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City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Buchanan, V. (2019). Spaces of subjugation, complicity and resistance: negotiating subjectivity, power and agency in the environments and contexts of everyday terror. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25275/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Running head: SITUATED SELVES AND FAMILY ABUSE Relationally situated selves and abuse within the family: An ecological community psychology perspective Verity Buchanan A Portfolio Submitted for the Award of Doctorate in Counselling Psychology (DPsych) City, University of London Department of Psychology November 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 DECLARATION 8 PREFACE 9 REFERENCE LIST 11 PART ONE: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDY 12 ABSTRACT 13 TERMINOLOGY 14 RESEARCH STUDY INTRODUCTION 15 1 CHAPTER ONE – CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW 18 1.1. LIVING IN SPACE: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACE AND DISTRESS 21 1.2. SPACES OF THE HOME 22 1.3. THEORISING SPACE 25 1.4. RELATIONS IN SPACE 25 1.5. LIFE SPACE 27 1.6. SPACE AS THE FORM THAT PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPERIENCE TAKES 30 1.7. SPACES OF AGENCY 32 1.8. EVERYDAY TERROR AND PUBLIC/ PRIVATE SPACE 32 1.9. SPACES OF RESISTANCE 36 1.10. CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS RESEARCH 38 1.11. THE PURPOSE OF THIS RESEARCH 39 1.12. A MORE ACTIVE ROLE FOR COUNSELLING PSYCHOLOGISTS? 41 2 CHAPTER TWO – METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES 43 2.1 FEMINIST QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 43 2.2 THEORETICAL POSITION 43 2.3 ONTOLOGY AND EPISTEMOLOGY 44 2.4 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM 45 2 2.5 ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES 47 2.6 RATIONALE FOR THEMATIC ANALYSIS 48 2.7 REFLEXIVITY 49 2.8 PERSONAL REFLEXIVITY (PRE-RESEARCH STAGE) 50 2.9 EPISTEMOLOGICAL REFLEXIVITY 51 2.10 ETHICS AND PROCEDURE 53 2.10.1 RESEARCH PLANNING PHASE – AND THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT 53 2.10.2 RECRUITMENT PHASE 54 2.10.3 DATA COLLECTION PHASE – AND SECURING INFORMED CONSENT 55 2.10.4 ANALYSIS PHASE 59 2.10.5 DISSEMINATION PHASE 61 2.11 DATA COLLECTION REFLEXIVITY 61 2.12 ANALYTIC PROCESS 64 2.13 DATA ANALYSIS REFLEXIVITY 70 2.14 VALIDITY AND EVALUATION 71 3 CHAPTER THREE – ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 74 3.1 SPACES OF SUBJUGATION: INVASION, ALIENATION AND ANNIHILATION 76 3.1.1. INVASION 76 3.1.2. ALIENATION 79 3.1.3. ANNIHILATION 82 3.1.4. THEORETICAL DISCUSSION 85 3.2 STRUCTURAL SPACES OF COMPLICITY: PUBLIC, INSTITUTIONAL AND DIGITAL SPACE 91 3.2.1. PUBLIC SPACE 91 3.2.2. INSTITUTIONAL SPACE 93 3.2.3. DIGITAL SPACE 99 3.2.4. THEORETICAL DISCUSSION 102 3.3 SPACES OF RESISTANCE: MOVEMENT, CONNECTION AND AGENCY 108 3 3.3.1 MOVEMENT 108 3.3.2 CONNECTION 112 3.3.3 AGENCY 117 3.3.4 THEORETICAL DISCUSSION 121 4 CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUDING CHAPTER 128 4.1. SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS 128 4.2. RETURNING TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION AND RATIONALE 129 4.3. VALUE OF THIS APPROACH 130 4.4. RECONFIGURATION OF THERAPY 131 4.5. FINAL REFLEXIVITY 134 4.6. LIMITATIONS 135 4.7. FUTURE RESEARCH 137 4.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS 140 4.9. A PSYCHOLOGY OF THE COMMUNITY 141 4.10. IMPLICATIONS FOR MY PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 142 REFERENCE LIST 144 APPENDIX A: SEGMENT FROM REFLECTIVE DIARY 163 APPENDIX B: RESEARCH FLYER 164 APPENDIX C: INITIAL PRESENTATION TO VOICES 165 APPENDIX D: ASSESSMENT TOOL 168 APPENDIX E: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE 169 APPENDIX F: PARTICIPANT INFORMATION SHEET 170 APPENDIX G: INFORMED CONSENT 173 APPENDIX H: DEBRIEF INFORMATION 175 APPENDIX I: SEGMENT OF TRANSCRIBED INTERVIEW (MARJARIE) 178 APPENDIX J: SEGMENT OF ANALYSIS OF TRANSCRIBED INTERVIEW (MARY) 182 APPENDIX K: TABLE OF CODED EXTRACTS (MARJARIE) 186 4 APPENDIX L: TABLE OF THEMES (LUCY) 187 APPENDIX M: DIAGRAMMATIC LINKING OF THEMES 191 APPENDIX N: THEMATIC MAP 192 APPENDIX O: ETHICS APPROVAL 196 APPENDIX P: ETHICS APPLICATION FORM AND FEEDBACK 197 APPENDIX Q: RISK ASSESSMENTS 217 APPENDIX R: DISTRESS PROTOCOL 219 APPENDIX S: BIOGRAPHIES 220 APPENDIX T: EMOTION, SPACE AND SOCIETY SUBMISSION GUIDELINES 224 5 PART TWO: PUBLISHABLE PAPER 234 5.1. FOREWORD 234 5.2. ABSTRACT 234 5.3. INTRODUCTION 235 5.4. EVERYDAY TERRORISM AND PUBLIC/PRIVATE SPACE 237 5.5. SPACES OF RESISTANCE 239 5.6. METHODOLOGY 241 5.7. