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07. G. Vespignani Maquetaciûn 1

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07. G. Vespignani Maquetaciûn 1 Recibido: 28.09.2009 Aceptado: 30.10.2009 ANDREA PALEOLOGO E GIORGIO PALEOLOGO DISHYPATOS (O GEORGE BYSSIPAT) TRA ROMA E LA FRANCIA ALLA FINE DEL QUATTROCENTO SOMMARIO: Nel documento che si commenta, Andrea Paleologo, erede dell’impero Bizantino e despota della Morea, nomina «cavalieri» (milites) i figli di un altro interessante personaggio della diaspora romea in Eu- ropa occidentale, quel Giorgio Paleologo Dishypatos che appare tra gli anni ’70 e ’80 del secolo XV come aris tocratico di medio livello, capitano di mare e corsaro al servizio del re di Francia col nome di George Bissi- pat “dit le Grec”. Un interessante testimonianza della persistenza e della circolazione della ideologia politica bizantina, come della mentalità e identità degli esuli romei dopo la caduta di Costantinopoli. PAROLE CHIAVE: Bisanzio, Paleologi, marineria francese, Roma, Costan- tinopoli. ABSTRACT: In the document here commented, Andreas Palaeologus, heir of the Byzantine Empire and despotes of Morea, named «chivalries» (milites) the children of another interesting character of the Greek dias- pora in Western Europe, that George Palaeologus Dishypatos who ap- peared from the years ’70 to ’80 of the Fifteenth Century medium level aristocratic as well as, named George Bissipat “dit le Grec”, captain of the fleet and pirate at the service of the French king. An interesting tes- timony of the persistence and circulation of the Byzantine political ideo logy, no less than of the mentality and identity of the Greek emi- gres after the fall of Constantinople. KEY-WORDS: Byzantium, Palaeologus, French fleet, Rome, Constan- tinople. In due fogli di un codice manoscritto del secolo XVI conservato alla Bi- bliothèque nationale de France (ms fr. 30927 [Cabinet d’Hozier, XLVI], cote 167 Erytheia 31 (2010) 167-177 G. VESPIGNANI «Andrea Paleologo e Giorgio Paleologo Dishypatos» 1137, ff. 4-5)1, si conserva in regesto copia (1540, maggio 23) di un diploma concesso a Roma nell’anno 1481, aprile 10, sfuggito alla cernita di documenti riguardanti i Paleologi successivi alla caduta di Costantinopoli (1453) compiuta dal Lambros2, ma segnalato dallo Harris3, nel quale Andreas Paleologus Por- phyrogenitus Dei gratia Dispotus Romeorum ac Imperii Constantinopolitani heres nomina Iohannes e Guillelmus Dissipatos, figli di Georgius Dissipatos, ca- valieri dell’Impero (militari sive equestri dignitate). In un terzo foglio si speci- fica che il documento originale era completo del sigillum di cera purpurea con la effige dell’aquila bicipite e del relativo nastro, anch’esso purpureo. Andrea Paleologo (1453-1502) è il pretendente più diretto al trono della basileia dei Romani dopo la sua caduta, essendo figlio del despota di Morea Tommaso, fratello dell’ultimo basileus Costantino XI Paleologo. Visse tutta la vita da adulto a Roma, dove era giunto adolescente in seguito alla caduta della Morea per mano del Turco (1464) col padre ed i due fratelli, la porfi- rogenita Zoe Paleologhina che nel 1472 sposa il gran principe di Mosca Ivan III (1440-1505), matrimonio che servirà, in definitiva, al sovrano moscovita per farsi interprete principale della idea della