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Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using the Chloride Mass-Balance Method, Pingtung Plain, Taiwan

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Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using the Chloride Mass-Balance Method, Pingtung Plain, Taiwan Estimation of groundwater recharge using the chloride mass-balance method, Pingtung Plain, Taiwan Cheh-Shyh Ting 7 Tienfuan Kerh 7 Chiu-Jung Liao Abstract Due to rapid economic growth in the Ping- sources renouvelables de l’aquifère sous la plaine, une tung Plain of Taiwan, the use of groundwater resources estimation prÉcise de la recharge de la nappe est nÉces- has changed dramatically. Over-pumping of the saire. Dans cette Étude, le taux de recharge de la nappe groundwater reservoir, which lowers hydraulic heads in a d’abord été estimé au moyen d’un bilan de matière de the aquifers, is not only affecting the coastal area nega- chlorure. Quatre sites de la partie centrale ont ÉtÉ sÉ- tively but has serious consequences for agriculture lectionnés pour réaliser ces estimations, à l’aide d’un throughout the plain. In order to determine the safe chromatographe ionique et de la mÉthode des poly- yield of the aquifer underlying the plain, a reliable esti- gones de Thiessen. A partir des rÉsultats mesurÉs et mate of groundwater recharge is desirable. In the pres- calculÉs, À chaque site, et en prenant comme limites les ent study, for the first time, the chloride mass-balance montagnes et les riviÈres, la recharge de la nappe a ÉtÉ method is adopted to estimate groundwater recharge in ÉvaluÉe À environ 15 % des prÉcipitations annuelles, the plain. Four sites in the central part were chosen to sans tenir compte de la recharge par le retour d’irriga- facilitate the estimations using the ion-chromatograph tion. Ce rÉsultat doit permettre de tester la prÉcision de and Thiessen polygon-weighting methods. Based on the la simulation de nappe qui va Être faite, ainsi que les measured and calculated results, in all sites, including modÈles de gestion de la plaine. the mountain and river boundaries, recharge to the groundwater is probably 15% of the annual rainfall, ex- Resumen Debido al rápido crecimiento económico de cluding recharge from additional irrigation water. This la zona de la Llanura de Pingtung, Taiwan, el uso de los information can improve the accuracy of future recursos de agua subterrÁnea ha cambiado radical- groundwater-simulation and management models in mente. La sobreexplotación, con el consiguiente des- the plain. censo de los niveles piezomÉtricos en los acuÍferos, no sólo afecta las áreas costeras, sino que está teniendo RÉsumÉ Du fait de la croissance Économique rapide consecuencias importantes para la agricultura de la de la plaine de Pingtung à Taiwan, l’utilisation des res- zona. Para determinar la extracción sostenible en el sources en eau souterraine s’est considérablement mod- acuífero, es deseable una buena estimación de la recar- ifiÉ. La surexploitation des aquifÈres, qui a abaissÉ le ga. En este estudio se adopta por primera vez el mÉto- niveau des nappes, n’affecte pas seulement la région do de balance de cloruros para estimar la recarga en el côtière, mais a de sérieuses répercutions sur l’agricul- llano. Se seleccionaron cuatro puntos en la parte cen- ture dans toute la plaine. Afin de dÉterminer les res- tral para facilitar las estimaciones mediante los mÉto- dos de cromatógrafo iónico y de polígonos de Thiessen. A partir de los resultados medidos y calculados en toda la zona, e incluyendo los contornos de montan˜ as y rÍos, la recarga subterrÁnea es de cerca del 15% de la preci- pitación anual, excluyendo la recarga que se produce Received, April 1996 por riego adicional. Este dato permitirÁ mejorar la pre- Revised, March 1997, November 1997 cisión de los modelos de simulación de flujo y de ges- Accepted, March 1998 tión que se realizarán en el futuro. Cheh-Shyh Ting (Y) 7 Tienfuan Kerh Department of Civil Engineering, National Pingtung University Key words Taiwan 7 groundwater recharge 7 water of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91207, Taiwan, budget 7 chloride mass-balance method Republic of China Fax: c886-8-7740409 e-mail: csting6mail.npust.edu.tw Introduction Chiu Jung Liao Department of Environmental Protection, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Groundwater is a significant part of the total water re- Pingtung 91207, Taiwan, Republic of China sources in many areas, and it commonly plays a key Hydrogeology Journal (1998) 6:282–292 Q Springer-Verlag 283 role in economic development. For instance, the Ping- prove the accuracy of groundwater management mod- tung Plain, located in the southwestern part of Taiwan, els in the plain. is an important agricultural area that is adversely af- Many methods can be used to estimate groundwater fected by recent water-resources development. Due to recharge for the first time, such as direct measure- rapid economic growth, the use of groundwater re- ments, water-balance methods, Darcian approaches, sources has increased