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Home , Bdeogale, Japanese badger, Nasuella, Servaline genet, Slender mongoose

Svtnn CnnNrvonr CoNSERVATToN

TheNewsletter and Journal of thelucN/ssc Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group IUCN

Number29 October2003

SPEcTESSuRVrv.rl CoMMrssroN

Zonzbor ServahneCenel Gen etta servalinaarcheri ZonztborBushy-toile,l Mangoose $assicauda tenu is

Phatas:Helle V. Coldmon & lon WintherHonsen

Theproduction and distribution of thisissue has been sponsored by "MarwellPreservation Trust Ltd", Colden Common, UK "RoyalZoological Society of Antwerp",Antwerp, Belgium "ColumbusZoo", Powell, Ohio, USA and "WildlifeConservation Society/Central Park Wildlile Centel', NewYork, NY. USA Svren Cnnxrvonr CoNSERVATToN The Newsletterand Journalof theIUCN/SSC Mustelid,Viverrid & ProcyonidSpecialist Group

Editor-in-chief: HarryVan Rompaey, Edegem, Belgium

Associateeditor: William Duckworth, Bristol, UK

Editorial board: Angela Glatston,Rotterdam, Netherlands Michael Riffel, Heidelberg,Germany Arnd Schreiber,Heidelberg, Germany RolandWirth, Miinchen,Germany

This numberwasalso sponsored by: ffiDr,".-ffffi lTp,o)t@ ZW

Thc !icws exprcssedin ihis publlcationarc thoscofthe authofsand do not necessarilyrellecr rhose of the IUCN. nor rhc ILICN/SSCMustelid. Vi\,errid & ProcyonidSpecialist cfoup.

'Ihe aim ofthi! publicaiionis lc' offcr the membersofthe IUCN/SSC MV&PSG. rnd lhose who.tre concemcdwirh mustelids,virenids. and proclonids, bricfp.rpeh. news itemi. abltracts.and tirles ol rcccnt literalure All readersare in\'ilcd to send materia to:

Small CarnivoreConservation c/o Dn H. Van Rompaey Jan Verbertlei,15 2650Edegem - Belgium [email protected]

Printedon recycled prpcr ISSN l0l9-5041 First photographs of the Servaline Genelta seraalina archei and other endemic subspecieson the island of Unguja,

Helle V. GOLDMANT and Jon WINTHER-HANSEN,

ln January 200:1.a camera napping survey in Jozrni krssof habitat (Myers "r d1..2000, t. 85:l). Joani{hwaka Bay Chwaka Ba] National Park. Zanzibar. resullcd in rhe fifsr National Park. upgr,rdedfrcln a forest feservear the begjnningol phofographsof the Zanzibar Senaline Genet c",eta seNalind 2003and enlars.-d ro 50 km:. encompasesUnsuja's only rclnaining dr./r"ri. This subspcciesis endemicto theisland ofUnguja andhas natural,older-growth forcst (Robini', 1976:Williams !,r rl.. 1998i only recendy bccn delcribed. The three olher docnmenred Box 5.5.4 in Rodgers& Burgess.2000). 1!comprises a mosaicol hdigenous smal1cNrn ivores of the islandwere alsophob rrapped: other habitatsas wcll. includirg .oral rag thicke!,bracken tields. Zanzibar BLrshy-railedMongoose Bdr:ogaft,trussicau.]a tenuis, saltmarshgrassland and rngro!c forcsls.Whilc pcopledo illegally ZanzibarSlender Mongo('se H(rpest?s sanurin.u tut'es.ensLnt pach and cut wood wirhin thc boundaricsof lhe park. Jozani s Aliican Cirettittis civettd s(hwar:i. Both nongooses are tlorr and launa are probably under less hunnn prcs\urc th.llr endemic suhspecies.while the popularion of Aliican on sunounding a.crs, which dre afforded no legal protec{ionor arc thguja belongsto a subspeciesrlso li)und on the adjacentcoast under thc control of local communities. of lhe mainland(Packenham, 198,1i scc allo Ray. 1995).To our knowledge. no liling spe.imens of ihese halc bccn Methods phdographed in Zanzibir bcforc. Two baitedTrailMaster camcra Lrats. using infrafed sensors, Wilh Lhe limited resourcesof Zanzibar's cnlironnental were deplolcd in lhe p,uk for a total of 55 trap-nighls durinS authoritiesfocused on a small number of highly salientspccics, Janury 2003.To samplcdillcrent habitatsin a ldrgeportion of ibe praicularly Aders Dui'kerCephdbphus atie^i and the Zanzibar park, thc setswere moved ofien: by ihe end oflhe sludy the tr.rps Rcd Colobus Monkey P.o.olob,r ftirttt {onsidered ihe iwo had been set up at l0 locarions- nrosl imponant indicatorspecics.lhc rcst ofZanzibar's faunahas rccci!cd co'nparativelylitrle attenlion.Most inrcrnatnnralreseafch Survcy ettirl was concentratedin the coral rrg thicket rnd conscrlation effofts have been snnilarly oricnt.d. Among becauseofthc inrpo(ance in docunentingthe wildliie in the Dore Unguja's fauna is a iargely overlookcdguild which includeslour thrcatenedhabitat. The park s thicketcd areas proponionally i1digen.,.r,'mJll .JIi\Jre,. lhe J.rn ot ^ur r,,m(.r: :pprn! nrucb morc extensivethdn the groundwaterfbrest appcarL(, be \urvey was to documenl lhc small spe.ies presenl in under heavierhuman pressurcin thc forn ol illegNl hunting and Jozani Chwaka Bay NrlnJnrlPrrk. The largerobjeciives were ro augment our very scanty knowledge of these aninals ltnd to contrjbuteto their preservition in ZanzibNr. Results Study area The fesultirg 7l photogrrphs ol wild oinrals included representarilcsof even : ore Vimare lcercopithetu\ Un-!uja. the main island in LhcZanlibdr drchipelago.lies riirir). one rodent (Pdldazn! pulliatus), one niscclilorc (lhrew about6'' souih ofthe equalorand 40 km from nrainlandTanzania st.) andtourcarnivores: Aiiican Civct Cn,etnttr.trena schtrat.i. lnd hrs an areaofapproxnnalely 1,600km'. The deepersoil zone ZNnribrr Seryaline Getet G?nette senltlina dfth"ri. Znti6^l of lhe leslcn prlt of the islard fbrnrerly supponedmoisl forest, Bushy-railcdMonsoose a deosat. . ft1tI i<:au.l.1k'nuit andZanzibar while in ihe east and much of lhc s)uth thicket and dry tbren Slender Heryestes sdnsunteusnrf.J, e"J. All seven "corul covered the drier and less lcnil€ ra8" zone fossil cor,tl sFcies $ere photo-lrappedin thc cotul tug Lhickettlhfee species incompletelyoverlain by a thin layer ofpoor soil. The islard has wcrc alsophoto trappedin lhe groundwater foresl. Ol tho! i vcrids beenseparalcd l()m mainland Africa for ca. I 0,(X)0I 5.0m yca|s. pemitling rhc evolution of severalendemic rnammal subspecies (Moreau & Pakenhdrn.l94l: Pikenharn. 1984rKingdon. l98il). tun ibdr Sltunhv G.r.t Cenetta servalina arhci rfr,r, rztrr?tl it1 h.a,1 (h*dku Rur Nuli.nul Pdtk. S?? tlounan & trtnth.r Haas.a 2003 lar !hi\ wirh about 52.1.000 inhabitanrs. Unguja has a rural rhobNrdth in .o|.tt I'lDtu: Jon Vr'inthlt l!.n^(n & H!11? V. ti.ltlnar populationdensity ofsone lT0pcNons I'er klnr(figures basedon tlniled Rcpublic of Tanzania, l99l; Zanzibat Rcvolulionary Govennent. 1992). Rur.rl Zanliharis make thet living tiorr \ariurs combinalion! of cash crop and subsislcncccukivrtion. livcsto.k husbrndry. charcoal and line producrior. harvesring .rnd selling fuclwood and building poles, hunting and fishing. lncreasingio scalelrs the human populrtn)n grows (by over 37. per )eat. 'nany of theseactivities hale scr()usly degradedthe natural environmentinparts ol Lhcisland. Habitat deshctior andhunting are two ofthe main ihreats1o the island's wild faura.

Zrnzibar lics wirhin the PasternArc and CoastalFo.esls ''blodiversity hotspoi', onc of 25 areas fearunng erceplional con.entrationsof endenic speciesand cxperien.ing exceptional andhcrt.\Lid\. rllbur lhcAliicrD Ci\ct $crcphoio-Irapped ir both species.and the Smrll Irdi{n Ci\ct l,ir.rft r/li i,r/nd. of A\ian the thilket and rhe gr)rtrxlwltcr li)rc\t. ongrn.$eighirg this.rgrin( drequanLit) ol fhotogr'.rth\ol lhe nxti\e snull crrni\orcs.rhc lack of BandedMongN\e rnd Snral Lrch crmilo.c spccics$as pholo rrrppeclrl l$o or rore lndian Civet pictufes sullcsts thrt thcsc i roclucedspecie\ are k)cltions.lheZan/ibar S.Nrlinc GcDcl\a\ phototrapped rl ionr lesscommon than ha\ heen!s{mcd. rL lcrst i l}teJoz.rni arer. sitcs.rhc African Ci\cL al l\o. lhc Z.tnzibff SlenderMongoose xI 1\ o. rnd the B ushr''triled Nlongoosear rhree. l hree c.tm.rr traf r\mnrs thc sunet s rro( tE\tafding fesuhs $.r. fholo l..r^r rr,,.luri,lphnro.r.p1. al r',1rple .JI r\ure .fe. ,, gnl'hs o1Z{n /ibd B u\h} railedNlorsooses A./.ag.ri. t rus\tt1u tl Ore \ire yicldcd ph(nogrlphsol the Zanzibar Bn\h)-talled k?riir. l'rtchily distribulcd ,rcrosssotrth eartern Alrica. Bushv- lvlongoo\crnd Zanzlhar SlenderNlongoose: another the Afficrn t.rilcd l\4ongooscsclist .r1lo\.! deositresin habitatsrlngrng trom (lirel and Zrnlibrr S.Nrlinc G.ncL. ADolhcr locatid )ielded oper acrcia woodlrnd ro lowldnd Iinrst (Kingdo . 1977i Taylor. tholo-enfhs rcprcscnlingrll lour crnrilort species.ln ftc(.lhree 1986.1987: Schfeiber./ d/., 1989).Lirllc is known aboutlhe .pc.ic\ canr. $nhin a ft$ hours ot one anotherduring a single biolor) lnd ccok)gy ol Lhisclusi\r noclurnalnongoose and ihe nigbl/early rornirg at this trap slre. The rwo shoftestintenrls .ruscs olits rdily arc nol uoders{ood(Taybr. 11186.1987r Sturfi hctwccn rccordcd |isils b) dltiere|r carnirore specieswere l8 in Nlills & Hes. 1991).Ol rhc Iour recognizedsubspecies. one has n nutes separatrngliiit! I'y thc two mongoosc\pccics and .1.1 endangeredstatus in the IUCN Red I-isl oJThrc enedspecies: a. minriies diliding riliti br- a Z,r /ibxr Scrt.tlnre (lenel and a t. ot]|,itotu. which ^ probablyconlincd to lhe di inishing Zanzibar Bushy-t:riledMongooie. Atubuko SokokcFoi:st in corslal Kenya (Schre iber .r d!., I 989). Kingclondcscribes B. .. /.r!ir as smallef rnd darkcr" thln B. .. Three of dresespecies were phoio trappedexclusivcly at , rdsn?r./a. thc orninale race (1977. p. 1.16).Bascd oD molrr nighr. Zarzibar Servalrre Genets sere tholo tr'lfped bctwccn dcnlition. hc suggesrslhal rhe isolated Zanrihaf lltrsh] tailcd l9:56 al}d03:2.1. Similarl,!. Afiican Cive!! triggcrcd thc canrcrr\ \,fongoose nllraybe the rnosl prinlirile fo.m oi1J. |tutsntukld lta(nrg aL 20:09 rnd cnding ar 0l:.11. The ihird rocturnal small (1977.p. :.16).The dicL(n Bush) tailcd Mongoosesis believedto crrni!orc, Zanribar Bushy railed Nlongooseswere pholo tmpped consisrmainly ol inlcrtcbrrtes(Kiogdon. 1977i Taylor, 1987t thrcughoul the night. strrring at l9::ll. aboul 30 minutes itter Stuan in l\'lills & Hes, 1997).On UDgrj.t.B. .. /.,err is known fbr darknessfcll. rnd cnding rt 05:.11.roughly hilf ar hour beiore preying on large land snrils. which ir rmashes against coral lunrise. (h Jrnurry. thc suDriscs at about06:15 and sersal irboul ourcroppin gs, stones of trcc ifunks. $ hcrcdebri s accumulares$ ith l8:.15rit bccomcs light rbout 20 minures belbre sunriseand ir repeated!isits (williams.195l. p.305J.This teedingbehaviour rcmlnrs lighi li)r aboul 20 minure! afier surset.We dellned night has heen delc bcd rs charrctcristicof some herpestids( laylor, tllne :rsthe houruofdafknes! from l9:00 to061)i) rnd dry time as 1975). 06:01 l8:59.) Perhapsthe most significlnt rclults ol our stud! are the In contmst,Zanlibar SlendcrMongoosessel olllhecameris imagesof ihe Zanzibar Selvalinc Gcnct G.,?rta r e4 alind u lkri. orl,! during daylight hours.frcm 06126to l8:5:l A cl('scr look al a subspeclesiormally describednr1998 brscd on i speciner taken rhe tinrin! of Slendcr M()ngooscphotogrrphs reveals rhat of 3l atKitogani.2.5k'nSSEof thcpuk(VanRonprey&Colyn, l99E). ticlrtrcs. onlt 5 wcre lake aiier 07:19 ard befbrc 17:00. lhis Six photographswcrc producedliom tbur locatntrs,denxnrstrrling suggeltsa preferenceli)rc!rl) rnomingsrnd lareaflemoons. (For the GeneCsdisnibulion ir both thc groundwiter forest and the dctail\ ol whcn ininrais were photo'trapped.see Goldman & thickct wirhin Jorani Chw:rka tsay National Park. Thcsc winther Hlnsen. 2001.) In coDtrastto rll olher slL'll cirnivores. phorographsconstitute thc firsl documentition of live Zanzibaf which s,efephoo tr.pt)cdsinr ly, r prir ofrpprrcntly adult Zrnzibar Sen alioecenets since a seiof Ser!alincGcner lracks were ohserved SlendefMongooscs rriggcrcd thc canrcrurepealedl! one morring. aI one locaiion during { suN,cyoflhe Joz.tniarea in l99T lStuat & StuNrt.1998). Morc canrer.rrrapping is neededto dctcminc thc Discussion $ iJ(r dr.rnhur.or ul Se \ "l rh a' n. r. ..n U13,,J.

The!ere!ult! conr|arc1r!ourabl! with rheonly othercamera The picrurcsrdd nol only to our tnowledge ofthe Z,rn/ibar nafping Nork to halc bcen undertakenin Jozani Chwaka Bav Scrlalinc Gcner's distnbution bLrtalso !r) whrl wc know of ils NationalI'ark (thenJoraniForcsr Rcserve) (Stuarr & Stuart.1997). habitus.For cxrmplc, the badly daruged skin upon which thc in which nlo camen traps.scl oll by triggerpads. were lefl in rhe lirmrl des.riplion ol thc subspecieswas baled (VaI Romfrcy & s{m. positionsduring thc dunlion of the threeseek et}bi. Scent Col)n. 1998) a dry specimeo.including a dan gcd skull, oi' luresralher thanbail were usedto atnact dnimrls |o thc trap.That unknownageacquircdh) Anrhony Archeri 1995 hasaneutral. cllbfl produced photographsof onll, one small crrnivorc (lhe g1€yishbackgfound colour. As Caubert !r dl. (2002a1rote. coat African Civel). A m('rc rccent biodilersily survey of the park. colour crn bc intluencedby how specnnenshrrc bccn prepared, \hich did nol emplolr canera tfapping. rccorded two (Frh.tps anong othef f:rctofs.A fodhcomnrgdcscnptioo ofthe subspecies three::co(nnFl)are I'.,18 and Appcndix VII in Nahoryo irl uL..\n2) ef (Van Romp.rcy& Colyr. in press)has beenudrrcd on the basis the island s indigenous snrll c.rmivores. This highlights ihe of thc ncw photogrrphsof the Zanziba. Serlrlinc Ccnct. which utility ofcrmcra trrpping using iniiared sensors,combined with { show that (hc basecolour ot'rhepeli on thc uppcrpltn ol the body stratcg)ofbaitirg theraps and shiftin! themto diifcrcDtlocrlions is ochreous(see fnrt colcr of this issuelrnd Gold'nan & Winther in order Io sarnplea l.[ge ,rreaand dilicrcnt hxbrtaa. Hansen.200l).

