DOCSLIB.ORG

Open PDF 226KB

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Open PDF 226KB BNS0027 Written evidence submitted by AnotherDay Background and introduction 1. After months of quantitative and qualitative research, the organisation that I work for, AnotherDay, has just finalised a white paper titled, ‘The Vaccine: How the end of one crisis could become the beginning of the next’, which looks at the seismic geopolitical, security, and societal implications of this possible COVID-19 eradication programme. We wanted the paper to be a first look at this important next step in the trajectory of the pandemic - and to help policymakers, journalists, international security professionals and humanitarians talk more confidently about what might come next. 2. As such, we are submitting the findings of this white paper to the UK Parliament Committee as evidence to address; The main drivers of biosecurity risks to human health in the UK, including from pandemics and emerging infectious diseases and biosecurity risks within overall national security risks. 3. AnotherDay, is a security, risk and intelligence consultancy, based in London. Our intelligence team has worked very closely with clients both prior to, and throughout the pandemic to provide them with actionable intelligence and crisis management skills to navigate the ever-changing and complex landscape. 4. Our clients include world leading banks, large multinationals, NGOs, retail outlets, insurance companies, law firms and individuals, and are based/operate around the world. 5. This white paper is the product of months of data gathering, analysis and expert forecasting on behalf of our intelligence team. Foreword: On 27 July 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organisation (WHO) stated that COVID-19 is easily the most severe global health emergency ever declared under the International Health Regulations (IHR). Believed to have first emerged in China in late 2019, the disease has already led to more than 30 million cases and over a million deaths, with every country on earth affected. As such, a truly global response is needed – and fast. However, to date, only one infectious disease affecting humans has ever been successfully eradicated globally: the world was declared free from smallpox in May 1980, over two decades after the first eradication programme was initiated. SARS-CoV-2, the strain of coronavirus responsible for the respiratory illness COVID-19, continues to be an evolving organism. The WHO declared the initial outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March. However, global incidence continues to grow rapidly, new symptoms and side-effects are still emerging, we are starting to see ‘second spikes’ in countries that seemed to have had a solid grip on their outbreaks, and healthcare systems are reaching their limits. Add to this that several months down the line there continue to be a multitude of ‘known unknowns’, ‘unknown unknowns’, and divided opinions on a number of factors including incubation and contagiousness, transmission, symptoms, recovery, immunity, and, critically, potential preventative and reactive treatment options at both country and local levels. As with other diseases that have driven a global response, the ongoing spread and potential mutation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus must be prevented to not only minimise mortality, morbidity, and disruption of healthcare systems, but also to preserve economies and social development. The answer would seem to be simple: a global eradication programme similar to those implemented for diseases such as smallpox, polio, and yellow fever. And the need for such a programme has never been clearer as we see the current pandemic push numerous countries worldwide into severe recession, compounded further by a range of potential wide- reaching and long-term health, social, and economic welfare consequences. However, this brings about a number of important questions: • Is an eradication programme actually achievable on the scale required for COVID-19 and in this age of massive uncontrolled urbanisation and global mobility? • If so, what would it need to look like? • If so, what are the dynamics and infrastructure needed? • How would it be successfully implemented, and protected, in remote and conflict- ridden regions? • How quickly can an appropriate global programme be developed and initiated? • How long would the campaign take to eradicate COVID-19, if that is indeed possible? • And what impact might the programme have on future security risk and political stability? We begin by analysing the large-scale eradication programmes undertaken for smallpox, polio, and yellow fever, showing that while these have had much success in dramatically reducing or even eliminating disease occurrence, they have also revealed there is no ‘quick win’; eradication is a lengthy and resource-intensive process, requiring a broad range of measures tailored to the individual disease and geographies being targeted, and generating an array of ‘lessons learned’. We then seek to