Harvard University Program in Neuroscience
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Many Specialists for Suppressing Cortical Excitation Andreas Burkhalter Washington University School of Medicine in St
Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 12-2008 Many specialists for suppressing cortical excitation Andreas Burkhalter Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Burkhalter, Andreas, ,"Many specialists for suppressing cortical excitation." Frontiers in Neuroscience.,. 1-167. (2008). https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/495 This Open Access Publication is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons@Becker. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Becker. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOCUSED REVIEW published: 15 December 2008 doi: 10.3389/neuro.01.026.2008 Many specialists for suppressing cortical excitation Andreas Burkhalter* Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA Cortical computations are critically dependent on GABA-releasing neurons for dynamically balancing excitation with inhibition that is proportional to the overall level of activity. Although it is widely accepted that there are multiple types of interneurons, defining their identities based on qualitative descriptions of morphological, molecular and physiological features has failed to produce a universally accepted ‘parts list’, which is needed to understand the roles that interneurons play in cortical processing. A list of features has been published by the Petilla Interneurons Nomenclature Group, which represents an important step toward an unbiased classification of interneurons. To this end some essential features have recently been studied quantitatively and their association was examined using multidimensional cluster analyses. -
GSK3 Signalling Regulates Mammalian Axon Regeneration by Inducing the Expression of Smad1
ARTICLE Received 28 Mar 2013 | Accepted 27 Sep 2013 | Published 28 Oct 2013 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3690 PI3K–GSK3 signalling regulates mammalian axon regeneration by inducing the expression of Smad1 Saijilafu1,*, Eun-Mi Hur1,2,*, Chang-Mei Liu1, Zhongxian Jiao1, Wen-Lin Xu1 & Feng-Quan Zhou1,3 In contrast to neurons in the central nervous system, mature neurons in the mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS) can regenerate axons after injury, in part, by enhancing intrinsic growth competence. However, the signalling pathways that enhance the growth potential and induce spontaneous axon regeneration remain poorly understood. Here we reveal that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling is activated in response to peripheral axotomy and that PI3K pathway is required for sensory axon regeneration. Moreover, we show that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), rather than mammalian target of rapamycin, mediates PI3K-dependent augmentation of the growth potential in the PNS. Furthermore, we show that PI3K–GSK3 signal is conveyed by the induction of a transcription factor Smad1 and that acute depletion of Smad1 in adult mice prevents axon regeneration in vivo. Together, these results suggest PI3K–GSK3–Smad1 signalling as a central module for promoting sensory axon regeneration in the mammalian nervous system. 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. 2 Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. 3 The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. * These authors contributed equally to this work. -
Oup Cercor Bhx026 3790..3805 ++
Cerebral Cortex, July 2017;27: 3790–3805 doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhx026 Advance Access Publication Date: 10 February 2017 Original Article ORIGINAL ARTICLE Body Topography Parcellates Human Sensory and Motor Cortex Esther Kuehn1,2,3,4, Juliane Dinse5,6,†, Estrid Jakobsen7, Xiangyu Long1, Andreas Schäfer5, Pierre-Louis Bazin1,5, Arno Villringer1, Martin I. Sereno2 and Daniel S. Margulies7 1Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany, 2Department of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London WC1H 0DG, UK, 3Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences Magdeburg, Magdeburg 39106, Germany, 4Aging and Cognition Research Group, DZNE, Magdeburg 39106, Germany, 5Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany, 6Faculty of Computer Science, Otto-von- Guericke University, Magdeburg 39106, Germany and 7Max Planck Research Group for Neuroanatomy & Connectivity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany Address correspondence to Esther Kuehn, Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany. Email: [email protected] † Co-first author. Abstract The cytoarchitectonic map as proposed by Brodmann currently dominates models of human sensorimotor cortical structure, function, and plasticity. According to this model, primary motor cortex, area 4, and primary somatosensory cortex, area 3b, are homogenous areas, with the major division lying between the two. Accumulating empirical and theoretical evidence, however, has begun to question the validity of the Brodmann map for various cortical areas. Here, we combined in vivo cortical myelin mapping with functional connectivity analyses and topographic mapping techniques to reassess the validity of the Brodmann map in human primary sensorimotor cortex. -