dramatically, and groundwater and tracer techniques (Lerner et al. 1990). In the pres- overdraft has become a serious problem in the coastal ent study, a tracer technique, in particular, the chloride plain of Pingtung (Ting 1993). The extraction of mass-balance method, is used to estimate groundwater groundwater has three major negative consequences: recharge in the Pingtung Plain. The chloride ion is used (1) overall water-level decline; (2) salt-water intrusion in chemical recharge studies because of its conservative in coastal areas; and (3) land subsidence in coastal ar- nature. The ion neither leaches from nor is absorbed by eas. Seawater intrusion and land subsidence in coastal the sediment particles, and the ion does not participate areas are mainly caused by the withdrawal of ground- in any chemical reaction. The ion is assumed to move water for aquaculture. Fresh-water and brackish-water through the unsaturated zone with the same velocity as fish ponds use large amounts of groundwater to regul- water particles. As a result, abstraction of water in the ate salinity, oxygen, and temperature. root zone due to evapotranspiration of the plant is the Aquacultural farming has proved to be more profit- only process that concentrates the ion in the soil mois- able than other methods of crop cultivation, and the ture. The recharge estimation is based on the input of government did not restrict the expansion of aquacultu- water and chloride at the surface and the soil-moisture ral farms until recently, when land subsidence occurred and chloride contents in the soil profile. The chloride in some of the coastal areas. Consequently, many agri- input consists of the wet deposition of chloride dis- cultural farms have switched to raising eels, clams, and solved in rain and the dry deposition of aerosols. De- shrimps. An eel farm consumes about ten times the tails of recharge mechanisms and chloride profiles are amount of fresh water than that used by paddy fields contained in Allison (1988). (Lin 1986). The objective of this study was to estimate ground- The extraction of large amounts of groundwater for water recharge using the chloride mass-balance method these purposes is resulting in cumulative land subsi- in the plain. Four sites on a section that is parallel to dence exceeding 2.88 m. The Linpien area in Pingtung the direction of the regional groundwater flow (Wu County is underlain by one of the most compressive 1995) were used to evaluate groundwater recharge by aquifers in the world. About 1 m of subsidence occurs the mixing-cell method. for every 5 m of water-level decline (Wen 1986a,b). Only 20% of the wells in the coastal area were regis- Physical Features of the Pingtung Plain tered with government permits, and a survey by the Chiayi Agricultural Junior College identified 3871 ille- Taiwan, located in the subtropics, is an island of sub- gal wells in Pingtung County (Lin 1986). In 1961, 1351 stantial rainfall, with an annual average of 2515 mm wells were registered and estimates were that annual (Ting 1993). The average precipitation for the Pingtung recharge was sufficient for drilling another 388 wells Plain is even greater (3130 mm/yr; Ting 1993). Its distri- (Hsu 1961a). Over-pumping of the groundwater reser- bution throughout the year is quite uneven, and most voir, which lowers the hydraulic head in the aquifers, is of the precipitation is brought by typhoons in the rainy not only affecting the coastal area negatively but has season. In the Pingtung Plain, the wet season is largely serious consequences for agriculture in the whole Ping- confined to five months (May to September). The rain- tung Plain. What will be needed in the near future is an fall during this period is about 89% of the annual preci- efficient management of the groundwater resources. In pitation. Consequently, the annual rate of effective order to determine the safe yield of the aquifer un- rainfall is very low (Hsu 1961b; Tsao 1972). Locations derlying the Pingtung Plain, a reliable estimate of are shown in Figure 1. groundwater recharge is needed. Figure 2 shows the precipitation and evaporation as The Provincial Groundwater Development Bureau measured in 1988 and 1994 at the meteorological sta- made a first estimate of recharge in the Pingtung Plain tion at the National Pingtung University of Science and in 1961, by subtracting average annual runoff and evap- Technology (NPUST) in Neipu. The total rainfall was oration from the total rainfall, resulting in an estimate 2741 mm in 1988 and 3178 mm in 1994; annual evapora- of 903 million m3 (Hsu 1961b). This amount is equival- tion was 1364 mm in 1988 and 990 mm in 1994 (Ting et ent to 14% the total annual rainfall. The Pingtung Plain al. 1998). The enormous amount of precipitation in Au- is intensively cultivated and recharge is consequently gust and September is not exceptional compared to also the result of excess irrigation in addition to the nat- other years and is characteristic for the rainfall distribu- ural recharge mechanisms, such as rainfall infiltration tion in Taiwan.
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