address the questions posed above on the viability of a global eradication campaign for COVID-19, highlighting key comparisons with the nature and context of the other diseases outlined and the implications of these differences. Next, we comment on the potential impact of such a programme on the global security risk and political stability environment going forward, and finally we provide a range of country case studies to demonstrate our observations. We’ve also been rigorous in avoiding the question of whether a vaccine is even possible to develop. Clearly the availability (or not) of a COVID-19 immunisation will create its own monumental social, economic, and political effects. For the purposes of this research, though, we’ve focussed on how the actions, infrastructure, and decisions associated with a global eradication programme specifically will redefine our world, create new conflicts, or inflame existing ones. As with any seismic shift in human history, it may also create specific spaces in which there’s the potential for a new peace rather than a new war. Sophocles once opined that nothing vast enters the life of mortals without a curse: there’s no doubt that a global eradication campaign is critically important to move beyond the COVID- 19 pandemic, but policymakers and thinkers need to begin identifying the potential risks associated with such a gargantuan effort – which eventually may have to reach all seven billion humans on the planet – so that these risks can be effectively mitigated and controlled. So far, most public discourse has focussed on if and when a vaccine will arrive – we have therefore put together this white paper to help begin a conversation between international security professionals, the wider private sector, humanitarians, policymakers, and journalists on how we should start preparing for a world that could be fundamentally altered by the decisions, infrastructure, and conflicts over immunisation. From empty streets in London, to vibrant and teeming streets in Dhaka, to isolated fishing communities in the Canadian Arctic, we’ve tried to assess and explore the implications of what might come next – the implications, of The Vaccine. Key findings: (a) What we can learn from previous eradication campaigns Large-scale eradication programmes have shown that at least 67-80% of the population at risk need to be inoculated to prevent transmission where there is an outbreak. As such, the method of vaccination is critically important. Risks associated with the method of vaccination must be taken into account; side- effects, efficacy and health impacts to certain population sub-groups will all need to be considered as part of the eradication programme. Any coronavirus vaccine will require a stockpile larger than any previous eradication effort in human history. When discussing the potential for vaccinating almost everyone on the planet, or at least enough of a proportion to make a difference to transmission (at least 67-80%), this would be tens of billions of doses – an order of magnitude larger than smallpox, polio, or yellow fever. Without an effective test and trace programme at the national level in every affected country, a mass immunisation programme would lack the intelligence needed to understand whether vaccinators are already losing the battle. This would be particularly true if The Vaccine only leads to an effective immune response for a few months. A community approach to the eradication programme will need to be adopted. Only a small proportion of the population visit conventional healthcare settings, which are designed primarily for those who seek help. In order to successfully deliver preventive as well as remedial services to the wider population, particularly in hard to reach areas, special outreach methods will be required. Despite emerging indications that a viable vaccine might be available for distribution in the first half of 2021, the world will need to continue existing public health measures such as hand hygiene, mask wearing, and physical distancing, as well as rigorous testing, tracing, and isolating for the foreseeable future. Access to other life-saving vaccinations worldwide has declined or been halted amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and the WHO has warned that this drop in routine immunisation could cause more harm than COVID-19 itself, consideration should be given to combining the delivery of COVID-19 inoculations with other vital disease vaccinations missed since movement restrictions were put in place. (b) Societal resistance
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Emergence of Highly Infectious SARS-Cov-2 Variants in Bangladesh