h js notewofhy thal our surrc) did not produce an,v Five iuhi|ecics o1 ScrvalineGeneis afe recogni/ed (Van thologrrpbs ol the two irrtroduceilwild carnivffe speciessaid to Ronpaey & Colyn. 1998,in press).Lowc s Senalrre GenetG. i. .100 be trcscnt oDUnsuj.r (Moreau & Pakenham,l9.1lr Kingdon, 1977; l^f.i. knr soulh'$est of tJngujain thc UdzungwaN{ountains I'rkcnhanr.1984r Slufft & Slufft.19981Nahonyo.rdl., 1002): thc on mainlandTanzanja, i! thezanzibaf Scr! rlnre Genet sgeograph i BandedMongoole Md,igos ,r,,so, which is r n inlrnd Affcan cally nearestrcl{ti\c (Kingdon.1977: Van Romfacf & Col}n. 1998, in press).We spcculrtc that (;. r. ldr'€i, with its similar 1997i Ray. I998r Ray & Sunquist.2001)Tracking rxdb trgged appearanceand coburation. lnay also be tbe Zanzibar Serv,tlinc individuals has reverled habilll prclercnccs,ranging behaviour, Genet's closest phylogenetickin. Scrvaline Genets are widely and diel aclility patterns(lkeda.,, al., 1982rMaddock & Pcrrin, diltdbuled wesr of L:le Victo.ia rnd rcrcrs Central Ahica s l99l; Ray, 1997). These methods have complementednudics CongoBasin.buttheycxist in small,isolaled pockets in EastAfrica rclying on direct observation,including those aided b) niglrt outsideof Ugnnda(Ki.gdon. 1977.1997i Van Rompaey& Colyn. vicwing scope!(Rood & Waser. 1978i Waser. 1980)rDd fccdi.g 1998).Theleenctaves occurar moist,forcstcd mountains andon stations(Ikcda €rdl.. 1982).we proposethat phoio-trappingmay LlnguJa.This suggeststhar Easl African ScrvalineGenets may be help elucidatc the sFtial and temporal niche dimensions ol relicls of a once continuouspopulatioll that inhabiteda fomrerly ccologilal sepdration.as illusrraredby our bnef study. wetterand nlore thickly lbrestedErst Aliica. Kingdonhas conlmen- 'peculiariLics ted on lhe of [coastalEast Afiica] in harbounng The ZanzibarSlender Mongoose and the Zmribrr Bushy lbre( spccicsthNt have affinities with populnrionsin equabrial tailed Mongoosehnve been placcd on Appc.dir I of rhe Forest regions far lo thc wcsf' (1977. p.247). suggesringcolonizxlion Re$urce! Managemenland Conservition Act no. l0 of I 966..t list Jionl thecentral and wedcm rcsn)nsofAfrica (seealsoKingdon & of spccics which are illegal to hunt (Zanzibar Revolutionxry Howell, 1993).The prescnccof Se.valineGenets characierized Govcmment, 1997). Aftjcan Civers. listed on Appendix 2, are "a ' r\ lrue li)rcst form (Kirgdon 1977,p. 155) in Unguja's drie. accofdeda lowerlevel of legrl protecrion,prcsumrbly on account Ihicket, as well rs in rcalia woodland south of the Ruwenzori ol their non'erdemic status.We have urged the environmcDt,tl Mountainr (Van Rompaey& Colyn. in prcss) indicatesthat lhe authoriliesto placc the Zrnlibar ServalineGenet on Appendix l. (l)ecie! js not stnctly conlincd to moist high forelt. a! Gauben.r which waspublishcdben)re C. r. a/.,.r1's presenceon Ungujahad r/. (2Ulzb) have recently detemincd for thecongeneri. G johnstoni beenfully documented.At lealt as impodanlfor thesurvivalofthis speciesandothcrwildlife is the conservationofthe naturalhabitats whichthey require. This is thcgreatesl challenge facing consen ation The very recenr scicntific discovery of lhe Zanzibar aulhoriticsin Zanzibar. ServalineGenetis puzzling.lt is not avery sm,rllanimal.Kingdon 11997)givcs the weight of ServalineGene6 as 1-2 kg. he.rdrnd Acknowledgements body lcngthas 41 50 cm and tail lengthas 35-4,1crn.And though Scrlalinc Genetsare shy and rocturnal, the notoriety on Ungujr AttheDepanmentof Commercial Crops. Fruils and Forcstry. otdchickcn killirganimalfitringtheServaiinecenet sdcscription ShchaldrissaHamdao, Thabit S. Masoud. Mtunwa KhamisAnrc, hdicales thal il docs nrake forays inlo leltlements. Alrhough ShiabrniImani Ali, HabibAbdulmajid Shaaban and N'hamis Juma 'genet elrlicr obscrversrefered to the presenceof a on Unguja S,rlumf.t ilhatedourfieldwork.MartinWalshinprovedlheorigin.rl fepofon whlchthis paper is bascd andbtuught thc carly references lBurron.1967 Illi72j. p. 198:Manslield Adefs, 1967 ll920l. p. lo "geneti'"on Ungujalo ourattention. The manuscript bcncfilcd l29i Ingrans.1967 ll93ll, pp. 295and 427), it sccmsthat they rctually hadthe Small lndiinCi!el in rnlnd. Pakcnhrm& Mo.eau from HarryVan Rompaey s careiulreading. r19:11) and Pakenhan (i98.1) compounded thc confusion by References r\\unrirg rhat the referentwas the African Civer. Brink.H..lopp lergensen.l.E. & Mrshall. A. R. 2002.Fi.\t rccordin 68 yea6 ofLove s Se^'aline(;enet. a)Dr 16:l2l-32r. Thar an rnimal of lhe SeNaline Genefs dimensionsand Burroi.R.1967 l l872l.zD:irdr,.irr. itldrd,d,/.oasr. r'.1.1. Nc{Yofk: .tnking appearanceremained undocumenrcd np 10eight yearsdgo JohnsonRcpfinl Corp on r llat. relativcl) $na1lrnd den!ely inhabitedisland is cballenging Dc Luc., D. &Mpuner. N E. 2002.Itelininary obsenrlionsofLove's 11)cxpl.tin. Thc 68 year gap betweenthe collectionof the Lowe s Scrr.line Geret tcenetu sr ulitu l,l'?l) frod Udzungwa Senaline Cenct typc spe.imen in lhe UdTungwaMountains and MoununrsNlrioul Pdk. Tanz^ni^.Stnall Crrni\i. Cons(n,.. Lr\recent re'discover) in 2000(Brink erdl.2002r seealso De I-uca 27r1718. & Mpunga. 2002) is more conrprehersiblein lighl of rhe more Gaubert,P , ve.on,C & Tra.icf,V.2002i. Ccncrsand genetlike rax. Llilficult rcccssto the location and the ruggednessof the tcrrain. ((lami!ora,vivcrinac): phyloecncticrnailsis, srstcmatics and "particulafly Schreiber!t rl. ( I 989,p.3 ) poinl oul lhalmost v i!enids. biogcographiciDplicalioDs. Z)al .1.Linn. Snr..l31:ll1 )11 rreU.,DirJl funn'. dre rnrong rhe leJ,r kno$ 1,:mi\,!i. iri,n,'l Gduben,P., veron. C., Colyn,M., Dunhlm.A.. Shullz,S. & Tranier.NL (;z,r/,a 'uryrising lhlrt new sLrbspccicsrnd clen speciescontinue to be 2002b.A rea$esnrenrof the disrribudonof the ne (Vlveridae,C.rnilora) with somenewly di!.ove.ed ,tescribed".There is a clcrr nced fo. more and betterresearch or funasori spccimcn\.Maaa. R.t:, 12:13: 1.+:1. /anzibar's less highly profiled fauna. Thcre may well he other Goldnm. H. V. & Wrnlher-Han\en,J. :001. Th. sndll.dmivrct nf .p.ies rhat have yet ro come to light on one or bolh of thc main Lheuj.l: rcln^ ol . pholoirappns sutre) in Jo.ani loftst 'lands or the archipeldgo. RevDe.Zar.ibat, Zrr.ark. Tromsg.Notray. Hu erer.R.&Ra!,J.C.I997.BaLpredaLionblsnallcamilorerinacenttul Referringtotherichressanddiversity of Afnci's 67 species Afncantuintbrcn. Z .ti!8e,?e/i..6l:86 92. ,,t carnilores.Taylor (1986)observcs thxl rl rny onc localionthere Ikcda.H.. Ono,Y Babr,M.. Doi. T. & lwantoto,T. 1982.Ranging rnd .ireusually lhree or four vivcnid andhcrpestid species. in addition acti!iIyp.nerns oflhree norumal !iverids in Ono NartunalParl. r,, other .Tii(onomic $scmbhscs of sympatric small Alr .1.E ol.,20:179186. .rnrlores with oveflapping.caiholic diets and generallysinilar lngrxns.w. H. 196? l 9l l l. Zan.ihar:ns histondtu i^ p.,t1,. London rrophicrolcs raise question! concerningthedegree ofeach species' F.a* Cas & Co.Lld. Klnedon,J. 1977.Edr, Atnan nunntl\: an utlu: ofet,olutionin Afrnu. . '1.'jiJJl.pe.irli/urion JId In( (\ renrro $ hrLh \! Inparnr\pc( rc\ vol. Itt. t'dtt A l(rann,r.r. (lhicago:Lrnivenity of Chicago .ompclc or padition rei)u.ces amongthenselves (Schoener. I986; lrllor. 1986t Terborgh & Robinson. 1986). Fecal anllysis oi Klnedon.J. i 989.lra,z//tttLu: th" evolttin oIAJtnli ! t tr( oi,nuls and .\mpatric Atrican small carnivores has yielded a werlth of pLnlr. Princeron:Princeto. Uoiveriry Pres. .itbrnration about dietary ditlerences.including how rhcsc nny K ingdon.J. 1997.Zr. /<,rsdra lel.l sunleIo Alt i.an nunnab. SanDiegol .hrngc sclsonally (e.9.MacDonald & Nel. 1986.Hufterer & Rn]-, A.ddemicPress.

Kingdon.J.&Ho{ell.KNL l993.M.n lslnlhcturlstolc!\tenrAln.x.S.hreiber.A. $fth. R.. RLljl. M & va. l{ompaey.H lq8s. Itr'd!rr, tn tJi)!.ot!fttrhrund (r tlo!\ ol nn rainJarcnt., east.n 4fu.t. .itt\ tnon!.ors dnd ltit rekni.\. Ar adon rlot lot th. eds.J.CLo\ cn & S.K. was\er.2l9'l.1l Crn'bridge:Cambridec .o ny n dtn,1.fi nu$. I nl I ml rnr, f dr. Gldnd.Ssitzcrllnd: I L.CN Uni!.siq Prc$. Snran.C.& Stuan.T t9t)1.Ari?lhnhurtf.tunal!^.tol tuultt.dn.n IIacDon.ld.J.T&Ncl-J ..r 1986( i)mr!.rtir edier! olsllrp.ric itull U,stjd tzan.ihdt) "itlt ttL tul rnehasis or th. lt'.pdtd P1nthettr carnirorcs.t..,1/r./ lviil R.!.. l6(:l):I I 5 121. tarl\\ ^\etsi. 7-dn-ibtt lortt^ I(hti11l Pat.r sil 7ai/ibr.: Nflddock.,\ ll & Perin.M R l99l Sparialandrelrporllccologr_olan DcpL.of Codrrercial C.ops-Fruir\ andForesLrJ. ud Lo\Lon.Sou$ rsembfugeol rneftnh io Noral.South ,\fr]c! .1.Tioi , l1,td.n Aliic.:Atii..n Arbiaf *JildliicReser.hCeife. )29:117-21. Srurn.C. & Sruarr.T 1998.A notcon rhchcqre\tids and r iledds of N Nlandeld Ad.N. w. 1967ll920l Cha|rerXXII: Thenaruralhirlory oi ca\cmLrrrgujr(7in7ibar) Isldd Snrl ! Ca n ttu R Can\e ^ - t E:| 6- t 1 r!n/ih.r andPentbr If Z,'-: ibat: Ihe itland n(t p.li\ .f?attt,] Taylor.U E. 1975.1L?.rr.r rarR!i,r!\. Md,,n. s1....65:1 5. nt'i.d. l-. u. Pcar.e.126 ll9. Lordon FmnkCrss & Co.l ld Tatl)r. Nl. !,. 1q86.Aspecrs on thc bidogy ol the lbur'Loedoongoose. Nlills.(j &IIe\.L. l99l 1tu Lant?lrkhoak otsorth.n iltnu n@nhnls. Brlortk tnsltutula. Crrb.rasnr ( se. A.) 8(22):I E7 193. 'rrr"1or. (lLtpelt^rn: Srruikwinch.$r. Nl E. 1987.a/tlsd l. .ras\it1du. Monn Jpc...29.1 I .1. 'l!rbo+h. Nhtreru.R. L. &lakenhi'n. R.H w l91l Thr landver Lcbtute\ ol Petrbx. J. & Robln!rn, S l9li6r t;uilds dd lheir ulilil! iI ccologt In Zanziblr,.nd Matl!: a ^Dgeogrrrhicalsrudr. P',.. l,ol. 5... Cohrntnit ! .!o!r: Fttu n d,.1/,r..Jj. cds J. K ik\au a & D. J. l-,,l.,, (SerA) l10:91t2E. And.Kxr.65 90. l.ondor: Rlrck$ell ScientiflcPlblicrrions \Iy.N. N. & Mittermeler.R. A . NliLrermeier.C.G.. daFoDs.ca. G. B. tJ.ited Replhlir ol Tanzania 1991. I93E paylatiot t.nu1\: t)nllutt _rr1 A K-nrJ 2^nrEn,l\c.r. o'\l. l{, .\ii ir' ksit,tul t'roJile. Dar c' Sllaam: Presidenr'sOtlicc. Phnnin-s ,N,r,?.101:851858. Con'mnsio. and Bu.cru of Starnics. \rhoflo, C. l-. vu^uhbi. L. B . Eli.penda.S.. Ms'lr. C . NlNanr!\u, vnn l{dnpry. H. & Colrn.l{. l99lj. ,\ nc} \enrline geier (Camiloti. c su!a. T. M. Mponda.B. O & Kihiulc. P 2002 J,.a,i vilerid.el fronr ZorTibaf (tDn s. A-tt..t. ztnl . )l:12 16 ( hrtka Bu:I ropo\r.l|al n,tr| tldtk b|..ti|.ni^ nn.nt)^ rutat. Van Rom!ac)- H & Cd!r. M In press C.,eilr \.tr(liaa lt1 Ihc Zrnzibtu:Depl. of ConnrcrcrllCr)ps. Frui|\ a..l l'oreslr)and hn,Malt ol Ati . e\ts.J. Ki gdon. D Hrppold & T Butvnsti. ( ARL fanzanir London:Llsc!'.r Science Pakefhanr.RH N 19114rh. nannnl\ t)f/an-ihu I onl Puntu isktids. wdscr, P. M. 1980 S rll nocturnalclmirorcs ecologicalnudiesin the llarpendei:prinled privately. Se.engeli.,l/i1 t../.- | 8:167- r85. Rat-J C 1995( i rtrirti t Li eltu.M d"ut. Sp.. 188:1 1. willi.ms. A.Ifasoud- T. S. & Othnran. w. l99lt. (',,,,r,,t/r l)a&rl R!', J C 199?Q)n,pfrtive ecologyoirso Aliicantorcst mongo.se\. .anftttutkn: e\petier..\ lnnn zan.ibuL (tut.k.rr(t S.ti.s 30. H.r)tttt\natuailAtila\prlu.lituta Alt J ll..l. )5:2a7a5l Londor: Irtcnratnrn!l Instnuteli)r Ln\ ironrnenla.d I).!.lopmcnt Rr!.J.C 1998.Tcml)ofal vrriatnnr ol predarionon rode.rs dd shrewsb! Willlanrs.FX.l95l Lile hnlo.ynudies of l]!\t Alri.!n,1.lari,d smrls. u.llAiiicrn inrc\t carnilorcs.1. t/td.Ii,tlu 211:163310 Bull tlrs. Cdnp. zaol..105:)95 311. Rdr, L C. & SunquislM. E 2001.Tropic rclatio.\ iir r connuniry of Z.lzibd Rcloluriona( G^ern enr 1992 ll.uvhald brdq.t vt^r.' Aliicanrxi.iirc\i carnilores.oulnostu 121:195108 l991.vrl t IL Bdti. v\ i.ld.ktoqtdlhk dnl ho6ins I ht tu(tr r^tit:. RobiN.R J. 1976.Th. compositn)nof rhcJorani Foresr. Zrnzib.r. aol 1 /rn rFJ l, rr ,i(rri i ..\ftn..r'.lP)'r, ! L,n, .\d...7l:2.13 ?1.1 Zanzib!rRc!olutn)nary(n)vcn\n\e ^r I 991 I ht Ltri ronntcntu| Mani lolnt Rodges,W. A. & Burgc$,N D 2(X)0Tahing conserlrtion rclion In lar SL\tainl)tu Darlq,nLnt A. r 1996.Zulihr: (n)ve.nnentltiiler. Cnd\ ldtr'. ns.teatu n Alti.d.eds.N.D.tsurge$&C P Clarkc, I Il7 11.1.Cilrbfid.ne: ITICN NorwegianPolar Institute, Polar Environmcntal Ro.d, J. t'. & W.ser.P. N{. 1978.Thc SlcnderMonsoose. ar,/rzr Centre,N-9296 T.omso, Norway, ,s!i,.rr, i. rheS€rengeri. a,r,tLrlc l:5,15lj. [email protected]. Schoener.T. W. 1986.Rcsource paniLn)ning. tn Connuntl\ {.lo8r: pt t( rn ud prorest,.r\\. I Kiktava & D. J. Ande6on.9l l116. I Alaskasvingen8i, NO-9013Tromso, Norway London:Blackwcl I Scientific Prblicaln)ns. [email protected]

More badgerTB politics

,{ previou! updrrc (Hancor. 20021suggested that whetherthcKrcbs/Bo mecull is socompmmiscdthntil shouldbe sidly this 30-yeafold sagawould halc ro continuelbr somedme scrafped.Thc f6.7 million sa\ed perlear would rclcasesome f30- vet And the conclusion of the recerl Ioquiry in Parliamenl :15million inlinitely belte. spenton tricd rDd lesledcattle nreasures conobor.rlcd(hat view and even though the imtrcL of fool rnd- (Hancox.2003). nNuth disc.tsc has postponed a lerdict until 2007. With the backlog of cattle testing and no molcmcnr conlrol ol untested References carlleTB hasstrcrd lir andwide soihatbovineTB i! outofconlrol. Ilmcor. M. 1002. Badge.TB politics: Condnuation.S,mll Amazingly sonrefarmers and vcts are still questioningwhelher Carnirot?Cons. tr.. 21:32. caltle-to'cattletmnsmission is importanl or not I l.rncor.M. 1001. and bo! inc TB. Environme nt. I'd)d and h evidencegiven to the Committcc. P()f. Boume snid an rnalysisofpastculls showedthatlheydo not wo.k. MinislerElliot Connittee ReportHC 4ll Atpcndices6 & 7. Morley saidculls sccm1(] be basedlargely on folllore and hc saw www.tublicalions.parliament.ukh:r/cm200203/cmselect/ not a shrcdofelidence fbr culls ouilide l.ial arcrs, rnd mrss culls cmenvfru/432/4120 |L\e heel rLl,l ,,ur,,, polrrr..,ll)Jni(ceorJble

So, taking lhcse lwo aspecntogethe.. yet anotherInquiry M. Hancox,17 NouncellsCross, chaircd by Prof. C. Godfray of lmpedal Collcgc is to look into Stroud,Glos. GL5 lPT, UK The head colour pattem of the Eurasian badgers (, )

