KOVARY AND NEUHAUS FAMILIES PAPER, 1890-2013 2009.364.15

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW Washington, DC 20024-2126 Tel. (202) 479-9717 e-mail: [email protected]

Descriptive summary

Title: Kovary and Neuhaus families papers

Dates: 1890-2013

Accession number: 2009.364.15

Creator: Kovary (Family : Bratislava, )

Additional creator: Neuhaus (Family : Hamburg, Germany)

Extent: 11.5 linear feet (21 boxes, 9 oversize boxes, 10 oversize folders, 2 book enclosures)

Repository: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place SW, Washington, DC 20024-2126

Abstract: The Kovary and Neuhaus families papers consist of biographical materials, correspondence, and photographs related to the experiences of the Kovary and Neuhaus families’ pre-World War II experiences in Czechoslovakia and Germany, respectively; their emigration due to antisemitic persecution; their immigration to the United States and Great Britain; and subsequent experiences during World War II and in the immediate post-war years. The collection also includes restitution files documenting Ernest Kovary’s work assisting Holocaust survivors in filing restitution claims.

Languages: English, German, Esperanto, Hungarian, Slovak, French

Administrative Information

Access: Collection is open for use.

Physical access: Negatives in the collection are kept in cold storage for preservation reasons and would require additional time for acclimatization before they can be served to researchers.

Reproduction and use: Collection is available for use. Material may be protected by copyright. Please contact reference staff for further information.

1

Preferred citation: Kovary and Neuhaus families papers (2009.364.1), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives, Washington, DC

Acquisition information: Myra and Vally Kovary donated the Kovary and Neuhaus families papers to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 2009, 2010, 2018, and 2019. Accessions cataloged as 2009.364.1, 2010.519.1, 2018.528.1, and 2019.199.1 have been incorporated into this collection.

Related materials: Vally Kovary also donated a number of medals, pins, a wallet, a portfolio (2009.364.2- .14), set of spoons (2015.334), and a sewing kit, manicure kit, and two perpetual calendars (2019.200) to the Museum.

Processing History: Rebecca Erbelding and Ashley Scutari, September 2012, revised Julie Schweitzer, January 2020

Biographical note

Kovary family

Olivio Kovary (1890-1976) was born Olivio Kovari on November 4, 1890 in Baltimore, MD, where his parents Alexander and Josefine Berkovits Kovari had arrived earlier the same year. Olivio’s birth was not registered with the proper authorities in Baltimore and a birth certificate was not issued. When Olivio was one year old, his mother became very ill and the family returned to their hometown of Galanta in what was at that time the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Josefine died soon after her return to Europe and Alexander Kovari remarried.

Olivio married Esther Fuchs (1897-1988), and the couple had two sons in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia: Ernö (Ernest, 1919-2013, b. April 2, 1919) and Tibor (Tom, 1920-1988, b. June 23, 1920). In 1920 Olivio, who always regarded himself as an American citizen, wrote to the US Embassy in requesting an American passport and the recognition of his citizenship, but he was refused. In 1936 he received another negative response from the US Embassy, but he was encouraged to apply for an immigration visa. Olivio, Esther, Ernö, and Tibor registered in the American Consulate for immigration.

The Kovary family considered themselves to be internationalists. Ernö and Tibor were recognized as being the first native speakers of Esperanto in the world. Esperanto is the most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Its name derives from Doktoro Esperanto, the pseudonym under which L. L. Zamenhof published the first book detailing Esperanto, the Unua Libro, in 1887. The word esperanto means "one who hopes" in the language itself. Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language that would serve as a universal second language to foster peace and international understanding. Esperanto has had continuous usage by a community estimated at between 100,000 and 2 million speakers for over a century, and approximately one thousand native speakers. The Kovarys were multilingual, speaking Esperanto and Hungarian (Olivio and Esther’s native tongue) at home and Slovak outside of the home. The boys attended German schools, took English and French classes, and learned Hebrew as part of their religious studies in a cheder.

Already in 1934 Olivio pulled his sons out of school and started to teach them the fur trade in anticipation of the imminent immigration. As these plans did not pan out, Tibor attended a vocational school in Bratislava and graduated in 1937.

2

Tibor and Ernö were excellent athletes and belonged to the Bar Kochba Jewish Sports Club. They were recognized as national gymnastics champions of Czechoslovakia. They were also among the first pupils of Imi Lichtenfeld, who created , at which the brothers excelled. They assisted Mr. Lichtenfeld in developing many of the skills that Lichtenfeld incorporated into the hand-to-hand combat system that is used by the Israeli Army.

