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WSN 63 (2017) 1-242 EISSN 2392-2192

MONOGRAPH

Litter and ground dwelling (Araneae: Arachnida) of reserve forests of Dooars, West Bengal

Dinendra Raychaudhuri Sumana Saha

2017

World Scientific News 63 (2017) 1-242

Editors

Dinendra Raychaudhuri* Sumana Saha

Contributors

Dhruba Chandra Dhali, Sumana Saha, Dinendra Raychaudhuri*

Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata – 700103, India *E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Litter, one of the forest habitats includes the layer of dead plant materials present on soil surface, comprising the surface litter (L-layer), the partially decomposing layer beneath it (F-layer) and the humus layer (H-layer). It plays a major role in the transfer of energy and nutrients in the forest ecosystem; litter fall data is often used to predict the productivity of ecosystem. The natural forest litter, surface and associated ground with its floral diversity and specialized micro niches support a variety of macro and micro including spiders through variations in moisture, cover materials, litter depth and structure. A strong correlation between species diversity of ground dwelling spiders and litter habitat is thought to exist because habitat affects spiders through prey availability, temperature fluctuation, moisture content and harborage. Ecological importance of spiders is undeniable as they are abundant predators of other forest litter arthropods. Globally people are laying emphasis on the studies of litter and ground dwelling spiders while India is yet to jump into. It is believed that the monograph is the first comprehensive study on the forest litter and ground dwelling spiders of the reserve forests of Dooars, West Bengal, India.

Keywords: Litter & Ground dwelling Spiders; ; Distribution; Reserve Forests Dooars; West Bengal; India

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Publisher’s address:

Dr. Tomasz Borowski Scientific Publishing House „DARWIN” 22/12 Adama Mickiewicza Street, 78-520 Złocieniec, District Drawski, West Pomerania, Poland

ISSN 2392-2192

ISBN 978-83-947896-0-2

Reviewer

Prof. Jerzy Borowski Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, SGGW, Warsaw, Poland

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Authors are greatly indebted to the late Prof. D.N. Raychaudhuri who established this taxonomic laboratory. Authors express sincere gratitude to late Dr. B. K. Tikader, the pioneer of studies in India, for his constant indulgence in undertaking spider studies. Authors are very much grateful to eminent Arachnologists Dr. Norman I. Platnick, American Museum of Natural History, USA; Prof. F. Zhang, China, Dr. J. Proszynski, Mr. H. Metzner, Dr. Peter Jäger, Senckenberg Research Institute, Germany; Dr. Robert J. Raven, Queensland Museum, Australia, Mr. Torbjorn Kronestedt, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden and the Curator, Western Australian Museum, Australia for their literature support and valuable suggestions. Authors also extend heartfelt thanks to Dr. Subhas Chandra Majumder, former Joint Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata; Dr. Pothalil A. Sebastian, Sacred Heart College, Kerala; Mr. Kanwaljit Kumar, Punjab; Dr. Vivekananda Biswas, Professor, Department of Zoology, Khulna Govt. Girls College, Bangladesh for their manifold assistance. Sincere thanks are also to the Director, Zoological Survey of India for permitting to study the type materials and the relevant literatures in the library. Sincere thanks are also extended to the forest officials, Principal Chief Conservator of Forest & Chief Wildlife Warden, Conservators of Forest, Divisional Forest Officers and Rangers of the respective reserve forests, Directorate of Forests, Govt. of West Bengal for their necessary permission, extensive support and co-operation during the field work. All logistic support extended by The Head, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta and The Hon’ble Vice-Chancellor, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University for carrying out the research work is thankfully acknowledged. Authors wish to record their sincere thanks to National Tea Research Foundation C/o Tea Board, Govt. of India and MOEF & CC, AICOPTAX, Govt. of India for sponsoring the project.

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Biography

DINENDRA RAYCHAUDHURI, Retired Professor of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, is at present serving the Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University in the capacity of Honorary Professor. As an eminent Entomologist of repute in India and abroad he has bagged 219 articles on insects and spiders. Other than being author of several books, monographs and chapters, he has acted as the mentor of 25 Ph.D. students. He is the recipient of several distinction and honours. E-mail address: [email protected]

SUMANA SAHA, is presently serving as Associate Professor in the Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Barasat Govt. College. As one of the dedicated researcher of the contemporary period, she is the author of 139 articles including books/monographs and popular articles. She has received few honours in these 25 years of research career. E-mail address: [email protected]

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0. Preface ...... 7

2.0. Introduction ...... 8

3.0. Materials and Methods ...... 14

4.0. General Morphology and Terminology...... 16

5.0. Abbreviations used ...... 19

6.0. Taxonomy ...... …20

7.0. Distribution Pattern ...... …………………………………………92

8.0. Discussion ...... …………………………………………..102

9.0. Summary ...... ……………………………………..112

10.0. Literature Cited ...... …………………………………………………..113

11.0. Species Index ...... ……………………………………………………………………..120

12.0. Figures: 1-494 ...... …………………………….123

13.0. Plates: I-XXVI ...... ………………………………………….217

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1.0. PREFACE

Spiders are among the oldest, most omnipresent and numerous predators in both agricultural and natural ecosystems. They are easily characterized by two main body parts, viz. cephalothorax and abdomen, joined by a narrow pedicel, 4 pairs of jointed legs, 6-8 simple eyes and 4-6 spinnerets. Spiders have established themselves as a model organism in biochemical (for silk and venom proteins), behavioural (for sexual and web building) and ecological (for foraging, prey-predator interaction and IPM) research. They are also utilized as ecological indicators in many terrestrial communities. Appreciating the bioresource value of spiders, the present work is first of its kind to deal with the litter and ground dwelling spiders of Gorumara National Park (GNP), Chapramari Wild Life Sanctuary (CWLS), Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary (JWLS) and Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR), West Bengal, India. The work embodies taxonomic account and distribution of the species recorded from different ranges of these reserve forests. The monograph starts with an Introductory section where the importance of the litter and ground dwelling spiders and the area of study are discussed. The next section deals with the Collection and Preservation procedures, Identification of spiders, their General Morphology and Terminology and Abbreviations used. Taxonomic part includes the detailed account of the diagnostic characters and keys for the families, genera, and species. However, the well known species have not been redescribed but have been suitably illustrated and keyed. Additionally as a suffix to each family a note on the biology is also given. This is followed by Distributional Pattern of the spider taxa, Discussion, Summary and Literature cited. A total of 89 species under 38 genera and 13 families are dealt with. Of these one species is new to the world, one from the country while 7 from the state. Thirty eight species are reported as endemic to India.

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2.0. INTRODUCTION

One of the major terrestrial ecosystems is forest, which may be characterized by wild flora and fauna, with natural soil conditions and they are not associated with agricultural practices (Speight and Wylie, 2001). Forests account for almost 30% of the earth’s total land areas. India has 2% of the Worlds’ forests, but supports 15% of world population (Sharma, 1992). Litter is one of the habitats of forest that includes the layer of dead plant materials present on soil surface, comprising the surface litter (L-layer), the partially decomposing layer beneath it (F-layer) and the humus layer (H-layer) (Ananthakrishnan, 1996). It plays a major role in the transfer of energy and nutrients in the forest ecosystem; litter fall data is often used to predict the productivity of ecosystem (Toky and Singh, 1983). The natural forest litter, surface and associated ground with its floral diversity and specialized micro niches support a variety of macro and micro arthropods including spiders through variations in moisture, cover materials, litter depth and structure. A strong correlation between species diversity of ground dwelling spiders and litter habitat is thought to exist because habitat affects spiders through prey availability, temperature fluctuation, moisture content and harborage (Uetz, 1975: Satpathi, 2004). Despite their size, ecological importance of spiders is undeniable as they are abundant predators of other forest litter arthropods (Platnick, 1995; Ananthakrishnan, 2010; Foelix, 2011).