New Map of Brain's Surface Unites
Spectrum | Autism Research News https://www.spectrumnews.org NEWS New map of brain’s surface unites structure, function BY NICHOLETTE ZELIADT 29 AUGUST 2016 Researchers have charted the human cerebral cortex in unprecedented detail, adding to what is known about the brain’s bumpy outer layer. The map could serve as a reference to help researchers identify alterations in the brains of people with autism1. The cortex has distinct regions with specialized functions that are not obvious to the naked eye, but microscopes and brain scans can reveal variations in its structure and function. Existing maps of the cortex are typically based on a single anatomical or functional feature. The new map, described 20 July in Nature, combines four measures: cortical thickness, the amount of insulation around nerves and two types of neural activity patterns. “We’ve got reasonably accurate descriptions of nearly all of the major cortical areas,” says lead investigator David Van Essen, alumni endowed professor of neuroscience at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The map plots previously unmapped regions of the cortex and divides established ones into parts, giving researchers an expanded view of the brain. “There’s a lot more going on and a lot more detail there than we ever imagined,” says Kevin Pelphrey, director of the Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., who was not involved in the work. Cortical compartments: German neuroanatomist Korbinian Brodmann drew one of the first maps of the cerebral cortex by hand in 1909 after examining postmortem brains under a microscope. -
At Storrs Th 5:00 Pm5:00 Universityconnecticutof Annual – Laurelhall,Floor First – 8:30 Pm 8:30 Th , 2016 , ITINERARY 5 Pm – 6 Pm …… Keynote Lecture
An event organized by the HERE PLACE PLACE UCONN Interdisciplinary STAMP Neuroscience Program Steering Committee with the support of the 20th Annual UCONN OVPR Scholarship Facilitation Fund Neuroscience and the contribution of the at Storrs departments of Biomedical Engineering Electrical & Computer Eng. Monday, October 24th, 2016 Pharmaceutical Sciences Physiology & Neurobiology Psychological Sciences and the CT Institute for the Brain For more info visit 5:00 pm – 8:30 pm and Cognitive Sciences http://neuroscience.uconn.edu/ University of Connecticut Storrs Campus – Laurel Hall, First Floor ITINERARY 5 pm – 6 pm …… Keynote Lecture David Ginty, Ph.D. Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 6 pm – 8:30 pm ......Poster Session & Reception During the poster session, Ph.D. students, postdoctoral fellows, and researchers from across campus will present their work in Keynote Lecture Keynote Speaker poster format. Everybody is welcome to interact informally over food and drinks. A Molecular-genetic David Ginty, Ph.D. Professor, Harvard Medical 7 pm – 8 pm ……………. Data Blitz Approach to Decoding School Investigator, Howard Hughes The Data Blitz is a fun way for trainees to the Sense of Touch Medical Institute present their research in a concise manner http://gintylab.hms.harvard.edu/ to a diverse audience by encapsulating Abstract: The somatosensory system endows us Bio: Dr. Ginty received a degree in biology from Mount their work in a 3 minute-long presentation with a remarkable capacity for object recognition, Saint Mary’s College (1984) and a Ph.D. in physiology and limited to only 3 PowerPoint slides. The texture discrimination, sensory-motor feedback, from East Carolina University School of Medicine bell will be rung at the end of the 3 and social exchange. -
The Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging & Neuroanatomy
The NonHuman Primate Neuroimaging & Neuroanatomy Project Authors Takuya Hayashi1,2*, Yujie Hou3†, Matthew F Glasser4,5†, Joonas A Autio1†, Kenneth Knoblauch3, Miho Inoue-Murayama6, Tim Coalson4, Essa Yacoub7, Stephen Smith8, Henry Kennedy3,9‡, and David C Van Essen4‡ Affiliations 1RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan 2Department of Neurobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan 3Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France 4Department of Neuroscience and 5Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St Louis, MO USA 6Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 7Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA 8Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK 9Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS, Shanghai, China †‡Equal contributions *Corresponding author Takuya Hayashi Laboratory for Brain Connectomics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research 6-7-3 MI R&D Center 3F, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan Author contributions Takuya Hayashi: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Writing - original draft, review & editing Yujie -
Alumni Director Cover Page.Pub
