also con­ vard Institute for International of group identity, and the relation ducted research on the social Development. She took her BA between changing practices of land significance of foods and patterns (1960) in Romance Languages and use and transformations in the in inter-household exchange in the Literature, Univ. College of Cardiff, meanings assigned to rights in land Colombian Andes. He has carried Univ. of Wales, and holds a post­ and persons. out a comparative study on the graduate diploma (1962) in Social Prof. Peters' present research in­ organization of land tenure in Administration from the London terests emerge out of her disserta­ densely and sparsely settled School of Economics and Political tion and fieldwork experience: the agricultural communities in western Science. She earned the MA (1978) socio-cultural transformations in Kenya and northwestern Tanzania, and PhD (1983) degrees in Anthro­ systems of land holding and land observing correspondences between pology from Boston University. rights and in the forms and bases agrarian systems and forms of kin­ Prof. Peters began her academic of exchange among agricultural and ship and political organization. This career doing sociological research in agro-pastoral groups in central and work earned him the Curl Prize of Uganda (1962-4) and following a southern Africa; changes in the the Royal Anthropological Institute brief hiatus to take care of her structure and organization of family of Great Britain and Ireland in young children, returned to re­ and kin groups in processes of 1981. Having conducted two years search and teaching in Malawi agricultural commercialization; of field work in western Kenya, he (1969-74). Her interest in social an­ theories of gender with particular is now engaged in the analysis of thropology emerged from the ex­ reference both to our cross-cultural the socio-cultural adjustments of perience of living and teaching in understanding of ranking systems small-scale farmers, mainly Luo­ east and central Africa. Prof. Peters and conceptions of power, and to speaking, into a national program returned to full-time education in the theory and practice of social of land privatization. He is also 1975 when, after coming to change and policy interventions. comparing the effects of public- and 14 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 private-sector schemes that have (1983). He has edited several in 1962 resulted in the first heightened the involvement of volumes of papers including radiocarbon dates from a stratified these farmers in the market Encounter and Experience: Personal and systemically excavated sjte to economy by the provision of credit, Accounts of Fieldwork (1974) and Way produce dates older than 10,000 BP and assessing linkages between of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer: (Before Present). The Kenniff Cave land tenure and credit in the formal Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont site was later shown to go back to and informal economies. More (1982). He has also published a 19,000 BP. broadly, he is interested in in­ large number of articles and essays Prof. Mulvaney was associated tegrating anthropological perspec­ in professional journals, books and with discoveries at Lake Mungo, a tives into the analysis of interna­ encyclopedias. Currently he is former Pleistocene lake, which have tional rural development attempts. working on the theory and practice documented the settlement of of secularization. Australia back some 40,000 years. Since 1967 Prof. Madan has been Finds include a 26,000 year old editor of the prestigious journal cremation burial, the world's oldest Contributions to Indian Sociology evidence for that burial rite. Visiting professors which was founded by Louis Over the last decade Prof. Dumont. Under his editorship the Mulvaney has been closely journal has become a notable forum associated with moves to improve for the publication of sociological cultural and environmental conser­ Triloki N. Madan is Visiting Pro­ and social anthropological studies vation in Australia. He served as fessor of Anthropology at Harvard. on India in particular and South Chairman of the Council of the He was educated at the Kashmir Asia generally. He is also the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Lucknow Universities in India Regional Editor for Asia of Social Studies. He also served for a and at the Australian National Science and Medicine. Federal government committee of University from where he obtained Prof. Madan's work has won inquiry on Museums and National his doctorate in social anthropology recognition in India and abroad. He Collections and chaired the section in 1960. He has held teaching ap­ was named the Indian Universities concerned with Aboriginal matters. pointments at the Lucknow and Grants Commission National Lec­ The result has been the foundation Karnatak Universities and at the turer in Social Anthropology in of a National Museum of Australia, School of Oriental and African 1975-76, and was an invited which will have major input from Studies (University of London), and speaker at the 104th annual Aboriginal peoples during planning is currently on the faculty of the meeting of the American stages. For six years, Prof. Institute of Economic Growth Ethnological Society (1982) and at Mulvaney served on the Australian (University of Delhi). He was the centennial symposium of the Heritage Commission, a Federal George Miller Visiting Professor of Kokugakuin University of Japan Authority formed in 1976 to com­ Anthropology and Asian Studies at (1983). pile a Register