2.1. Litter and Ground dwelling spiders

Arthropods include spiders within the order Araneae under the class Arachnida. They are characterized by two main body parts viz. cephalothorax and abdomen, joined by a narrow pedicel, 4 pairs of jointed legs, 6-8 simple eyes and 4-6 spinnerets. The spiders (Araneae) are divided into two suborders – (i) Mesothelae includes the only family Liphistiidae, which can be distinguished from more evolved spiders by the presence of abdominal plate; and (ii) Opisthothelae divided into two infraorders – (a) Mygalomorphae and (b) (Platnick, 1995). They are separated by the direction of their fangs open. Mygalomorphs’ fangs open forward, whereas Araneomorphs’ fangs open to the side. Dondale (1979) estimated that around 1, 20, 000 species of spiders occur world-wide, out of which World Spider Catalog (2016) by Natural History Museum Bern listed 46,381 1 species belonging to 4027 genera under 113 families i.e. nearly /3 of the total fauna has so far been named. Compared to the global scenario, India appears to be rich in spider 1 as nearly ½ of the higher taxa and /25 of the lower taxa are known to occur (Siliwal et al., 2005; Sebastian and Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012). There is also evidence that density, behaviour and population dynamics of spiders act to stabilize terrestrial populations (Turnball, 1973). Beside these, their products such as silk and venom are of immense value. Current research in spider silk involves its potential use to replace Kevlar and to make various items like bullet proof clothings, light weight clothings, parachutes, surgical threads etc. (Hinman et al., 2003). Spider venom is now being

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used as pesticides (King et al., 2002); its active protein component is also used as drugs that prevent atrial fibrillation during cardiac failure (Bode et al., 2002). They enjoy a wide variety of habitats within a terrestrial ecosystem viz. on ground, nests in ground, trees, holes under stones, barks, litter, from low land to higher mountains. Some like Dolomedes sp. may even remain under water for some time (Kumar et al., 1999). Mostly, studies on spiders throughout the World are done on agricultural and forest ecosystems. Recent studies (Dorris et al., 1995; Fassbender, 2002; Joseph and Christopher, 2010; Jung et al., 2008: Larrivee et al., 2008; Oxbrough et al., 2007; Pajumen et al., 2006) indicate that globally people are laying emphasis on litter and ground dwelling spiders. Contrarily, studies in India conducted so far did not address forest litter and ground dwelling spiders. Spiders generally have humidity and temperature preferences that limit them to areas within the range of their “physiological tolerances” which make them ideal candidates for land conservation studies (Reichert, 1974). Therefore, documenting spider diversity patterns in reserve forests of Dooars can provide important information to justify conservation of relict stands of those ecosystems. It focuses on the little-studied forest types and provides data about species that are present. It also emphasizes the need for conservation of forest remnants by characterizing species diversity and highlighting rare and endemic species in the reserve forests. It is believed that the programme envisaged is the first comprehensive study on the forest litter and ground dwelling spiders of the Indian reserve forests.

2.2. Area (Pls. I-VIII):

‘Dooars’ lying along the foothills of the Himalayas in the North Bengal, stretches from the river Teesta on the west to the river Sankosh on the east. ‘Dooars’ is derived from ‘Doors’ (doors to Bhutan). This region also forms the gateway to the hill station of West Bengal, Sikkim, Bhutan and North-Eastern States of India. Major part of Dooars is in the district Jalpaiguri and rest in Coachbehar district. It is characterized by 181 tea gardens (spread over 1, 18,701.6 hec.), alpine landscape, transparent rivers and 4 reserve forests (spread over 1, 73,103 hec.) [Anonymous, 1394 (1987)]. It is limited between 26º16’ - 27º00’ (North) latitude and 88º04’ - 89º53’ (East) longitude. All the reserve forests fall under the biogeographic province 7B Lower Gangetic Plain (Rodgers and Panwar, 1988). The 4 reserve forests of the area are: Gorumara National Park (GNP) (Pl. II) - It is situated in the submontane terai belt of the Eastern Himalayas. The park is on the floodplains of Murti and Jaldhaka rivers of Jalpaiguri. The forest is between the latitudes 26°42’N & 26°7’N and longitudes of 88°48’E & 88°8’E, with an area of 79.99 sq. km. It includes 2 ranges namely South Range and North Range. The floral assemblages are terai grassland, interspersed with riverine forests, dry mixed forests, wet mixed forests, sal forests and tall riperian grassland of Phragmitis, Alpinia, Typha, etc. Highland contain almost pure sal crop with a mixture of bahera, odal, jaman, lali etc. whereas lowland riverine forests contain simul, siris, khair etc. The forest is equally rich in orchids. The forest has nearly 50 species of mammals, 193 species of birds, 22 species of reptiles, 7 species of fishes and other macro and micro fauna. These include Indian one horned rhinoceros, Indian elephant, gaur (Indian bison), leopard, Malayan giant squirrel, wild

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pig, sambar, barking deer, pigmy hog, hog deer etc. The park also harbours rich plethora of arthropods (Anonymous, 1996; Anonymous, 2005). Chapramari Wild Life Sanctuary (CWLS) (Pl. III)- The Sanctuary is located just north to Gorumara National Park with a forest area of 9.6 sq. km., bounded by the river Neora on one hand and on the other Bamni amd Murti rivers. The floral assemblages are terai grassland, interspersed with riverine forests, dry mixed forests, wet mixed forests and sal forests. Common species are Aphanamixis, Polystacgia, Pomifera, Terminalia belerica, Malattus spp., etc. Major fauna of the Sanctuary are Indian one horned rhinoceros, Indian elephant, gaur, leopard, wild pig, sambar, barking deer, rhesus macaque etc. There is large concentration of birds and arthropods (Anonymous, 1996). Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary (JWLS) (Pls. IV-V)- The sanctuary situated in the Alipurduar subdivision of Jalpaiguri, between the latitudes 25°58’N & 27°45’N and longitudes 89°08’E & 89°55’E with an area of 216.51 sq. km.. The forest tract is more or less flat with a gentle slope from north to south and is bathed with number of perennial streams. The average altitude of the area is 76 meters above mean sea level. The rivers Malangi and Torsa flank the east and west of the sanctuary respectively. It includes 7 ranges namely East, West, North, South, Chilapata, Kodalbasti and Nilpara, each having its respective beats. Major part of the sanctuary bears riverine forests interspersed with an extensive belt of tall grasses of about 20 species (Anonymous, 1997). It also contains mixed deciduous forests with following trees mainly khair, sisso, simul, sidha, bahera, gamar, sal etc. Major fauna of the forest include the Indian one horned rhinoceros, gaur, elephant, crested eagle, fishing eagle, swamp deer, hog deer, spotted deer, barking deer, leopard, pig etc. It is also very rich in varied population of reptiles, birds, fishes. Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR) (Pls. VI-VIII)- Buxa Tiger Reserve lies in Alipurduar sub- division of Jalpaiguri in between the longitudes 89°25’E & 89°55’E and latitudes 23°30’N & 23°50’N with a huge forest area of 760.87 sq. km. (Anonymous, 2002). Its northern boundary runs along the international border with Bhutan. The Sinchula hill range lies all along the northern side of BTR and the eastern boundary touches that of Assam. National Highway No. 31C roughly runs along its southern boundary. It is the eastern most extension of extreme bio- diverse area of the state and represents highly endemic Indo-Malayan region. The Phipsu Wild Life Sanctuary of Bhutan is contiguous to north of BTR and Manas Tiger Reserve lies on its east. Thus, it serves as international corridor for elephant migration between India and Bhutan. The forest is divided into 2 divisions namely East and West. Each division has 7 ranges with respective beats. Important rivers are Rydak and Sankosh and their innumerable tributaries have passed through this virgin forest. The fragile "Terai Eco-System" constitutes a part of this Reserve and encompasses as many as eight forest types such as i) Riverine forest, ii) Dry mixed forest, iii) Wet mixed forest, iv) Evergreen forest, v) Malate forest, vi) Plateau forest, vii) Hill forest and viii) Savannah (now replaced by Sal plantation). More than 300 species of trees, 250 species of shrubs, 400 species of herbs, 9 species of cane, 10 species of bamboo, 150 species of orchids, 100 species of grass and 130 species of aquatic flora including more than 70 sedges (Cyperaceae) have been identified so far. The major flora of the area includes sal, teak, champa, chilauni, gamar, toon, sisoo, simul, khair, haritaki, bahera, mallotus, lampate, bamboo etc.