Alexei Y ABRAMOV

Introduction thc gcogrrphic variati()n of the Palaear.tic badgers dd fof de!c.ibingrew fornls.The presentwork reviewsthe head coloration Thc Eur.tsianbadser(M.l.r) i! oneof the most.'tidespread rnd pallcm ol M€kr and dilcusr! its taxonornicsignificance. Eufasian nustelids. lts range colers Europc. except for the northernmonregions, thc Middlc Ersl (as south rs l,alestineand [,lesopotamia).Centr.rl Asia. Sourh Sibcria. Mongolia,'Iibet, Materials and methods EisternAsia (fiom lhe AmurRcgn)n toYunnrn) rnd the Japanese Illards (exceptlor ). This srudy is based on 266 skins (including stuficd specimens)ol badgcrstom a widc googrrphic .trc.r.Thc \Ludicd Geogfaphic variation of craniologicaland exteriorcharacters specinensare kept in the colledions of following museumsGee ol thc Eurasirn b.tdgcris significant A greatnumberofforns of Tdbre). d iffcrcnt hxonom ic rank. fl:. iFcies. subspecies.natio. aberralio. -Badgers .n . ha! beendescd bed (tbr ? review seeAbramov. z00 l ). Thereare Also I have studiedmany photo fltes from the on contradictrrgopinions regarding species conpositn)n ofthc gcnus theWeb (hirp://ww w.badgerr.org.uk) md nunerouslinks therein ttt.ir ditterent authon accept 1 to 3 species.I arn oi thc htlcr (especiallytbr Japaneseand Korean websitesl. opinion and distinguish lhe European Meles melel (Linnactrs.l75U), thc Asinn BadgerM. /c{.a/&r (Hodgson.1817) Head colour pattern rnd theJapanese BadgerM a,dtrnd Tennninck. 18.1:l.This poinl of! iew is well supportedby thcclerr di ffercnccsbctwcen European. Thc ovcrall hody coloration of wcstcr. rnd northern AsirD and JqrDcsc Brdgcrs in f()portions and siTeof the skull trumpeanBadger! M./.r,1.Lr i! mther light.lighlgrel or silvery. (LyDch,199.1; Abrrmov, 2001).dental characteN (Bdryshnikov & lides clearly lighterthan the middle part ofback. A wide black or Porapola.1 990; Bryshtrikov e. d/., 200:l), shapeof rheot nalL. ut bhck brown l(rrgitrdinal stripe on cithcr sidc runs fun the (]\bra o! & Barlshnikov. 1995). shape of the baculum snout'stip over eyeand edr(both coler€d from abovernd bebw). (Baryshnikov& Abramov. 1997:Abmmov. 2002).level ofsexral A pure \rhite facial stnpe is in between the two black bands. rize dimorphisn in thc slrll (Abramov & Pn/r.henko. in tre$). covcring the bact of thc hcrd .tndpxnly fic ncck (Fig. 2A). Tbe t.tr.isirologicdrtr (Abramo! & Medvedev.2003) and molecular snout.cheeks and tips of lhe ear\ are white. drtr (Kuroseddl.,2001r Sato.,r.rl..2003). The ,t/. n.l.r is distrihutedthroughoui Flurope (includirg Scandinalia) Badgersliom the Middle East at€ lighter (brolnish) than (o thc wcsLofthc Volgr Rivcr (Rnssia).Cau.asus. lranixn Plaleau. Europernones. A lighter col(ration is al$ typical f(r thc badgcrs Pan)ir-AlaiMhs. SouLhand Wcsl Ticn ShanMtnsr southto lsraelr ln)nr thc Mcditcrancan. Such prlc cokrur was the reason lbr Ifuqi ]rrn; rnd oD lrchnd, BriiNin, Crere,and Rhodes(Heptner.r dcscrihingseveral subsF.ies of the brdgcr l;om Crctc (drles). .r/.. 1967::Long& Killingley, 1983). The Asian B adget M. Lercuru! Rhodes (,"rdllrr) and Spain (/r./n.ri.rrlr.,Ledit?ftdn.us). is distriburedfiom lhe easrofVolga Rivcr throughsouth Sibcna. Nevenheless.the partemoflhe snoul s white and black stipes of Kazikhstin, and Middlc Asir to China rnd Korcar rerching Tibet the Middlc Ersl ard Meditcrrncrn brdgersis the sine asrn other i lhe soulh.The JapirncscB.rdgcrM. ardlrna is rcnrictcd lo Lhc Europennones. The EuropeanBadgers occuning in Asia Minor JapaneseIslands of .Kyushu. aod Shikoku. The disribution and the Caucasus(.rr.r{'.nt. ni ot. pontirus). ^s well N those rrngcsof thcscspccics is shownin lrig. l. fronr Ccntral Asia (Hissar Alai, Wcsl TicD Shanand Pxmir Al.ti) (serer.,rt). arc chlractcrircd by sihcr g.et bod) cokrrarionrnd ln most tarionomicworks, Ihe peculiariliesof coal coiour bright, contrastingfacial stripes. Different cdour vafiations of respeciallyfeatures of thefacial nask) wereusedlbrcharacierizing European badgeN, rl.. melanistic..rlbino and eryrhrislic, have

Zook)gical Institute,Srint Petersburg.Rnssia (ZIN) 8l ZoologicalMuseum, Moscow State Unlversity. Moscow. Russir (ZMMUI 22 )1 Tnstilutcol Annnal Systematicsand Ecolog). Novosibirsk.Ru!!ia t0 RussianResearch lnstiture ol GameManigemenr and Falning.Kirov, Russia lnstinrteof ZooloSy and Genofundi of Animals. Alrnaty, Kazakhstan K,rzakhAntiplague Researchlrstiture, Alnraty. Kazakhltar lnltitute of Zoology. Tashkent.UzbekiltaD tl l5 Irstilute of Zoology rnd Kirgi^tln Natn)nrl ScienceMuseum. Totyo, Japrn Thc Kitaklushu Muscun and lhc Inslitulc of NrLural Ilistory. heendcscribed. Extremcly drrk badgcrshrrc bccn secn.but Lhc Thcrc was rn opinion that lwo ecologicalfornr\ of M./.t vhitefacial stripes,ue nornal in iuch ! (Neal&Cheeleman. /r,x.ll/!r occuf in Lhc Asiln pan of the range (Traosbaikalia. t9961. Nlongolia,Kazakhstan). r,;:. the steppebadgef'(largeand light cokmrcd) rDd lhc mountainlbrest badgef . which is smallerand lhe Asian Badgers M(16 |cu.utus h!!e rhe light grc! drrk cok)urcd(Rlddc, l362iBinnikov. i 95'l). The presentstudy uppcprrls of thc bodl Lingcd$iLh sandl^traw col(trNtion.thc cloesnot supporlthi!opinior.I[ seenrsihat xny populatn]nofrny sidcsslighrly lighler. ltnd rhe undersideand legr blrck. A nlrrrow subspeciesofthe Asian Badgernrxy show dimorphic coloration. blackishbrown (somelinrc\brown) fhciil striperuns o\'er the eye with bolh llght- rnd dark'coloured animals, hur thcsc colour (Fig. 2B). then gcls nanowcr,rDd runs abolc thc car. Thi\ lrripc nlol?hs arc not segregatedbiolopically and occur torether lll the hrrdl) rcachcsthc hind side ol ear, sometilrresreaching only fis samehabirats (ognev. l93l: Sro:ano!. lg62i H.phcr ?1d1., anteriorside. The light)cllowish whitc mcdirn striI'cis nrft)w rnd 1961). shortrusually it doesnot reachthe backof headand blendsinlo thc colour ofncck rDd back rlrcldy on thc backol hcrd. Such cok)ur Somc reseffche! (..s. Petro!. l95lt Heltner./ 11/..1967i is rrpical lbr all s{udiedskins oi (he Asian Bndger Siberia Biryshniko! & Potrpola, l9!l0l hrve rc.ordcd thrl lhc body lrdddei,altaia , 'ibiri.us, ar"rrunr) andMiddle Asiatuknatius, pelage coloirtion of the JapaneseBadgers is also drrk. bcing tiunshdttttLsis.tahssicus).The badgersfron Nol1hIk goliahave linilar to thar ol h.rdgcrsliom thc Far East. On lhis brsis these "arr.r.nsis-.tnaLurui" the same coloration. According to liler3ture d,rra (Allen, 19313; b!dgcr\' li)rms rlcrc lu pcd into rbegroup Pocock.l9.l I ). the samecoloration is characteristiclbr thebadgers (Heptner.r.r/.. l9{;7tHeFner, 1968).Based on the colorarion. trom ditlerent regiors of China. Nnmerous Chinese tbrms Ba$'shnikov& I'orapova(1990) assigncd Jrpanese B.tdgers to the t1,tt l,'1. ht\-' h,a"r't'. hrar4t\- \,,r48,4.,.,\rrdrdr,/\,\. (M.1.r dr.rtamd: r.4i{ llrryshniko! & Porrpola. l,r'lnzli), of which mnny were descibed on the basis of only 1990).Howeler. the JapaneseBadger is characrcriscdb] tbe light. single speciners. ditler only slightly in the intersity of body yellowish upperpats and stout. Although brown Iacial stripesltre wcll nrrrkcd on rhe snoul,usually lhey are shoi. nol reachirg the ear, and form dafk spectacles"around thc cyc\ (Fig. 2D). Thc A peculirrcok)rrrn)nis known lor rhcbadgcrs from Russian mcdian fuci.rl srripe is yellow-straw coloured.slro( and ends up FarENsr (Primorie and UssuriTerrik)fy). which wcrc dcscribcdrs bctsccn thc cars.Allthe specnnenstiomJapan (Honshu.Kyushu) anurcnsi:t 6yr. \chnnkii. neldnog.D\). The overall l]ellgc studicdby mc wcrc cokmrcdin thesane marner,ard alsoa simjlal cobration is vefy dark. with br)wn prcdominating.Thc snoutrls) plucm urs dcscribedlbr Japanesebadgers by I-ong & KillinSley is drrk brown, aDdnr somcsl)ccimcns lacial stripesarc almon ot (19113). dislhguishable(Fig. 2C), but wher visible.the pattern of ihe facial mask is sinrilar L('rhrL o{ thc Sibc.ian .rndMiddlc A\ian brdgers. Theseditlerence s in facial paitembetreen thc thrcchrdgcr Thedafk coloration.as wella!,rsmall si7e.are considefed lhe mrnr stc.ics, rs r rulc, rc cnsil) scenand illow one reliably to assign specificcharacter of the badger!fmnr l'fi'norie. I he badgersfronr lny s['ccimcDk) r parlictrlarli)rm. North Korea are coloured in lhe sanre manner (ZlN C.25682. ZMMU S 5910.1). DiffcrcDccsin rhc facial palterr in M. n.lt\ ^rd M. le!.,/!r canbe usedt'or refinirg thelimits oflhcir distribution lhe coat coloratior ofAlian Badgers(its intensily.bnL not in slmpatric roncs.srch zonesexist in west Tien Shanand rhe facial mask s patern) viries widely. ln the collectionofZlN. ir the Europeanpart of Ru!1ir (Kiro! Province.Udmurtia. rhcn is a spcclnen No C.5'1691lionl Ussun Terrilory (Suchan Tarrrstan).Badgers occuffing in the mountaiDsol Wesl Tien Ri!cr) bcing vcry brightly cok)urcd.similrr ro ! Eurcpcrn Badger. Shan(Karrhantau, Ugam. Pskem. Chatkal. Kuraminskii and Nonclhclcss.thc shapcrnd pltLcm of 1lcial sLripcscorcsponcl to Turkerla Mt. Ranges)have the tacial masktypical for Meles rheAsim ()pe. Dark colouredbadgers (sinilar ro lhose trom Far a(/.r, with black and shite stripcs.rnd thc brighlly siivery East)are knou,ntiom Transbaikalia.for instance.fr

The colou pattern of speci ne|s from Zhigrli Naturc Rcscrve allowsconfim lion oi lheo.cunence of the Asirn Badgcr on the nghl rive$lnk of Volga Ri\er (Snesi- revskaya.c itedfrcnr Bclyanin,l 98 l )i lhe larter record wrs subscqtrcntly confirmed by craniologicaldatr (Barylhnikov er d/.. 2003. Vehnik & Abrrrnov. in press). li.'.1h.h.ul.|h|r?a||ltn41hcEna'ianha|'].^:A|h.Luf|unBud:{?rM.|E\nele\.B|h.dpi.dlA!.nLu Luttnt .k,n t)l A:iun adl3cf Mele\ letrcufus annrcnsis. D ,r1 .turrr?r? A,.k€r Mele\ anakuna.

Acknowledgements Hephcr, V. G.. Naumov.N..P.. Yurgensor. P. B.. Sludsky,A. A.. I would like to thank all curatorsof collectionslbr their Chirkova.A. F. & Banniko\. A.G.196'7.lMumnnls of th. {ssisianceduring the courseof this (udy. I anr rhankful to Dr. D. SoNietUnbn. Vol.z. Parl L S?i co||s and Canivra. V. I-oguno! ibr con nenting on the lirsr drllt and improving the Moscow: vysshaya Shkola.(in Russianl English.A. E. Bobal kindly prep.rredthe drawirgs. This work was Kurose.N.,Kaft ko,Y.. Abranrov.A. V.,Sinaroonrut,B.& Masuda.R. supporedltl parl by rhegranls Nos 02 (14:18607 and 03 -04-63 I 39 2001. Low geneticdiversity jn Japinesepopuhri{rrs ofthe lion the RussianFoundatbn fo. Basic Researcl. Eurasian badger Meles nleles (Mustelidae, Carnivorn) revealedby ni(ochondrirl cylochronrel, gene sequences References Zhl. Sti.. l'\:1115 | 151. I-ong. C. A. & Killingley. C. A. 1983. the badgetsol thc workl. Abranov. A. V. 2001. on rhc lNotcs of the Siberiin Spflrgfield: CharlesC. ThomasPubl. badgers(M usLelidae:M./? Zool. l st. Ross.Akad. r.l77udt Lynch. J. M. 199.1.Moryhometdc variati in the badger(Me1er Ndrl 288:221-233.(in Russirn. Engli!h sumnary) /n?/rr): clinal variation in crani:rl si^ and shapedcross Abramov. A. V. 2002. Variation of the baculum stuclure of the Ett^si^. Snall C.nninft Lonse ..10:6-1. Palaearcticbadger Muslclidrc. Mu R{". lCamivor.r. /€r). J. NcNl.E. & Cheesenran,C. | 996.Bd./s?,r. London: T & A. D. Poyscr Theid.. I(l).51-60. Natural History. Abranbv. A. v. & Baryshniko\'.G. F. 1995. structureofos [Thc Ognev.S.I. 1931 . lMd,ma ls .f EdstuthEunl. an.lNoflturnAsia. mallcus in Pala.arctic Mustelidae(Camivora).1 Z,ol. Zr.. vol.2.I Moscow-Leningrad:Gosizdat. 776 pp. (in Russian) 71(6):129 142. (in Russian.Enslish summary) Pelror. V. V. 195:1.[Thc data on lhe intHspecific vdrirbility of Abr,rmov.A. V. &Medvedev. S. G.2003. Noteson /oogeography badSers( nt.l.,s). I U.* . Ztp. tunntstuAk. petrdsosi h. andraronomyolLhehadgeh(Camivor :Musrelidae:M"1"r) 1rrr..7:1,19205. (in Russiln) and sonre of iheir fleas (Siphoniptera: Cerarophyllidlc: Polock, R. L l 9.11. 7,'r. i& na of B ritislt Inllia, includins CoLon and Patu.:erus).zoot\ . Rrirl..r, ll(2):197-.102. Bumu. Maninliu. v,1.2. London: Trybr & Francis.Ltd. Abramo!.A. V. & Puzrchcnlo,A. Y u.( ln frcss).Se{ual dimorphisnr Radde,(;. 1862 R.i\tn in siilen ton On-Sibirien in denJahren of craniologicalcharaclers in Eunsinn badscrs(, 1855 1859.Bd. L Die sdlseticrfauid. Srnkt Petersburg. MtsrelitLe. nleles). Zool. An.. Sab, J.J.,Ilosoda. T.. Wolsan,M.. Tsuchiya.K . Yamanoto, Y. & Allen. G. M. I938. The mamnalsolChinaand Morgolia.1vdl.disl. Suzuki,H. 2003.Phylogenclic rclatjonships and di!ergence C.ntral Asia ll(l):3-620. times anong mustelids(Mammalia: Carnivora)based oD Bannikov.A. C. I 954. nannwl.t ra puqn.] [Tre of ongoLhnPeopLe R? nucieotide sequencesof lhe nuclear inlerphol(trcccptd Moscow: IzdrtclstvoAkad. nauk SSSR.(nr Russian) rctinoid binding protein and nitochondrial clL('chrome, Baryshnikov.G. F. & Ab.anx)!, A. V. 1997.lstructure ofbacutun ,Eenes.7arol. :;ci.. 20:243-261. Os penis)jn Mustelidae(Mannalia, Camivora).Conmuni Srroganov. S. U. 1962. Ilhc dnihals of Sib.ria. Cuhliora.l .rr;on 1.17tol. 2h.. 16112):1399-1410.(in Russian,English Moscow: I/iuclstvo Akrd. naul(SSSR. (in Russidn) Ve$nik. V.l'. & Abranov, A. V (ln press).Taxonomicposilion of Brryshniko!.G.Ir. & Potapova,O. R. 1990. ollhcdcntal IViuiabilily theb.tdgcrlion the Samarskaya Lula. In Zapovednoedelo systemin badgers(Meles, Crmivoru) of the USSR fauna.l Rossii: printsipy, problemy.p.ioriteiy lNature reservesrn Znl. Zh.,69(9):81 (\n Russian,English 9'7. sun mry) Russia: principles, problems, priorltiesl. Samara. (in BaJyshniko!.C.F., Puzachcnko, A. Yu. & Abranrov,A V 2003.New Russian). analysis of va.riabiliry ol cheek leelh in Eurasidr b.dgers (Cerivon! Mustelidre.M€ !?s). Russ. J. Ther n., 1(2):133119. Laboratory of 8elyanin.V. N. 198L LThemanmals ofthe Zriguli Nrlurc Rcscrvc.l Sbom. ruu( hn. tru.lor TSNIL Gl?roilrdr) fiSF.SR,89-103. Zoological Institute (in Russian) RussianAcademy of Sciences Heptner.V. G. 1968.lsome rheoreticalrspccls ofthe appearance Universitetskayanab., I aod distribution of Palearclic mrmmals. Two views on Saint-Petersburg,199034, Russia geoSrafhical varlation.l Srorz. tru.l. Zool. nu.. MCL.I, [email protected] l0:l 36.(in Russian) The diversity and conservation of mustelids, viverrids, and herpestids tna disturbed forest in Peninsular Malaysia

Mohd.AZLAN J.