On September 2, 1939, the day after the German invasion of Poland, two local Nazi sympathizers (whom Tibor and Ernö believed to be members of the Hitler youth) harassed the two brothers in the street of Bratislava, inquiring whether they were Jewish. A fistfight began among the four, and excellent athletes Tibor and Ernö defeated their attackers. Slovakia under Jozef Tiso aligned itself with Nazi Germany, and Tibor and Ernö were arrested and accused of attacking innocent passersby. Their father was also arrested, and the Kovary store was looted. On December 12, 1939 the family fled Slovakia, crossing the Hungarian border illegally without proper documents. They stayed in Budapest illegally waiting for their US immigration visa, and on February 20, 1940 the family boarded the SS Conte di Savoia in Genoa and left for New York.

In January 1943 Tom (who changed his name from Tibor) enlisted in the US Army and served in the Army intelligence. His brother Ernest (who had changed his name from Ernö) also enlisted and was posted in the European theater. On June 6, 1944 Ernest was part of the American forces landing in Normandy. During their military service, the brothers corresponded constantly with each other and with their parents. They initially wrote their letters in Esperanto, but after D-Day they had to write in English to accommodate military censors. After the war Ernest served with the U.S. Department of Justice as a translator in preparation for the Nuremberg Trials. He tried to find members of the family, visited Bratislava, and was able to locate one first cousin, Herta Fuchs, who survived Auschwitz.

Ernest later became a notary public and specialized in assisting Holocaust survivors in their attempts to gain restitution. Ernest Kovary lived with his parents for most of life and reunited with Alice “Lizzi” Reiss, a widowed childhood friend from Bratislava, in 1996. Alice died in 2009.

Tom Kovary studied languages at Ohio State University and married Ingrid Neuhaus on July 30, 1950 in Columbus, OH. They had two daughters: Myra, b. 1952 and Vally b. 1955. The family moved to Ithaca, New York in 1953, where Tom began academic studies towards a Ph.D. in Linguistics at Cornell University. In 1959 he became a professor of Spanish and Linguistics at the State University of New York at Cortland, NY. He retired in 1985 and died three years later of cancer. Tom Kovary was devoted to Jewish traditions and observances. He was active in various Jewish organizations.

Olivio Kovary died in May 1976 at age 85 in New York City. Esther Kovary died there as well, in July 1988 at the age of 91.

Neuhaus family

Ingrid Neuhaus (1921-2009) was born on August 2, 1921 in Hamburg, Germany as the oldest of three children of Julius Neuhaus and Marie Eisner Neuhaus. Julius was a prosperous merchant of leather goods and hides and Marie was in charge of the house and the children: Ingrid, Annelore (b. September 23, 1923), and Hans (b. July 20, 1925). The Neuhaus family were “progressive” Jews and joined a Reform synagogue in 1933. Julius had worked in Argentina, returned to Germany to serve during WWI, and had an import/export business that flourished until 1929, but then matters declined.

3

In 1933 Julius’ business was confiscated by the Nazis, and the family had to move from their comfortable apartment when unable to pay the rent. Marie started selling housewares with the help of her children who distributed the goods by bicycle. Wealthy relatives sent a check every month to cover the rent. Julius was a decorated WWI veteran and could not accept the reality of Nazi policies towards the Jews. In 1935, anti-Semitic laws prohibit the family’s housekeeper and nanny, Agnes Netzband Roepcke, to continue working for the family. Agnes disobeyed the new rules and remained in touch with the family.

Ingrid excelled in school and attended “Realschule” until Nazi laws forced her out in 1937. She transferred to a Jewish school of Home Economics, learned kosher cooking, and graduated in 1938. Ingrid became very active in the Jewish sports club “der Schild” and excelled at field hockey and at track and field in the 100 meter dash. Ingrid wanted to continue her education after graduation from the cooking school, but Nazi laws barred her from German schools. She worked for six months as a nanny for a Jewish family in Berlin and spent time with her maternal grandparents there. She returned to Hamburg in October 1938.