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390 species of birds, 73 species of mammals, 76 species of snakes, 5 species of amphibians are so far been recorded. The major include the Royal Bengal Tiger, gaur, wild elephant, leopard, sloth bear, Himalayan black bear, wild pig, pigmy hog, hog deer, spotted deer, pangolin etc. Attributes of the reserve forests are presented in the under mentioned table.

Table 1. Synoptic attributes of Gorumara National Park, Chapramari Wild Life Sanctuary, Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary and Buxa Tiger Reserve.

Reserve Water Divisions Ranges Beats Climate Forest Type Forests Resources Bichabhanga, Temperature: Budhuram, Pre Monsoon- South Terai Dhupjhora, 24-32 °C, grassland, Gorumara Monsoon- Riverine 27-37 °C, Gorumara, Gorumara forests, Post Monsoon- Jaldhaka, National ------Dry mixed 10-22 °C; Murti, Park forests, Khunia, Humidity: North Wet mixed Murti 75-95%; forests and Rain fall Sal forests (Annual): 370-385 cm. Temperature: Pre Monsoon- Terai 24-32 °C, grassland, Monsoon- Neora, Riverine 27-37 °C, Bamni, forests, Chapramari Post Monsoon------Murti Dry mixed Wild Life 10-22 °C; forests, Sanctuary Humidity: Wet mixed 75-95 %; forests and Rain fall Sal forests (Annual): 370-385 cm. Jaldapara, Temperature: Riverine Malangi, Pre Monsoon- forests, East Sissamara, 24-27 °C, Sal forests, Daidaighat Monsoon- Wet mixed Jaldapara Hollong, 27-37 °C, Malangi, forests, Wild Life ------TEC, Post Monsoon- Torsa Semi- Sanctuary Caghat, 10-21 °C; evergreen West Moiradanga, Humidity: forest, Kunjanagar, 75-95%; Evergreen Bengdaki Rain fall forest,

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NWC, (Annual): Savannah NEC, 382 cm. forest North Siltorsa, 50 ft South Salkumari Chilapata, Chilapata CCLine, Mendabari Hasimara (East), Kodalbasti Hasimara (West) Lankapara, Nilpara Hollapara, Dalsingpara Balapara, Barobhisha, Bholka Changmari, Ghoramara Buxaduar, Buxaduar Buxaduar Road, Riverine Chunabhati, forest, Santrabari Dry mixed forest, Chunia jhora, Temperature: Hatipota Wet mixed Hatipota Pre Monsoon- forest, Bhutia Basti, 22-27 °C, Evergreen Jayanti Monsoon- forest, North, 23-30 °C, Buxa Jayanti Jayanti, Malate Jayanti Post Monsoon- Tiger East Sankosh, forest, South, 6-19 °C; Reserve Rydak Plateau Phaskhawa Humidity: forest, Kumargram, 75-95%; Kumar- Hill forest Newlands, Rain fall gram and (Annual): Sankosh Savannah 500 cm. Kartick, (now Lokenathpur, North replaced by Moinabari, Rydak Sal Rahimabad, plantation) Teamari Chipra, Marakhata, South South Rydak, Rydak Uttar Rampur

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Cheko, East DPO, Damanpur Gadadhar Garam East, West Garam West, Damanpur Poro Barnabari, Hamilton- Bhutri, ganj Godambari, Rangamati Nimati East, Nimati Nimati West, Poro West Adma, Gangutia, Pana West Pana, Raimatang Panbari North, East Panbari Rajabhat- South, khawa Rajabhat- khawa South, Rajabhat- khawa Central, West Rajabhat- Rajabhat- khawa North, khawa Rajabhat- khawa West, Dima

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3.0. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Collection and Preservation of spider samples (Pl. IX)

A sustained survey was conducted for the litter and ground dwellers spiders, during the period of May 2008 to September 2011 in different ranges of Gorumara National Park, Chapramari Wild Life Sanctuary, Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary and Buxa Tiger Reserve. Field visit was made in every month of any calendar year except from June 15 to September 15 when the forests remain closed for rejuvenation. While compiling the data, earlier contributions [made since 1993 by the senior colleagues of the laboratory] are also taken into account. Sampling was done by visual search, hand picking, Berlese funnel extraction (Wheeler and McHugh, 1987), aspirator, pitfall trap, leaf litter extraction, etc. Aspirator was used to collect small spiders. Berlese funnel extraction was used to separate spiders from litter and soil samples. For catching ground dwelling spiders, pitfall trap was applied. Samples were killed and preserved as per recommendation of Tikader (1987), Barrion & Litsinger (1995) and Alfred and Ramakrishna (2004). The collected specimens were killed and preserved temporarily in 70% alocohol in a number of glass tubes, each with a definite sample number. Necessary field data for each of the samples were noted in the field note book. The spiders for relaxation of their body muscles were transferred to a petridish filled with 70% alcohol and kept in this way for about 2-3 hours, after covering the petridish with another. Stretching of the body parts viz. legs, pedipalps etc. was the next step of approach using fine brush, forceps, needles etc. The spiders were then permanently preserved in the specimen vial containing Audeman's preservative [70% alcohol (87 part): Glycerin (5 part): Glacial acetic acid (8 part)]. The specimen vials were labeled properly by giving details about locality, habitat, date of collection, name of collector and any other relevant information.

3.2. Material Deposition

Materials are in the collection of Entomolgy Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, IRDM Faculty Centre, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University, Narendrapur, Kolkata, India.

3.3. Identification of the collected spider samples

The materials were studied using Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscope, model Zeiss SV- 11 and Olympus SZX-7. All measurements are in millimeters, made with an eye piece graticule. Drawing and photographs were made with the aid of necessary accessories attached to the binocular microscope. Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus); spination pattern are shown as: dorsal-ventral-prolateral-retrolateral. The illustrations are arranged in the following order: for Mygalomorphae: General habitus, dorsal view; , ventral view and dorsal view; Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view,Internal genitalia, dorsal view, Male palp: dorsal view, Spinnerets, ventral view; Tarsal claws, lateral view and for Araneomorphae: General habitus, dorsal view; Chelicerae, ventral view; Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view. Epigynum, ventral view; Internal genitalia, dorsal view, Male palp: dorsal view, ventral view or lateral view.