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 243 5.7.1 SPACES OF COMPLICITY: STRUCTURAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND PUBLIC SPACE 244 5.7.2 SPACES OF RESISTANCE: MOVEMENT, CONNECTION AND AGENCY 251 5.8. SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS 259 5.9. CONCLUDING REMARKS 260 5.10. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 261 REFERENCE LIST 263 6 PART THREE – CLIENT CASE STUDY 271 6.1. INTRODUCTION 272 6.1.1 CLIENT DEMOGRAPHICS AND SERVICE CONTEXT 272 6.1.2 THEORETICAL APPROACH: PERSON-CENTRED THERAPY 272 5 6.1.3 RATIONALE FOR THIS PRESENTATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEMES 273 6.2. CLIENT STUDY 274 6.2.1 REFERRAL 275 6.2.2 ASSESSMENT 275 6.2.3 FORMULATION AND TREATMENT PLAN 276 6.2.4 THERAPY 277 6.2.5 OUTCOME AND ENDING 279 6.3. PROCESS REPORT 279 6.3.1 OVERVIEW 280 6.3.2 TRANSCRIPT AND COMMENTARY (15.18 – 25.18) 280 6.3.3 SESSION ENDING AND EVALUATION 289 6.4. REFLECTIVE DISCUSSION 290 REFERENCE LIST 293 6 City, University of London Northampton Square London EC1V 0HB United Kingdom T +44 (0)20 7040 5060 THE FOLLOWING PARTS OF THIS THESIS HAS BEEN REDACTED FOR COPYRIGHT AND DATA PROTECTION REASONS: Part 2: publishable paper......................................................................................................234-273 Part 3: Client study..............................................................................................................274-295 Appendices: I, J, M, N, S & T www.city.ac.uk Academic excellence for business and the professions ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to aCknowledge and thank the wonderful women who agreed to partiCipate in this researCh projeCt. Your bravery and belief in yourselves is inspiring and I feel honoured to have been able to meet you and spend time getting to hear your stories. To my supervisor, Prof Paula Reavey, your support, your intelligenCe, your insight, your wit and your ability to Cut through ‘hot air’ and get to the point has made this researCh much less complicated to navigate and, in tense moments, easier to bear. I would also like to thank the people who made this entire projeCt possible. Being able to reaCh partiCipants such as these is not simple, for very good reason, and so without the help of Natasha Oppenheim, her mother, Tania Oppenheim, and Diana Barran MBE, it would not have been possible to meet these women who so generously let me into their lives. Even more, I would like to thank Ursula Lindenberg, who reCeived my research idea so warmly and who introduCed me to this utterly humbling group of survivors. To my many friends who I know I have neglected over the last 6 years. I hope when you read this, you will understand what I have been doing with my time! To my most kind and gentle daughter, Savannah, and my adorable menaCe of a son, Phoenix, both of whom I managed to create along the way, I hope you will forgive me for being, to date, a largely absent mother! And I look forward to getting to know you both now that this journey is nearly over. To BeCky, who stepped into my shoes, and very likely performed the role better than I ever could. Your humour lights up the house and makes life better for us all. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my endlessly patient husband, Christophe. You have supported me in every way imaginable and, despite being a psyChologiCal simpleton(!), have done all that you Can to understand me and try to help me in my struggles. I love you more than anything in the world. And will try to be a better wife as I make this terrifying move out of the safety of academia and over to New York to support you. 7 DECLARATION I, Verity BuChanan, hereby grant powers of disCretion to City, University of London to allow this thesis to be Copied in whole or in part without further reference to the author. This permission Covers only single copies made for study purposes, subject to the normal conditions of acknowledgement. 8 PREFACE This Counselling PsyChology DPsyCh portfolio Comprises three parts: A researCh projeCt, a publishable paper and a CliniCal Case study. Threaded through all three Components are a number of common strands, namely the fluid, dynamiC and relational ConstruCtions of self, the impaCt of the wider familial, soCietal, Cultural and struCtural context on experience, the disempowerment and abuse taking place within the family and, the redundanCy of the theoretiCal divide between ‘publiC’ and ‘private’ space. Firstly, introducing each aspect of this portfolio, I will then go on to disCuss the three elements in relation to my training to beCome a counselling psychologist. In the first part, the researCh project explores the role played by space in the lives of women who have suffered domestiC abuse.