βασιλεία dei Romani mutuan- dola nella ideologia di Mosca “terza Roma”, assumendo quel titolo di zar che entrerà ufficialmente nella titolatura solamente nel 1547 con il nipote dei due, Ivan IV Grozny (1537-1584), il quale adotterà anche in maniera defini- tiva come insegna della casata l’aquila bicipite, e Manuele, che poco dopo sceglierà di vivere a Costantinopoli presso il Sultano, spiccando per censo e nome nel milieu romeo e grecofono che fa capo alla figura del Bessarione4. Dei crescenti problemi economici per mantenere il suo seguito secondo il te- nore precedente incontrati in seguito alla scomparsa del Bessarione (1472), dei suoi viaggi presso le corti europee, del suo coinvolgimento nei mecca- 1 La acquisizione del fondo di Charles d’Hozier avvenne entro il 1718; esso venne collo- cato nella galleria del Palais Mazarin entro il 1721: tutte le notizie in L. DELISLE, Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque impériale, Paris 1868, I, p. 357ss. Cfr. anche Bibliothèque Natio- nale de France: manuscrits du Moyen Age et de la Renaissance, éd. par J. SCLAFER, Paris 1994. 2 SP. P. LAMPROS, Παλαιολόγεια καὶ Πελοποννησιακά, Ἀθῆναι 1930, IV, pp. 297-306. 3 J. HARRIS, Greek Emigres in the West, 1400-1520, Camberley 1995, e ID., «A Worthless Prince? Andreas Palaeologus in Rome (1464-1502)», OCP 61 (1995) 537-554. 4 GEORGII SPHRANTZAE Chronicon, XXXV, 5, ed. R. Maisano, Roma 1990 (CFHB, Series Ita- lica, XXIX), p. 132: Καὶ τῇ ιζῃ τοῦ ἰανουαρίου μηνὸς τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἔτους ἐγεννήθη καὶ ὁ τῶν Παλαιολόγων γένους διάδοχος καὶ τοῦ τῶν Ῥωμαίων μικροῦ τούτου σπινθῆρος εἴθε διάδοχος καὶ κληρονόμος ὁ κὺρ Ἀνδρέας ὁ Παλαιολόγος. Altri riferimenti essenziali alle fonti in A. TH. PAPADOPULOS, Versuch einer Genealogie der Palaiologen, 1259-1453, München 1958, p. 100; Παλαιολό γος, Ἀνδρέας, PLP, er- stellt von E. TRAPP, unter Mitarbeit von H.-V. BEYER, I. G. LEONTIADES und S. KAPLANERES, Wien 1989, IX, n. 21426, p. 79. Erytheia 31 (2010) 167-177 168 G. VESPIGNANI «Andrea Paleologo e Giorgio Paleologo Dishypatos» nismi della corte pontificia e della sua posizione privilegiata presso l’entou- rage di papa Borgia Alessandro VI, ancora negli anni ’90 del Quattrocento, tanto da esser ritratto –se di lui realmente si tratta– dal Pintoricchio negli af- freschi dell’Appartamento Borgia del Palazzo Vaticano o da poter battibeccare collo stesso figlio del papa Cesare Borgia, il Valentino, per la posizione da tenere in occasione di alcune funzioni solenni celebrate dal pontefice, alle quali poteva assistere in posizione riservata come imperator Constantinopo- litanus, secondo i trattati di etichetta della Curia romana, si è scritto altrove5. Si conoscono, piuttosto, altre concessioni simili. Un documento redatto in forma di crisobollo della cancelleria imperiale costantinopolitana, ma scritto in latino e datato secondo gli anni di Cristo e non secondo la data- zione bizantina, 1483, aprile 13, dove il Dei gratia fidelis imperator Con- stantinopolitanus e che si firma in caratteri purpurei Ἀνδρέας ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ Θεῷ πιστὸς βασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτοκράτωρ Ῥωμαίων ὁ Παλαιολόγος, concede a Don Pedro Manrique, oltre al permesso di creare conti palatini, armare cavalieri e legittimare