of the National the University of illinois, Heritage. He represented Australia Champaign-Urbana, in 1971-72 and in Paris in 1977 when the criteria Directeur d'Etudies Assode at the were drawn up at UNESCO for Ecole des Hautes Etudes en registering places on the World Sciences Sociales, Paris, in 1982. Heritage List. From 1978 to 1981 he was the chief Derek John Mulvaney was The recipient of many distin­ executive of the Indian Council of named Visiting Professor of guished awards and honors, he Social Science Research, and from Australian Studies at Harvard for was awarded the Royal Honour of 1979 to 1981 Vice-President of the 1984-85. A scholar of prehistoric ar­ CMG (Companion of St. Michael International Federation of Social chaeology, he will teach in the and St. George) for his contribution Science Organizations. He was a Anthropology Department. Prof. to education in Australia. He is a consultant to UNESCO (1975-78) Mulvaney earned BA and MA Corresponding Fellow of the British and member of the Advisory Com­ degrees from the Univ. of Academy, a Fellow of the Society mittee on Medical Research Melbourne and BA, MA and PhD of Antiquaries of London, and a (South-East Asia Region), WHO degrees from Cambridge Universi­ Fellow of the Australian Academy (1981-1984). ty. He was a Senior Lecturer in of Humanities. Prof. Madan's research interests History at the Univ. of Melbourne A prolific writer, Prof. Mulvaney have been mainly in the areas of before joining the faculty at has published over ninety excava­ kinship, religion, cultural pluralism, Australian National University, tion reports and articles on and modern occupations (particular­ Canberra in 1953 as Senior Fellow historical and archaeological sub­ ly the medical profession). His in Prehistory. He was appointed jects. Among the books authored book Family and Kinship: A Study of Professor of Prehistory in the Facul­ by Prof. Mulvaney are: The the Pandits of Rural Kashmir (1965, ty of Arts at ANU in 1971. He has Prehistory of Australia (Praeger, 1969; 2nd ed. forthcoming) is considered undertaken archaeological fieldwork Penguin Books, 1975, the first book a major contribution in its field. His throughout Australia and in eastern published on that subject), other publications include An In­ Indonesia and was the first person Aboriginal Man and Environment in troduction to Social Anthropology to offer courses in Australian and Australia (ANU Press, 1971), and (11th impression, 1984), Doctors and Pacific region prehistory at an Aboriginal Prehistory (Nelson, Society: Three Asian Case Studies Australian university. His excava­ Melbourne, 1975). He has in press (1980), and Culture and Development tions at Kenniff Cave, Queensland Continued on next page Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 15 a comprehensive biography of Sir given by Dr. Michael deNiro, Univ. of Rhode Island. Baldwin Spencer, the influential an­ Dept. of Earth and Planetary George Rapp, Jr., Dean and Prof. thropologist of Aboriginal Australia Sciences, UCLA. Dr. Margaret J. of Geology and Archaeology, Univ. around the turn of the century. He Schoeninger of the Department of of Minnesota gave a lecture on is currently writing a revision of Cell Biology and Anatomy of the "Variations on Archaeological Cricket Walkabout: the Australian Johns Hopkins University School of Science." Nikolaas J. van der Aboriginal Cricketers in England Medicine spoke on "Diet Recon­ Merwe, Prof. of Archaeology, Univ. (Melbourne, 1967) - about the first struction Based Upon Composition of Cape Town spoke on "Science team of cricket players from of Bone." Prof. Judith P. Irvine, and Ritual in Traditional African Australia to compete in England. Brandeis University gave a talk Technology: Malawi Iron about "The Linguistic Expression of Smelting." Social Status." David N. Keightley, Prof. of History, Berkeley, gave a seminar on "Life and Death in the Chinese Neolithic Visiting lecturers and Early Bronze Age (ca. 5000- 1000 B.C.). "The Ideology of Law" Museum curators was the title of a lecture by Laura and staff During the academic year 1983- Nader, Prof. of Anthropology at 1984, a number of scholars from the Berkeley. United States and abroad gave lec­ Dr. Ruth Schmidt, Visiting tures to students and faculty of the Scholar at the University of Brown appointed Anthropology Department and at Wisconsin spoke about "Land and meetings of the Peabody Museum Culture in Kohistan, North Association. Dr. LoSchiavo, Direc­ Pakistan." Dr. John Cornaro££, tor of Archaeology for Northern Dept. of Anthropology, University Sardinia presented a lecture entitled of Chicago, gave a lecture on "Of "The Foreign Relations of Nuragic Totemism and Ethnicity: Con­ Sardinia." The title of an address sciousness, Practice, and the Struc­ by Prof. William Y. Adams, Univ. ture of Inequality." Dr. Richard of Kentucky, to the Peabody Kurio, Southern Illinois U niv. Museum Association was "Nubia: spoke at a seminar on " Indigenous Corridor to Africa." Prof. and Mrs. Agronomics: Implications and Con­ Adams gave a seminar on "Excava­ sequences for Agricultural Develop­ tions at Qasr Ibrim, An Egyptian ment in Pakistan." Dr. Ian Frontier Fortress in Nubia." Prof. Hodder, Univ. of Cambridge, Marilyn Strathern, Cambridge England spoke on "Post-processual University, spoke on "Exploitation: Archaeology." Prof. Mathew W. an Issue in the Anthropological Stolper, Univ. of Chicago gave a Analysis of Gender Relations." The lecture entitled "Provincial Entre­ title of a lecture by Prof. Sylvia preneurs and Imperial Politicians in Yanagisako of Stanford University Late