Introduction cameraunirswcrcrrounted onrees.at leasl2.5m to :1.5Inlionlhe pathor trail. with thc inli.rred beam setapprcximatcly 50cn troor Lntle is kDownon rhc distribulion of nustelids, rilerids. theground. Most ofthe trails andprths \\ ereold lo*ing roadswith lnd hc{,cstidsin PeninsulirMalaysra because sI'cc'cs conscrvatron thick undefgrowihol sccondrr) rreesand shrubs. i! conccntrrtcdnruch on chansnaticaod u agshit sl)e.ies. cspccitll) ,\11thecanreras $crc chcckcdelery nxnrthto rek)xdncw on lrrge mam als.A tolal ot' 2l specieshrlc bccn rccordcdlrom lilmrolls Hos e!cr thcrcwcrc sc!eiti instanceswhere thc Iilms hrd all thrcc l'anliliesin PeninsularMalaysir (lvtcdwar",1983). All the been tully corsumcd bclirre checkins.so there wcrc grps in the \pecieslron the lamily Mustelidrc. Vilcridae. ind Herpestidae record.Thc srmc canrerr locationswere r.trincd thruughoutthe cxccptM.rl.r) Cilel vn?rtu r.r/rgdl/1r8dand Comnlon PalorCivet dumtion of the sLud).lio Febru:rry2000 lill Octohcr 2(X)l. Patulla\Nr! henwphrodilrr rccci!c a lotal proteclion statLrsin the Wildlife ProrecLioDAct 1972 (WPA 1972). Anyore n)und Results killing these,rnimalswill bc lirblc ro a tine not exceedingfile thousandfinggii (Aprox.USD 1.:10(l)or Io atenn ot impfison'nent All thc pholographic fesults are trrgclcd on terrestrial noL cxceedingthree years or both. y. rargallr{a and P. anim,rls,{s no crmcns were deployed near strcamsto prevent ,.,,x,.fr,..,/rrr'.re.er\ e:r f.,,rf. I h, | {:.|l. qh(rr uponcor'! LI,,r crmera nralfunctiondue to tloodrng. Therciore. animrls lhat are (n killing rheseanxnal! afine not cxcccdingrhree thousardfinggjl either arbofcrl or arc associated to aquatic habiul wlll be (LISD 790) orlo r tcnn ol inpnsonmert not exceedingthrcc ycrn underrepresentedin rhe fesult!. Thc most liequently encounlered or tl) bolh will be imposed. Howelef. nr mlDy rural areas of speciesdurjng the nighr walks was the Common Palm Civcr. P Penir sulrr \'Ialaysin cilers areconside red a t)cstbccrusc Lhcy prey horxr todiLus,vhich wrs obscrvcdon telephonec,rble lincs rnd on small lircstock rnd rrid trurl orchards.Seclion 55 oflhc WPA oil pilm trees(Palmaceae : t.la?it suine?nsis). 1972allows frnrcrs ro shootany wild animalthat causesdrm.tgc All lhe photogfaphswerc idcntilled to the specie! level to thcirtrcpcrty. p(^ idi g rensonableetti)rtshavc bccn to irighle except fbr tf?.n.i sfp. bccruse lher_were too snrall lo bc dlstinguishedto species ir Lhc phoographs. A total ol l.:ll,l exposurcswcrc rccorded.of lvhich only 2,226 were ofwildlite. A Destilc thc thrcatsliom local frrners, i1 is beliclcd that rotal of 7l photosraphswere rccorded lbr both mustelids xnd habitatdestnrction sould causcboth a scveredecline in mammaliaD vivenids (approximatell3.2? ofthe lotal animrls photogriphed). species throLrghouttheir .rngc lStc!ens. l96li: Seiderrsticker. lhesc ldnilics hirle the highesr dilersiLy ol speciesrecofded 1986). ind a loss of 8enetic di\crsity (Soule. 1987: TerbofSh. th( ghoul lhc dudy period.I havealso collccrcd a road kill oflhe i 992). It is drc.cforcinportrnl |o understandthe diversity of smdl EurdsianOner 1.ar'd/!rft. which bdngslhe totalspeciesre.orded. crrnirorrs in disturbed habitat io ofdertopn)vidc basclincd.ttlttor to nine.The diversityofmnstclids. !i!errids. and herl]esridsin this nonikning long Lcnn change\, rnd lbr conparison wilh othcr (udy rrea representsappmxim!1cll .l2t; of the toml specics li)rcstedareas elsewhere in Nlalay!'a. recordedfor Mala) sir by Medway ( 1983). l'o crtu lansdl&nsdwas the most fiequently c,rplurcdvivcFid, while nustelids uerc only Materials and Methods representedby M.r .J tdllsrld. (Fig. l). Siudysite Discussion The (ud,r was conduclcdin JerangruForcst Reserve (20 5:18nelersa.s.l.). a secondar)forcst. ftat waslogged ir lhe 1970s. Thc mrjor lrlDitation to this study \as lhe inability to andwhich suffouDdsan oilpr]nl estate,in the SlateofTerengganu sanple the arboreal and aqurtic mustelids and viverrids (04'55.5 N. l0l'05.7 E). we havecovered rD rpp()ximatearei conprehensi!ely. Morcovcr, rhe lnct that four oflhc cight species of 170 km'. which includes the oil palnl eltnte w'th an rrca ol approximately :,000 ha. Pasl loggrng histuy has rc$rlted in FiN I Rtlutir .torrt.. ttt.r of,r,\altl\ ,i'rf,i,A. drti h.4,.fid. fi.Dt distu$cd foresrlvith derrseundergrcwth, $,i1h clcnse sla ds ofthe tunrnr t)t1r\ t, J?rn,q.u Frtrt Rt\ttrr. invasiveLrns /li./.r,o/trlis sp. rncl atl.(i.'ia sp. in abandoned a.n.zb..'Ir -e(ei\e. l f ).,ro..,r,dxlonc olJ l '!jinr r"rJ. Th,' Jr,l\ Jre? . I alera8e annual rrinlall ot' 1.000mnl. and coniisLs m.tinly of sclcctivclylogged bill dipteroc,rrpand lo$land dipterocarpforest. Pmmdmh$i, E 3

l)ire.r obsc^rtions andcon refcirlly mrdc Crm Trakler ( by Crmtr Soulh. 1051) h.xnd .rmcra trap uniN nnuiactur€d 4s''db'{aL IndustrialDnve. watkinvillc. GA 10677.USA) were undeftakcn. CarrrTrakter combinesa full) aubmntlc 35nxn camera wilh a passi!ein lirred heat-io-nrotiondeteclol . Thc hcat i -rnohorsensor operareson i hofizortal planc.lhus iI is inporlant thal it is ai'ncd t prrrllcl k) thc ground.When aDimalsmolc rlong lhe lrall. a silenl M,ftsh@h - switch cngrges $e cimera. \'hich lakcs r photograph.The time 510 15 2A 25 30 dclal bclwccnphotographswas set1o r mininumoi threenrinutes. The cameraswere dcpkrlcd in 2.1di$erent locrtions. All

Evcn thoughforcsi conversionto oil palm estatemay havc providcd abundanceof oil palnr frxjt. snrall verlcbratcs and invertebratesas a mrjor ftx)d lource for lone ofthese species,its threallo wildliic could be devastaiingifprecautiors arenot laken seriously.Forest fragnentation and isolarion createseasy rcccss lbr illcsrl hunters.who may shootany wildlife thar novcs. There haveeven becn cases whcrc domesticatedrnimals ha!ebeenkilled using shorgrnsIbr no rcry)n by sone of thesefrustated hurters. In additiontolhis.I havealso obseF ed many road-kills arorndlhc study area.panicularly P. h?rinfir..litut. Fi! 2 Arnl.l l.n6nrt Ptionalon li$xne th.b th!)t)?d \,r,1tl t.n?n tr J.r.trt.h lit!! Rr:!tr!, Plnnlnnal Musrelids, viverrrids. and herpestids |hat occur in Peninsular Malilsia rcccive pdeclion both internationally and locilly. Nonetheless.il is imporlrDttocdu.ateand create awareness anrong the local conrnnnirics. cspccially on issuesinlolving conflict. Farmcrsneed to be educatedin intensile poultry farming, whcrc properlinrrn! JnJ lurJ I! InJ) be re(e*4 ru pre\

A comprehcnsilcslrdr- will he requircdto undersiandthe population dynanics. nininun vilble popuhlnn in disruhed hrhitat, and ecological funclion ol small cirnilorcs iD Lr)pi.ai Fir t v(|r,\rn an..r viv.ra funlalunea/r1 ,,,r J,?r,.!ln \i.r tn .lcrnBdu lir'.! R"\!^! Pain ld' Mtlrr\nl f ainforest, especially thcirrolc assced dispcrlc|s. Such infof nutiorl will provide inpul to the consen-ationstrategies ibr rhcsespecie\ in this rcghr.

Acknowledgernents I $ould like to rhankthe Dcp!nmcnt ofWildl ilc rnd \.tional Parls. PeriNolar Mahy\id, Departmcnt of Forcsiry and thc fcdeml La.d De\ekDnrenrA uthoriry(flLDA). JcnnSauB.mt Managenenraid !eLtle^ loflhei. n'pportibrlhn preje.r.Ii ddditionlo thi\ we arerllso rrc gtutctul to all rhe\Lrteholde, t who havcpanicipatcd nr dis prcjcct we de rhankfuI to En.M atSalleh. Raleigh lltcmltidr1 (MalrysianChaptcr) and volunlee6 ld then helpin the lieldwork I am gratciirlto lll WWFM staih cspccially Dt. Dionlsna S.K Sh na *ho helped and guided lhroughoul thc lield*o.k This pmicct (MY00E6)w.s fundcd by \l1vF tIK.nd WWF

I i,r.l. Cnnnon Pdl)nan?/ Prtud.ruru\ lEmuph(rl\\rs phDbtturh..l thin{ ,k, tri{nrr{rf4\ .n)r .l.t B& tor.! R.s.rr? P.nn^rtutMatdr\nj References wcrc rccordedonly | 3 tines each suggeslslhit lhcrc could wcll Medway.Lord. I98 1. ar" ild "Lnnnalsd Malara(Peninsuldr Mald,"tia ) be lnrthcf sround dwelling speciespresenr. Ho\e!er. it p()!ides d,lt,,s,rp,rc. I'i ed.Kurld Lunpur:Orford Unive.\iryPres bnselineditn on the dilcrsiry and relatile abundanceof {hese Pryne,J Fra.cis,CM &Phillirus.K. 1985.,ar././s!r././.th( nannuls rt \..b. \v. lrmilics in a disrurbedhabitat. Usirg cnrnen tnpping lo nudy Bun,, Kat.Kin,'bxlL Tl-r h ieJ Ratnam.L.. Lin' B. L. & Husien. N. A 1995.Mammih oflhe Suigri thesesecretive and nocturnalanimals. sugge(s thrl it.ould he an Singeor.reain Teme.gorForenRelene. Hnlu Perak, vdlal\ia. idral tool lor lurthcrstud! to delemire their behaliorpaflems.For Maldr.,Vdr J..4li:.+09 :l?3 example.liom the resultwc could conlirm that P. l.mnphrclitus Scidenicker.J. 1986.Large canivoie\ andrl'e coiseque.ces ofhah,tlt \pends a sub(anlirl lnn)unr of time on the ground.even though in$'larizitionrecoloSl and con\enattun of rigeAin lndo.e\iarnd r.rili(ies halc bccn rccordedas arboreal(Medwa,v. 1983: Payne. B.rglrdesh.In Cals oJ tht \r tl. Biola!\, on\tnution anLl , / d/.. 1985).It wc'uld ilso bc possiblct() lmk into lheir activiry Da,a8.r,.d,cds.S.DVillcr&D.D.l:vcrctt, I .11.$ashinero.. frlterns by analyzing the tirne and date recorded ltt each phot()grrph. DC:N!rion.l wild lile Federarn)n. Ll rdcquatedala repfesentingeach specieswere ayailablc. Soulc.M. E. 1987.viabl? Papukttk,^ t'n (',acl,2/n ,. Crnbridse: CrmbridleUnive.siry r}e$. The fan ly Viveffidae was represenledby live gen.ra Stclcns.w. I i968.H.bilat rcqunemenc ofM.l.)'an Da'rmah.,lr'dll). ,\tr ./..22:l 9 \rdictir Pasuma,Parado\urus. Prionodon,t|rl Virer,ii) ir|,the Terborgh.l 1992.Maintenance ol dir ersityin rropicallore\t. Fttr,fi.a nudy irea. nud) conducrcdby Raham d.11.11995)inTemengor 21: 283 292 ForestReserve. a clistubed hrbitat rcvcrled rhe tresence of five \tcctcr: Prionod.h lin\ung. Pagumu lat tu, Henigdlts Animal ResourccProgram, Jerb\rnur, Paru.loxurus h tn(phroditus al|,dAft bsalidiu Facultyof ResourceScience and Technology, tlurydrr.'lhe difterencein ihe liverrid diversit) mry bc dnc to University Malaysia Sarawak, \drx)us lactorsin!luding lafiation ir s:mpling methods,durrtion of itudy and the suitabilityof this mixed habirarli)rcst ro supton 94300Kota Samarahan, rgrcardiversityof!ivenids. Ol lheeightsn llcrnnvorcsrccofded Sarawak,Malaysia only M. /l.rfAala and y;r!,rd ;ir?r,'rdltre not corsidcrcdconnnon e-mail:[email protected] i{cdwa}. l98l). A review of the taxonomic and conservation statusesof the island

SamuclI. ZEVELOFF

lhe l'rocyonidaeisa rathersmall fanily. consistingonly ol some 7 renera and 20 species.ll includes raccoons(Pr.x:.\an), co.rris (Ndrx.r and Ndr'./.lldl, rinstails (Barsarisca), olingos (Adrsdri.fou). the (torrs l/zr',J), and possibly thc Red Pintu (A;/"/,s l,lseni). Thc prccisc ntrmbcrsof its gener{ and speciesvary dependingupon whe(hcrccrtain ft)ms rrc rcgardcd asdiitincrand ifthe RedPandaisinciuded in lhis linily (sccPccon Slattery& O Brien. 1995:Flynn.r a/., 2000: and Zevelotl: 2002 tbr discussionon lhe lalrer i\sue). Procyonidsoccur throughout nuch ofN-orrh,Central, and Soulh America. The RedP.rnda o I A si.r. il it indccd bclonrs in this family. would be its sde Old World'

Hxving the greatesirange of ary of the genera in lheir lamil]. rhc nccoons extend from Canadato Argentnra. Seven diftirent sp€cieshave been recognized. The genus l"?.1o, includcs two subgcncra.The Rrcc{x)nor CommonRaccoon. Pra.f,,r /obr Ljnnaeus 1758.and the five island lbrns belong to thc subgcnus Pfudon. (The Clonlnon Raccoonalso occurs oD larn)us ishnds.) The Crab eating .Pro.ron Mn.:rirorus Crvier 1798. is thesole member of thesu bgcn us r,pr,.},r (c.g., Goldnran. I 950).

Of thesc scvcn potcnLirl s['c.ies, only lhe common and crrh catingraccoons afe widely distribuied.Each of the othershas 3 very restricledrange onparlicuhrislrnds. ThcConrmonRac.oon ic widesprcadin much oi Nonh lnd Central America. The Crdb eatingRrccoon rangesfilm $uthern Costa Ricaand the lsthmian rcgion of wcslcm Prnrma to nofhern Argeniina. It ha! been releasedon the islands ol Trinidad .lnd Tobrgo, rnd possibly severalothers in the Clrribe.tn (Coldman, 1950;Glatston. 199:1).

Procyonidsthrive in a grear!ariety ol habiratsandclinuric conditionsithis b('ad adlptrbility is cspecirlly true of raccoons. Nelenheless. lhere arc scvcrrl island ra.coons. mostly in the Canibean. each of which is tacing rhreatslo its strrlivll. This silnationis al leastpaftially dueto the inrensedelelopment of their Rtut..n h\ Llr.dhPtll DP\rni l.n kanun:. ,1 Nulurdt H^t-\" h\ islands,scvcrxlofwhich halc becomcin!iting re$onlocales. lhe sunkt L zlrtbll (snilh!,tntrt It lilulnrt Pr!\:. 20021. coservation of thesefaccoons is aiso confoundedby questions about whclher cach is a genuinespecies rather than a subspecies of the Common Raccoon. towardthcco!n ofVcnczuch. Small.rndrlttherdark, it is generally grryish with an "({hraccous (an carthy or orangeycllow) buff The lnternational Union fbr lhe Conservalionof Nnturc color on thc ncck and shoulders.It is heavily overlaid with black (IUCN) inirially assessedthe coniervatior statu! of the kland on its back producing a "grizzled etlect. Its underyartsa.e so raccoonsin 1996(www.rcdlisl.or8. 2001). In this plper. I review thinly overlaid with a grayish hue that thc light brown undcrfur hoth their taxonomic and conseNationshtuses, anticipating that showsthroxgh. Allhough theyare widely sepafatedgeoglaphically. srch a discussnJnnay bc usclul li'r I'rotcolioneffo(!. Thesetopics the GuadeloupeR.rcoon may be molt closcly rclatcd to lhe havepreviously been considered by Goldman(1950). Hall ( l98l). Bahama Raccoon,the next one to be discussed.They difttr in Sanderson(1987). Glntston (199,1).Sbne (1995), and Zcveloff ccnain dclxils but thcir dclicirLlcskulls are sinilir. (2002). Most recently, Helgen & Wilson (2003) provided an authofitativetaxonom;c assessnrentof the th.ee raccoonsot' the Hel!e, &Wil.onr-0rl1lr\Jr,inrdlour n,u.eIn .I'e.imen\ Wesl Indies: the Gu:tdcloupc.Bahrma. and Barbrdos ra.coons. of the Guadek)upeRaccinn and dctcmincd lhnt il could nol be Thc lolbwing matcrial relies heavily on thele references. regdfdedas a specieiwhich is diltinct from rhcConmon Raccoon. A recent genelic analysisby Pons., dl. (1999) had previously TheGuadeloupe or GuadeloupeanRaccooD. Proc)on nirdl' suSgestedthis as well. As will be discusscdbck)w. thc Bahama Miller l9ll, occurs only on Guadeloupelsiand which is Raccoon. the afbrementionedseen ngly closest relative of the -string administeredby l,rance.lt is jn the LesserAntilles, a of cuadeloupeRaccoon. is probablyalso a subsFc iesofthe Common islandslocNled to lhe eastofPuefto Ri.o, which extendssouthward Raccoon.HelSen & wilson reviewedthat {hcrc rrc no prlacontc