In the late 1930s, Marie registered her family for immigration to the United States, but received a very high number. During Kristallnacht, November 9, 1938, Ingrid was sick in bed, her father pretended to be ill too, and the family was surprisingly not harassed by the Nazis. Marie was able to arrange for Annelore and Hans to leave Germany on a Kindertransport on January 27, 1939, but a paperwork problem delayed Ingrid until February 2. Ingrid got a job living with a Jewish family in London and taking care of their children. She tried desperately but unsuccessfully to arrange for immigration visas for her parents. During the London Blitz, Ingrid was evacuated to Oxford and found work as a seamstress. She tried to attend lectures at the university, but regulations governing enemy aliens made it impossible. Ingrid received letters from her parents via Switzerland until their deportation from Hamburg on November 8, 1941 to the Minsk ghetto in Belorussia. Their former housekeeper witnessed their deportation and later reported witnessing the train’s last car, loaded with the personal belongings of the passengers, being left behind at the station.

Ingrid’s siblings Annelore (later Anne) and Hans (later Tony) attended college. In 1942 Ingrid got a job as a lab technician but this work strained her eyes and after a while she was forced to stop. For six months Ingrid was unemployed while she received medical treatments for her eyes, but an American soldier helped her survive by supplying her items that were hard to come by in wartime England. Ingrid then began secretarial school. After the war, Ingrid and Anne signed up with the Civil Censorship Division of the US War Department. For almost two years Ingrid worked in Germany, and she visited her former nanny in Hamburg. In 1947 her immigration visa for the US finally came through. She was sponsored by the parents of her friend, Irma van der Porten, arrived in Oxford, Ohio, and then moved to Columbus in 1949. She worked as a clerk and sat in on classes at the Ohio State University. Ingrid met Tom Kovary at a Hillel dance at the university, and they married on July 30, 1950. Their older daughter Myra was born in 1952. A year later the family moved to Ithaca, NY, where their younger daughter Vally was born in 1955.

In 1957 Ingrid became a Lecturer in German in the Division of Modern Language and Literature at Cornell University. She continued to take various university courses throughout her adult life. Without having ever received a bachelor’s degree, she applied, studied for, and received her Master of Arts degree in Education from Cornell University in 1967.

4

Tom Kovary died on March 15, 1988. Ingrid continued to reside in Ithaca, NY close to her two daughters and her two grandchildren, Arly and Shoshana Kamholtz. She suffered a major stroke in April 2009 and died in September 2009.

Scope and content of collection The Kovary and Neuhaus families papers consist of biographical materials, correspondence, and photographs related to the experiences of the Kovary and Neuhaus families’ pre-World War II experiences in Czechoslovakia and Germany, respectively; their emigration due to antisemitic persecution; their immigration to the United States and Great Britain; and subsequent experiences during World War II and in the immediate post-war years. The collection also includes restitution files documenting Ernest Kovary’s work assisting Holocaust survivors in filing restitution claims.

Neuhaus family materials include biographical materials, correspondence, and photographs. Biographical materials document Ingrid’s immigration to Great Britain on a Kindertransport in 1939 and include her wartime diaries and a memoir she wrote in the 1990s. Correspondence files include Ingrid’s correspondence with her parents, who were killed in the Holocaust. This series also includes extensive pre-war, wartime, and post-war photographs of Ingrid Neuhaus Kovary and her family.

Kovary family materials include biographical materials, correspondence, photographs, and printed materials documenting the Kovary family before, during, and after World War II. Biographical materials include birth, marriage, and death certificates; immigration documents; and documents pertaining to Olivio Kovary's repeated attempts to certify his American citizenship. Family correspondence primarily dates from the World War II years and includes many letters written in Esperanto. Photographs depict much of the Kovary family. Printed materials document the family’s interest in Esperanto.

Restitution files include correspondence, forms, and notes documenting Ernest Kovary’s work as a notary public assisting Holocaust survivors in filing restitution claims.

System of arrangement The Kovary and Neuhaus families papers are arranged as three series: Series 1: Neuhaus family papers, 1890-2010 Subseries 1: Neuhaus family biographical materials, 1921-2010 Subseries 2: Neuhaus family correspondence, 1908-1999 Subseries 3: Neuhaus family photographs, 1890-1965 Series 2: Kovary family papers, 1890-2013 Subseries 1: Kovary family biographical materials, 1894-2013 Subseries 2: Kovary family correspondence, 1909-2011 Subseries 3: Kovary family photographs, 1890-2009 Subseries 4: Kovary family printed materials, 1906-2004 Series 3: Restitution papers, 1941-2010

Indexing terms Personal Names Kovary, Olivio, 1890-1976. Kovary, Esther Fuchsová, 1897-1988.

5

Kovary, Tom, 1920-1988. Kovary, Ernest, 1919-2013. Kovary, Ingrid Neuhaus, 1921-2009. Neuhaus, Julius. Neuhaus, Marie. Neuhaus, Annelore Gimple. Neuhaus, Hans. Reiss, Alice.