Harvard University Program in Neuroscience History of Enrollment in The Program in Neuroscience July 2018 Updated each July Nicholas Spitzer, M.D./Ph.D. B.A., Harvard College Entered 1966 * Defended May 14, 1969 Advisor: David Poer A Physiological and Histological Invesgaon of the Intercellular Transfer of Small Molecules _____________ Professor of Neurobiology University of California at San Diego Eric Frank, Ph.D. B.A., Reed College Entered 1967 * Defended January 17, 1972 Advisor: Edwin J. Furshpan The Control of Facilitaon at the Neuromuscular Juncon of the Lobster _______________ Professor Emeritus of Physiology Tus University School of Medicine Albert Hudspeth, M.D./Ph.D. B.A., Harvard College Entered 1967 * Defended April 30, 1973 Advisor: David Poer Intercellular Juncons in Epithelia _______________ Professor of Neuroscience The Rockefeller University David Van Essen, Ph.D. B.S., California Instute of Technology Entered 1967 * Defended October 22, 1971 Advisor: John Nicholls Effects of an Electronic Pump on Signaling by Leech Sensory Neurons ______________ Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University David Van Essen, Eric Frank, and Albert Hudspeth At the 50th Anniversary celebraon for the creaon of the Harvard Department of Neurobiology October 7, 2016 Richard Mains, Ph.D. Sc.B., M.S., Brown University Entered 1968 * Defended April 24, 1973 Advisor: David Poer Tissue Culture of Dissociated Primary Rat Sympathec Neurons: Studies of Growth, Neurotransmier Metabolism, and Maturaon _______________ Professor of Neuroscience University of Conneccut Health Center Peter MacLeish, Ph.D. B.E.Sc., University of Western Ontario Entered 1969 * Defended December 29, 1976 Advisor: David Poer Synapse Formaon in Cultures of Dissociated Rat Sympathec Neurons Grown on Dissociated Rat Heart Cells _______________ Professor and Director of the Neuroscience Instute Morehouse School of Medicine Peter Sargent, Ph.D. -
Iwyeth Been Identified in Many Diverse Animal Species and Also in Mammalian Viruses
Conference Lecture Series Courses About the Workshop This workshop will be a unique chance to regroup and share results from scientists interested in semaphorins and their receptors . Submission of Applications • 10fellowships of 600 euros each will be provided by the "Ecole des Neurosciences de Paris" to students presenting posters at the meeting to cover the registration cas t. Students will be selected among the registered participants by the organizers. The Semaphorins are one of the t?l\111 Boehri~ger largest family of axon guidance "'llIhv Ingelhelm molecules, with more than 25 distinct genes characterized in vertebrates and invertebrates. Semaphorins have IWyeth been identified in many diverse animal species and also in mammalian viruses. Semaphorins participate in a variety of developmental and pathological processes. In vitro most semaphorins have potent repulsive effects on specific classes of embryonic axons, although some exert attractive effects. In addition to their ro Ie in axon guidance, many results suggest that semaphorins are involved in other developmental or pathological processes, such as apopt osis, tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, neurodegenerative diseases Conference Lecture Series Courses Speakers (confirmed) Britta Eickholt INSERMU841 MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology Faculte de MMecine Kings College London Submission of 8 rue du General Sarrail New Hunts House, Guys Campus Applications 94010 Creteil Strand, London WC2R 2LS France U.K [email protected] David Ginty Mary C. Halloran The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience University of Wisconsin-Madison Zoology Howard Hughes Medical Institute 307 Zoo Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 1300 University Ave. Room 10 15, PCfB Madison, WI 53706-1532 t?l\111 Boehri~geJ 725 N. -
September, 03 Surface-Based Atlases and a Database of Cortical
September, 03 Surface-Based Atlases and a Database of Cortical Structure and Function David C. Van Essen, John Harwell, Donna Hanlon, James Dickson Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 Correspondence: David Van Essen Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University School of Medicine 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110. Tel.: (314)362-7043; Fax: (314)747-3426; email: [email protected] Keywords: Cerebral cortex; cerebellar cortex; fMRI; neuroimaging; surface-based registration; cortical areas; connectivity To appear as a chapter in: Databasing the Brain: From Data to Knowledge (Neuroinformatics), S.H. Koslow and S. Subramaniam, eds., John Wiley & Sons ===================== Abstract. We have generated surface-based atlases for cerebral and cerebellar cortex in primates (human and macaque) and rodents (rat and mouse). These can be used as substrates for representing and comparing neuroimaging data, cortical partitioning schemes, and many other types of experimental data. Surface-based registration between species facilitates the objective exploration of possible homologies and evolutionary divergences. The Surface Management System (SuMS) database is a repository that is customized for handling the distinctive characteristics of surface- related experimental data and for providing easy and flexible options for data entry and retrieval. Introduction The dominant structure of the mammalian brain is the cerebral cortex, which has been intensively studied for more than a century using an increasingly diverse and powerful array of techniques. Our current state of understanding about cortical organization and function presents a conundrum for neuroscientists. On the one hand, staggering amounts of experimental data have been obtained, and conventional scientific publications are seriously limited in their ability to provide access to vast amounts of valuable data. -