t0 logical or archacohgicalrecords for raccoonscilhcr in the Lesscr Heigcn & wilson (2001) ofter compelling evidencerhar Antilles islNndsof on thc Bahamas.They bclieve rhat thc sDaU Barbados Raccoonsare iDtroducedCommon Raccoons which sir.s oieachofthc rhreeWest lndics raccoonscould be afelatively probably onginated fron thc Floridtceorgii arc!. civer the fecentoccr'ncn.e, poilting out dnt sucha sizc dccreasehas becn extens[e distance of Barbados from the island and mainlnnd obsenedin va ousspecies inlroducedonto sn llislards inctuding loca(ionsinhabited bI rhc Common Raccoon.rhey are skeprical the CireenMonkey C.r.opitll(us sf. (Ash(on & Zuckerman. rbout ithaving dispersedthere naturally. Moreo!er, thcy establish l95l) andseveral rodcnts (Yom-To\ .r dl. 1999). thrl thedistincli!c fcaturcsofthe hok)tyF specimendcscrihed by Nellon & Goldmrn (1930):lln rbscnceof first premolarr.and the Land usc changes on cuadelonpe h.tve resulted in a long uppcr carnassiallccrh. are not evidenr in other P/oO?i .(mlidefable loss ol this raccoons narive habitatlnd ii is now tlor.tull",i stecinens. lndccd, MacPhee & Flcming (1999) conf]nedlothc island smangroves and remrining raintbrestslrnds. contendthatthe BarbadosRa.coon is actrlailycxtant onthe istrnd Itostensibl] stilloccursin thc ParcNationat dc Gnadeioupe.whcre rodiy, but as P,'|LL,, l.rol. rr hasbeen selcctcdas the park's cmblenaric" spcciei. Ii is still hunrcd for fbod. Another possiblc threat ro ils survivrl is an The last two raccoonsto beconsidercdarefiose tikeliestto Inr.oductionof Crab elting Raccoonsto cuadeloutc. though this be distinct spccic!.and shouldrhus be the fbcus ofisland raccoon hrr ror bccn confirned (ctatsron, 199:l). As of 2003. rhe conserlrtion efforts. Thc Tr€s Marias Island! Raccoon.Pr.,r.,ror GuadeloupcRacooon renrained classified as Endangeredb) lhe rrrrld'ir Meffiam I 898, histoficallyoccuncd ofTof the wcsl coast I UCN dueto thecontir uing declineol thc fewer rhan2.500 mature ol Nayadt. Mexico on lwo of rhe Tras Marias tstands(Lrs tllas indi!iduals in i(s solc population (www.redlisr.org200.1). Marias): Maria Madre lsland and-Maria MagdalenaIsland. lts hrbjtat preferenccsare prcbably 'Ihe similar to those of thc Conrmon Bahamn,Brhanas. or Bahrmian RaccooD.p/,.Lot Rtccoon. This relatilely large. pale spccieshas a shon, coarse. ,Lr),/.di Bangs1898. is only kno\r n to ({cuf on New providence brisLlypelage. Irs upp.rpallsare normallya lightcreany buffcolor. Isldnd{Nassau) in lhe tsahamrs.Ir is a small. mcdiun dark torm, rot the iroDgrayish hue ofthc nearbymaintand Conmon Raccoon \onrewhatpaler than lhe Guadelouperaccoon. I1s upper body is subspecies:thc Merican RaccoonPrctvn btor nerican^ at\d largelygrayish. heconing rn ochraceousbul cokn on the mpcof the Mexi.an PlateaLrRaccoon Pro(,-on lotor h.rnotute.ii. its neckand shoulders.lt is moderarelyoverlaid with biack tur rhrt Furthermorc.its imposingskull is consider.rblymore angularthrn thins out rng the sides.Its underpartsare lighrly colercd with thatol thc ComlnonRrcc(x)n. Onirsback. i( is Lhinll overlaidwirh gmylsh fur. Thc top of its headis a grizzledInix ofgray andblick black. Its undcrpats are iightly covercdwith a prlc creamy buli and its black mlsk is intenuprcdhctween the eycs. the skull and colof, permiuing the light brnvn underlur to show through. rhe dentilion afe both slendcrand delicttlc. Thc Tr6s Marias lshnds Raccoonis not connnonand mry As mentioned.thc ll$ama Raccoonseems to bc ctosely neler hrle been.Thc mljor threatsto irs surlival are ns timitcd rclatedt(' lhe Guadeloupe Rrccoon. lt may.rls) he closely connected distributi(rr.hunting lind ils caprurefbrpers.Il is not proGclednor lo thc Conrmon Raccoonsof the Florida Keys. For nr.tny years, are thcrc protected rcas that could enhrncc its survil'nl. Thc senousdonbrs have also bcen.aised aboul this raccoonbcirg a MexicnDgovernment considcred this raccoonlo bc threatenedin se|)a|atespecics(e.!..Allerl9l lrKoopnun.r,/.. l95TtMcKinle]. l9il4 (Norma Oficial MexiciDr 199.1).ln 2003, though. ir was 1959) and i! has altemarly been classilicd a\ ptuLlon totor classilicda! Endingeredby the IUCN becauscrhere afe probably ,dlrdr./i.asrbspcciesoftheCommonRaccoon.HclgeD&Wilson Iewer thin :50 nralufeindi\idL|als (www.Ledlist.org2001). l'he (2001) exlmined 10 nuscum lpecimens liom New Pro\,idcnce. subspecicson Maria Mrgdllcna Islard.Pro._\?, i,rzlais ri(inus, They li)und that the charlctersused lo classify P/o...roi mdrnar.ti is considcredtobe extincr.The orhersubspecics, P/r.lor i"srtDr rs a unquc speciescould bc attributablero individual lariarj()n ,rfulali.!. o.cuh oo Maria Mrdre lsland. wilhin the ComnDn Raccoon.rnd thus concludedlhat it seemed nxat rpprcpriate to chssify it as a subspccicsof p /orrr. The fifth and hsr island raccoon ro bc consideredis thc Cozumel Islandor PygnryRaccoor. lDr,.),n DBrndcrJ Mcnirm Land delelopmentin fte Bah?mashas undoubredty had rn 1901, wbich occursonly on Lhir island off of Mcxico s Yucatrn 'mpact on this .tnnnal. li is nor legally protectcdnor are rhere Peninsula.l1 secmsto prefer the n]lDgrovestands and sandysoits fforected arcrs knowr to conlrin i!. As of 2001. it s,asclassilied along the ishnd s coastalwetlrnd! (Navaffo & Suircz, 1989).As rs Endingc.cd by the IUCN due to the ongonrg declire o1 i1s its scientiiic nameimplies. it is rhc snallestraccoonspccies, often 'everely fiagnrcnted(i.e.. no subpopulationis estimatedto have wcighingjusr 3 ro 4 kg (6.6 ro 8.8 poundt. lt has a shorr.bristly, Ino.c drln 250 individmls) populalDn of fewer rha! 2.500 light bufiy grayishpelagc which is thinly overlaid with black. Irs rndividuals (w\rw-redlist.or: 2003). underpansare flnely colcred wirh light bui\ h,ti.!. allowing rhc lightbro\rnish undedurto showthrough. On itshead.u is agrizzled If any indiliduals of rhe Barbados Raccoon, Proqo, gray rnd btack. Ils black facial mask lend\ Lo becone brownish (/or,.,rdlleniNclson & coldnrn 1910.still exisr, Lheyonly occur mixed wilh gruy ak)ng the middtc. of Barbidos. another island in ihe t-esserAnrilles. Aithough pmbably oncc abundant,especirlly on the island s rngSedsouth The Cozumcl lsland RaccooDhas a relatively tLrr skull, \rdc, thjs raccoonwas hst siShtedin 196:tand is exrinctrccording similar t(' rhat ofthe Crmpcchc RaccoonPro.)o, lotor shukktti. ro thc IUCN. lts upper pclNgewas usually r Iight ockaceous buff dre Cornnon Raccoonsubspccies on rhe nenrbynninland. lts fur eolorationwhich wrs most evidenr on the nape of irs neck dnd is rcpotedly similar in colorand textureto rh:rlof rhis subspecies. nrouldcrs.This was hervily overlaidwilh black and its undcTrns though Mcrriam (1901 ciled in Cuiron .r dl.. 20O:l)stated ihat jt wcre thinly covercdwitfi abulty gralish hue.Atoprhc hcad.it was was crsy to dislinguishthis Raccoonliom rhc CoDmon Raccoon xbuffy gray nixcd withblack. Thenask wasconunu ductorts Broadblackthroatbturdandgoldcnycllowtail...."Thc lr.e. Snrall and dark. it was similar nr color to rhe a;udetoupe Cozumel lsland Raccoonis noticeablysmnllcr rhanthe mainland Riccoon. 1tsskull was rrlher sho( and scemedto be delicrLc. iorm. hasa shofte.and narrowcr r)struln. a much smallcrcranium.

ll A note on the diet of the Water Mongoose Atilax paluilinosus in the central Great Karoo, South Africa

Chris STUARTand Tilde STUART

Alrhorgh lhediet olthe waterMongoosc,4tilrrt dlrldorrr of52% in July and 100% in April, Mlty and September.Temircs hli bccnsrudicd iil severallocations ir SouthAfrica(Rowc Roi,e, (lsoptera).pfedominartly I lodot?m?t. occrfte(l in all sanples 1977; Du Toit. 1980: whitfield & Bhbcr. 1980i Stuart. l98l: except November and rangedfrom a 247. to a 69% occuncncc. I ouw & Ncl. 1986iBaker, 1989),it hasto dateno! beenkx)kcd rt Grasshopperranil cdckets (Orlhotrcra) sere absentin $np1es fro lbur onthsbut with a surprisinglyhigh 807. occurrencein June.Urn(f n\enehrie nrnJ I. sr'r 1orol lreJr imf"nJnJe Previous authors have ti)und this lo bc m opponur(tic !ccdcrand this has beensubstantialed by this studv rn an exlreme Mannnal fenLins. cspecially rodents. wefe \..ond rn enrirolrment.Thc stud) $as ondefaken on fie f.trn S^dorrein' occunence.The most inportant ideDtilicdrodenl prey consisted -11'33.ll S / 022' 19.60'E:3122 CB) that lie\ berwecnthc ofBush KarooRat Orofl) r /rfirxlr'.rtur rnd theNanaqua Rock Ral \ illagesolLoxton andVictdiawcst. Thc lxndscapeis r lnix offlat A<.1horrj-tnandtlu.nsis. ScrubHare a.?!t Jatdrilit (LNgomorph) plxinsardbroken hillcountry-with sclcrulsrrean courses.dry lor remainsoccurcd in scxtscolldctedinApril(2,1'l,, Nd Jul] (20%) rnuchoftheye .alfioughspringfedpoolswcrcprcsentinoeriler but were ahsentin allothermonlhs. Ore scatfl)m MNr conlrined bcd throughoutthe year. Iividencc from rracksi dicareddlat the the remaiDsof r Smilh's Red Rock Rabbit P/oroldSes n?cs/.tr. ongooseswere ranging widcly rlong a d .twnr-lrolil the waler Thctrcscncc ol sheephair in scatsfroln May od Augustprobably .ourscsallhough dung middens were onll loclLcdalong thestreanr represerts scavengnrg.Thc camivore nuterial idcnlilicd w.r\ \i$ permaneotpools. The thfee locNtcdmiddcns were or f]at dominaledby wrlcr Momgoosehaif and wai almo( ccnalnly a rockv rreasv)mclhrcc nrelreslrbo!ethestream bed. The vegctrtion product ot' self-groonring. Small Grcy Mongoose H.ry.'/rr .ftlre arer is prcdorninantlylow kanoid scrub.sith mainl] cxotic i,dh..,l!nrls hair and bonesin r singlc scaiduflrg April was the rJeeiand grasslhickcls rlong lhe main water course. onl! coniirrnedcarnivore. It is not clcrr whetherthiswas actilely predated.hunted or s.avengcd. In thepresenlstudy scataraly!issas uscd10 in vcsligrtethe Jiet of tfie Watcr Mongoo\e in rhe central Gfeat Karur. WaLcr Frog andioad (Anphibian) boncswerepresentin scatsfro'n \longoosc sc:ils$,ere collecled fegulafiy al thrcc middcn sites.A all nonths excepiJul) (thc coldestmonth). The highcll lcvcls o{ toralof 92 scarswcrc collcclcd rnd processedovef a total of nnrc occunencewere fiom SepternbertoAtri1. Bhen moslrain falls in moorhsfn,n April 2001 to April 2002. A summaryor thc scrt this region. The rnost abundant spccies in the arca arc Bufo js .onrents -liven in Trble I, wi(h relative occunence ot thc sariercnli!. AlranululclgrLd antLX.norus lae\is. but boneswere J,tlerent diet grcups in thc 92 Water Mongoosescats rlso bcmg nol identitied io specieslevel. trcscntcd in Fig. L lnvertebrateremrins occuncd in 78 ol the 92 .. rdtrlt rnd larvae lcoleoptefa) remains wcrc oi Reptile remains idcnLilicd included hatchling l-eopard ron\i\tently high occurence ir all sanrplcs.tndranged from a low Tonnise\ Gco(lulone patululisin two scah. ncwly hatcbedTent

I I

P a :,

ll lbragers.The greatestpresence was recordedinJuly (72'l.). Ofier Absolute Relarive plrnl rcm.rins \rere identifled ffom l).xrn hirnnum. Tundri\ ra fldrisr/r?d andthe seeds ol thccxolic SweetPrickly I'eat Opuntia l,Iamm:l' 51 s7 6l' t. dr ddt.d. Grasswas pfesentin fouf ol 1henonths sampledbut Carnilorcs s 5.13"1 it is unlikely it was eatenas a food sourcc. Ungulrtcs 3 7.26tt Ruo(nr, ' :q, r t': References Lagomorphs 9 9.'78q Baker.C. M. 1989.Fceding h.rbit! ofthe Water Mongoose(Arild.( Bi'd, 2l )'.81; palu.lino'u!). Z. SLiueeliefi. 51:31 39. - R(pl.le. l-61-, Du Toit. C. F. 1980.The Yelk)w Mongoose Cr"nictisp.ni.iLldtu Anrphibians 22 23,917c and other snall carnivoresir lhc Mountain Zebra National Invcrrcbrates 7lt 8.1,78% Park. Ko.do. 23:179 18:1. Cru.rdc(rn' I l,0qi l-ouw.C.J.&Ncl.J.A. J. l986.Dietsofcoastalandirland dwclling M. llu\ lrJrrnenr.I Looi Waler Mongoose.S. A/i I Wirl/. /i?r., 16:151 156. Rowe-Rowe.D. T. 1977.Food ccology of ir Natal. South llafl mJl(nJ 18 / l,l0l Africa.Oiirr 28:21(1219. lheCape ntbl. L sunnd]\ .f dll 92 v,.r Atilax prlLtrosus Stuafl,C.T. l9lll. Notesonthemammalianc.tmivoresof Pl,^in.l,So,,rh Al'rci. A',t,,hol I l.< whitfield, A. K. & Blrber, S. J. M. 1980. Thc diet ol ,4tilzrr Todoise I'rdrDlobd,.r l.riorirr fragmcnts in one sanple and ogs (Waler Mongoose)at Sr. Luci!. South Atiica. rhoseof a single HelmetedTcnipin Pelonelusa subrul\ tron I'a1,.Jt Mannu tu 14.315-418. August. A sirgle snakeand liard were nol identified.

Plantrenains occuffedin a suTrisingly high numberof the scats(>40q.r. wilh themost importarr bein-rthe fruiiskins rnd sced African-ArabianWildlife ResearchCentre ofthe indigcnousBlue Bush Dioi?ftor /-f.bidcr. When fully ripc PO Box 6, Loxton, South Aliica many fruits frll to the ground and becone available!r) tcncstrirl [email protected]

Observation of a Striped Sklunk ( mephitis) in Yonne department, France

On l,ridar- l0 Mry 2002. ll naturalistwalking in Cerisiers rirest. Yonnc.France. between La I-onguera;eand Les Mrqucts. obscNed and took photoSraphsof an rniDll, which, alier some relearch.pr)vcd 10be a Slnped SkunkM.prtlr ,r?i,liit '. a North ,^mericanmustelid specie!. Thc obscrlarionwas madeduring the aftemoon.rnd lastcd abouttwo hours.The ltninal apparentlyhad beendiscovcrcdwhcn restingundcrcoler.It thenwalked out to the obscr!.r, sniffing his stick. The neve. seemedfdghrcncd lnd was ibllowed a tew meleN awa). Il hrd not beenseen again by the autumnof 2002. The idenlilicrrion wasrrade possible tbrough two picturcs. scntto rheFrench man nal socieiy(SFEPM). Phonc c.rllswjththe observer'shmily addedlomc prccisn'n to this unique and sinSle

There is no mson b doubl what had beenreported. even Acknowledgements though ir is not possibleto usethe picturesto locatethe sitc or 1o confom thc limc ol obsenJalion. IthankMrand Mrs Marrin who sentthis obscrvrrion. Claire The fan liar behaviour ol thc animal is in lavour of an MdnissierUrH,/.rle) whofoMdfdcd it andAndrd Fournier who escapefrom captivity. SlripedSkunks are on saleir Franceas I'cts. helpedh flndingthis Northdepartnrent case. In 1996. a person was discolcrcd lrith a snall breeding sroup (apair ?)ofstripedSkunks rnd r group(apair ?) ofNorthern References RaccoonsPro. fo, ,xar in Nonh dcpfftmenl. in the cellar ofhis (coord.) de lar6gbn Nord Pas houseand wrs thcn apparentlyallowed to keep them (Fumicr. FournierA. 2000.Les ntimmitires issuc, 192p. 2000aDd Foumier i, Itr.. 2002).Despite a telephoncinvcstigation dc Crlais. k d.,ror 13 special A. 1982.Srriped and Hoodedskunks ID WiZndDndls.y' with the local letcrinary senices in aulunn 2002. rt was noL Godin J. &G. A. !eldhaner. 675 posrihlc 1('know if theseaninuls werc or dre rtill therc. N,trAD./i.d.eds. J.A. Chaprnan 687 Bahimorc: The JohnsHopkirs Univcrsily Press. StripedSkunk is onc ofthe main rabiesreservois in Nofth America.nrore inrpotlnt thanlbxes vllp.r in someStates (Godin, FrangoisMoutou, SFEPM. 1982).Conclusions are easy ro draw. fmoutou @noos.fi A short note on the analysis of the scatsof Water Mongoose Atilnx paluilinosus and Rusty-spotted Genet Genetta maculata from , north-east Zambia