figli illegittimi, il privilegio di “caricare” l’aquila bicipite impe- riale sul proprio blasone (liceat ac arma et insigna imperatorum Constan- tinopolitanorum Paleologorum ferre), è stato edito di recente a cura dal Floristán e dal Gómez Montero6. Allo stesso anno 1483 appartiene un altro 5 Per bibliografia e riferimenti, vd. G. VESPIGNANI, «L’aquila bicipite, simbolo della βασιλεία dei Romani tra Oriente e Occidente (secoli XIII-XVI)», Erytheia 27 (2006) 95-127; ID., «Attorno al progetto di Crociata di Alessandro VI (1492-1503). Andrea Paleologo nell’affresco dell’Ap- partamento Borgia del Palazzo Vaticano», Erytheia 28 (2007) [ΑΩΤΟΣ ΓΛΥΚΥΣ. Studia bizantina et neohellenica Ludovico Aegidio octogenario dicata] 99-112; ID., «Anti-Turkish Visual Propa- ganda in the Papal Rome between Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century», Bandue. Revista de la So- ciedad Española de Ciencias de las Religiones 2 (2008) [Religious Tolerance and Intolerance, Proceedings of the Intern. Congress of the Society of Sciences of Religions, Santander, 8-11 sept. 2004, ed. by M. MARCOS and R. TEJA] 197-208. 6 1483, aprile 13, Archivio de la Casa de Alba, carp. n. 2: J. M. FLORISTÁN IMÍZCOZ-J. A. GÓMEZ MONTERO, «Crisóbulo de Andrés Paleólogo en favor de Pedro Manrique, II Conde de Osorno», in: ΣΤΙΣ ΑΜΜΟΥΔΙΕΣ ΤΟΥ ΟΜΗΡΟΥ. Homenaje a la profesora Olga Omatos, ed. por J. ALONSO ALDAMA-C. GARCÍA ROMÁN-I. MAMOLAR SÁNCHEZ, Bilbao 2008, pp. 215-224. In precedenza, si usava la ed. in: Documentos escogidos de la Casa de Alba, ed. por la duquesa de Berwick y Alba, Madrid 1891, pp. 16-18, quindi quella a cura di V. REGEL, «Khrisovul imperatora Andreja Paleologa, 13 aprelia 1483 goda», VV 1 (1894) 151-158, ripresa dal LAMBROS, Παλαιολόγεια καὶ Πελοποννησιακά, IV, pp. 297-298. Cf. J. M. FLORISTÁN IMÍZCOZ, «Los últimos Paleólogos, los reinos peninsulares y la cruzada», in: P. BÁDENAS DE LA PEÑA-I. PÉREZ MARTÍN (EDS.), Constantinopla 1453. Mitos y realidades, Madrid 2003 [Nueva Roma. Bibliotheca Graeca et Latina Aevi Posterioris, 19], pp. 247-296, in part. 291, e CH. MALTEZOU, «Bisanzio dopo Bisanzio e gli spagnoli», in: P. BÁDE- NAS DE LA PEÑA-I. PÉREZ MARTÍN (EDS.), Bizancio y la Península Ibérica. De la antigüedad tardía a la edad moderna, Madrid 2004 [Nueva Roma. Bibliotheca Graeca et Latina Aevi Posterioris, 24], pp. 437-447, in part. 442ss. 169 Erytheia 31 (2010) 167-177 G. VESPIGNANI «Andrea Paleologo e Giorgio Paleologo Dishypatos» documento, un argirobollo, col quale il Paleologo, Dei gratia despotes Ro- manorum, ac Imperii Constantinopolitani haeres, nomina cavaliere un gio- vane appartenente ad una famiglia della nobiltà marchigiana ed, esattamente, di Jesi, quell’Angelo Colucci (1474-1459), figlio di Niccolò, che diverrà noto umanista, ricoprirà numerosi importanti impieghi per conto della curia pontificia e sarà creato nobile romano nel 15037. Inoltre, con- cede il permesso di “caricare” una aquila bicipite imperiale sullo scudo della famiglia, due rose argentate in campo rosso divise da una banda trasversale pure argentea, riservandosi di impartire minuziose indicazioni su come, in seguito, esso dovrà apparire: ut nunc imperpetuum Arma tua praedicta po- nantur in meditate inferioris Scuti, ut consuevisti. In alia vero meditate
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