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The internal genitalia of the female was dissected out under the microscope with the help of very sharp scalpel or triangular needle. After dissection it was cleared in clove oil for overnight. The male pedipalp was removed from the body and boiled in 10% KOH for 5-10 minutes till the bulb expanded (Tikader, 1987). After study, both the female genitalia and the male palp were preserved in a micro vial along with the adult specimen within the same tube containing Oudeman's preservative. In the process, several literatures were consulted to conclude on their current status. Identification of the spider samples were done following Pocock (1900’, 01), Gravely (1921, ’22, ’31, ’35), Dyal (1935), Tikader (1967, ’70, ’77, ’82, ’87), Tikader & Malhotra (1980), Tikader & Biswas (1981), Majumder & Tikader (1991), Barrion & Litsinger (1995), Patel & Patel (1973), Gajbe (1989, ’92a,b, ’99, 2004), Saha et al., (1994), Gajbe & Gajbe (1999), Raven (2000), Majumder (2005, ’07), Sebastian et al., (2005), Pajumen et al., (2006), Gajbe (2008), Sebastian & Peter (2009), Jäger & Dankittipakul (2010), Kronestedt (2010), Prószyn'ski (2015), Metzner (2016), WSC (2016) and others. Other consulted literatures are mentioned in the text under different families. Determined status of the taxa are also compared with the type specimens deposited in the collection of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

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4.0. GENERAL MORPHOLOGY AND TERMINOLOGY (Pls. X-XV)

The body of a spider consists of 2 main parts, anterior prosoma or cephalothorax and posterior or abdomen, joined by a narrow pedicel.

4.1. Cephalothorax (fig. A) - is dorsally covered by a hard sclerotised shield, the ‘carapace’ and ventrally by the sternum. The carapace is usually comprised of 2 distinct regions ‘cephalic’ and ‘thoracic’, which are delineated by the narrow grooves, the ‘cervical furrows’. The thoracic region is often marked with a narrow median groove, the ‘thoracic groove’ or ‘fovea’ and also with other radiating striae, the ‘thoracic radii’. Eyes (figs. A- B & I-N) – Cephalic region includes 6-8 simple eyes, their size and arrangement are variable and frequently of use in taxonomy. These eyes are generally of 2 kinds viz. black or diurnal and white or nocturnal. When only one type of eye is present, the condition is described as ‘homogeneous’ in contrast to ‘heterogeneous’, when both the types present. They are usually arranged in 2 rows (some times in 3 or 4 rows) – an anterior row with anteromedian (AME) and anterolateral eyes (ALE) and a posterior row with posteromedian (PME) and posterolateral eyes (PLE). Such rows may be straight or curved either ‘procurved’ or ‘recurved’. The row is said to be procurved when the median eyes are further backward than the laterals and it is recurved when the median eyes are further forward than the laterals. The region occupied by the eyes is referred to as ‘ocular region’ and the area margined by the 4 median eyes is the ‘ocular quad’. The area between the anterior eyes and the anterior edge of carapace is the ‘clypeus’. Cephalothoracic appendages – Cephalothorax bears 6 pairs of appendages which include a pair of ‘chelicerae’, a pair of ‘pedipalp’ and 4 pairs of walking ‘legs’. Chelicerae (figs. E & O-P) - are attached below the anterior margin of the carapace, each consisting of a large basal portion and the curved ‘fang’. The fang articulates with the basal portion and folds into groove on its medial aspect, the borders of which are often equipped with rows of teeth, middle sometimes bears a single tooth like process known as ‘cusp’. The outer margin of this groove is termed as ‘promargin’ while the inner margin as ‘retromargin’. Promargin is often with long, stout hairs to constitute the so called ‘scopulae’. The size and shape of the chelicerae vary considerably in different species; some have a swollen ‘boss’ or ‘lateral condyle’ and others may with a series of horizontal ridges laterally – the ‘stridulating ridges’. ‘Rastellum’ is a rake like structure at the extremity of chelicerae in Mygalomorphae, often reduced to a few strong spines. Pedipalp (fig. D) - consists of 6 segments: coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus. Morphologically the maxillae are the enlarged modified coxa of the palp. The tarsus of female palp is often with a claw distally. Male spiders have the palpal tarsi greatly modified as secondary sex organ, the copulatory organ. Legs (figs. C & T-X) – 4 pairs of legs are referred as I, II, III and IV being numbered from the front. Each leg consists of 7 segments – coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus. In majority of the spider families, the legs are ‘prograde’ where the anterior 2 pairs of legs are positioned forward and the posterior 2 pairs are positioned backward. But in spider family (Sparassidae), the anterior 2 pairs of legs are directed more or less laterally giving them a crab like appearance. These legs are termed as ‘laterigrade’. The

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distal end of tarsi are provided with 2 or 3 claws, upper pairs known as ‘superior claws’ and lower small one ‘inferior claw’. In addition, there may be hairs which are greatly modified to form ‘auxiliary foot claws’. Many hunting spiders and others which do not spin webs have only 2 foot claws, the small claw being replaced by a tuft of hairs ‘claw tuft’. In some species, there is also a ventral brush of thickened hairs running longitudinally along the length of the tarsus and metatarsus, the ‘scopulae’. The legs are often furnished with spines, in addition to the normal hairs. These spines may be prolateral or retrolateral (on the side, directed forward or backward respectively) or dorsal or ventral (on upper or lower surfaces respectively). Legs are often covered with very fine and smooth micro hairs, the ‘trichobothria’, which rest perpendicular to the surface. Sternum (figs. a-b) - may be variously shaped, usually indented, opposite to the coxa of each leg. The anterior margin of sternum articulates movably with ‘labium’. With few exceptions, there is a deep transverse groove between the sternum and the labium. Labium and Maxillae (figs. E & Q-S) – Labium is also called lower lip underneath the head region in front of the sternum. It varies in shape among species, being more or less oval or conical and rebordered. On each side of the labium are the maxillae, broad and cushion shaped paired lobes. Apical margins of labium and maxillae are often scopulate. In Mygalomorphae maxillae and labium often with small, spiny warts known as ‘cuspules’.

4.2. Abdomen (figs. A, E, Y-Z, d-e & f-i) - varies in shape, colour, markings and hair clothing in different species. Variable no. of sigilla (muscular apodemes) often present in abdominal dorsum. Abdominal venter with 1 or 2 pairs of ‘book lungs’ situated above the epigastric furrow on either side of epigynum. At the posterior end, the alimentary canal opens from a more or less distinct ‘anal tubercle’. Below the anal tubercle, there are 3 pairs finger like spinnerets (may be 2 pairs or even can be reduced to a single pair), which extrude the silk strands through tiny spigots. These 3 pairs are arranged as anterior, median and posterior pairs. Anterior to spinnerets, there is some times a small tubercle known as ‘colulus’ that lies at the base of anterior spinnerets. The female genital organ the ‘epigynum’ is placed just anterior to a transverse fold, the ‘epigastric fold’. It is the most important single character for the final identification of most of the adult female spiders.

4.3. Genital organs - Male Palp (fig. D) - Based on the complexity of the palp male spiders are classified as ‘haplogyne’ and ‘entelegyne’. Haplogyne spiders have a simple palp. The tarsus of the palp, referred to as ‘cymbium’, bears an extension in the form of a pear shaped ‘bulb’, the palpal organ. This bulb contains a duct, which spirals through it and opens at the farthest end where it leads to outside. The narrow portion of the tip of the bulb is called the ‘embolous’. In entelegyne spiders the palp is much more complicated. Patella bears variable no. of spines at its apex. Tibia is very short and often with dorsal and/or ventral apophysis. The tarsus consists of 2 parts, the ‘cymbium and ‘paracymbium’. The cymbium is the spoon- shaped base of tarsus. The cymbial cavity at base is known as ‘alveolus’. The cymbium also contain a coiled tube, ‘receptaculum seminis’, the distal end of which is slender and extends like a coil; the terminal portion is termed as ‘embolous’. The whole coiled structure is bulb like in appearance. The bulb is often divided into ‘tegulum’ and ‘subtegulum’. Bulb also bears prominent apophyses (terminal, median apophyses etc.). The palp also possesses a distensible balloon of elastic connective tissue, the ‘haematodocha’.