Achaemenid Babylonia." Prof. was "Mixed Metaphors: Native and Alan Sandstrom, Associate Prof. of Anthropological Models of Gender Anthropology, Indiana University and Kinship Domains." and Purdue spoke about "Paper Prof. June Nash, Department of Cult Figures of Mexico." Anthropology, CUNY, spoke at a Prof. Henry Wright, Univ. of seminar on "Segmentation of the Michigan gave a lecture on "An­ Labor Force in U.S. Industry: A cient Imerina: New Research on Ian W. Brown Case Study." Prof. J.V.S. Megaw, Central Madagascan State Develop­ Flinders University of South ment." Dr. Robert Hecht of the Australia gave a lecture on "Dot World Bank spoke on "The and Circle: Politics and Paradox in Transformation of Lineage Produc­ Ian W. Brown, the newly ap­ the Transitional Art of the Aus­ tion in the Southern Ivory Coast pointed Associate Curator of North tralian Western Desert." "Cadbury 1920-1960." Dr. James Kus, Dept. American Collections, will be Castle and the Legend of Camelot" of Geography, California State responsible for supervising the was the subject of a lecture by Univ., Fresno, spoke on "Recent renovation of the Hall of the North Prof. Leslie Alcock, University of Research on Irrigation Agriculture American Indian exhibit. The theme Glasgow, Scotland. Prof. Annette of the Pre-Hispanic North Coast of of this new permanent installation Weiner, New York University, Peru." Prof. Gordon Brotherston, will be culture change and contin­ spoke on Forgotten Wealth: Univ. of Essex gave a talk on uity in native North American Women's Production in the "Chronology in the Native Texts of lifeways. Pacific." Meso-America.'' "European Trade Dr. Brown was born in Albany, "Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes Goods from 17th Century Native New York in 1951. He did his as Indicators of Ancient Dietary Cemeteries" was the title of a lec­ undergraduate training in an­ Patterns" was the title of a seminar ture by Prof. William Turnbaugh, thropology at Harvard (1973) and 16 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 received his MA and PhD degrees from Brown University in 1975 and 1979. Since 1971 Dr. Brown has PAKISTAN and been associated with the Lower Mississippi Survey of the Peabody NORTHERN INDIA Museum. He has done considerable archaeological research in both Mississippi and Louisiana, the A trip sponsored by the Peabody Museum will visit Northern prime focus of his work being the Pakistan where the world's most famous mountain ranges, the interaction between Native Himalayas, Karakorams, and the Hindu Kush come together - an Americans and Western peoples in area of spectacular scenery and fascinating history. We will go to the historic times. In 1978 Dr. Brown Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Chitral, Gilgit, and the Kingdoms of Swat was employed by the Peabody and Hunza- for centuries witness to commerce, migrations and in­ Museum to conduct surveys and vasions. Among the archaeological sites included on the tour will be excavations on and around Avery Mohenjodaro, after years of excavation one of the most remarkable Island, Louisiana, the home of cities of the ancient world, and Taxila, the capital of Gandhara and a Tabasco Sauce. Two books and center of learning, philosophy and art. In Northern India we will several articles resulted from the travel through the Vale of Kashmir and stay on luxurious houseboats analysis of this work. in Srinagar. Sightseeing in Delhi and the Taj Mahal under a full Since 1980 Dr. Brown has served moon will conclude this extraordinary itinerary. Harvard anthro­ as a Lecturer in the Department of pologist Prof. Thomas Barfield, a Central Asian scholar, will accom­ Anthropology and as a Research pany the tour as guest lecturer. Associate to Professor Williams on the Lower Mississippi Survey. In addition to teaching a course on the archaeology and history of the Mathews is a PhD candidate in tional Endowment for the Human­ North American Indians in the Anthropology at Yale and is writing ities Colloquium on Anthropology General Education offerings, he has his dissertation on the inscriptions and Archaeology Museums, held in had an important role in the An­ from Yaxchilan, a site in southern Tucson. Sponsored by the thropology Department's tutorial Mexico. He came to the Peabody American Association of Museums, program, having served as Ar­ Museum in 1979 to work with Ian participants met to evaluate collec­ chaeology Wing Tutor in 1983-84. Graham- a 1981 MacArthur Prize tions concerns and recommend winner. Mathews has been working priorities to federal agencies. on the Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic "Anthropology as Cultural Ex­ Inscriptions, recording and pub­ change: the Shared Vision of Mary lishing texts and doing analytical Hemenway and Frank Hamilton studies of Maya writing. Cushing," was the title of a paper Dr. Clemency Coggins is the Richard H. Meadow (Zooar­ presented (with Curtis M. Hinsley, author of Cenote of Sacrifice: Maya chaeology Laboratory, Peabody Jr., Peabody Museum historian) at Treasurers from the Sacred Well at Museum) attended a colloquium the joint annual meetings of the Chichen Itza, a catalogue for a major held at the University of Amster­ American Ethnological Society and traveling exhibition of Maya arti­ dam on the use of computers in the the Southwestern Anthropological facts from the Peabody Museum. analysis of animal remains from Association, Monterey, CA. Ms. She gave a paper entitled archaeological sites and presented a McChesney attended the annual " Decorated Ceramics at Copan and paper on "The long-term storage meetings