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Leisure and Tourism Spaces of the Illawarra Beaches: 1900-1940 Christine Metusela University of Wollongong

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Leisure and Tourism Spaces of the Illawarra Beaches: 1900-1940 Christine Metusela University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2009 Leisure and tourism spaces of the Illawarra beaches: 1900-1940 Christine Metusela University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Metusela, Christine, Leisure and tourism spaces of the Illawarra beaches: 1900-1940, Doctor of Philosophy thesis, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Wollongong, 2009. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/1932 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. Leisure and Tourism Spaces of the Illawarra Beaches: 1900-1940 Christine Metusela B.A. (Hons) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree Doctor of Philosophy School of Earth and Environmental Science University of Wollongong 2009 Certification I, Christine Metusela, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. ………………………………….... Christine Metusela 27 January 2009 ii Table of Contents Title page i Certification ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ix Definitions x Abstract xii Publications and papers arising from research project xiv Acknowledgements xv Dedication xvi Chapter One: Introduction 1 Outline of objective and aims 6 Arrangement of chapters 9 Chapter Two: Australian beach cultures: A literature review and conceptual framing Introduction 13 Social processes configuring the beach: A geographical silence 14 Continued silence on beach cultures within human geography 14 Beach cultures in history 17 Post-structuralist rethinking of space 18 Making beaches meaningful places 20 A conceptual framing of leisure and tourism beach spaces 26 A Foucauldian approach 26 Massey and rethinking the beach as a leisure and tourism space 28 The conceptual framework 31 Beach time-space 32 Meanings and attitudes constituting beach spaces 32 Subject-positions and practices constituting beach spaces 33 Conclusion 34 Chapter Three: Historical leisure beach methodologies Introduction 35 Foucauldian discourse analysis 35 Applying discourse analysis to Illawarra beach texts 38 Reflexivity: Maintaining rigour in research 39 Writing the researcher into the research 40 Source materials for an Illawarra Beach Archive: 1900-1940 44 Bank records 45 Council records 48 State Rail records 52 Surf Club records 53 Print Media 56 Non-academic texts: Social histories and historical societies 56 Conclusion 58 iii Chapter Four: Emergence, circulation and troubling of the Illawarra as a seaside resort Introduction 60 Time-space for leisure: The concept of leisure time-space and bounding the beach as a place away from the everyday 61 The concept of the ‘medicalised’ beach 63 English seaside resorts of the nineteenth century 64 Reinvention: The pleasure beach 66 Leisure for all classes 66 Emergence and growth of leisure in Australia 68 Bathing for health and recreation 68 Escape from the ‘everyday’ 69 Mimicry: Positioning the Illawarra as the ‘New Brighton’ 70 Realtors and the potential for the ‘New Brighton’ 70 Promenading: To be seen respectably in public 72 Bathing machines 73 Ocean baths 75 Inventing and circulating discourses of the Illawarra as a seaside resort: 1900-1940 78 Rail mobility: Linking the Illawarra to Sydney 79 Discourses of comfort 80 Discourses of flexibility and affordability 81 The Illawarra as a ‘special train’ destination 83 State Rail enabling seaside camping 85 State Rail promotion of scenic Illawarra through guide books 87 Tourist Association promotion of automobility 90 Conclusion 97 Chapter Five: Economic discourses of the coastal towns of the Illawarra flourishing as seaside resorts Introduction 98 Advocates of beach cultures and leisure and tourism economies: Bankers, Tourist Associations and Surf Clubs 99 Banking discourses of the potential and possibilities for seaside resort tourism in the Illawarra 99 Tourist Associations and Surf Lifesaving Clubs’ discourses of the Illawarra as a bathing resort 101 Normative ideas of the economy held by Council 104 Council reluctance to finance the legal health and safety requirements of beach cultures 108 Council reluctance to fund the facilities of the lifesaving movement 110 Council reluctance to support and facilitate leisure and tourism economies of the beach 113 Re-evaluation of beach cultures within Council from the mid-1930s 116 Councils’ repositioning of funding and support for beach cultures 116 A place for resort tourism amongst Council aldermen? 