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Female genital organs - Epigynum (figs. F-G) – It is the ventral view of genital organs.In most species it is more or less complex chitinous plate like structure. In some species, the epigynum is a simple opening with sclerotised margins; in others a median septum may be present; some have a tongue like process or scape in the midline. Internal genitalia (fig. H) – It is the dorsal view of genital organs.It comprises usually 1 or 2 pairs of ‘spermathecae’, the function of which is to store the sperm introduced by the male through a pair of ducts, the ‘copulatory ducts’ which have external openings known as ‘copulatory openings’. Issuing from the spermathecae are the ‘fertilization ducts’ through which sperm is eventually passed during egg laying. Critical examination of male palpal structures and female epigynum – internal genitalia are essential for identification of spider taxa at generic and species level.

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5.0. ABBREVIATIONS USED

Abbreviations:

AL = Abdominal length AW = Abdominal width CL = Cephalothoracic length CW = Cephalothoracic width TL = Total length

ALE = anterior lateral eyes AME = anterior median eyes M = Monsoon PLE = posterior lateral eyes PME = posterior median eyes PrM = Pre-monsoon PsM = Post monsoon

AS = Australian Realm ET = Ethiopian Realm NA = Nearctic Realm NT = Neotropical Realm OR = Oriental Realm PL = Palaearctic Realm

GNP - Gorumara National Park CWLS - Chapramari Wild Life Sanctuary JWLS - Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary BTR - Buxa Tiger Reserve

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6.0. TAXONOMY

ORDER: ARANEAE Diagnosis: Body divisible into cephalothorax and abdomen, joined by narrow, stalk like pedicel. Eyes 6-8, simple. Legs 4 pairs, jointed. Book lung 1-2 pairs. Spinnerets 2-3 pairs.

SUBORDER: MYGALOMORPHAE Diagnosis: Cheliceral fangs paraxial i.e. parallel to each other. Book lung 2 pairs. Spinnerets 2 pairs, lacking median pair. Cribellum (or colulus) usually absent. Sternum often bearing sigillae.

SUBORDER: ARANEOMORPHAE Diagnosis: Cheliceral fangs diaxial i.e. opposing each other. Book lungs 1 pair. Spinnerets 3 pairs. Cribellum (modified median spinnerets) and coluls (transformed Cribellum) usually present. Sternum without any sigilla. Key to the families of the recorded litter and ground dwelling spiders

1. Cheliceral fangs paraxial, book lung 2 pairs, spinnerets 2 pairs ------Theraphosidae Thorell Cheliceral fangs diaxial, book lung 1 pairs, spinnerets 3 pairs. ------2 2. Tarsus with 2 claws ------3 Tarsus with 3 claws ------9

3. Eyes in 3 rows or 4 rows ------4 Eyes in 2 rows (4.4) ------5

4. Eyes arranged in 4.2.2 or 2.2.2.2 configuration, anterior row always forwardly directed and anteromedians largest------Salticidae Blackwall

Eyes arranged in 2.4.2 configuration, anterior row upwardly directed and anteromedians smaller than anterolaterals------Ctenidae Keyserling

5. Legs laterigrade, directed towards side or forwards, apical end of metatarsi with a soft trilobite membrane ------Sparassidae Bertkau

Legs prograde, I and II directed forwards, III and IV backwards, apical end of metatarsi without any soft trilobite membrane------6

6. Heterogeneous eyes, anterior spinnerets large, parallel, cylindrical, usually well separated, anterior lateral spinnerets with enlarged pyriform gland spigots ------Gnaphosidae Pocock

Homogeneous eyes, anterior spinnerets small, unparallel, not cylindrical, usually much closer, anterior lateral spinnerets without enlarged pyriform gland spigots ------7

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7. 1st pair of legs noticeably longer than 4th pair, posterior spinnerets 2 segmented, distal one long, with cone shaped spinning area ------Eutichuridae Lehtinen

1st pair of legs not longer than 4th pair, posterior spinnerets otherwise------8

8. Male palp pear shaped with short distal embolous, without median apophysis; females with square shaped epigynum with spherical spermathecae and entrance ducts shinning through integument, median spinnerets with 3 and posterior with 2 cylindrical gland spigots. ------ Karsch

Male palp with variable retrolateral apophysis; embolous usually arise prolaterodistally on tegulum; cymbium usually with basal spur; median spinnerets of females without gland spigots ------Clubionidae Wagner

9. Eyes grouped in a hexagon ------Oxyopidae Thorell Eyes grouped otherwise ------10

10. Eyes in 3 rows, with 4.2.2 configuration ------Lycosidae Sundevall Eyes in 2 rows, with 4.4 configuration------11

11. Eyes usually on tubercles and ringed with black base ------Pisauridae Simon Eyes not on tubercles and without black ring at base ------12

12. Cephalothorax domed; anterior spinnerets large; fang short, stout, ant eaters ------Zodariidae Thorell

Cephalothorax oval, attenuated in front; posterior spinnerets very long and slender; fang moderate ------Agelenidae Koch

FAMILY: THERAPHOSIDAE THORELL (Tarantulas)  Theraphosidae Thorell, 1869. Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaliae, 7(3): 25.

Diagnosis: Medium to very large spiders. Eyes 8, in 2 rows, each on a distinct tubercle. Apical segment of posterior spinnerets cylindrical and at least as long as the second. Rastellum weak or absent. Legs scopulate, with 2 claws and claw tufts; tarsi with clavate trichobothria along its length. Cheliceral promargin hirsute, densely scopulate, with stridulating organs. Maxillae and labium with dense scopulae. Book lungs 4.

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Distribution:

Biology: Most of these are fossorial and live on the ground in a silk lined burrow or retreat of various shapes, but they never close the aperture of the burrow with a movable lid. Other species are found under stones, in hollow trees or sheltering in any natural crevices.

Genus: Chilobrachys Karsch  Chilobrachys Karsch, 1891. Berlin Ent. Zeitschr, 36: 271.

Diagnosis: Mostly dull spiders. Carapace nearly flat; fovea crescentically procurved; anterior eye row practically straight. Cheliceral promargin with 3-4 rows of mixed modified setae on its basal corner and retromargin with tapering, medium to long, straight setae. Prolateral face of maxillae with 2-3 rows of horizontal, bacilliform setae and outer face with large, paddle shaped setae. Legs with narrow scopulae and spines at the top of protarsi. Spermathecae with twin seminal receptacles, with apex roundly lobed and base wide. Male palp with long, stout embolous and tapering with tegular keel. Type species : Chilobrachys nitelinus Karsch, 1891. Distribution : Oriental (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Sternum with 4 sigilla; each tarsal claw with 4 denticles; spermathecaetriangular, basally broad ------khasiensis (Tikader) -Sternum with 6 sigilla; each tarsal claw with 3 denticles excepting tarsi IV; spermathecae basally broad, medially narrowed, apically clubbed ------hardwickei (Pocock)

Chilobrachys khasiensis (Tikader) (Figs. 1-6: Pl. XVI)  Ischnocolus khasiensis Tikader, 1977: J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.,74: 314.  Chilobrachys khasiensis (Tikader), Siliwal, 2009: J. Threatened Taxa, 1: 533.