of the American Associa­ Quirigua in Their Relation to Other and dissemination of computer­ tion of Museums, Washington, DC, Classic Maya Regions: A Pot Can based archaeozoological data". He and gave a paper on "Putting Our Look at a King" at the Conference also gave invited lectures at the In­ Show on the Road; Or, Collection­ of Southeastern Maya Regions held stitute of Archaeology, University Sharing at the Peabody Museum," at Dumbarton Oaks, Wash., DC. of Amsterdam titled "Pre- and for the panel "Have Artifacts, Will Dr. Coggins is a member of the proto-historic animal exploitation in Travel." She served as an Advisory U.S. Cultural Property Advisory the Greater Indus Valley" and at Panelist (83-84) to the Merit Aid committee. the University of Groningen on Program of the Massachusetts "The evidence for early animal Council on the Arts and The MacArthur Foundation has domestication from Mehrgarh, Humanities. announced the award of a Prize Pakistan". While in Europe, he Victoria Swerdlow, Manager of Fellowship to Peter Mathews, a traveled to Tubingen, West Ger­ the Collections Department of the researcher on the Maya hiero­ many where, working with Hans­ Peabody Museum, gave a paper en­ glyphic project. A native of Peter Uerpmann, he completed titled "Developing a Museum-Wide Canberra, Australia, Mr. Mathews editing the first volume of Equids in Database: the Peabody Experience" earned a BA in archaeology at the the Ancient World to be published in at the annual meeting of the Univ. of Calgary, Canada, where 1985 by the Tubingen Atlas of the Museum Computer Network in he studied under Prof. David Middle East. Ottawa. Ms. Swerdlow received the Keeley (Harvard BA, PhD), the last LeaS. McChesney, Administrator Curator's Award by the Curator's student to work with the late Maya of Exhibitions, was the Peabody Committee at the annual meeting scholar Prof. Alfred M. Tozzer. Mr. Museum representative to the Na- of the AAM in Wash., DC. Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 17 PEABODY SAFARI Sue Lonoff*

During the summer (June 26 - July 22), the Peabody Museum sponsored an Anthropological Safari to East Africa. Leading the group were Professors Glynn Isaac and David Pilbeam. They were ac­ companied by their wives, Barbara Isaac and Maryellen Ruvolo, Pro­ fessor Stephen Williams, and several enthusiastic amateurs. The tone of the expedition was established within twenty-four hours; unsobered by the tragic loss of Professor Williams' luggage, the amateurs swapped risque gorilla jokes throughout the first day's layover in Brussels. Still, they were Professors David Pilbeam (left) and Glynn Isaac. eager to learn, and their leaders met the challenge with resourceful­ ness and patience. In informal evening lectures, Pro­ fessors Pilbeam and Isaac offered basic information on primate behavior, the African rift valley, strata, hominids, and fossil re­ mains. Practical lessons followed as the travellers advanced, cameras in hand, through game parks in Rwanda, Tanzania, and Kenya, and through sites at Olduvai, Olorgasailie, Lake Magadi, and Koobi Fora. In the mountain jungles of Ruhengiri Park, they crouched inches away from silver­ back gorillas; in a morning's drive through the Ngorongoro Crater, they saw seventeen species of mammals. Other highpoints of the trip were the discovery of a shat­ tered skull in Akagera Park; the sight (in Olorgasailie) of hundreds of large hand-axes, made 400,000 years ago; a private tour ot the Nairobi Museum vaults, conducted by Richard Leakey; a conference with the new U.S. Ambassador to Kenya; and horror stories on various subjects, generously con­ tributed by Donald Turner, who organized the itinerary and accom­ panied the party through Rwanda. As the weeks passed, the ques­ tions of the amateurs became in­ creasingly sophisticated. Discus­ sions of australopithecines and brain size did not replace discus­ sions of food and shopping; however, they were nearly as com­ mon. Ultimately, the majority felt that they had gained information on the genesis of mankind without

18 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 impairing the fossil record or their sense of humor. They had also had the trip of a lifetime. Plans for a reunion have been I. launched, and Professors Pilbeam I am the very model of a Peabody Safarian, and Isaacs have been entreated to I've travelled with my tripod through the jungles quite malarian, run a comparable excursion in two I've scrambled round the gulleys of the famous gorge at Olduvai, years. Meanwhile, among the re­ And battled rather bravely with the predatory tsetse fly. mains of this trip, the following I've brandished my binoculars at lionesses large and bold, fragment has emerged. It is to be I've even taken showers where the water's running brown and cold. sung to the tune of Gilbert and I've primed up on the primates and I'm loaded down with fossil lore; Sullivan's "I am the Very Model of When I get back to Harvard I shall be the most colossal bore - [Chorus] a Modern Major General." When she gets back to Harvard she will be the most colossal bore, When she gets back to Harvard she will be the most colossal bore, *Sue Lonoff is Preceptor in Expository When she gets back to Harvard she will be the most colossal-lossal bore - Writing at Harvard. Then I can read a chart about the chert deposits in the rift, Or calculate the clothing I must barter for a Maasai gift: In short, in anthropology or matters more vulgarian I am the very model of a Peabody Safarian. [Chorus] In short, in anthropology or matters more vulgarian She is the very model of a Peabody Safarian!