Topical Terms Jews--Slovakia--History--20th century. Jews--Germany--Hamburg. Jewish refugees--Great Britain. Kindertransports (Rescue operations) Soldiers--United States--Correspondence. Restitution--Germany. Notaries. Esperanto--History. Krav maga.

Geographic Names Bratislava (Slovakia) Hamburg (Germany) Great Britain--Emigration and immigration. United States--Emigration and immigration.

Genre Correspondence. Photographs. Diaries.

CONTAINER LIST

Series 1: Neuhaus family papers, 1890-2010

Subseries 1: Neuhaus family biographical materials, 1921-2010

Box/Folder Title 1.1 Ingrid Neuhaus, birth certificates, 1921, 1938, 1955 1.2 Ingrid Neuhaus, vaccination certificates, 1922, 1933, 1961 1.3-1.4, Ingrid Neuhaus, education documents, 1927-1967 (2 folders, 1 oversize folders) OS 1 1.5 Ingrid Neuhaus, life in England, circa 1937-1945 BE 1 Ingrid Neuhaus, diary, 1939-1942 BE 2 Ingrid Neuhaus, diary, 1944-1948

6

1.6 Ingrid Neuhaus, diary enclosure, 1948 1.7 Ingrid Neuhaus, Allied civilian employment, employment documents, 1945-1947 1.8 Ingrid Neuhaus, Allied civilian employment, events and information, 1944-1946 1.9 Ingrid Neuhaus, Allied civilian employment, poems and songs, circa 1944-1947 1.10 Ingrid Neuhaus, immigration and naturalization, 1952 1.11 Ingrid Neuhaus, curriculum vitae, 1966-1968 1.12 Ingrid Neuhaus, passports, 1971, 1982, 1988, 1998 1.13-1.15 Ingrid Neuhaus, memoir and writings, 1990s (3 folders) 1.16 Ingrid Neuhaus, last will, death, and memorialization, 1987, 2009-2010 1.17, OS 2 Neuhaus family tree, circa 1995 1.18 Hans Neuhaus (Anthony Norton) memoir, 1995-2001 1.19 Julius and Marie Neuhaus, Red Cross documents, 1963, 2005-2006

Subseries 2: Neuhaus family correspondence, 1908-1999

Box/Folder Title 1.20 Letters to Ingrid Neuhaus from her parents, 1939 1.21 Letters to Ingrid Neuhaus from her parents, translations, 1939 1.22-1.24 Correspondence between Ingrid Kovary and the Gerhardt family, 1988-1999 (3 folders) 1.25 Irma Sandage correspondence and family tree, 1994 1.26 Miscellaneous correspondence, 1908-1983

Subseries 3: Neuhaus family photographs, 1890-1965

Box/Folder Title Box 22 Neuhaus family photo album 1, 1921-1926 Box 23 Neuhaus family photo album 2, 1930s-1940s 2.1 Neuhaus family photo album 2, loose images, 1930s-1940s Box 24 Neuhaus family photo album 3, 1936-1941 2.2 Neuhaus family photo album 3, loose images, 1936-1941 Box 25 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 1, 1939-1945 2.3 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 1, loose photographs, 1939-1945 Box 26 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 2, Esslingen, Germany, 1945-1947 Box 27 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 3, 1946-1947 2.4 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 3, loose images, 1946-1947 Box 28 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 4, 1946-1951 2.5 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 4, loose images, 1946-1951 Box 29 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 5, 1947 2.6 Ingrid Neuhaus photo album 6, circa 1947 2.7 Small empty photo album 1 2.8 Small empty photo album 2 2.9-2.10 Loose photos of Ingrid Neuhaus Kovary and family, 1890-1965 2.11 Loose photos of Ingrid Neuhau skiing, 1946