Historical Perspective Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - PublisherNeuron, Connector Vol. 48, 201–211, October 20, 2005, Copyright ª2005 by Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.10.005 Neuroscience at Historical Perspective Johns Hopkins Solomon H. Snyder* ing these talents and himself making major contribu- Department of Neuroscience tions to pathology. William Osler defined the field of in- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ternal medicine, and William Halstead inaugurated 725 North Wolfe Street modern surgery. There was no Neurology Department Baltimore, Maryland 21205 nor even a neurology division of Medicine. Neurosurgery remained a subdivision of the surgery department for al- most 70 years till Donlin Long was appointed the direc- In 1979, Joshua Lederburg, recently appointed presi- tor of a new Neurosurgery Department. dent of Rockefeller University, was in recruiting mode. Based on his long-term interest in the brain and psychi- Neurosurgery and Systems Neuroscience atry, Josh approached me with an attractive offer for In 1906, Harvey Cushing was appointed the first head of myself and my colleagues Joe Coyle and Mike Kuhar. neurosurgery at Hopkins (Figure 1). He revolutionized pi- I visited our Dean, Richard Ross, to say goodbye, as tuitary surgery and, by carefully monitoring symptoms I knew that Hopkins could never provide us Rockefeller- following removal of pituitary tumors, he was able to elu- like resources. While Ross couldn’t match the Rockefel- cidate the role of excess or deficient secretion of the an- ler offer for a professor, he had an alternative proposal. terior pituitary and to confirm his clinical observations Years earlier, an advisory committee had recommended with studies in animals (Cushing, 1909). -
The Unresolved Problem of Synaptic Connectivity in The
The unresolved problem of synaptic connectivity in the context of the cerebro-cerebellar loop Fulvia Palesi1,2, Fernando Calamante3,4, Giovanni Savini2,5, Egidio D'Angelo2,6, and Claudia Angela Michela Gandini Wheeler- Kingshott6,7,8 1Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, 2Brain Connectivity Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy, 3Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia, 4Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, 5Department of Physics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 6Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, 7Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom, 8Brain MRI 3T Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy Synopsis Recently advanced tractography has been used for assessing the feasibility of characterizing cerebro-cerebellar tracts, acknowledging the issue of how tractography deals with polysynaptic connectivity in particular through the thalamus. In this work, four different synaptic connectivity configurations at thalamic level were hypothesized and each one of them was reconstructed using high-quality HCP data. Our findings revealed the key role of thalamic connectivity for characterizing the cerebro-cerebellar connections. We can hypothesize that the relation between streamlines entering/outing the thalamic synapses is multiplicative and our findings using polysynaptc thalamic tracts support the fact that cognitive/associative areas are the mainly involved in the cerebro-cerebellar connections. Purpose The cerebellar involvement in both cognitive and motor functions is increasingly recognized(1). Furthermore, cerebellar processing is mediated by the cerebro-cerebellar loop composed of: cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) and cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways(2). -
BS 165 Magic with Stephen Macknik and Susana Martinez-Conde
Brain Science Hosted by Ginger Campbell, MD Episode #165 Interview with Dr. Stephen Macknik and Dr. Susana Martinez-Conde, Co-Authors of Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals about Our Everyday Deceptions INTRODUCTION Welcome to Brain Science the podcast that explores how recent discoveries in neuroscience are unraveling the mysteries of how our brain makes us human. I am your host Dr. Ginger Campbell and this is episode 165. Today we will be exploring how magic can be used to learn about how our brains process perceptual information, mostly from vision, but also from other senses. Just as visual illusions reveal surprises about how vision works, it turns out that magicians are masters at exploiting the short cuts our brains usually use to perceive the world. Before I tell you about today’s interview I want to remind you that you can get complete show notes and episode transcripts on my website at brainsciencepodcast.com. You can send me feedback via email at [email protected], post voice feedback at speakpipe.com/ docartemis, or post comments on the Brain Science Podcast Fan Page on Facebook. Don’t forget that you can subscribe to Brain Science for free in your favorite podcasting app. Today I am sharing an interview with Dr. Stephen Macknik and Dr. Susana Martinez-Conde are the authors of the new book, Sleights of Mind: What the Neuroscience of Magic Reveals about Our Everyday Deceptions. This interview originally appeared as episode 72, but I am replaying it today because I will be doing a new interview with Stephen Macknik later this month.