II. I know the great gorilla's not a man-eating barbarian, For I have seen the silver-back, that gentle vegetarian, I've aimed my nimble Nikon at a heaving hippopotamus And slithered through the underbrush upon my trusty bottomus. I've jounced along Rwandan roads and Tanzanian mountain-tops, I've learned to use the bushes for those all-essential comfort stops, On teeth and jaws and vertebrae, I'm teeming with momentous news, Entirely unprejudiced by Pilbeam's or by Isaac's views - [Chorus] Entirely unprejudiced by Pilbeam's or by Isaac's views, Entirely unprejudiced by Pilbeam's or by Isaac's views, Entirely unprejudiced by Pilbeam's or by Isaac's-Issac's views - Then I can tell a pot-shard from a flint-chip or a cutting tool And differentiate between an eland's and a dyk-dyk's stool: In short, in anthropology or matters more vulgarian, I am the very model of a Peabody Safarian. [Chorus] In short, in anthropology or matters more vulgarian, She is the very model of a Peabody Safarian!

ill. While roaming through Nairobi, I've emerged unscathed from shopping dens With striped kikois (so suitable for modern homo sapiens), I've memorized impressive terms like "boisei" and "masseter," And chatted off-the-record with America's ambassador. I've fished at Koobi Fora, where the crocodile is often seen, And stumbled over strata from the Plio- and the Pleistocene. Within the Leakey Institute I've gazed on crania small and grand; Regard me with respect, for I have shaken Richard Leakey's hand - [Chorus] Regard her with respect for she has shaken Richard Leakey's hand, Regard her with respect for she has shaken Richard Leakey's hand, Regard her with respect for she has shaken Richard Leakey' s- Leakey's hand - By querying those scientists, at labs and sites and restaurants, I've plumbed the deepest mysteries of hominids and research grants, And so, in anthropology or matters more vulgarian, I am the very model of a Peabody Safarian. [Chorus] And so, in anthropology or matters more vulgarian, She is the very model of a Peabody Safarian!

Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 19 Tambiah Ancient China and its anthropological Continued from page 1 significance

Continued from page 4 Harvard he has served as Wing Chairman of Social Anthropology, as a member of the Faculty Coun­ cil, and on many committees of study. Professor Tarnbiah has done ex­ tensive field work in Sri Lanka and Thailand. He has a strong regional interest in South and Southeast Asia, and his theoretical concerns range widely over the fields of religion and ritual, politics and economy, and their inter­ relationships. In his anthropological research and writings he tries to in­ corporate and integrate Indological and historical materials. His major writings include: Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in Northeast Thailand (1970); Bridewealth and Dowry (with Jack Goody) (1973); World Conqueror and World Renouncer, A Study of Religion and Polity in Thailand Against a Historical Background (1976); and The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets, A Study in Charisma, Hagiography, Sec­ Figure 4. Truly a microscopic symbol of ancient Chinese cosmology and ritual, the jade tarianism and Millennia[ Buddhism tsung, such as the one shown here (excavated in 1982 in Ch'ang-chou, Kiangsu, from (1984). a Liang-chu Culture site, c. late 3rd millennium B.C.), represents the Heaven-Earth com­ Professor Tambiah has been munication act in a nutshell: the round portion was Heaven, and the square portion Earth. awarded the Curl Bequest Prize They were penetrated and brought together by an axis mundi (the shaft of the jade, which (1974) and the Rivers Memorial Lec­ was perhaps the essence of the sacred mountains), shown with the shaman's animal ture Medal (1973) by the Royal An­ agents. (From K'ao-ku, 1984, No. 2.) thropology Institute. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1981-82, seen as reflections of relation­ use of writing primarily for pur­ and was elected a Fellow of the ship between life forces, and poses of politics and ritual. We find American Academy of Arts and every aspect of life was part of that kinship was again intertwined Sciences in 1981. He has delivered an interpenetrating cosmic with politics, and that ancestors several named lectures which in­ system. (Richard F. Townsend, were venerated. We also find an art State and Cosmos in the Art of clude: the Malinowski Memorial Tenochtit/an, Washington, D.C.: in which animals served as messen­ Lecture, London School of Dumbarton Oaks, 1979, p . 