Chris STUART and Tilde STUART

Small s.rnplesol scarsol a vivemd and in herpesiidwere 'foral numberol scaa = 18 (Central rolleced liom the Kasanka National Pafk Province. Absolure Relllr!e lambia).I-iulc hasbccD rccordcd on Lhcdict ol carni!orcs liom this CONTFNTS rrea. lhearea isdominrrcd bl rivcrs. hkcs. swrmprnd scasonally Madfrrls 18 100.0? inundarcd tloodplains. Rodenrs 18 100.09. Unrdcntiliedhair + bone! ll .1,1..1't lvater MongooseA/i/aJpaludinosus Pru. \t lttldiDn\s) sp hair, bores.reeih 6 l3.l'z Praon\: l!,luronL!\) d.tnid.. incl leelh 2 ll.lt Forty scats(Fig. l) were collecredat fou| locationswithin Atarrnan\ tulithutu\ hin. h.n.s. tc.th I 5.6'7. Ka$*a: WasaCamp. LuwonbwaCanrp, MulemhoWatcrfall.rnd a)r,,r, st har I 5.69i rhe confluenceof the Musola and Kasokr Rivers. 1he Wrtcr Mr\ ntintbitlr: tccln 5.69i uongoose is a com'non speciesnr the prrk. lnsectiror€s 2 1l,1ah a tu.i/rtu sp. hxir + jas L j.6i1 L nidenrifie{tshres | 5,6, Rodents$,ere the only nummals idcnlilicd in thc scatsxnd 1 5,6Ea .rhhoughnany could not be idendfied io specieslelel, Cane Rrr Reptifes ,t,rrl, scalcs | 5.691 lhr\o o,']".sstrind.rianut remainswcrc prcscntin tbtrr scats,as Amphibinns 6 3l,at \crc multimxmmarclnice (ffdrn u rs). Anphibians in the lonn oi Fmg b.i.s o 3l.l? riog boncs wcrc lirnd in 2.1 of the scats and repliles in eight lnY€ri€briles 12 66,79. ,rnrplcs. Fish scalesrnd boneswere presenrin threescats. At the rimc ol collccti()n,lowards the end ol rhedry season.oxbow hkes fnsccrs 12 66.7S. Bccd. irxg'n.nts .Lndlloodpliin pools were rapidly drying up. aod presumably airasshopper+ Cricker frlgmen. I 50.0c1 -Llk)wcdc.rsicr access ro llsh lbr this mongoose.lnsects feaiured in 'lcflnircs | 5 6rl ll scatsof which Ofhoptera (28) ardColeoptera(22) werc bl,lar Lnridenflred,dse.tiragmctra I 16.71i rhe most imponant. Frcshwarc.gastropod (snail) shell iiagments Plant mnlerial 7 a8,9an \\ efe presenUnn'nc sc s. Crass 7 l3.9cl Fi!l (;cictrJ nrrtrlla nnr ,r

Rusty-spotted Genct Genetta maculata Tolrl dunib.r of s.r( = .10 A single samplcof l8 scats(Fig. 2) $as collectedlroln a hollow ln a fallen tree at one location on the bank ol LheMusola coN l Lt\'l s Rjver. I,or soatidentific.uion scc S1uafl& Stuan (199.1). 29 72.40s, Rodenr renrainswere in .rll scats.of which fbur I r!drdtficd mannnal hatr trescnl specieswefe identifiedand Mast iryr was most imponant. Two (C/o.llrfa). Amongstthe 2l scrls contNincdrcmains ol nusk shrews Ur,dcntiticdhar + bones droppings a! the rnidden site was a wcll che\ed but complete //rurrrlJ hair + bones carcassofacrociduran shrew. Amphibian bones were presentin six ar,,i)\ sp hrir. tooth sc:rls.Insccls \ree preseotin 12 of the scats,oi which Orthoptera lrdo,Nr sp.hrtr + bones (grasshoppersand crickets) with an occuncncein nine scalsare the Mus h toitl.s teerh

Locrliries oI scnt colleclion (all UTM coord., sridzone 36 L. Mapdatunr ARC50): lt rrld \.rlc! + bo.cs . 5 I1.00?. wala Camp: 2 06 I l0 E / 86 l0 872 N . Luwomb\ a Canp area: I 86 88 E / 86 l,l 16 N 24 . 2.1 Mulenbo WaterfNll:2l:l722 E / tl6 12916 N . ConfhenceMusola & KasantaRivers: I 99 650 E/ 86 07 50ON . Smrll fi\h sQle\ + bones Fibwe Bar Foresrrt the bank of Mulola Ri!c. 2 ixl 892 E / 86 33 07 134N

22 Reference Crxslhopper+ Criclet lirgnrenG zlt Stuan,C. & Stuart,T. 1991.A lieli gunletu thetra(ks & \ignt4 snuthernand edstAfricdl lt/il.//r/t. Haliaay House.Soulh Africa: SoulhernBook Publjshers(Ply) Lld.

African-ArabianWildlife ResearchCentre PO Bo\ 6, L('rlon, SouthAliica ,r / Atlax palrldinon Jd, dadlrrJ (dv,it Ndt.nal Park Zonbir. l5 Pattems of activity and home range of Mountain Coali oliaacea

A. RODRiGUEZ-BOLANOS.P SANCHEZANd A. CADENA

Introduction

Animals in indiliduals or groups crny out their routine a.ti!ities witfiin rcti!ity fangesof tenilories. The natureof these arers laries greatly helweensl)ecies depending particularly upon thcdistriburi(nr oirc!)urccs. Suchrcsources nr{y include:sleepinS and/orbreeding relugcs, sitcs lir lb.aging and migratn)n.firding thc opposircscx in thc mating scai)n. and waterand food. Energy fequifenerts mal be paficularly importarr in derermning rhesize of the activity rarge (Mace .t d/. 1981).

In.".o'Jdrrr("irhPit(l0Nrl.rr.''L.. r.quirrnfnr.Tr) \ary lvith the ti e and bctwccn indiliduals of Lhcs.mc sl'ccics, clererrniing with o$er hclors thc.rcti!it) rangc sirc.Inft)mrNti()n .rbout acli\'ity range distribulion is clcrrly inrporLrnL,in undehtandingthe aninal! ecolog).

'l'he relationshipof ar animal poputationwithin its ecosystemdepends snongly upon its diet and fbragingbehaviour. Understandingecologjcal role and its inlluence in lhe rmnal |iB I M.in.rr Cn"it Na!,e ? o iricel ArrtJB thr mlb..llntutB fro.rs sfatial drna'nics is essenlialfof nranagementplanning with rhe slreciesand its habitats.Nevetheless, fof somemanrnals. studies in lrophic ecologt and of move rents rre hitheno noncxistenl. Co.rti soci.tlorgrnil.llion is basednpon groupsconstiluted This is the casewith Mountrin 1vdr,.llr o/rrr.td. amorg by mature lemales and young of botb sexes.Mature nales are seleral orher animalsof high nounlain areis. $litary. exccpt during tbc limc ol nrrting. when they may enter te rporaril! inlo groupsofmrles andfemales in temporaryaggre- Coaties are lhe only gregariousnembers of c.rmilorous grlions. Outsidc lna(ing scasons.nnles nay depredatejuveniles (Russell. 1982). Nosu.llu olitucea is |he only co.tli (Russell.1981. 1982).meaning that they aredriven away aggres- $at irhahits dre xltitudin,rl range of 2.000 meter (wilson & !i!elybl thefemales.This is pr€surnablyamechanismof pmtection Reeder. l99l) and above inio moorlard. Their adapralionsand of tu\'eniles (Russell, I 98 I i Janzen, I 970i Newcomer& De F'arcy, srfurcgicsto lirc ir habitatsofsuch exnenreconditjols drenot yet 1985). Alteratively. accofdinSto Snrythc 11970).it mly bc a strategyto oraximisesolilary orales hurting success.while the groupslbrage con)petili!e1y. rnd sopnrtitioning resources between The presentstudy was designedto detemrinelhe chirac- reristicsof the activity .ange,usinS nrethods of radio lelenretry.of Nulnella oliakd in cloud ibresr in the Carprnrr Bidogical Croups of .1 25 mernbershive beenreponed (KaLrfininn. Resenarion, . 1962; Con]ppcr & Krinsley, l99l). with group size apparently varying with stase of rhe reproductive cycle (Russell. 1982). Little published infornration about Mountain Coati is Groupsof 200or moremem ber! ( A lvarczdcl Toro. I 952;mcnlioncd based upon field obseNations.Mor€ informalion. based upon by Kaufrnann,1962) are probablyexceptional, perhrts reflecting specinrens.corcerns norphology and its i erpretation in ar supembundantfood. lr't Ntsu?Ll( olt|aea rtotps v{ry frcnr 6 8 evolutionaryand systemrticframework (Decker. I9gl). In othe. individuals to more than 50. cases.lhespecies is b.iclly chdaclcriscd wilhin gencrulrccouDts of nrammalsofhigh mornrrins rnd moors.Rcccnli!.1hc dict has Groupactivity rangesize of NzrMdrarl..r wasmeasuredas beenstudied. codrfming that is a specialistconsuner of invene' 520hectafe! h Arizona.US A (Lanning. I 976) andbctwccn l:t and brrles. witb appropri.tlcm('rphological rdaplllions (Rodrigucr .15ha in Bl|rro CokrradoIsland. Pamma. The maturemales seem Bolanos.t.rl.. 2000).Ndjll.ll.r o/l!d..d \een! io presenia social to hale lessfixed aclivity range! refleclingproiinit] lo currend] ofganizationsinilar to coatiesof the genusNdr&d (Ro&iguez av,rilableioufces offood. With theserelalivcly big aclility rNgcs. Bolanos. 1995), but dris has not yet heen confinned by nrcre coatiesin Nofth America hale bccn dcscribedrs seni nonadic delaileds(udics ofrspccts likc rhcdcgrccotrcproductivc slnchro (Ki0inunn .t dl.. 1976). nization. intra'group relalionshipsand thosewilh solilary nnles. rnd othcr rspcLs ol s)cialiLy. Area of study

Knowlcdgc of gcncrrl Drturll history of cortics rcflc.ls Locntion 'Ihe studicsin ecolog](Kaufinann. 1962). rct(xluctnrn (Russell. 1981. study!re{colcrs 1.200ha wilhin lhe CarpinlaBlologi- 1982)and b.hr!n)ur (an)mmpcr& Krinslcy. 1992).with borhthc cal Reservrtion,Colonrbir. Thrcc qurtcrs of lhislrrea ire covered .u: r.(, ul rh( genu.N,,'d,r. V ar'\,,, iI.i N. ",,,a r'. b),^ndeanhigh lbrest.The irea is locatedin the depatmeniof (irndinanrafca.municipaliry of Junin at approxlmately.l''3'l N. or palhs &)und and .rxsing the study rrca. ID those fNvourahle 'l".ll W. in the eastern-nrountainrange of Coldnbir. Allitudc f.'inr,..u\h r. pe!1.JnJ !reJ. u irhlI rle\ e!erJriun.re(epr.on $ a rJnres fion 2.1,10Lo 1.140 nreters(Repizzo. 1993). Olher good (seeNlech, l9ltl). b,ophysical characterisdcs of the studl area are delailed in Itodriguez-Bolinose/ dl. (100(l). The IJTM referencewas deternrinedfol each receptior sl.uionusing manualficld ncthods. lhcsc wcrc brscd npon easily llethodology idertiliable start points in aerirl pholographsand co seculivcll Jr dl .rJrinn.r(pi{enrr Jire.ri..n. .l..pe dnd di.rdnr.. Capture During the fifst nonth. the studl area was surveyed To delect signals,a receiving Wildlite nodel Nlatcrials f\rensi\'ell,lo locatesectors with relativrly highcr licqucncicsof TRX I OOOS wrs uscd with rangeoffrequcncy 218999,and.rn rndirecte\ ences(c g. clcrd rcm!ms. fucccs,prints) rndordircct rDtcnnrY rr i ofrh reeelements (w ildlife M aterialsIn... Carhondale. ,)b\eNatiors of the MoLrrtainCo.tti.In suchphces wcrc sct scvcn lL6290l.USA). lomrhawknrps (lefgeand medium siTes). Nopdorinlornatior on .,ppfofriate baits for dris specieswas available.so several$ ere The localion of lhe transmirter\{ as dedncedtron) conprss rfsrcd:\ardincs. dr) lish.llourand woms. banlnrand lrrcpricrary bcrrings from I .1 directionsevery hour, in periods of l2 hours ..r iood. Thesereilecl thc cpccics insccli\ orotrsdicis (Rodriguc/ cvcr) day during onc month. llol{nos.1995r RodfigueT Bolaiios .r.//.. :000). UTN1references ot' the reception statiors were digitized rii 'Ihe traps were nnr ever,aday dudng dre fiekl phasenr AUTOCIAD. Togetherwith dala of lhe direclionsro signals.thet |rnu{|v 1oSettember. Thet' \'ere !isitedonceperday. andrhebaii weree ntered to thecompuier progran LOCATE ll (Nanls.I 990) lo trrs rcplcnishedcverlr lecond day of when devoured by other calculae each localization of dre coati. The genefatedfile was .rninuls.The sole capxrreofNdrddllr dhyr.a was of a male in .r processedh the sofi$rre ofTclc lts (Koeln & Colernan.1989). r rp bailedwxh .r b fley-crt-food lnix. l he aninal waslaken in lhe Lrrplcl fie cabin 'Sie(ccucrrlci (within LhcCutanh Rcscrvrlion) Activity range A.tivilyrrngcsi/candform scrccrlcuhlcd bl themirimunr conlcx polygon m.thod (Hayne. 19.1S){nd with the harnxnric The a nnal $,rs weighcd iD a crnlas brg. rDd rhc .losc of nccliamcthod (Dixon &Chrpn n. 1980;White & Gurott. l9g0). leranine hydrochloridenecessary to inducedissocil]tive ancsthesia The core irea wis delinedrs rhc )sr unilorn distributionofusc rxs calctrlatcdand applicd (Clillord. 198,ll Day cr .r/., 1980: corrcspnding with thc conbur of 507 ol thc aclilitJ range Fuenres,1987). The coati sra!edin rhlsstate during thrcc hotrrs.by (Ackermanc.d1.. 1990)bascd on the dala ofthe hannonic nicdia rr.rDs of succcssi!cmininmnr doscsof 0.02 mg/kg. elery 20 15 gcneratedblr'leienr 88. Iinutc\. Slandardmcrsurcmcnls wcrc lrkcn. thc sex !nd '.pr)ducti!c condili{rr !.dfied. rnd cctoparaites were gaihered. I henxxt usedarcas nrsidethe,[ti!ityrrngcwercdetennined \ Bidrrck kdio transmittcr 0nodcl :18 and frcquenc) 896: bI calcuhlion of thc hrnnonic a.ti\it) ccnlrc (miDimumlrluc of urotrack. Warehan Dorset. E gland). weighing 50 grans, \!as fie distributionof rhe hannc'nicnedi.t). obtainedwith Telen] 88. 'r.tr essedround rhc ncck (Fig. l). Tlris point ol maxinmm usc is c.tllcd ".rcti\it) ccnr.c' (Fig.2). (Ackennan{,l a/.. 1990:Dixon & Chapnun. 1980). Thcanimal$asobscrrcd li'roncdrl iDcrptivilyto.xanrinc h. rccovcrt of Lhcdrug lnd adrpLationto thc .o1hr. l hen it wrs Testofindep€nd€nce Lbcratcdxt poinl ol crpturc. Many analyscsof animal movements assumc Lhrl lhc locililationof ananiInalar lineTI isindependentofitslocaliTalion Nlonitoring rl linrc l2. Llsirg crili.rlvrluc! dcrivcdcnrpnicalll for Lhcsquuc To crplurc the signal of the transnriiter.fixed poinis hrlfdistanceamong successive obser!rtx)ns, Schocncr (scc Swihart receptior stations)were nrarkedevery 50 nrelersalo g the roads & Slade, I gii5) proposeda lest lhat elaluatesthe independenceof

hr,"oti Mrtiu rrLt j'ot (-ntuLn e5.i llt, Ltillltlnt nt.trrt\ ol hrtt. Hrrnrolic Medis NorCircuhrr)5.z No. of 1-ocaliTarions lHouf 3.1t) 1.30 t).tl t8 I Hour I ]29 11.89 |.11 216 I Hour 0.ll 0.56 1.66 t(l 2 Hour 3.11 7.51 I0.82 t2 .l Hour\ 2.8'7 1.1.21 1 21 Hour\ 2.14 0.68 26.11 Julv+* I Ilou* 1l 8.1 10.08 13.05 | ).12 ll.3l 50 l2 Hours I t.62 r2.30 16.88 :ra) 1.1Hours .1.6'l 6.52 I t.l6 t1 0.32 0..t5 2).1 6 12Hours 0.06

Ori!inxi drlx liien in fieni. uilhour no{lilynr! Nlod,li.d dxu. r) d,lfc'.nr lnrt-xlr rl ri',.

t7 the observrrions.Thc Schoeneis raio is usedhere to proposean every hour during thc day. The nedial distancetmvelled between efflcient scheduieof sampling fiat :rvoidspseudoreplication. localizationssep.&ted by one hour. was respectively6lt m, 67 ln and 26 n in June.hly and August.Fig.2 shous the palternof the Thc slrlistical independenceof the aninral localizations wascvaluatcd b) mems of lhe computerprogran HOMI'IRANGE (Ackcmrn./d/. 1990).Eqully were obtainedhere. thedistances Thc rvcragesof rhe travelleddillances every hour (l'ig.2) stockings among localizations. lhe diitances stockings to thc showlt periodof main novenent between07 h00 and I 0h00.In thc arithnelic acliviry centre,and the graph of the charNclerislicso1' hourpreceding0tlh00, the averagemovement wls of ll8 nr, up ro novenents canicd out hct!!cen localizations. 09h00. 70 m. and up to l(1h00the averagemovenent was 8l m. Otherltcti vity peakswere fbund in the hour up ro noon (rvcrrgc 80 Loc.rliz.tlionsseparated by onehour werc tbund to be auto m trulcllcd) and thar up to the.l pn (average93 m travelled). conclxLcd.To crlculae the minimun tine intervalbetween pans oiindependentlocalizalions. values ofT2 / R2 werecalculatcd for Discussion different samplesizes increasing the time interval(2. ,1, I 2 and 24 hours)and discarding inteflnediate localizattuns (Swihad & Shdc, Dunng thcsludy period, the radio'collared coatj move'nent! r985). were relarively short ard there seenrcd to be no significant explofation of rew placcs.