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Measurements: Female CL- 11.72, CW- 8.33, AL- 11.62 AW- 6.42, TL- 23.36. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.10, ALE-ALE- 1.25, PME-PME- 0.85, PLE-PME- 0.08, PLE-PLE- 1.30, AME-PME- 0.12, and ALE-PLE- 0.24. Leg measurements: I 27.78 (7.21, 2.80, 7.22, 6.55, 4.0); II 26.29 (7.0, 3.22, 7.4, 5.4, 3.27); III 23.64 (5.77, 2.77, 6.0, 5.22, 3.88); IV 30.56 (7.44, 3.33, 8.22, 7.33, 4.24). Leg formula 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Kalipur, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29. ix.2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri. Distribution: India: Meghalaya, West Bengal (Siliwal, 2009; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Sen et al, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock) (Figs. 7-14: Pl. XVI)  Musagetes hardwickii Pocock, 1895: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 15 (6): 174.  Chilobrachys hardwickii (Pocock, 1895), Pocock, 1900: Arachnida. London: 198.  Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock, 1895); The World Spider Catalog, Version 17.5, 2016, [http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch]

Measurements: Female CL-11.30, CW-8.88, AL-12.0, AW-6.44, TL-23.00. Inter ocular distance: AME–AME=0.17, ALE–AME=0.10, ALE–ALE=1.25, PME– PME=0.85, PLE–PME=0.08, PLE–PLE=1.32, AME–PME=0.10 and ALE–PLE=0.25. Leg measurements:I 30.42 (9.66, 3.33, 8.22, 5.33, 3.88); II 26.70 (7.77, 3.22, 7.0, 5.44, 3.27); III 23.53 (5.66, 2.77, 6.22, 5.0, 3.88); IV 29.31 (7.44, 2.88, 8.22, 6.55, 4.22). Leg formula 1423. Material examined: 1♀& 1♂, Gorumara, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 07.v. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal (Pocock, 1900; Rao et al. 2005; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Sen et al., 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: SALTICIDAE BLACKWALL (Jumping Spiders)

Diagnosis: Very small to large, ecribellate, entelegyne spiders, iridescent, sometimes with bright, attractive colouration, consisting of bands, stripes or speckles, clothed with numerous setae. Eyes 8, arranged in 3 or 4 rows, occupying entire cephalic area; 1st, 2nd and 3rd row with 4, 2 and 2 eyes respectively or each of 1st , 2nd , 3rd and 4th row with 2 eyes; anterior row always forwardly directed; eye diameter AME > ALE ≥ PLE > PME. Legs with 2 claws and claw tuft.

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Distribution:

Biology: They are diurnal, non weaver and move by walking, running, jumping or leaping. They use all these movements for prey capture by stalking, chasing or leaping over it. They are abundant in a wide variety of habitats such as in grasses, bushes, small and tall trees, tree barks and rocks, under stones, litter and around human dwellings. Key to genera: 1. Retromargin of chelicerae with a single tooth ------2 -Retromargin of chelicerae with more than a tooth ------13 2. Retromarginal tooth pointed ------3 -Retromarginal tooth compressed or carina divided by a notch, or serrate ------12 3. Patella plus tibia of leg III longer than those of leg IV ------4 -Patella plus tibia of leg III shorter than those of leg IV ------6 4. Sternum not strongly attenuated in front; epigynal plate semicircular; internal genitalia with long transparent tubules arranged in complex loops ------Epeus Peckham and Peckham -Sternum strongly attenuated in front; epigynal plate otherwise; internal genitalia with short sclerotized tubules arranged in simple loops ------5 5. Females dull sandy yellow while males dark brown to brownish black; leg III shortest; epigynum with a transverse base and a median upward canal ------Plexippus C. L. Koch -Females uniformly mottled sandy brown while males black, sometimes with a pattern; leg III longest; epigynum with flaps and compact spermathecae ------Aelurillus Simon 6. Sternum strongly attenuated in front ------7 -Sternum not attenuated in front ------9 7. Females with a pair of "horns" (made up of protruding bristles) near first row of eyes; clypeus vertical, covered with white scales; internal genitalia with strongly sclerotized multi-chambered receptacles ------Evarcha Simon

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-Females without any "horns" near first row of eyes; clypeus vertical but never covered with scales; strong sclerotized multi-chambered receptacle absent ------8 8. Cephalothorax flat and strongly hairy; abdomen flat; females with sclerotized entrance bowls and with distinctive accessory glands; tibia and metatarsi I and II without 2 and 3 ventral spines respectively ------Menemerus Simon -Cephalothorax convex and less hairy; abdomen convex; females with sclerotized entrance bowls but without accessory gland; tibia and metatarsi I and II with 2 and 3 ventral spines respectively ------Marpissa C. L. Koch 9. Cephalothorax oval, thorax sloping steadily to the posterior margin, widest at posterior eyes; eye field trapezoid; leg I strongly swollen and robust ------Bianor Peckham & Peckham -Cephalothorax not oval, thorax strongly sloped posteriorly, lateral margins nearly parallel; eye field not trapezoid; leg I slightly swollen and normal ------10 10. Internal canals of genitalia often with accessory glands; abdomen brightly coloured and patterned ------11 -Internal canalsof genitalia without accessory gland; abdomen with light mosaic pattern on dark grey background ------Euophrys C. L. Koch 11. Abdomen often with transverse light and dark streaks or pale yellow gray indistinct linear patterns, anteriorly divided by a shallow furrow; epigynum simple, depressed weakly, sclerotized; spermathecae spherical------Phintella Strand -Abdomen with variable colour and pattern, elongate, round at front and converging steadily to the spinnerets; epigynum large, with 2 depressions divided by a median ridge, spermathecae not spherical------Thiania C. L. Koch 12. Cephalothorax cube shaped; ocular quad broad and almost spreading over entire cephalic region; legs generally small and thin excepting very robust leg I, with flat femur, patella and tibia, both patella and tibia ventrally with rows of fringe hairs and with long and slightly curved spines; abdomen circular or oval, entirely covered by dark brown setae ------Harmochirus Simon -Cephalothorax circular or U-shaped;ocular quadspreading over the half of cephalic region; legs long, slender excepting robust leg I, femur, patella and tibia not flat, only tibia I with dense fringes of black hairs; abdomen elongate or oval, widest at rear half, truncate anteriorly, with soft hairs or lustrous setae------Siler Simon 13. Ant mimicking;cephalothorax long and narrow; sternum lanceolate and about three times as long as broad, apical end truncate and posterior end sharply pointed ------Myrmarachne Macleay -Not ant mimicking; cephalothorax not long and not narrow; sternum otherwise ------14 14. 1st leg robust with fringe of hairs on ventral margin, tibia sharply spined; abdomen spherical and dorsally covered with lustrous flat setae, ventrally with soft hairs; male palp with spherical bulbous and epigynum anchor like and with tubular spermathecae ------Brettus Thorell -Legs with moderately strong spines; femur, patella and tibia hairy while metatarsi and tarsi slender and bare; abdomen oval, with tufts of long, erect, orange white hairs on

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dorsum; male palp with oval bulbous and epigynum not anchor like and with large globular spermathecae ------Portia Karsch

Genus: Epeus Peckham & Peckham  Epeus Peckham & Peckham, 1886. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 6: 271, 334.

Diagnosis: Size moderate. Cephalothorax swollen, longer than wide, round and elevated; males with a tuft of backwardly directed stiff hairs on ocular quad; anterior eye row highly recurved, making 4 rows.Chelicerae with 2 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth. Abdomen pale green, slender and pointed. Male palp broad, triangular; outer margin of cymbium with a downward outgrowth. Epigynum with semicircular plates, internally with long transparent tubules arranged in complex loops. Type species: Evenus tenera Simon, 1877. Distribution: Oriental (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Epeus indicus Prószyński (Figs. 15-19: Pl. XVI)  Epeus indicus Prószyński, 1992. Annls Zool., Warsz. 44: 171.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.14, CW- 2.00, AL- 3.50, AW- 1.64, TL- 6.00. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.64, ALE-AME- 0.57, ALE-ALE- 1.50, PME-PME- 1.43, PLE-PME- 0.43, PLE-PLE- 1.53, AME-PME-0.86, and ALE-PLE- 0.86. Leg measurements: I 6.42(1.72, 0.71,2.14,1.00, 0.86); II 5.99(1.71,0.71,1.86,1.00, 0.71); III 6.13(1.71,0.71,1.86,1.14, 0.71); IV 6.00(1.57,0.57,1.71, 1.29, 0.86). Leg formula- 1342. Material examined: 2♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 24.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal (New record); Nepal (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Plexippus C. L. Koch  Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846. Die Arachniden, 13: 107.