9). gers interlinking the different Economics, 1968; the Radcliffe worlds. Brown Memorial Lecture, British The Aztec-Spanish contrast How do we account for the many Academy, 1979; the Radhakrishnan echoes the China-stereotype con­ similarities - some fundamental, Memorial Lectures, Oxford Univer­ trast we mentioned earlier. In fact, others of detail - between ancient sity, 1982; the Kingsley Martin most if not all of the essential China and ancient Mesoamerica? It Memorial Lecture, Cambridge characteristics of the ancient is tempting to appeal to diffusion University, 1982; and the Lewis civilization we listed above for or trans-Pacific contacts, but such Henry Morgan Memorial Lectures, China are seen again in ancient contacts if any can only be sporadic Rochester University, 1984. Mesoamerican civilizations. In the and intermittent and cannot ac­ classic Maya civilization of the first count for the broad similarity of the millennium, we find, not the out­ pattern of societal growth . Besides, come of a major technological the Mesoamerican pattern is not at breakthrough, but another highly all unique, and elements of it are stratified society in which politics found all over the New World. For Martha Lamberg-Karlovsky is the and ritual played decisive trans­ some time Peter T. Furst has ad­ Editor of Symbols. formative roles. We see a stratified dressed the issue of a shamanistic universe with the bird-perched substratum of the civilization of cosmic tree and religious personnel both the New World and part of interlinking the Upper, Middle, and the Old World. In Joseph Camp­ Lower Worlds (fig. 5). We find the bell's recent book, The Way of the 20 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 Animal Powers (Volume 1 of the civilized state eventually came out transformative process, which too Historical Atlas of World Mythology, of a transformative process, in resulted in a civilized state, that London: Summerfield Press, 1983), various times and various places, nevertheless involved a wholly new he has gathered enough evidence not in the man-nature realm of set of changes: technology in the to present a comprehensive picture technology but in the man-man form of metal tools and irrigation showing how the ancestral Indians realm of politics. canals; large-scale spatial move­ on crossing Beringia during the last From the confines of this vast ments of resources in the form of glacial period had carried with cultural continuum (which we will various trades; cuneiform inscrip­ them a system of shamanistic call, here, the Maya-China con­ tions and their prehistoric antece­ cosmology and rituals that had its tinuum, realizing that the con­ dents used primarily to facilitate roots in the Upper Palaeolithic tinuum goes back to long before economic transactions; territorial substratum of the Old World. Ac­ Maya or China), European civiliza­ societies prevailing over the original cordingly, the ancient Chinese pat­ tion and its Oriental precedents clans and lineages in importance in tern and the ancient Mesoamerian achieved a significant breakout. For the regulation of interpersonal pattern were both derived from the reasons that only my colleagues in behavior; and, finally, a cosmology unfolding of a common deep Near Eastern Studies can speculate, that emphasized the separate ex­ cultural heritage. They point to a the ancient inhabitants of istence of gods, granted them cultural continuum of many Mesopotamia of the late fourth creative powers, and promoted thousands of years, within which a millennium B.C. underwent a Continued on next page

Figure 5. The engraving on the Maya sarcophagus of Palenque (left) and the silk painting from the Han Dynasty tomb at Ma-wang-tui depict a universe of three layers, the Upper World, the Middle World, and the Under World. Underlying both pictures is the idea of the inter-world penetration. Various devices were involved in both cases, e.g., the animals, birds, the cosmic tree. (The Palenque design from Merle Green Robertson, The Sculpture of Palenque, Vol. 1, Princeton Univ. Press, 1983. The Ma-wang-tui picture from K'ao-ku, 1973, No. 1.) Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 21 powerful temples independent of necessity of studying cultures both edition volumes I, II, III, and Part 2 the state. Since these are the past and present in order to reproduces volumes IV, V, VI). changes that were carried into, and understand either. An integrated Doris Stone, editor, Pre-Columbian further developed by, the historical anthropology - one, for example, Plant Migration, Paper Vol. 76. civilizations of the West, and since that incorporates the studies of the Peter S. Wells, Rural Economy in modern social theorists took off cosmology and rituals of the the Early Iron Age: Excavations at from the Western historical ex­ Palaeolithic hunters, all of the Hascherkeller, 1978-1981, American perience, these factors of change ancient civilizations, and modern School of Prehistoric Research became enshrined as the universal shamanism - is still our instru­ Bulletin No. 36. elements of a civilization ment to probe into ourselves. Gordon R. Willey, editor, Excava­ stereotype. tions at Seibal, Department of Peten, For both the idea of a Maya­ Guatemala, Memoir Vol. 15, Nos. 1 China continuum and the idea of a and 2. No. 1: Major Architecture Near Eastern breakout, I will de­ and Caches, by A. Ledyard Smith. pend on my colleagues who No. 2: Analyses of Fine Paste specialize in these other areas for Ceramics, edited by Jeremy A. confirmation or modification, but Sablof£. the mere possibility of a new world Historic Hopi Ceramics, by Edwin paradigm for the beginning of L. Wade and LeaS. McChesney, civilization carries important im­ PEABODY first published in 1981, was plications for the social scientists. If reprinted in April 1984, and RES, these ideas are valid, the modern­ PUBLICATIONS journal of anthropology and ization of the developing world of aesthetics, Francesco Pellizzi, today may be seen as an effort - editor, is now in its sixth issue. definitely belated and possibly not