117 The beach as an ongoing ‘battle ground’ in the 1930s for surf clubs in securing Council support 121 Conclusion 123 iv Chapter Six: Sun and surf bathing: Making and remaking times, places and bodies for leisure Introduction 125 Bounding the beach: Regulations and exclusions of bodies at the beach 126 Bathing: Discourses of acceptance and resistance 128 Bathing for the health of the white race 129 Sunbathing bans: Discourses of acceptance and resistance 130 Sunbathing for health and national duty 131 Defining the spatial limits of the beach 133 Defining beach access by health, age and gender 134 Mixed-sexed bathing positioned as a ‘sin’ 137 Naturalising mixed-sexed bathing 138 (Un)dressing bodies at the beach 144 Becoming manly: (Un)dressing men at the beach 146 From Council enforcing legislation to male public practice rendering 147 bathing costume regulations obsolete Becoming feminine: (Un)dressing young women at the beach 151 Conclusion 155 Chapter Seven: Surf Lifesaving: Men and women in the spaces of the Illawarra surf clubs Introduction 157 Territorialising the Illawarra beaches through the regulations of the SLSA 160 Territorialising the beach through surf club affiliation rules 163 Territorialising the beach through gender exclusions 165 A masculine regime of whiteness 166 Narrating performances of white Australian hegemonic masculinity on Illawarra SLSA beaches 168 Physicality 169 Awards: Becoming men through training 169 Competition: Becoming men through winning 171 Ocean rescues: Becoming men through strength and discipline 174 Saving lives as normative SLSA activities 175 Subordination of women through spaces of the Illawarra SLSA beaches 179 Feminising SLSA spaces: Domestic labour and servitude 179 Feminising SLSA spaces: Fundraising through parading 180 Narrating self-life through values of the SLSA 182 Unsettling and complicating SLSA notions of the beach as a space of discipline and nation building 185 Narrating beach pleasure experiences of surf lifesavers 186 The pleasures of sunbaking 187 The pleasures of surfing 189 Conclusion 191 Chapter Eight: Conclusion 193 Fulfilment of objective and aims 193 Summary of the major findings 196 Scope for future research agendas 198 Bibliography 202 Appendix 1: Primary Sources 214 v List of Tables Table 2.1: Social beach geographies in key geographic journals: 2000- 15 2008 Table 3.1: Guidelines for applying discourse analysis to Illawarra beach 39 texts (source: based on Rose, 2001 and Tonkiss, 1998) Table 7.1: Surf clubs affiliated with the Illawarra Branch of the SLSA 164 between 1932/33 and 1943/44 surf seasons (source: surf club records) Table 7.2: The number of surf clubs and capitated members of the 165 Illawarra Branch between 1932/33 and 1943/44 surf seasons (source: surf club records) vi List of Figures Figure 1.1: The Illawarra: named towns, resorts, ocean baths, beaches, parks and campsites 1900-1940 (source: mapped by author from archival 3 record) Figure 1.2: Centenary Statue, Wollongong 2008 (author’s collection) 5 Figure 2.1: Conceptualising relational spaces of the leisure and tourism 32 beach (source: constructed by author) Figure 3.1: Illawarra Council boundaries 1900-1940 (source: mapped by 51 author from archival record) Figure 4.1: Brighton Beach Wollongong c1905 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 72 Figure 4.2: Womens’ ‘chain baths’, Wollongong (Illawarra Images, 2002) 76 Figure 4.3: Mens’ baths at ‘Clarke’s Hole’ c1910 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 77 Figure 4.4: Voluntary labour at Collin’s Rock Baths (Illawarra Images, 78 2002) Figure 4.5: The railway at Stanwell Park (Illawarra Images, 2002) 79 Figure 4.6: Thirroul beach c1920 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 82 Figure 4.7: Camping at Austinmer c1920 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 86 Figure 4.8: Camping at Stuart Park c1925 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 87 Figure 4.9: The Illawarra’s ‘foam-crested rollers’ (‘For the tourist: Beautiful 92 Illawarra District’ c1930) Figure 4.10: Elevated view of the Illawarra beaches (‘Picturesque 94 Illawarra: The Garden of NSW’ c1930) Figure 4.11: Travelling down Bulli Pass c1910 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 95 Figure 4.12: Bulli Lookout (Illawarra Images, 2002) 96 Figure 4.13: Picnicking at Bulli Pass c1920 (Illawarra Images, 2002) 96 Figure 5.1: Aerial view of Industrial Port Kembla c1930 (Illawarra Images, 108 2002) Figure 5.2: Woonona surf carnival c1920s (Illawarra Images, 2002) 115 Figure 6.1: Segregated bathers (I.M.27.09.1929) 140 vii Figure 6.2: A hint of bathing together (I.M.02.10.1931) 141 Figure 6.3: His ‘masculine’ trunks and her ‘bra-lace’ (I.M.10.12.1937) 142 Figure 6.4: Hyper-sexualised bathers (I.M.27.10.1939) 143
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