    Hasan et al. Trop Med Health (2021) 49:69 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-021-00360-w Tropical Medicine and Health LETTER TO THE EDITOR Open Access Emergence of highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants in Bangladesh: the need for systematic genetic surveillance as a public health strategy Mohammad Mehedi Hasan1,2, Ian Christopher N. Rocha3, Kimberly G. Ramos3, Trisha Denise D. Cedeño3, Ana Carla dos Santos Costa4, Christos Tsagkaris5, Md. Masum Billah6, Shoaib Ahmad7 and Mohammad Yasir Essar8* Abstract Bangladesh, a low-middle-income country in South Asia is facing one of its worst public health emergencies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The increase in the number of cases from the disease, since the second half of March 2021, can potentially cause the health system overload, and has, as one of the main reasons, the non-compliance with measures of social distance and the emergence of the variants of concern in the country. This increase in the contagion curve can also provide a favorable environment for the occurrence of more mutations in the structure and genome of the virus. Therefore, there is an urge to carry out genomic surveillance programs in order to identify, moni- tor and characterize these variants, and understand whether the vaccines currently used are efective against them. Keywords: Bangladesh, SARS-CoV-2 variants, Public health, Genetic surveillance Dear editor, in the country began to increase during the middle of Te ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) March 2021. Initially, there was a drop in the number of pandemic is a major burden to health systems world- cases during February 2021, in which the lowest monthly wide, constituting the worst health crisis in history.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical JOUR
    RHODE ISLAND M EDiCAL J ournal ZOOM – It’s a Match! Virtual National Match Day is largest on record See page 75 R SPECIAL SECTION, PART II BIOMEDICAL/TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH in RI GUEST EDITORS: JAMES PADBURY, MD; BONGSUP CHO, PhD ApRiL 2021 VOLUME 104 • NUMBER 3 iSSN 2327-2228 REINVENTING WHAT YOU EXPECT FROM A MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY PROVIDER. With Coverys, you can reduce the distractions that come between diagnosis and outcomes. By leveraging claims data and analytics plus innovative educational resources, we’re helping doctors and administrators reduce distractions and focus on improving clinical, operational, and financial outcomes.Visit coverys.com Insurance products issued by ProSelect® Insurance Company (NE, NAIC 10638) and Preferred Professional Insurance Company® (NE, NAIC 36234). RHODE ISLAND M EDICAL J OURNAL 15 Translational Research: The Time is Now JAMES F. PADBURY, MD BONGSUP P. CHO, PhD GUEST EDITORS James F. Padbury, MD Bongsup Cho, PhD 17 The Time is NOW: Filling the Gaps in Treatment of Opioid-Exposed Infants: A Prospective, Pragmatic, Randomized Control Drug Trial ADAM J. CZYNSKI, DO; ABBOT R. LAPTOOK, MD 22 COBRE on Opioid and Overdose: A Collaborative Research-Based Center Addressing the Crises in Rhode Island and Beyond TRACI C. GREEN, PhD, MSc; ELIANA KAPLOWITZ, BA; KIRSTEN LANGDON, PhD; JACLYN M.W. HUGHTO, PhD, MPH; WILLIAM C. GOEDEL, PhD; ADAM J. CZYNSKI, DO; GAYLE FRASER, BS; JOSIAH RICH, MD, MPH 27 Brown University COBRE Center for Addiction and Disease Risk Exacerbation PETER M. MONTI, PhD; JENNIFER W. TIDEY, PhD; JASJIT S. AHLUWALIA, MD 32 The Center of Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) for Perinatal Biology – Accomplishments, Impact, and Long-term Results SUNIL K.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing SARS-Cov-2 Circulation, Variants of Concern, Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions and Vaccine Rollout in the EU/EEA, 15Th Update 10 June 2021
    RISK ASSESSMENT Assessing SARS-CoV-2 circulation, variants of concern, non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccine rollout in the EU/EEA, 15th update 10 June 2021 Summary Although SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains widespread in large parts of the EU/EEA, most countries report declining trends in 14-day COVID-19 notification rates, hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy, and mortality. Many countries have initiated partial lifting of different non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that aim to reduce the degree of citizens physical contact and mobility. Since January 2021, EU/EEA countries have reported an increase in the number and proportion of SARS-CoV-2 cases of variants of concern (VOC) associated with increasing transmissibility and/or severity, with Alpha (B.1.1.7) the current dominant variant across the EU/EEA. Estimates across the region show that a large proportion of the population across Europe still remains susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that population immunity is far from being reached. As of 3 June, the median cumulative vaccine uptake in the EU/EEA adult population (aged 18 years and older) had reached 46.2% for at least one vaccine dose and 22.3% for the full vaccination course. The highest level of vaccine uptake was observed among the elderly aged over 80, in which the uptake reached 80.5% for at least one dose and 66.3% for full vaccination coverage. For healthcare workers, the median level of at least one dose uptake was 87% and the median uptake for the full vaccination course was 65.2%. Increased