In press at the Peabody Museum yet thought through - on the part are: of the rest of the world to catch up Ian Graham and Eric von Euw, with the West in a fundamental Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscrip­ realignment of cosmology as well tions, Volume 5, Part 2, Xultun, La as in technology after a bifurcation Since the last Symbols announce­ Honradez, Uaxactun. more than 5,000 years old. For the ment of books by Department and C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, anthropologists particularly, the Museum scholars (Fall 1981), a general editor, Excavations at Tepe reminder that many of our conven­ number of works by Harvard an­ Yahya, The Early Periods, by Thomas tional wisdoms pertaining to the thropologists have been published Wight Beale et al ., American pattern and dynamics of our civil­ by the Peabody Museum: School of Prehistoric Research ization had in fact been based upon Russell J. Barber: The Wheeler's Bulletin No. 38. the unique experience of a single - Site: A Specialized Shellfish Processing Hallam L. Movius, Jr., general albeit great - civilization can only Station on the Merrimack River, editor, Excavation of the Abri Pataud mean one thing obviously, that is, Monograph No. 7. Les Eyzies (Dordogne): The Noaillian any universal theories of society Garth Bawden and Geoffrey W. (Level 4) Assemblages and the must be generated from within the Conrad: The Andean Heritage : Peru­ Noaillian Culture in Western Europe, Maya-China continuum as well as vian Art from the Collections of the by Nicholas David, American from within the history of the Peabody Museum, Peabody Museum School of Prehistoric Research West. Ironically, the historical Press. Bulletin No. 37. paradigm that is the official doc­ Hallam L. Movius, Jr., general Robert E. Smith, A Ceramic Se­ trine to explain Chinese history is editor, Excavation of the Abri Pataud, quence from the Pyramid of the Sun at none other than Marxism, one of Les Eyzies (Dordogn e): The Perigordian Teotihuacan, Mexico, Paper Vol. 75 . the many social theories that have VI (Level 3) Assemblage, by Harvey Gordon R. Willey, general editor, been constructed on the Western M. Bricker and Nicholas David, Excavations at Seibal, Department of experience alone. It is time that American School of Prehistoric Peten, Guatemala: Peripheral Survey more studies be made of the so­ Research Bulletin No. 34. and Excavation: Settlement and Com­ called Asiatic mode of production, Ian Graham, Corpus of Maya munity Patterns, by Gair Tourtellot but not as a study of an established Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volume 3, III, Memoir Vol. 16. doctrine but as a study of cross­ Part 3, Yaxchilan . Stephen Williams and Jeffrey P. cultural history. Peter Mathews, Corpus of Maya Brain, Excavations at the Lake George In this brief communication I am Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, Volume 6, Site, Yazoo County, Mississippi, not trying to advocate the impor­ Part 1, Tonina. 1958-1960, Paper Vol. 74. tance of Chinese Studies. It is im­ Philip Phillips and James A. portant, but this has long been Brown, Pre-Columbian Shell Engrav­ realized. What the recent studies of ings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, ancient China are once again Oklahoma, Paperback Part 2, Peabody Museum hours: reminding us as anthropologists are Peabody Museum Press. This com­ 9 - 4:30 Monday - Saturday the absolute necessity of studying pletes the publication phase of the our culture in all its variations if we project, consisting of six limited 1 - 4:30 Sunday are to attempt to formulate univer­ edition volumes and two paperback sal theories, and also the absolute volumes (Part 1 reproduces limited 22 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 The structure of violence among the Swat Pukhtun Continued from page 10

attitude toward betrayal. The exile's and malleable. He can choose to emblems of victory. Victorious war­ treachery was seen locally merely stress his place as mediator be­ riors did not expect to retain con­ as a political ploy which failed and tween the refugee and his pursuers quered territory, since their very not as anything morally repugnant. and try to work out a settlement, success meant that allies would This attitude is simply a realistic ac­ or he can use the exile's complaints defect, join the defeated group, and ceptance of the individualism to justify beginning a war. But the rebalance the system. The end characteristic of Swati politics. host's maneuvers are also limited result of the several intervillage Large-scale wars seem generally by cultural demands upon his wars recorded was a 'great name' to have been generated by the honor, and a man who is reluctant for the war leaders, but no ap­ demands of exiles. Men who had to fight will be compelled to do so parent increase in their land killed a tarbur or women who had if a person under his protection is holdings. shamed their families would flee to attacked. This is not to suggest that land the protection of a powerful family, The rewards of war at this level pressure and warfare do not go which was obliged to take them in were primarily in the realm of together. In fact, fighting presently by the Pukhtun code of honor. If renown. Certainly there were occurring in Swat between this