To identify the pNuernof thc molcmenls, the distances The Mountair Coati ir a specirlist consumerof edaphic moved between radiolocated localizationswcrc grrphcd in r insccrs(Rodriguez "r a1..2000). This rei'ourceis rbundNntin thc plotter Hewlett Paclard l)esign Jet 650C wirh filcs gcneraledby floor ol rhe Andean torests.which containstnuch dccomposing HOMERANCE progran. The graphsshowcd thc distancesmoled organicnafier (Salananca& Chamor|o.I 994i Garcix& Ch.tmorro. wilh tnnc. rllowing delerminationof limes of greaier or lessef 199,f).The great quanliry ol suilrble insecl food in theseforesls activity during the period of lhe nn ritoring. may mean thrt the animal doesnot needt() lrlvcl big distanccsto find food.his prob.rblerhlttthe quantityof availablef(rcddecreases Results inthedryseasonsofcrchcndol year.Becausetheseseasonalcycles are not so marked in thc lropics, rs in temperateareas. it can be Area of vital domain assumedthar thc rcsourtcsthal dependon thesefluctuations nray A t{)rrlol 2!Ll localizarionsof theradio-collaredannnal wa! be relativcly morc nable. That the radio tfacking tmk place oblained.separated in three periods: late Junc. Jnly (Fig. 2) and dunng the rainy season(July) doubllcss parti.tlly explains the errly August. hly had the mosr recordedlocalizations. becaule lmall rclivily range. there were only short lracking periods in June and August. Rcproductive rhylhms might also affe.t lhc sirc ol lhc Subsequentdiscussion! are generrlly bascdupon resulrsh July. {.ti!ity rrngc (Russell. 1982). Mountaln Coati may primarily rcproduccduringlhedryseason(Decembe.February).andduflng Sizesoflhc rct;vily kngc. for dillerent time intervalsand this period.males will needto mam to find fcmales.In the season numberofk)cllizitnrns, ltreshownhTable t. To comparethe !izes of lhe presentstudy. fie radio collaredcolLi did nol needto nale, of theactivit) rangehy mcansof dillerent methods.the calculations thcrcby at lcasl panially explaining the smnll r.tivity rogc. areshowr accordingto threedifferent moth( s(mrninmmconvex polygon. hannonic nrediaand not circular). The methodselected Indcpcndencewas achievedamong the locali/ati{)ns.wilh to rel]ofi thc final dlh is the Hamronic Media Method. modificntionsof thc i'irial dxh. when elrminadng jntermediate dataand ptuving interlrls of nore rime (Swihat & Slade, 1986). The activiiy range durinS July.overed 8.89 ha wirh localizationsrelated to inrcrvrls ofonc ho r and of 11.33ha with Tub!? 2 sth.?,.t s ltd.t vah. Jar afi.t.r. ti, inkrrul\ untt nLti.t ol tttt irtervals exceedirg,l hours.Thc.trca cenlre (lhe 5076ofmost used dttdn .s ltdr.lled b.b-.pn lota|i.ttun\ activity range)covered 1.17 ha in June.2.,18 ha in July ,tnd 0.19 ha in August. Months Timc Intcnal T2lR2 MedialDistdnce

Theharmonic centre of activity.defi ned as the place of most inportnnce. lion the point of view of lhe spaccusc intcnsity. is shown in Fig.2. next t() thc movcmcnts deploled by the coati I Hour 0.34 68.21 dudng July. July I Hour 0.89 66.81 I Hour 0.40 26.96 Independenceamong localizations: 2 Hours 0.4'7 9'7.52 The Schoener's index (-12lR2) nrarked au('conclation 4 Houh 0.82 153.00 imong the localizalionscarried out to intervalsofone hour. Using 24 Hours 2.t2 289.92 lime in|e als of 2. 4. 12 and 24 hours respectively(Tablc 2). July' 2 Hou$ 1.2:l 9'7.11 changeswere observedin thc Schocncr'svalue. This showedthat |.51 123.r0 nrdcpcndcncco1 localizalionsis achievedat inte|aals of 4 hours 12 Houls t.11 l4]0,1 ,rr.1 huur.T'/R'- 1.5-).The:rpparenr dcririr) rdnge.i/e i. 2,1Hours l.88 145.93 August: l Hours 0.66 41.1)4 increascdwhcn thc numberoflocaljzationsis reducedGee above). 24 Hours 0.9.1 41.25

'ori.in l drlr rithas n.ALf,de tb i,tt^ah ., t hnu. Movenent! inside the activity rrngc in July are shown in 2 S.h.rnpr'\ tnd.\ r\it1N otliur?.I thLu. Fig.2. basedon all thc dislmces travelledbetweeo localizations.

18

Enmons. L IL 1991 Nultqnul Rainlat(e Moundls. A Ji.ld cum. ChrcxgorTbe Urrivcfsity.f Chic.go ltess. Fuenre\.V l98l /',,fdr ?[)rid ) k rnpltuilu I et!fiand. Intetutncri.d! ilfixico. Crcia C. Nl & Chlmo(o 8., C H. 199.1Conlribuc . alcorocimicNode lx dininicr tcmll.ral de lr edrlolluna en uDbosque xlbdndino d. la fcei6trdc Nronserrre.ln tnudn^.ol1iri..s d.] furanb \ d(/ b.squ. nll.unln!) ( inlitk at Orien ki l tl. ColanbnL eds L. E. \Iota ( Xejo & H. Slum. 619 610.Santrlt dc lloeotn.(rolonrbir: Acrdemir ColonibiatradeCiencri5Exaclas.FGica\!Nnturale\.Colc.. 6n.rorge Alvlfc7 l-lc,,s No 6 Tomo 11 (n)mtl)cr.Nr E& Krinsley,J.S 199: Vrrarron inSo.irl Bchlvior ofAd!11 \4rle Corli\ ( itrrd,"/n" J n Parlnri. /]{r,An? 2.1::16ll9. Ha!.e.D. w. 19.19Cxl!_ulatnni olsi7. olHom. R!Dge.J,V.,,,r. li):l:18 J!n7en.D H l9ll) Altruisnr by .oatG in di. aaceol Drednlionbr A,a to,!tujar L Mantn..51:la1 ]89 K fnranr. | 1962 F.l,log! rndbehaviorof thecoarilarrarz,idlotr Baro Colorrdo Islxnd Pananra|tn^. (tttl.nttu Ptbl Z.a! ,6Ot5 2a2. Krllinun. J. Lnnnin!. D. V & Pool.. F- F. 1976.Cudenl suLuslnd dr(rbutbnof th.colri lntheLritedStales J Md,r,r.5l:621-617 ti! 2 Movn.,t d,,l !t\r!atn'n\ lrrsran 4,rd nal.,\asu.lla.liuc.a Kocln. G T. & Colernr..l S l9ri9 Ii., I Grid. r, L/.n 38 a.htp (r ltrlt Jrl\ Tht nark\ th. ..t^n\ .tntru. Tht ttt;Litr t.ilt t.rt. 6 ddlrJn JUt.,i /br ndkt.k\(tt\ .htu. l)ept. ol Fhhenes and tltrld?tl h\ nlttnaS rnA ts sh.rn d th! ntu^?tti.,) if tl\.tu bald |r".s Wrldlilt Virginid Pol!tc.hnlc Instiur. and Slrre lrnire.sil!. Bllct\burg. VA Rc\c!r.h Scrlcs l:l .19. '1he (r obtrined ncdial dislrnce, intervals ol lbur hours l.innnrg, D V. 1976.Dcnsity and nror..mcnr oi dre corli rn Anron!. ll l m) isfelated withthe inlensirlofuscofthestrceofrhe animal. I M.D1nr.51:6111) 6\\. Thisindicrtcsatimeperiodofiburhoursasrhcbrsetodesignsrudy Illce. C.It..lJlrrcr. P H &(lu||oi Btucl,T.H.lr8l. Vcnebnrcllonrc m)\c'nent patternsofmile corlics in the raiDys son.Dururg the Rangcsi7. and .ncrgericre{tuirehenrs ln Ir. ..,1,(r dd,t,,/ ,of.a.4/..ds I R. S$nrghnd & P. J (neensood. 12 5.1 Oxford: Jr) season,Lhc inleNal can probablybe shodcncd. becauseofthe Clxtnd0n Prss. tredicted increasein thc mcdial diitarces travelled. Mech. L D.i98l. lturlbnrk t)l Aninal Rdrlirfurknrr llinneapolis: Lhn\ersitt of Minncsoh Pr.s. Obse^cd movements deline i constanLrDd repetitive NaN.V.(J l9r0 Lo.dt.ll.ltkt \Gunl. Box l16l, Novi ScolraCnnad! \tnce s use pn(crn. rn actility cenre of apprornnatcl) 2.,+8 B2N 525. lil pp. Ne$con.r. Nl $ & lrc F,r.)-. D D. l9r!5 \\hrle l.ced cupucin(L'!r,l hectares.and regulardisplaccmcnrs of almosta kilomere. towa.d fztr.i,Lr) tltdarior .n a nc\tln!..^ti \t\6ua narnr) J i'tann.. .Lnotherplace tbrL was used less irequertly. This wls \isited ..pccially towafd the middle noming {nd in the .lfternoons.Other Pikc.C H. 198.1.Aninul o\emenls !n oplimal ldaling lftroach. In l/i!. .haracreridics.likc nomadi!m. a lack of est.rblishcdpadrs. and .tab$ ol anihdl nt. enenl,cds IR S{iDeland& l,..l.Gren}ool. .nntic di\placcm.nts,were describedfbr N6!d nari.d. Although 7 31. Oxlard: Chend.n Prcs RcDizTo-A A l9rl. Presenrnci6ndc la Rcscrv! Bnn6sl.a (lrpanta. ln {rch bchrli{rr wn! not obsened in the solirrr} m{le Ndia./rr d4t1ntu S(l\1r Nrbknld I PArunn. ed. C.l. Andfudc lr.l7 ',htke.. it mry occur rn Sroups.uhich seen lo shou diffcrent FundacninNarura. aolotrrhia Rodfieu.z B.laios, A l9')i. Rangode accnjnl llibitos limcnil.io\ del coatidc m.nrinr.,\rr!c1fu,h d.cd.cn h Reserv!Bntigic! arfaNa The retrLilcly !na1l total areaof tbe acti\'ily runge (l 1.33 Tcsis de liegrido Unive.\iJld Di(rilnl Fnn.i\co Jora dc Caldas tsogoll. Colonrbra. hectare!).contrnsls wirh rangcs.cprted n)r Nrrrd /r.l/kd of 520 RodriguezBohos. A..Cldena &Sdrch.7. P 1000 liophicchrrx.terislics (knning. hr in Arizona 1974, and 1.1.r5 ha h Bano Colorado insocrd grcupsofthe nuunhin coati.l"\!.11,,h r..d. (Cardiyo..: Kaufmano,1976). SLrch grcat dificrcnces nuy alsorefleci dillerences Pro.y.ndie). 5',,1/ d/r,n.or. Cont.t1., 2):11, h.l\cen openhabitats.like descrls.rnd prairies ofNofth Anrerica. Rusell. J. K l98l Lxclusion ol dull male collit lroh {dal lrotrps: .L.dthe brokcn lorc(s. ugg.d and exuberantof vegelaliur ofrhc Pr.t..foi liom pEd.lroD J Md,,,., 62:206:08. Ru$ell. J. K. 198:. Timitrg ol,eroductl.n b! coaos (Nrd"a dt.a) in high Colonrbian nounrain. relarnnrbfucdationsinfoodEsontces llt lhe ?.oloxr ala trotlcdl l:.t.r S.n\aitl Rh\thn! dnl l/r8 t ,7, (lL,r!.J. eds.E. G Ixigh, Relerences .Jr..A. S. Rl'nrl& D NI Wind\of,.1ll .1.11 Srladucn. P & Chamorro-B.C H 1991 I-a cdafofauiadel pituho de \.kcfnrrn, B., I eban.F.. Samuel.M & Gadun.E 1990 li\r t Monrtl lar Mon sernle. \ecror I Iacicnda Satr ta Bnrb"ra (Cundi tranr arc! Colodbu ). P ! n Hon( Rure Lrni\ersilyof ld$o 80 pl tn Fnr.lbt .tobrio\ d.l furdn I d.l hosqu. a\.dtulnb ( t liltura Clllnrd. D I1 198.1Prcrnc{hcsir. An.{hefa. Amlsesia.nd Euthanaria ()ri.ntu|de (bl.nl,it,.d\ l. E Mora Oret. & H. Slum,631 648. tn lth.,toh- Anitnl M.diri,.. ed. II C lro\.r r/.53J51i Sdntd€deBosotii: Acldenria Colonrbianad. Cicncias Lxa.r^. F(icas Academi. Prcs, lrc y Nrnnles. Colecci6.jorge Al\ttrez Llern\ No. 6 ftmo IL ( rhran.W W r980 I.k|t4t nt ln VUa Sih.nrc lnManurl,l. ta."nn\l( Smythc-C. B 1970.The adllPhlrre\xlue 01 lhe $crxl orgdnizdlionofthe Ar:tu'n d! Vidd Sih.rr., e.l R T RodfisucT.531 545 Emdos $ali. J. M,n,,. 5l:818E20 Lrnidos:The Wildlilc Soci.tl Ssrhart. R K 1986 Thc inrporrlnceof naisdcal power when le{ing 1or lr.Am!n.R. F&T!bc.. R l) l956 uehi\ nrtr of Cotumbranblrk-tailcd dccr ind.Nndcn.c itr !ninr.l no\edrenl!. &o/r)sr 67:255l5N qi|h Fllrencc lo fofulrtioD ..ology. "/ Md,ru.. l7r1.1l 16.1. Suh t.R.K&Shdc.A l985 les rg lor lrdepeider.eofObsenrlion\ l)rr.I G., rjchennrlz.D. S. & T$er. R D 1980 (r[ura ] drrcrctun de n rnnnnl nolenrenls. 1.,r,9! 66:l lll, I184 aDimal.s slr\c{res nr Munnl l. Ttcni.at d. (;.\tnh l? vilt Whitc & (jarcl t99t\ Antt\\i\ oJriklhli ftnli" r.a(*ns ard. New York: Sil.crt?. ed. R. T. Rodri8ucT.61 9.1 L{ldos L nidos:The Wildlile Ac emic Prc$. wllsoo. D E & Reeder.D. \1.. eds 199:l Ma,r,ul tt..t,r .l tlk worl.l. A (lvlrmmrlr l)..ker. D. M. 199i. St\temlic\ of lhc .e.nus ll.ard ta\.n.ni. dnd9.. grathtu'ftfea,.. 5..,,.1.drrrr,. WantntStor& Pn)ctoni.L.l tr,. /rrit Ja: Wdrr. 10.1:1703rb. I ond.n: Sntnhsooianhnnrdon Pres. L)r\on.K R & (lhipnur. .1.A. 1180.Hamonlc .rern nrcasur .f anlnr.l rcti!itr arcas tr,?r)p 6l:10.1010.1.1. rr,enberg.I f.1989 M.ntnal\ oltltr i\i(otropk\ TheNatnE N.oitoln\. UniversidadDistrital FranciscoJos6 de Caldas, val L Panahi, C.l.,thta, wnr.nr1u, At\M(, Swintn.. Frcnch ApartadoAero 8731,Bogota, Colombia airn,Lr ( hrcago:The Umlerily 01 ChicaeoPrcs [email protected],co Encounter with a Siberut Palm Civet, Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia

ChristopheABEGG

The SiberutConservation Prqecl (SCP)isconrposcd ofan internalionnl team of researchcrs (Gcnnan Prinate Centre. Univehit) ofStrasbourg.Bogor Agnculhral tJni!c.!itl ) that wa\ sel up in 2{)02 wirh rhe initial financial suppon of rhe Zc,^P (Zoobgiiche Gesellschafitiir Anen- und Populrtionsschutz). Nearihe village ofPulipsoman.North Siberul.as princifrl in!estigalor, I idenLificdr field site and succesltnlly negotiated with the locnl villager! (as well as wirh the local and ccntral lndonesiango\'emInenl ollicials ) rheesrablishlnent ofa permanent field stationforresearch rndcoDscr!ation Gee lnap). The obiective i! (r sludy the endenic prinlale faum lbund in thc Menlawai Afchipelago while helping rhe locnl cconomy of dre !illagers in r sustainableway, Le. connnunity-basedconservrli(m. lt is hoFd tha! villageri tfaditionally owing the linds sincc gcncrNtions.by giving their support to thc rcscarch troject. can sLrccessfully prevent loggmg companies lrom deslroying thc rnanmal dnd primate rich PeleonanForest of North Siberul whcrc rhc SCP is Sihttut Puln C;.tt P!ft{lo\urtr lignrcoh Photu: C. Ab.Bg based.hdeed. unlike in lbrmcr rimcs in Indonesiaand especially in the Menlawai klands. thc k)ggingconrpanier now have to get Locilpeople sa} lhat it is nol uncommonto sccthis animal the appro!.tl ollc'cal communiricsbcforc beinSallowed to exploit and ihat it olten preys on chickcns around villages.Thc Siberur theirtraditionalgrounds. The localsthrtposscsslhe land now fully ConservationProiect will try in rhelurure rocollect iecal sanples. suppoftthere1earch and conservation proiect and havelhcmscl!cs Thc picturesof the SiberutPaln Civet jndicatea unifoLmfeddish built thc licld station. brown pelagc coloration, Lhusdistinct liom thc generally well prncmed pela-leof its mainland congenef.ihe Common Palm ln December2002. during r stay iD thc k)whnd trimary ( i\er Pard.lo rus hern(pr&,/nrs. The latter is disrributedoler tbrest in the vjcinitv of the SCP lield station,a civct was spotted a 1ar8ea.ea on the coniineoral lslands ot' lndonesia. Genetic rtabout4 m heiShton a liana. PakTariarLrs. a locatissocirte.lirsl .tmlyses compadng sample! fon the Mcnt{uri and other civet detectedthecivet andthen brought me Io seeit. aI l0-00.rrn.It was potnlrtions should help to confirm it! !alid speciesstatus \ocalizing like a c.rl bcli)rc we anived and kept doing so while (Puir a\utus lisniubt) asacccpled in Schreiber"ral ll989) and lookinSat us.ltdid not run away bul inslcrd. ascrn hc seenin rhe Corbet& Hill (1992). piclures.il we t slowly up*rrd li.n. Lhcnrwly at greaterheight. The encounlerlasted about 5 miDulcs. The ilture conlirmationof new speciesamong the mnnnna- lirn frunxofthe Mentasai lshnds would not be rq)fisinS xs they alreidy contiin a high numbcr of cndenic specrcs(nnrc than 60%). Rcccnrly,our tc.rm found that Menrrwli kland macaques are paraphylcticwirh two lirll sf'ccics.onc on Sibcrut |M.r..r.?r rlr.i'!) ard the other in Siporaand Pagii islands(M. pdil",rtr). ll would be ofparticular nnporlancelion i conservationperspectivc rodetermine lo whal erlent olhermernbers ofN{entlrwai nnrnlnalinn fauna are well difiarcrtiaied fbllowirg the Seographicaldisribu- tion oithe macnques$,ithin the archipel.rgo.lhe siudl ofthe civet alorg with lhe threenon' acaqueprinrarescanhelp Ioundersland the comptej(biogeography ofthis region of paficular interest.as its rchli!c gcogfuphi. ii)hLion pr)brbly actcd thr)ugh the hsi nrilln)n ycaN rs ! rcfuge fof many th.ls rnd animrls th{t disrppcarcdclscwhcrc .luc to irtcnsificd inpacl of gla.irlions in SoutheastAsia (Brandon-Jones.1996: Abegg & Thierr). 1002). Against this backgrornd. the consenarion of a foresled area of ,1,000hectdres on Siberutlshnd. an areasiili rich with its ofiginal lauDr unlikc mrny orhcr tlaccs th{t rrc highl} u\cd by hunters.is { tridity as a paft of Mentau,,rilslandf biodiveAity hotsNt. Iiffofts to elucidatesome of the questionsposed hy thi! natu.al wcrhhrrcnowundcNryinnonhcrnSibcrut.ledbylhcSCPlcam.