Diagnosis: Medium size active spiders. Females’ dull sandy yellow while males dark brown to brownish black. Cephalothorax oblong, longer than wide, truncate posteriorly, curved upward towards front row eyes; males usually with a white or dull white dorsomedian band from lower margin of ocular quad to posterior end, females without such band. Ocular quad wider than long, dark brown. Abdomen roughly oval, broadest at middle, midlongitudinally with a broad white band, 2 pairs of conspicuous white spots close to median band. Leg III shortest, legs I and II nearly similar, tibia I with 3 pairs of ventral spines. Labium longer than wide. Male palp dark brown, thick and sclerotised, bulbous rectangular, embolus sharply pointed, slightly curved and originating from upper corner of bulbous; tibia with a tuft of long

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hairs; apophysis short, broad, sharp, slightly curved inward; cymbium broad, flat and hairy. Epigynum with a transverse base and a median upward canal. Type species: Attus paykullii Audouin, 1826. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Keswani et al., 2012; Proszynski, 2015; Metzner 2016; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla; epigynal platebasket like; spermathecae single lobed ------paykulli (Audouin) -Abdominal dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla; epigynal plate semicircular; spermathecae bilobed ------pseudopaykulli Sen et al.

Plexippus paykulli (Audouin) (Figs. 20-27: Pl. XVIII)  Attus paykulli Audouin, 1826. Hist. Nat. 1(4): 172.  Plexippus paykulli (Audouin, 1826); Simon, 1889. J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 58: 335.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.43, CW- 2.78, AL- 3.48, AW- 2.04, TL- 7.08. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.87, ALE-AME- 0.65, ALE-ALE- 1.96, PME-PME- 1.57, PLE-PME- 0.65, PLE-PLE- 1078, AME-PME- 0.83, and ALE-PLE- 1.13. Leg measurements: I 5.34(1.33, 1.00, 1.27, 0.93, 0.83); II 4.61(1.07,1.00, 1.07, 0.87, 0.80); III 5.27(1.27,0.93, 1.47, 0.80, 0.80); IV 5.66(1.33,0.87, 1.40, 1.33, 0.73). Leg formula- 4132. Measurements: Male CL- 3.43, CW- 2.78, AL- 3.48, AW- 2.04, TL- 7.08. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.87, ALE-AME- 0.65, ALE-ALE- 1.96, PME-PME- 1.57, PLE-PME- 0.65, PLE-PLE- 1078, AME-PME- 0.83, and ALE-PLE- 1.13. Leg measurements: I 5.34(1.33, 1.00, 1.27, 0.93, 0.83); II 4.61(1.07, 1.00, 1.07, 0.87, 0.80); III 5.27(1.27, 0.93, 1.47, 0.80, 0.80); IV 5.66(1.33, 0.87, 1.40, 1.33, 0.73). Leg formula- 4132. Remarks: Morphological features of male are similar to female, excepting palp. So, only drawings of male palp are given here. Material examined: 3♀♀, 50 feet, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.v.2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀ & 2♂♂, Panjhora, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀ &1♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀ &1♂, Dhupjhora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.x.2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♂, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.x.2009, coll. S. Sarkar; 3♀♀ & 2♂♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, Orissa, West Bengal; Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Australia, Bermuda, Brazil, Canary Islands, Celebes, China, Costa Rica, Crete, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Galapagos Islands, Gambia, Greece, Hawaii, Hispaniola Island, Indochina, Iran, Italy, Japan, Java, Kenya, Krakatau, Lao, Libya, Malaysia, Malta, Marquesas Islands, Marshall Islands, Nepal, New Hebrides, Palmyra Atoll, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Saudi

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Arabia, Senegal, Singapore, Society Islands, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad, Tuamotu Islands, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen (Tikader, 1967; Tikader, 1974; Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 ; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004,’06; Majumder, 2005; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010a; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Proszynski, 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Plexippus pseudopaykulli Sen et al. (Figs. 28-32: Pl. XVIII)  Plexippus pseudopaykulli Sen et al., 2015. World Scientific News, 20 (2015): 32-33.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.09, CW- 2.61, AL- 5.13, AW- 3.26, TL- 8.83. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.83, ALE-AME-0.65, ALE-ALE- 1.82, PME-PME- 1.82, PLE-PME- 0.57, PLE-PLE- 1.82, AME-PME- 1.00, and ALE-PME- 1.13. Leg measurements: I 5.24(1.29, 1.12, 1.53, 0.71, 0.59); II 5.11(1.47, 1.06, 1.29, 0.76, 0.53); III 6.00(1.47, 0.88, 1.53, 1.24, 0.88); IV 5.81(1.29, 0.82, 1.47, 1.35, 0.88). Leg formula- 3412. Material examined: 2♀♀, Dhupjhora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.ix.2010, coll. S. Saha; 3♀♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18.ix.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29.x.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 130.x.2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Barovisha, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, o1.xi.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Aelurillus Simon  Aelurillus Simon, 1884. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 4(6): 350.

Diagnosis: Male black, sometimes with a pattern and with pale, annulated legs, whilst the female often a uniformly mottled sandy brown.Chelicerae with 2 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth.Male palp with single tibial apophysis, embolus divided, with embolic membrane and fossae. Epigynum with flaps and compact spermathecae. Type species: Araneus v insignitus Clerck, 1757. Distribution: Widespread in the Palaearctic, Ethiopian and Oriental (Azarkina, 2002; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina (Figs. 33-37: Pl. XVI)  Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina, 2002. Bull. British Arachnol. Soc., 12(6), 260.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.54, CW- 1.84, AL- 3.27, AW- 2.32, TL- 5.81. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.43, ALE-AME- 0.41, ALE-ALE- 0.97, PME-PME- 1.08, PLE-PME- 0.27, PLE-PLE- 1.11, AME-PME- 0.54, and ALE-PLE- 0.59.

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Leg measurements: I 3.06(1.12,0.65,0.71, 0.29, 0.29); II 3.18(1.12,0.71,0.65,0.35, 0.35); III 4.82(1.76,0.88,0.94,0.65, 59); IV 4.24(1.47,0.71,0.94, 0.59, 0.53). Leg formula- 3421. Material examined: 1♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 10♀♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 26.viii. 2011, coll. D. C. Dhali; Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal (Azarkina, 2002; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016;WSC, 2016).

Genus: Evarcha Simon  Evarcha Simon, 1902. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 46: 363-406.

Diagnosis: Medium size. Cephalothorax light yellow to dark brown, longer than broad , females usually with a pair of "horns" (made up of protruding bristles) near first row of eyes; ocular quad broader than long, usually darker than carapace. Clypeus vertical usually covered with white scales. Chelicerae with 1 promarginal and 2 retromarginal teeth. Male palp mostly with single tibial apophysis, a rounded bulb with a small posterior lobe, and stiletto-like embolus bent towards the bulb. Female with strongly sclerotized multi-chambered receptacles. Type species:Araneus falcatus Clerck, 1757. Distribution: Afrotropical (Haddad &Wesolowska, 2011; Prószyński 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch) (Figs. 38-42: Pl. XVII)  Maevia flavocincta C. L. Koch, 1846: Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, Dreizehnter Band, 74.  Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch, 1846); Zabka, 1985: Annls Zool. Warsz., 39: 224.