refuge was violated by enemies material benefits of success, and landlords and tenants is directly of the refugee, then the host might Swati elders recall plundering the related to rivalry over land. Increas­ become involved in a feud with fields of defeated villages. But ing population and a new class people quite distant from him. Of homes were never ransacked, and awareness have led to a novel form course, political leaders could men forced into exile left their of warfare. Battles, formerly fought manipulate such situations to fur­ valuables in the sacrosanct care of for lineage pride and prestige, are ther their own reputations. Am­ local holy men with the full ex­ now fought by workers seeking to bitious and courageous men with pectation of returning to claim claim the land they work as their aptitudes for strategy favored war­ them. Rather than wealth, the win­ own. How widespread this form of fare since it increased their local ner's prize was the carved columns violence will be in the future re­ authority and prestige. The role of of the loser's men's house, which mains to be seen. the protector is itself ambiguous were carried proudly away as Continued on next page Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984 • 23 Another type of warfare, now no longer found, was between regions. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology NONPROFIT ORG . It was caused once again by an Harvard University U.S. POSTAGE exiled group asking the interven­ 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 tion of an external third party to PAID regain their position. In this case, CAMBRIDGE. MA the third party was not simply PERMIT NO. 54565 another village, but the neighboring THIRD CLASS district of Dir, ruled by a hereditary king and closely related genealog­ ically to the Swat Pukhtun. Dir would join the exiles, but was not content to merely redress the balance of power. The Ruler of Dir wished to annex Swat, and would attempt to levy taxes and confiscate wealth. The Pukhtun remember these periodic invasions as times of extreme scarcity and hunger. Eventually, Dir' s invasion would lead to unity of all the Swatis, who banded together on the principle of genealogical alliance to expel the outsider. This same principle of unification was also utilized in wars in the structure of the lineage Peabody Museum against Sikh, Moghul, and British system. Cohesion is maintained, in colonial expansion, proving remark­ this highly flexible and egalitarian Association ably effective in each instance. ethos, by ties of blood and revenge A final type of war, also destruc­ obligations. You are invited to join the Peabody tive, involved expansion rather Museum Association. As a member of than defense. For structural the PMA, you will be part of both a reasons, the social organization of famous teaching and research institu­ Swat tends to expand at the ex­ tion dedicated to the study of man and pense of its less well organized culture and a Museum whose unique neighbors. The Pukhtun of Swat collections include works of primitive defeated their weaker neighbors to The Peabody on the road art and archaeology from all over the the north, but this expansion world. PMA members are friends of the Museum and support it with their an­ ceased in the rnid-1800s as harsh See page 11. nual membership. Members are invited terrain, the lack of booty, and the to exhibition openings, receptions, ferocity of resistance all combined special events, lectures, films, and so to defeat the Pukhtun armies. forth. They enjoy special privileges at These wars of aggression were led the Tozzer Library and a discount on by strong men anxious to raise Museum publications and at the their personal prestige. They were Peabody Museum Shop. Membership temporarily able to unite fighting includes a subscription to Symbols . men of many different lineages in Categories of membership are: Student loose alliances brought together for ($15), Individual ($20), Family ($30), Contributing ($50), Sustaining ($100 or the sake of conquest. This form of more), Fellow ($500 or more). secular leadership contrasts sharply All gifts to the Peabody Museum are with leadership in wars of defense, tax deductible within legal limits. Please which usually arose from religious make checks payable to the Peabody groups, and which relied upon Museum Association. charismatic exhortations to en­ courage the warriors. Violence in Swat, it is evident, is highly structured along several Subscription to SYMBOLS lines: the stress on revenge, the utilization of types of mediators Symbols will be published twice a year and leaders, the scale of genealog­ by the Peabody Museum and the De­ ical distance, all combine to dif­ partment of Anthropology at Harvard. ferentiate types of violence at The yearly subscription rate is $4.50. Please make checks payable to "Sym­ various levels. Behind this structur­ Copper rattle, face of Owl Woman. bols - Peabody Museum" and send to ing of violence lies the Swati social Chilkat, Alaska. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and order which is based in the relative­ No. 04-10-10/64028. Loaned for Soft Gold Ethnology, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cam­ ly autonomous nudear family with- exhibit. bridge, Mass. 02138 .

24 • Symbols • Spring/Fall • 1984