Series 2: Kovary family papers, 1890-2013

7

Subseries 1: Kovary family biographical materials, 1894-2013

Box/Folder Title 2.12, OS 3 Ernest Kovary, education, circa 1932-1956 2.13 Ernest Kovary, military, 1941-1947 2.14 Ernest Kovary, identification, 1941-1994 2.15 Ernest Kovary, general, 1942-1982 2.16 Ernest Kovary, restitution, 1986-1999 2.17 Ernest Kovary death and memorialization, circa 1984-2013) 2.18 Ernest Kovary, honors and awards, circa 2002-2013 2.19 Esther Fuchs Kovary, biographical material, circa 1948-1990 Box 30 Esther Fuchs Kovary, Poesiebuch, 1909-1914 2.20 Olivio Kovary, Pencil drawings of clothing designs, 1914 2.21 Olivio Kovary, biographical material, 1914-1976 2.22-2.24, Olivio Kovary, citizenship, 1935-1949 (3 folders, 1 oversize folder) OS 4 2.25 Olivio Kovary, citizenship, photocopies, 1935-1949 2.26 Olivio Kovary, patents, 1948, 1953 3.1 Olivio Kovary, scrapbook, 1903, 1935-1938 3.2 Olivio Kovary, scrapbooks, loose materials, 1935-1938, 1949 3.3 Tom Kovary, birth, immigration, and marriage, 1920-1988 3.4 Tom Kovary, color drawings of fur-making patterns, circa 1937 3.5 Tom Kovary, military service, 1940-1946 3.6 Tom Kovary passports, 1940, 1962, 1971 3.7 Tom Kovary, Veterans Administration, circa 1943-1974 3.8-3.9 Tom Kovary education, circa 1949-1953 (2 folders) 3.10 Tom Kovary, autobiographies, 1949-1987 3.11 Tom Kovary, death and memorialization, 1985-1998 3.12 Kovary family, Calendar/address book, 1939-1940 3.13 Kovary family, contact information 3.14 Kovary family, miscellaneous, circa 1894-1999

Subseries 2: Kovary family correspondence, 1909-2011

Box/Folder Title 3.15 Boillot, Felix, 1929-1939 3.16 Erdos, Erika and Steve, 1953-1954, 2002 3.17 Friedman, Elaine (and Esther), circa 1940s 3.18-3.19, Fuchs, Edith, circa 1919-1950 (6 folders) 4.1-4.4 4.5-4.6 Fuchs, Herta, circa 1945-1946 (2 folders) 4.7 Fuchs, Morris (Mojsc), 1964 4.8 Fuchs, Zoltan, circa 1971-1976 4.9 Fuchs family, 1942-1946 4.10 Garbor, Irving, 1942-1943

8

4.11 Kovary, Olivio, 1918 4.12 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1930 4.13 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1941 4.14-4.15 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1942 (2 folders) 4.16-4.20 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1943 (5 folders) 5.1-5.5 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1944 (5 folders) 5.6-5.13 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1945 (8 folders) 6.1-6.3 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1946 (3 folders) 6.4 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1947 6.5 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, 1949-1993 6.6-6.9 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, undated, wartime (4 folders) 6.10-6.14 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, undated (5 folders) 6.15 Kovary, Olivio, Esther, Ernest, and Tom, envelopes 7.1 Kovary, Tom, to Herta Fuchs, 1945 7.2 Kovary, Ingrid and Tom, 1962 7.3 Kovary, Myra, 2011 7.4 Kovary, Vally, 1970, circa 2000 7.5 Lurisbosch, P.D., 1958-1960 7.6 Marco (Marcovici?), Helga, 1947-1948 7.7 Nagel, Helen, Sol, and David, 1944-1946 7.8-7.10 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), received, 1943 (3 folders) 7.11-7.12 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), received, 1944 (2 folders) 7.13 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), received, 1945 7.14 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1942 7.15-7.17 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1943 (3 folders) 7.18-7.19 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1944 (2 folders) 7.20 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1945 7.21 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1948 7.22 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1949 8.1 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, 1950-1951 8.2 Reiss, Alice (Lizzi), sent, undated 8.3 Rudolfer, Blanka and Marcel, 1945-1959 8.4 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1936-1946 8.5 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1947 8.6 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1948-1949 8.7 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1950 8.8 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1951 8.9 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1952-1953 8.10 Rudolfer, Blanka, 1954 and undated 8.11 Tepper, Evelyn, 1944-1945 8.12 Emil and Iren, circa 1943-1955 8.13 Estelle (London/Birmingham), 1944-1945 8.14 George (Detroit), 1942 8.15 Hulda and Schah (Milwaukee), 1945-1946 8.16 Miscellaneous, 1909-1940 8.17 Miscellaneous, 1941-1943

9

8.18 Miscellaneous, 1944 8.19 Miscellaneous, 1945 8.20 Miscellaneous, 1946 9.1 Miscellaneous, 1947 9.2 Miscellaneous, 1948 9.3 Miscellaneous, 1949 9.4 Miscellaneous, 1950-1954 9.5 Miscellaneous, 1957-1969 9.6 Miscellaneous, 1970s-1990s 9.7-9.11 Miscellaneous, undated (5 folders) 9.12 Miscellaneous stamps and envelopes, circa 1939-1948 9.13 Photocopies, circa 1909-1972