vaccine supply has allowed countries to expand eligibility for vaccination to younger age groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctors' Mental Health in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Doctors’ Mental Health in the Midst of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Work Demands and Recovery Experiences 1,2, 1, , 3 Mohd Fadhli Mohd Fauzi y , Hanizah Mohd Yusoff * y, Rosnawati Muhamad Robat , Nur Adibah Mat Saruan 1,2 , Khairil Idham Ismail 1,2 and Ahmad Firdaus Mohd Haris 4 1 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; [email protected] (M.F.M.F.); [email protected] (N.A.M.S.); [email protected] (K.I.I.) 2 Ministry of Health Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia 3 Occupational and Environmental Health Unit, Selangor State Health Department, No 1, Wisma Sunway, Jalan Tengku Ampuan Zabedah C 9/C, Seksyen 9, Shah Alam, Selangor 40100, Malaysia; [email protected] 4 Non-Communicable Diseases Unit, Perak State Health Department, Jalan Koo Chong Kong, Ipoh 30000, Perak, Malaysia; ahmad.fi[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +60-3-9145-5904 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 18 September 2020; Accepted: 5 October 2020; Published: 8 October 2020 Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic potentially increases doctors’ work demands and limits their recovery opportunity; this consequently puts them at a high risk of adverse mental health impacts. This study aims to estimate the level of doctors’ fatigue, recovery, depression, anxiety, and stress, and exploring their association with work demands and recovery experiences. This was a cross-sectional study among all medical doctors working at all government health facilities in Selangor, Malaysia.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Distancing and Supply Disruptions in a Pandemic∗
    Social Distancing and Supply Disruptions in a Pandemic∗ Martin Bodenstein Giancarlo Corsetti Luca Guerrieri Federal Reserve Board University of Cambridge Federal Reserve Board June 18, 2020 Abstract Drastic public health measures such as social distancing or lockdowns can reduce the loss of human life by keeping the number of infected individuals from exceeding the capacity of the health care system but are often criticized because of the social and economic costs they entail. We question this view by combining an epidemiological model, calibrated to capture the spread of the COVID-19 virus, with a multisector model, designed to capture key characteristics of the U.S. Input Output Tables. Our two-sector model features a core sector that produces intermediate inputs not easily replaced by inputs from the other sector, subject to minimum-scale requirements. We show that, by affecting workers in this core sector, the high peak of an infection not mitigated by social distancing may cause very large upfront economic costs in terms of output, consumption and investment. Social distancing measures can reduce these costs, especially if skewed towards non-core industries and occupations with tasks that can be performed from home, helping to smooth the surge in infections among workers in the core sector. JEL classifications: E1, E3, I1. Keywords: infectious disease, epidemic, recession, COVID-19. ∗ The views expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or of any other person associated with the Federal Reserve System.
    [Show full text]
  • IHP News 610 : Perseverance
    IHP news 610 : Perseverance ( 26 Feb 2021) The weekly International Health Policies (IHP) newsletter is an initiative of the Health Policy unit at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, Belgium. Dear Colleagues, When the first vaccine doses distributed by COVAX landed in Ghana earlier this week, it felt a bit like the Perseverance’s landing on Mars. Ouf! At last. Neil Armstrong probably also nodded approvingly from heaven, when hearing some of the rhetoric: “Wonderful words from @UNICEF Covax Coordinator Gian Gandhi as the first ACTA flight hits the ground in Ghana: « A short flight, and small step to reduce inequities in vaccine access... but a huge achievement that’s been almost 10 months in the making». Anyway, encouraging and great news, not a day too soon. Still, the picture on global vaccine equity remains bleak in the short term, for the reasons you know. Yes, there is a growing movement behind vaccine equity, as dr. Tedros claimed last week, and multilateralism made a cautious comeback at the G7 summit (with Covax getting a (much needed) shot in the arm). WHO officials can now be (a bit) more optimistic about successfully getting around 2 billion vaccine doses to at least 20% of the populations of 92 lower-income economies by the end of 2021. But they shouldn’t get carried away too soon, as this (excellent) COVAX “state of affairs” piece in Stat argued: “more is needed to ensure global vaccine access”. A quote from Kenneth Shadlen put things in perspective: “It would be great if COVAX can help us avoid a worst-case scenario of poor countries having no vaccines until 2022 or later.