20 Siberat srrait r;l4luanBajau siklg t r. Tiniti :' .t L.f

\\J

llrdranHilir $ {"11u . (Ierry) lfiuara S*arbduari ongePanlaf f,,- Nfuara $'

Relerences I PRIMARYFOREST Abegg,C. & Thierry'.B.2002. Nlacaquec\olution anddi\persal nr in{rlar southeastA1i!. Biol. J. Ltn.5o...15:555'516. BraDdonJones. D. 1996.The Asian Colobinne(Mam'nalial Cercopithe.idrc) as indicatds oi Qraternafy cli'natic w SECONDATYFOR€sI chrngcs. Bi.r. I 1-i,,. s,... 59:327 350. Corbcl,C. B. & Hill, J. E. 1992.Th(tnannals ofthe htlo .tla\an regian: A s'-sl?mdti(r.r;rn. Oxfbrd: Oxford University AGRICULTUR€FI€LDS Schreiber.A.. Wn1h. R.. Riftel. M. & Vin Ronpaey. H 191i9 W?as(ls,.nrts, mongoos.t, and thei relalA'ct.AD attu)n planfor theons?trutian ol"tustelidsand riwtids Glanl: - MANGROV€ ITJCN.

Jalan Thamrin dalamLA, Padang, ..,r--r CORALS WestSumatra' Indonesia Tel./Tax:+62 751 23 186 ISCP nelosraloH HPt +628178219 17

GermanPrimate Centre, Kellnerweg4, 37077Goettingen, Germany

[email protected] www.siberutisland.org )l The status of mongoosesin central India

K. S. SHEKHAR

Introduction towardsundisrurhedjungles the occurrenceol rhc speciesgreatly

In the last t$o ycar! as part of a project 1()undersrand rhe statusof smrll wild cats (Shekhar,2002) I wa! travelling and Litters werc seer during Junc and July. This speciesrns working in ccntral lndja and duri s this srudy t recorded the mo( Nctile in the early momings andiusl bcfore lunlet (diurnal presenceand abscnce ofnany speciesofanimals which includethe peri(xls)but can apparentlybe sighledat any rinreduring the day orthe nighl. Thcscanimals are olien capturedand sold as pets.hut evidenrly no1r1 high enough levels to ihreiten lhc species. Three lpeciesof mongoosewcre sightedduring ny study penodand I Lnedtodocumentevery sighling (see Table).In cenlral SmaU Indian Mongoose lt€rpestes auropunctatus Indiapeople considerlhc rnongoosesacred. Sighting a mongoose This speciesw.rs rc.orded in forestedareas, in scrub and is consideredto bring good luck rnd thought to be auspicious.so openhabitats.Though notasconrmonastbe lndiancret Mongoose most peopledo no1kill ihem. in its range thc Small hdian Morgoose is lbund in a llnety of habitals.The sightingswere nroreiD the norihernregions of ccntral Z€ryestcs edwa sii lDdia. The speciesis shy and often huffied inio a brsh on bcing This spccic! was sighted throrghout ccnlfai India and sighted.in contrait to the othertwo species.Anim,tl! ofrhis species majority ofsighlings occuned nedrhuman settlemenls. The Indian e also caught10 be kepl as pets. Grey Mongoosc was lighted near girbagc bins. garbagedumps or6ide humrn fttlenents. scavengingon carrion. on approach flerlesler s.ritnti rords ck)setr) villagesard |owns.etc.Its sighringsin denseiunglc This speciesw:rs lbund cxclusively in the jungle and was wcrc rrre {nd a! one plogressedfrom the hunran settlemenK ncvcr rghted nearhunan seldemcnts.Thc spcciesjs very curious

c.urare ScoSrdpntccoonlot(1r(t (outd not be pt,\1.!ct L'r nt,\t ntcas betau\z ,4 t,^\ ,t.tutu loSbooks

ARII-A LOCATION INDIANCREY SMALL ]NDIAN RUDDY MONCO)SE MONGCNSE MONCiOOSE

PANNA. PannaTigcr Very conmon and oftcn Common and sighled in rhc Sightingsonly in the SATliA. Resene. Vindhya sightedclose io bunnn fdcsts and close 10 tbrcstcdrrcas. Seensolitary CHATTERPUR Mounrains (Srtna habitarions human habitarions and in pairs.Hunis Teritorial Div.) treqrenrlv jn lrccs rr)o. and Chrllcrpur Territorial Di!isn)n.

CHANIBAL ChanrbalSanctuary, Common No sighrings No (ighring\ Bhind .tnd Morena Disrrict!.

GLl]\lA 24'48 N Cornmon 4 sighlings in I nronth! 4 sightingsin fbrcsLcd 78" 0.l E (Jrn March) areas.A pairwrs seen .cJ\(nFing on d JUJ .,,u.

SHMUzu Kuno Sanctuary Common No sighring during lhe sludy Comnon in forestedareas

GANDHI In the sancturry Comnlon 2 sighringrin 1.5months. No sightingsduring SAGAR Oneroad killed spcnncn the siudy SANCTUARY idcntjficd.

KANTIA 22.07' 1022"27 N No sighting rccordcd 80'26 1o8l'01' Ii RASI11RVE

PFNCH 2l'18'102l'51'N No sighting Frcqucnt sightings '79'09' dufing TIGER ra 19'27 E the study (March-April). RESERVE One animal !a! found with a deaddove on a tree.

2.2 ""^ ,r'/dr3.r\. H.rIE!e\ \nrnhli F!,rl 1,,,\, ,. H.fl?!.\ .nrrhi

fd iielitablr tunredup ltt nr)st of the sccDLstrtions crearedli)r Factors that do not fhvour mongoosesl . rll.at\(scc Shekru.200:). The RuddyMongoole isanexccllcnt ]\) The lndian G.el and Snall hdjar MoDgoose,rre tvo .cclimber.lihunlsiD trces and caniesprcy iniotrees li)rfccdnrg specicsthnt arecaughl rDd ntd aspers lokecp rchcck on unwanlcd r \r! \ccn restlng in lrccs. This mongoo\c is arr opporrunisti. rats.insccts. snakes etc. Thcrc rre ceftaxrrorridic htrntineiribe! ..der andwas frequentlr sighted on ro:rdLil1s. Atone sirea Rudd] In certrillDdia (Kariar. Parrhi)who frequentlycarch rhele species \longoose ard Whitc backed Vulrurcs C)?r ,"nqdlcrrii were ol mongoosealong with theirlitterand hmc lhem and sellLhcn ro '..cdrng rogetherllnd I ob\cNed rhemfeed on a putrefiedroad kitl villagcrs .rt a price approximatelyequal lo I US$. During rhc ,! rhreeconseculi!c dav\. The Ruddy Mongooseis Dotas shy as pr1).cs!of catchingLhc {ninrals so col rhcm succumb1() injuie! r. Snralllndia Mongooseand docsnoi flee a cauri(Nsobsener. rnd vrne tet fom o['cn by rhedogs rhrL huDt llong with lhc l.ibes. Ruddv Nlongooscswere seeno!cr dead birds (do!cs, parridges. . lrils. young ol mrny sFcies o1 birds.etc.). they wc.c seenwith B) Road kills are anothernlain Lhrcrrcningtacor lor rhe .ptilcs (far sr.rkc).rnd wirh Long railed Clrmbjng Mouse specrcs.In a periodol rwo yea|sI counredovrll0 nongoosekills : ntleleuria olcrucea.Theya.ccomnlonhioi:srsof centfallndi.r. on foads ol ccDtrallndia.

Status AI rhe rcmcnt.nrongooses in ccnrralIndia arerot cndange rcd butthrearslrom Fople rnighrrisc in theiutufe. Thelc bcautiful liactors that fhvour : {nimals pl.r} r \ery imporrantrolc in the food chain rnd their A) lirgmentation of frlests in cenrrul lndia has prorcd survivxlhas to bc cnsured.A live mongooscis filled with acli\it! I \.rstfoustbrmany wide,ringtug rnnnals like rild catsandcanid andis ! delightro \!rtch. .lecies bur nr y have bencllrcd nurgooses and othef bunowing .rlmals.MosI ofrhcjungle in thetclTitorial areas in ccnrrallndia References . unprotcctcdrnd healil) disluhed by hunans rnd rheir crtlc. lhesearcas rre alsotiagmcnlcd andlackhabirarcoridors. Olerrhc Shckhar.K. S. 200:. Lcssefcats in cenrnlIndir. /a/aA,Cdr Ns ' ..ars ).rDysl,ecies of annnals which could not adapt to such .16:16-17. .lrrnking lbr'iistsnrust have dispcrscdor died out. Thc mongoose '.itrrilyis oneofthe sun,iyors. Wildlile researcher, India SmallWild Project ts) Thc mongooseis considcrcda sacredanimat by nuny #il-3-42A,2nd Lane Kothagraharm r.ofle and is ot killed. bur instcad tolefirted.elcn if it kitls Vizianagaram,Andhra Pradesh,535001, India !)ulrry. Shekhar_k [email protected]

Recent literafure

\Iustelidae Brzezid\ki. \'I. & Marzec. M. 200:1.Cbrfecdon lacrors used for c(iDating prey biomrss ir the diet of AmericNn nrink \hramo!, A. V. &Tum{nov, I L 2003.Scxurl dimorphismir the Mu'tela |itoh. ALto Therial.. 18:211 251. skullofthe Europernnrink Merk d ldrleola tiom NW parr Cricr, S. P. & Bright. P. W. 2003. Reedbeds.rs rcfuges ior warer ol Russia.,.1./r/ Ir./ .. ,18:2192.16. loles (ADi."1a r"//rtlir) fiom predatioDh) inrrcduced ll.rghli.A. & Verhagen R.2001. The distnburionandsratus ol rhc nrink (M!lreld rlrd,r). Btol. Conren'.. I I l::l7l-376. Polcctr ltlusttLu rutttiut in Luxemborrg. Mt1,.r1t.R(1,.. Chi.he. F 20{)1. Obscr!.rtionssur le coorporlcmenlsexLrel du :ll:57 68. Blaireau. a.rl.l. l:10.13. (Meles nel.s) ]l\)r\i R. & Biancnrdi.C. Nl.2001. Dier ofrhe Burasiin b. scr Cirovi. D & Milcnkoli. M. 2003. Thc first record of the lrcc M.1.' n(lsr (Linnrcus, 1758) in rhe N{rural Reserlc of fanging tuc.oon lPrcdon lotor Linnaens. 1758) in Lago di Piano. Norrhenri r^1"' . Manm. 8d. . 61: t 2(1t 25. Yngoslalia.Md,,,. Biol.. 6E:tt6-117.

23

DeMarinis,A.M. &Mrsseti. M. 2003.Theweasel(Must"la niraLis) Yom-Tov, Y. 200:1.Body siTesof camivores commensalwith on thc Mcditeffarean islands.Mann- Biol..68:181,186. humanshave incfeasedover the past 50 ye,rs. l'!tr.itordl Dixon. D. R. 2003. A non inlxsive technique for identifying E.oL. 11:323-321. ( Melz s neles) individual brdgcrs M?l.r,r,les. Monn. Rer., 3l:92 91. Z-abala,J. & Zuberogoilr,L2W3. Badrst. M. l ?s tu l.r (Mustelidlc. Drew. R. E. eral.2001. Consenationgenerics oithe (Mdn..i . Carnivora), diet as!essedthrough scacanalysis: a p?,nonri) basedon mitochondnal DNA sequcncins.Mrl. conparison md cdtique ofdifferent methods.F,/id Zoo7., E.ol.. 12.5l-62. 52:2330. Gome!. R. 2001.Le Vison d'Eufope(Mrrl.ld l,treold L.) en Zabala.J. & Zuberogoila.1 2001. Hrbitat usc of lnale European Loire-Atlantiquc.R!!]/1. Soc. S( i. Nut. OuestFt.,22(2J: lminklMustelalutttul.t) during the actility periodin soulh 7l 16. westernEurope. Z ,lasdDi'r.. :19:7781. Hancox.M.2002. Thc grcatbadgers andbovine TB dcbrlc.J.,19/i Zabala.J.. Zrberogoik,L, Garin,l. & Aihallza.J.2003. Landscapc Sti.. 139:223226. featuresiD thc hahitlt seiectionof Europ€annink (ff6r.ld Hancox.M. 2003. Thc brdgers/bovineTB debate.Bid. Sti. R.r.. /!/r.o/d in south-wcsrcmE$ope. J. ZooL.I itul .260:115 l5{.1):2527. 12t. Hancox.M.2003. Latencyand thc control of bovineTB in manrnd orher anirnals.R?VJp. M?d.91:1015-1011. (Melc, n ki) Helgen. K. M. & Wilton. D. E. 2003- Taxonomrc sraru! ano conservationrelevance o1 thc rrccoons (Pro.)o" spp.) of the West lndies.J. Z,ol., 259:69 76. Gaubert.l'. 2003.Description ol anew spccicsofgenet(Camivon; Hcnn), J. M. 2000. Le Vison amdricain:un petit canivore qui vivenidae: genus Genetta) Lntl rrxononic revision of cn!ahit no! coursd eauet noszoncs hnmides. 7rncr fllria"r lbrest fbrms relaied to lhe Lnrge spollcd Genet conrplex. /r,ior.,28:1.1 15. Manndlia 61:t\5-1O8. Kyle. C. J.. Davisor. A. & Sirobcck.C. 2003.cenetic srructureof Gllrubefrr,P. .r dl. 2003. Vircta nacuLataGray. 1830 (currently Europeanpine nunens (Marter Mdltes), and evidencefor Ge eua md(ulatut Mammalia, Carnivofa): proposed introgression\|irh M. Aneicdnu in England. C,nJen. conscrlalion of the sFcific name. Ball Zool. Nomen.l.. Gen?t..4:l'79 188. 60:.15,17. Lod6. T. 20m. Lc Puk)isd'tsUJope. Courriu Nuture 1a'7:3139. Jiang.Zhi Grng, Li Chun Wang &Zeng Yan. 2003. lstarusofthe MaiTerer,C. cr al. 2002. The distribution of the Europeannrink reseirch on Mrskcd Paln <:iyersl.Chin. J. Zool..38:l2O llll usl?Ia lul kold);IrFrnc.: towardsa shorttefln extinction ? 122. (ln Chinese.English rbstract) Mdnnutia 66.525 532. Jourde, P. 2000.I-a GenetteGe ne ltn E?tp nn etcharente MariLiDe. Mafchesi.P. &Neet. C- 2m2. AnallsedelasituationduPutois dans Premiaresdonnics sur sa repallition. Ciz[.t1. 3:37 4]. le canrondc VNudetsap6riphene. B l.So.:.rdud.S(i.ndt.. Lee.R.J., Rilcy,J.. Hunowu.l. &Manea$.E.2003. Thc Snlawesi t31l(1):3140. ltt ustelaputoriu!) palm civct: cxpandeddistribution of a hrde known cndcmic Michelal, D.. Quar6.J. P. & Ciraudoux.P. 2001.Ca.Nct6ristique! vilcnid. (h.r 37:378-381. des gires utilis6s par la Fouine (Mottes fuina FJxlelren. Vnrcent, T. 2001. L^ EeneneC(ne a g. ?l.r (Linnd. 1758) cn 1777)dans le Haur Doubs.Rer. Suist. Zool.. 50:99-105. HauteetBasse-Normrnd;c.BL l l. t rin. So(. ()a o L. N o mandie Nicholson-Lord. D.2003. Following the leader. ls Irish Ana M"!. Hdrl. 87(l)r85 96. Gorernmentcopying UK on brdgcr oulling?AAC Wrldl.l! W.rldeck.R. C.. Johnson.P. & PenbcrLon.J. 2003. Identlficatior 2l(8):2 ] and characlcrizationof 14 polymorpbicmicrosrtellirc k{i Padial.J. M., ,(vila. E. & Gil Sdnchez.J. M. 2002. Fecdinghabits lbr .r mcmber of the Herpesri'dae(Munsos nunso). MoL and overlip .tmong red (y!lp?r vxlrr"J) and stonc Etol. Notesl:216 'nxnen t14r't?, /da"r' i1 ru., Vedrrr.raneJ ruunr.,in habirlts. Mdnn. Riol., 6 l :13'7-116. Riddle, A. E. et al 2003. ldentificatjon of mustelids uling Procyonidae microchondrialDNA rndnon invasivesanpling. Cdnsen. Genct.,4.241- I-ogiudice.K.2003. Tropbicallytransmiued pamsites and the Rosalino. L. M. ?r a/. 2m3. Food digestibility of an Eurasim conservitionof small populationlimccoon round{,orm badger M.lss n.les wilh stecial reference ro thc and the impcriUcdAllegheny wood rat. Consen.Bbl., Mediteranean region. A./., ?relto1.. .18:283288. t1:258-266. Sundell. J. 2003. Repr)duction of lhe least weascl in captivity: Menino,H. 2001.The Kiokajou.Ndr. Geos., 201:1251. basic obscr!.un)nsand the influenceof tbod alltihbiliry Acta l herioL..18:59-12. T6th, A. M. 2002. Idcntification of Hungarian Musrclidae aod General olhefnnall carnivoresusing gurrd hrir analvsis.A.,a Zrol. A .l. S.i. Hunseti.ue {a:T1 250. Caro.T. M. & Str)ncr.C. J. 2001.The poteniialfor imerspecific Wans, H. & I,ukker.T. K. 2OO3.Fenet b^

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