Subseries 3: Kovary family photographs, 1890-2009

Box/Folder Title 9.14 Pre-war photos of the Kovary family, 1924-1939 9.15-9.17 Pre-war photos related to the Kovary family, circa 1900-1940 (3 folders) 9.18 Pre-war photos related to Esperanto, circa 1926-1937 9.19-9.20 Wartime photos of Kovary family members, 1939-1945 (2 folders) 9.21 Wartime photos related to the Kovary family, 1939-1945 9.22 Wartime photos, reproductions of unidentified liberated concentration camp, 1945 10.1-10.2 Early post-war photos related to the Kovary family, circa 1945-1961 (2 folders) 10.3, OS 5 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, circa 1945-1955 (Negatives stored separately) 10.4 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, 1949-1964 10.5-10.7 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, circa 1961-2005 (3 folders) 10.8 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, circa 1966-1977 10.9 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, Ingrid and Tom Kovary, circa 1950-1955 10.10 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, Myra Kovary and family, circa 1953-1954 10.11 Post-war photos related to the Kovary family, Tom Kovary, circa 1949-1950 10.12 Photos from Esther Kovary’s green photo album, 1935-1950 10.13 Loose Kovary family photos, circa 1920-1950 10.14 Photocopies and reproductions, circa 1952-2009 10.15-10.16 Ernest Kovary’s photos, prewar and wartime photos, circa 1890-1945 (2 folders) 10.17 Ernest Kovary’s photos, wartime photos of the Kovary family, circa 1939-1945 10.18 Ernest Kovary’s photos, postwar, black and white, circa 1946-1984 10.19 Ernest Kovary’s photos, postwar, color, circa 1952-2008 10.20 Ernest Kovary’s photos, copy prints 10.21 Ernest Kovary’s photos, photocopies OS 6 Ernest Kovary’s photos, transparency (stored separately in cold storage) OS 7-9 Negatives (3 folders) (stored separately in cold storage)

Subseries 4: Kovary family printed materials, 1906-2004

10

Box/Folder Title 11.1 The Bride’s Bible, empty cover, no text block, no pages 11.2 Clipping, anti-Semitic misrepresentation of street attack on Kovary family, 1939, 1956 11.3, OS 10 Esperanto clippings, correspondence, and publications, circa 1924-2004 ( 11.4 Esperanto lesson book, Practical Esperanto by Dr. Benson, Member of Amerika Esperanto-Akademio, Benson School of Esperanto, Newark, NJ, copyright 1925-1932, circa 45 pages 11.5 Esperanto lesson book, La Juna Vivo: Internacia Esperanto-Lernolibreto, E. Van Veenendaal-Bouwes, Nederlando, undated, 32 pages 11.6 Esperanto magazine, Who’s Who Among North American Esperantists: Kiu Estas Kiu: Inter Nord-Amerikaj Esperantistoj, dua Eldono 1947-1948, “Espero” Little Rock, AR, 96 pages 11.7 Esperanto magazine, American Esperanto Magazine, America Esperantisto, Sept-Oct 1949, 32 pages 11.8 Esperanto magazine, Revuo Esperanto Internacia, Univerala Esperanto-Asocio, June 1953, 30 pages 11.9 Esperanto magazine, The British Esperantist, The Esperanto Publishing Company Ltd., The British Esperanto Association, Inc., September/October 1953, 15 pages 11.10 Esperanto magazine, Okcidentgermana Revuo, Januaro/Februaro 1963, 8 pages 11.11 Esperanto magazine, La Nordamerika Esperanto-Revuo, Majo 1963, 16 pages 11.12 Esperanto poetry, Sandor Petofi, Johano la Brava, El la Hungaria: K. Kalocsay, dual eldono, Literatura Mondo Budapest, 1948, 65 pages 11.13 Hebrew calendar, lessons, and prayer cards, approximately 1952-1982 11.14 Hebrew lesson book, Reshith Daath, Sephath Eber, Elementary Hebrew Reader, 1906, 92 pages 11.15 Hebrew lesson book, Reshith Daath, Sephath Eber, Elementary Hebrew Reader, 1918, 96 pages 11.16 Hebrew songs and prayers, printed in USA by Saphrograph Co., New York, undated, 48 pages 11.17 Hebrew song or prayer book, undated, 64 pages 11.18 Hebrew text, loose pages 11.19 Heritage: A Literary Journal, B’Nai B’Rith Hillel Foundation, Ohio State University, Spring 1950, 40 pages 11.20 Humor, circa 1940s 11.21 Krav Maga, 2008 11.22 Neues Pressburger Tagblatt, photocopies, 1930s 11.23 News from : A Bi-Weekly Newsletter Issued by the Israel Information Services in New York, 1965 11.24 Refugees 6 Years Ago, circa 1943 11.25 Religious and memorial events and programs, circa 1995-2010 11.26 Ten Lessons in Sex Technique compiled by the editors of “Sex Guide” Magazine, 1939, 50 pages 11.27 Miscellaneous printed material, circa 1934-1993