    [Show full text]
  • Since January 2020 Elsevier Has Created a COVID-19 Resource Centre with Free Information in English and Mandarin on the Novel Coronavirus COVID- 19
    Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 4 (2021) 100114 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/journals/ current-research-in-green-and-sustainable-chemistry/2666-0865 Natural products as environmentally safe and green approach to combat Covid-19 Dheeraj Singh Chauhan a,b, Shailendra Yadav c, M.A. Quraishi d,* a Center for Research Excellence in Desalination and Water Treatment, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia b Modern National Chemicals, Second Industrial City, Dammam, 31421, Saudi Arabia c Department of Chemistry, Basic Science, AKS University, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, 485001, India d Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The Covid-19 pandemic is a major catastrophe in recent times that has taken a toll over the global scale in terms of Covid-19 the casualties, economic impact, and human beings' lifestyle.
    [Show full text]
  • COVID-19 Related Conspiracy Theories and Pandemic Behavior an Exploratory Measure of Intentions to Comply with This Lockdown
    COVID-19 related Conspiracy Theories and Pandemic Behavior A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior Roland Imhoff1 and Pia Lamberty1 1Social and Legal Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany Accepted for publication at Social Psychological and Personality Science Corrected version September 2020 – the prior version was based on mis-coded pandemic behavior items. These have been corrected which created many changes in value estimates, but not in inferences one would draw from them. Acknowledgment: Both authors contributed equally to this research, authorship reflects alphabetical order. Study 2b was generously supported by Prolific’s (www.prolific.co) initiative to waive fees for COVID-related studies. Address correspondence to Roland Imhoff ([email protected]) and Pia Lamberty ([email protected]). COVID-19 related Conspiracy Theories and Pandemic Behavior A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior In November 2019, a 55-year old man from the Hubei province in China was diagnosed with a new disease caused by a new virus SARS-CoV-2. In the beginning of 2020, the coronavirus pandemic has infected an enormous amount of people worldwide. Countries closed their borders, announced lockdowns and people were asked to follow protective measures against the new coronavirus such as physical distancing or hand washing. Health systems were often not properly prepared to handle the influx of cases and arguably, the public information system was not prepared either. Already in February 2020, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the Director General of the WHO, warned that the world is "not just fighting an epidemic; we’re fighting an infodemic.