Series 3: Restitution papers, 1941-2010

11

Box/Folder Title 12.1 Arato, Friderika, 1966-1975 12.2 Balbin, Julius, 2006 12.3 Bamberger, Nathan, 1989-1993 12.4 Basch, Joseph, 1993 12.5 Bass, Stephen, 1985-1995 12.6-12.7 Bauer, Mary, 1953-1997 (2 folders) 12.8 Beigelman, Gita, 1995-1996 12.9 Belan, Margaret, 1981-1983 12.10-12.14 Bennett, Ann and Arthur, 1982-2007 (5 folders) 13.1 Berczeller, Imre, 1982-2006 13.2 Bergman, Hugo and Katalin, 1971-1994 13.3 Berman, Tibor, 1975 13.4 Bielik, Kathy, 1983-1995 13.5 Binder, Joseph, 1975, 1981 13.6 Blau, Miksa, 1958 13.7 Bloom, Vera (a first cousin of the Kovary brothers), 1975 13.8 Blum, Carla (an aunt of the Kovary brothers), 1981-1995 13.9 Blum-Erdos, Erica, undated 13.10 Bokor, Siegmund, 1977-1981 13.11 Braun, Leslie, 1981-1985 13.12 Brody, Eugen, 1951-1999 13.13 Burstein, Moses, 1960, 1980 13.14 Capek, Lilly, 1996-2002 13.15-13.18 Caplan, Tibor, 1975-2006 (4 folders) 13.19 Cerny, Alex, circa 1967-1994 13.20-13.21 Dan, Agnes, circa 1958-1999 (2 folders) 13.22 Dukes, Edward, 1985-1998 14.1-14.2 Einhorn, Moses, 1965-2004 (2 folders) 14.3-14.4 Eisenbaum, Morris, circa 1991-2003 (2 folders) 14.5 Emody, Fanny, undated 14.6 Farkas, Menyhert, 1973-1993 14.7 Fleischer, Henry, circa 1980-1999 14.8 Fodor, Kurt and Rose, 1966-1972 14.9-14.11 Friedman, Mickey, circa 1957-2005 (3 folders) 14.12 Fruchter, Sarah, 2002 14.13 Fuchs, Herta (Mayer), 1946 14.14 Furst, Julia, 1996 14.15-14.17 Garay, Alexander, 1991-1999 (3 folders) 15.1-15.3 Gardos, Leslie, 1982-2002 (3 folders) 15.4 Geiger, Josef, 1980-1993 15.5 Genkin, Stanley, 1994-2000 15.6 Glasser, Helen, 1997-1999 15.7 Gonda, Harry and Clara, 1989-1996 15.8 Greenstein, Eugene, 1980

12

15.9-15.11 Gregory, Eva, 1991-2002 (3 folders) 15.12-15.15 Greschler, Imrich, 1989-1999 (4 folders) 16.1 Grunfeld, Aron, 2000-2001 16.2 Grunwald, Zoltran, 1951-1997 16.3 Hajdu, Leslie, 1956-1982 16.4 Handel, Rudolf, 1967-1974 16.5 Hanz, Leopold, circa 1991 16.6 Hartstein, Schochana, 1962, 1980, 1986 16.7 Hauer, Ludovit, 1939-2003 16.8 Helmann, Rosa, 1995 16.9 Hershkowitz, Zoltan, 1998-2003 16.10 Herzog, Hermina, 1998 16.11-16.15 Hirsch, Ida, 1991-2003 (5 folders) 16.16 Hoffman, Nathan, 1993 16.17 Illes, Jeno, 1982 16.18 Jacob, Benjamin, 1955, 1968-1969, 1994-2005 16.19 Jurecky, Barbara, 2001 17.1 Kardos, Elisabeth, 1970, 1996-1998 17.2-17.3 Karpen, Jolan, 1945-1997 (2 folders) 17.4 Katz, Esther, 1956-1975 17.5 Katzwer, Elisabeth, 1998-1999 17.6 Keele, Christopher, 1998 17.7 Kellner, Jack, 1966-1983 17.8 Klein, Ladislah, 1993-1999 17.9 Kreiner, Elisabeth, 1994-2002 17.10 Kresas, Zalman, 1997 17.11 Lefkowitz, Joan, 1998 17.12 Letai, Alexander, 1971-1993 17.13-17.15 Levinsky, Celia, 1961-2006 (3 folders) 17.16-17.17 Licht, Valerie, 1938-1980 (2 folders) 17.18 Lichtig, Livia, 1994-1996 17.19 Luh, Norbert, 1989-2003 17.20 Makkay, Magda, circa 1998 18.1-18.3 Mayer, Herta Fuchs and Carl, 1970-2007 (3 folders) (See also Fuchs folder) 18.4-18.7 Melcer, Edith, 1973-2002 (4 folders) 18.8 Merrill, Jeannette, circa 2000 18.9 Milhofer, Anna, 1995 18.10 Mittelman, Frieda, 1960-1969 18.11-18.16 Nadasy, Paul, 1981-2001 (6 folders) 18.17 Ovitz, Mendel, 1997-1999 19.1 Palfi, Laszlo, 1994-1996 19.2 Pappenheim family, 2003 19.3 Pasternak, Artie, 1997-1999 19.4 Perl, Helen, 1994 19.5 Pinkas, William-Paul, 1959 19.6 Pivko, Tibor, undated

13

19.7 Politzer, Netta, 1985-1986 19.8 Pollak, Andre, 1966-2005 19.9 Raschendorfer, Michael, undated 19.10 Raschovsky, Gisela and Ladislaus, 1941-1942, circa 1987 19.11 Raszo-Reis, Martha, 1983 19.12 Reiss, Alice “Lizzi”, 1991-2003 19.13 Renny, Catherine, 1998 19.14 Rolnicki, Frieda, undated 19.15 Ross, Larry, 1982-1994 19.16 Roth, Irma, 1986-1996 19.17 Rothschild, Werner, 1946, 2003-2004 19.18 Sachs, Jacob, 1965-1967 19.19 Sagi, Klara, 1977-1992 19.20-19.22 Samet, Leopold, 1946-2002 (3 folders) 19.23 Schraier, Alice, 1981-1996 20.1 Schvarez, Samuel, 1972-1998 20.2 Schveiger, Gisela, 1993 20.3 Seress, Rezso, 1994-1995 20.4 Shavitt, Vera, 1998 20.5 Spiegel, Bela, 1985, 1994-1995 20.6 Spiegel, Leopold, 1945-1947, 1994-1999 20.7-20.9 Stein, Ernest, 1990-2001 (3 folders) 20.10 Stein, Irma, 1986 20.11-20.12 Steiner, Alexander, 1995-2000 20.13 Stengel, Fanny, 1947, 1997-1998 20.14 Stillman, Rise, 1994-1995 20.15 Stransky-Stern, Jakob, circa 1946 20.16 Szanto family, 1994-1995 20.17 Szasz, Imre, 1971 20.18 Szumega, Elisabet, 1971-2000 20.19 Teichmann, Mordka, 1997 20.20 Teszler, Aranka, 1990-2003 20.21 Tichauer, Helene, 1992-1994 20.22 Truly, Gabriella, 1991-1992 20.23-20.24 Tuschak, Ilona, 1982-2005 (2 folders) 20.25 Unreich, Ludevit and Carmella, 1990-1998 20.26 Varga, Klara, 1995-2001 20.27 Verdes, Irene, undated 21.1 Wallach, Claire, 1995-2005 21.2 Weinreich, Chaim, 1989-1999 21.3 Weiss, Samuel, 1998-2000 21.4-21.5 Willner, Hilda, 1961-1963, 1982-1994 21.6 Yurowitz, Theresa, 1987 21.7 Zweibel, David, 1999-2000 21.8-21.13 Miscellaneous files, 1945-2010 (6 folders) 21.14-21.15 Miscellaneous messages and notes, circa 980-2005 (2 folders)

14

21.16 Original identification papers, Izsak, Iosif and Gisela, 1972 21.17 Original identification papers, Lax, Rachel, 1958 21.18 Original identification papers, Leidner, Arpad, 1952 21.19 Original identification papers, Stransky, Jakub and Lydia, 1946

15