    [Show full text]
  • How South Africa Is Dragging Its Vaccine Rollout Back from the Brink Published: 23 August 2021 South Africa Planned Early for Its Covid Vaccination Programme
    FEATURE BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.n1949 on 23 August 2021. Downloaded from Johannesburg COVID-19 [email protected] Cite this as: BMJ 2021;374:n1949 http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n1949 How South Africa is dragging its vaccine rollout back from the brink Published: 23 August 2021 South Africa planned early for its covid vaccination programme. Yet ongoing procurement problems and new variant fuelled waves have left its population vulnerable, reports Bibi-Aisha Wadvalla Bibi-Aisha Wadvalla freelance journalist It’s a winter of discontent in South Africa. Only a partnered on HIV vaccine development—to get one small fraction of the population is fully vaccinated million replacement doses. as the country grapples with a third wave dominated In mid-April, by which point close to 300 000 jabs by the Delta variant of covid-19. This forced the had been administered (enough to give one dose to country into a one month “level 4” lockdown (ended 0.5% of South Africa’s population of 60 million), 25 July) that included a ban on all gatherings and reports of rare blood clots—an issue which has also alcohol sales, limitations on inter-provincial travel, plagued the AstraZeneca vaccine—emerged for the and restaurant services limited to takeaways. J&J vaccine. South Africa followed other countries’ The number of hospitalisations is higher than the precautionary measures and paused the J&J previous two waves, and more deaths are being vaccinations for two weeks. reported. Nationwide there’s an average of 13 000 This left the government agonisingly short of its new daily cases, primarily driven by Gauteng targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Activation of Spike Fosters SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection
    www.nature.com/cr Cell Research www.cell-research.com ARTICLE OPEN Mechanical activation of spike fosters SARS-CoV-2 viral infection Wei Hu1,15, Yong Zhang2,15, Panyu Fei1,3,15, Tongtong Zhang1,4,15, Danmei Yao1,15, Yufei Gao1,3, Jia Liu5,6, Hui Chen2, Qiao Lu5,6, 5 1 7 8 1 9 10 9 5,6 ✉ Tenny Mudianto✉ , Xinrui Zhang , Chuxuan✉ Xiao , Yang Ye ,✉ Qiming Sun , Jing Zhang , Qi Xie , Pei-Hui Wang , Jun Wang , Zhenhai Li11 , Jizhong Lou 2,12,13 and Wei Chen 1,7,14 © The Author(s) 2021 The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2) has caused a global COVID-19 pandemic. The spike protein of SARS2 (SARS2-S) recognizes host receptors, including ACE2, to initiate viral entry in a complex biomechanical environment. Here, we reveal that tensile force, generated by bending of the host cell membrane, strengthens spike recognition of ACE2 and accelerates the detachment of spike’s S1 subunit from the S2 subunit to rapidly prime the viral fusion machinery. Mechanistically, such mechano-activation is fulfilled by force-induced opening and rotation of spike’s receptor-binding domain to prolong the bond lifetime of spike/ACE2 binding, up to 4 times longer than that of SARS-S binding with ACE2 under 10 pN force application, and subsequently by force-accelerated S1/S2 detachment which is up to ~103 times faster than that in the no-force condition. Interestingly, the SARS2-S D614G mutant, a more infectious variant, shows 3-time stronger force-dependent ACE2 binding and 35-time faster force-induced S1/S2 detachment.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of the EU and ASEAN Bruno Jetin
    How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the regions? A comparative analysis of the EU and ASEAN Bruno Jetin To cite this version: Bruno Jetin. How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the regions? A comparative analysis of theEU and ASEAN. 2021. halshs-03171573 HAL Id: halshs-03171573 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03171573 Preprint submitted on 17 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the regions? A comparative analysis of the EU and ASEAN Bruno Jetin Universiti Brunei Darussalam Working Paper No.63 Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong 2021 Editorial Board, Working Paper Series Professor Lian Kwen Fee, Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Associate Professor Paul J. Carnegie, Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Authors Bruno Jetin is Associate Professor and Director of the Institute of Asian Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Prior to joining UBD, he was researcher at the Institute for Research on Contemporary Southeast Asia (IRASEC, CNRS-MAEE, Bangkok) and Associate Professor at the University Sorbonne Paris Nord where he was Deputy Director and then Acting Director (2010-2012) of the Research Center in Economics.
    [Show full text]
  • Interim Recommendations on the Use of COVID-19 Vaccines in Nigeria
    Nigeria Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NGI-TAG) Interim Recommendations on the Use of COVID-19 Vaccines in Nigeria Should the COVID-19 vaccines be introduced for use among targeted Nigerian populace? If so, which COVID vaccines should the country introduce? What groups should be prioritized to receive the vaccines first? 1 Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Context of the question ........................................................................................... 10 2.2 General Information on the subject ......................................................................... 11 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 16 3.1 Establishment and functioning of a Working Group .............................................. 16 3.2 Recommendation framework ................................................................................. 16 3.3 Evidence Search and Assessment ........................................................................... 16 Presentation of the evidence ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]