Measurments: Female CL- 3.29, CW- 2.43, AL- 4.86, AW- 3.00, TL- 8.71. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.71, ALE-AME- 0.5, ALE-ALE- 1.71, PME-PME- 1.57, PLE-PME- 0.57, PLE-PLE- 1.71, AME-PME- 0.86, and ALE-PLE- 1.07. Leg measurements: I 5.27(1.45,0.82,1.55, 1.00, 0.45); II 5.55(1.73,1.00,1.27,0.91, 0.64); III 5.91(1.73,0.82,1.45,1.09, 0.82); IV 5.73(1.36,0.73,1.055, 1.27, 0.82). Leg formula- 3421. Material examined: 2♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D.C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Bintan Island, China, Indonesia, Java, Lombok, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam (Roy et al. 2014; Sen et al., 2015; Prószyński, 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Menemerus Simon  Menemerus E. Simon, 1868. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 8: 662.

Diagnosis: Medium to big spiders. Cephalothorax flat, anteriorly truncate, curved posteriorly and strongly hairy. Carapace in majority of species with white lateral margin. Legs short, moderately thick, dark brown, with light brown patches. Abdomen generally light brown, mid

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dorsally with a broad dark brown band, flat, broadest at middle and pointed posteriorly. Male with a very long tegular furrow and tegular protuberance; female with sclerotized entrance bowls and distinctive accessory glands. Type species: Attus semilimbatus Hahn, 1827. Distribution: Warm climate world-wide (Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour) (Figs. 43-47: Pl. XVII)  Salticus bivittatusDufour, 1831. Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, Zool. 22: 369.  Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour, 1831): Peckham & Peckham 1886. Trans. Wiscons. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 6: 292.

Description: Female CL- 3.09, CW- 2.27, AL- 4.09, AW- 2.36, TL- 7.18. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.54, ALE-AME- 0.45, ALE-ALE- 1.45, PME-PME- 1.45, PLE-PME- 0.36, PLE-PLE- 1.54, AME-PME- 0.82, and ALE-PLE- 1.00. Leg measurements: I 4.15(1.00,0.86,0.93, 0.93, 0.43); II 3.58(1.14,0.86,0.93,0.36, 0.29); III 3.86(1.00,0.64,0.93,0.79, 0.50); IV 5.06(1.42,0.93,1.35, 0.86, 0.50). Leg formula- 4132. Material examined: 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.vi. 2008, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; Aitutaki, American Samoa, Argentina, Australia, Bermuda, Bintan Island, Brazil, Burundi, Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Caroline Islands, China, Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, France, Galapagos Islands, Gambia, Ghana, Haiti, Hawaii, Hispaniola Island, Italy, Jamaica, Java, Kenya, Krakatau, Lao, Laysan, Liberia, Madagascar, Mariana Islands, Marquesas Islands, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Midway Atoll, Nepal, New Hebrides, Nigeria, Niue, Palmyra Atoll, Panama, Portugal, Reunion, Saint Helena, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Society Islands, South Africa, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad, Tuamotu Islands, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zimbabwe (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Marpissa C. L. Koch  Marpissa C. L. Koch, 1846. Die Arachniden, 1-234.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax oval, widest behind dorsal eyes, tapering gradually to the truncated front. Ocular area occupying nearly 1/3 of cephalothorax. Chelicerae with 1 retromarginal and 2 promarginal teeth. Sternum narrowing in front. Leg formula usually 1423 in male and 4132 in female. Tibia and metatarsi I and II with 2 and 3 ventral spines respectively. Abdomen elongate oval and pointed posteriorly. Type species: Araneus muscosus Clerck, 1757. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

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Marpissa decorata Tikader (Figs. 48-52: Pl. XVII)  Marpissa decorata Tikader, 1974. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 79(2): 206.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.82, CW- 3.00, AL- 5.62, AW- 4.00, TL- 9.44. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.82, ALE-AME- 0.64, ALE-ALE- 2.27, PME-PME- 2.18, PLE-PME- 0.64, PLE-PLE- 2.27, AME-PME- 1.09, and ALE-PLE- 1.18. Leg measurements: I 5.28(1.29,1.00,1.57, 0.71, 0.71); II 4.71(1.14,0.86,1.43,0.57, 0.71); III 5.72(1.57,1.00,1.29,0.86, 1.00); IV 5.43(1.00,0.86,1.71, 1.00, 0.86). Leg formula- 3412. Material examined: 1♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal (Tikader, 1974; Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010b; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Bianor Peckham & Peckham  Bianor Peckham & Peckham, 1886. Trans. Wiscons. Acad. Sci. Arts Let. 6: 284.

Diagnosis: Moderately small. Cephalothorax brown, oval, moderately high, flat on top, thorax sloping steadily to the posterior margin, widest at posterior eyes and truncate basally. Eye field trapezoid. Chelicerae with 2 promarginal and 1 retromarginal teeth. Leg I swollen and strongly robust. Abdomen light brown, with 2 or 3 pairs of large circular tufts of light coloured hairs. Male palp with thin embolus, coiled around bulbus. Epigynum ovoid, depressed, with a bell shaped pocket in middle; spermathecae hardly visible, variable and surrounded by tangled loops, copulatory ducts running from it. Type species: Scythropa maculata Keyserling, 1883. Distribution: Cosmopolitan except Nearctic region (Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla; 2 retromarginal teeth of chelicerae widely separate; spermathecae comma shaped; fertilization ducts V-shaped ------narmadaensis (Tikader) -Abdominal dorsum with 4 sigilla; 2 retromarginal teeth of chelicerae appearing fused; spermathecae bean shaped; fertilization ducts otherwise ------piratus Sen et al.

Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader) (Fig. 53-57: Pl. XVI)  Zygoballus narmadaensis Tikader, 1975. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 81(B): 151.  Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader, 1975); Kaldari, 2010. Peckhamia, 82(1): 2.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.55, CW- 1.47, AL- 1.50, AW- 1.18, TL- 3.20. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.41, ALE-AME- 0.32, ALE-ALE- 0.95, PME-PME- 1.05, PLE-PME- 0.41, PLE-PLE- 1.20, AME-PME- 0.55, and ALE-PLE- 0.75.

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Leg measurements: I 2.94(0.93,0.55,0.67, 0.47, 0.32); II 2.78(0.90,0.51,0.64,0.41, 0.32); III 3.08(0.96,0.55,0.71,0.51, 0.35); IV 3.23(1.02,0.51,0.78, 0.51, 0.41). Leg formula- 4312. Material examined: 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal (Tikader, 1975; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Kaldari, 2010; Keswani et al., 2012; Proszyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Bianor piratus Sen et al. (Figs. 58-62: Pl. XVI)  Bianor piratus Sen et al., 2015. World Scientific News 20 (2015): 35-36.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.89, CW- 1.61, AL- 2.25, AW- 1.75, TL- 4.29. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.43, ALE-AME- 0.36 ALE-ALE- 1.14, PME-PME- 1.08, PLE-PME- 0.36, PLE-PLE- 1.14, AME-PME- 0.57, and ALE-PLE- 0.67. Leg measurements: I 3.18(1.00, 0.52, 0.70, 0.57, 0.39); II 2.91(0.96, 0.43, 0.65, 0.48, 0.39); III 3.26(1.09, 0.39, 0.65, 0.65, 0.48); IV 3.39(1.17, 0.39, 0.70, 0.61, 0.52). Leg formula- 4312. Material examined: 4♀♀, Dhupjhora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.x.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Euophrys C. L. Koch  Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834: Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 3: 7-8.

Diagnosis: Small spiders (3–5 mm long). Cephalothorax as dark as eye field or only slightly lighter, moderately high and convex, accommodating the eyes in 2/5 area. Abdomen with light mosaic pattern on dark grey background. Male palp with thin tibia and long apophysis, bulbous much longer than wide and with posterior lobe, spermophore meandering, embolus base coiled and set on distal haematodocha, spermathecae oval or round. Type species:Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802. Distribution: Throughout except Nearctic (Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla; cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth, fangs serrate; spermathecae curved, both ends swollen ------frontalis Walckenaer -Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla; cheliceral promargin with 2 teeth, fangs not serrate; spermathecae round ------omnisuperstes Wanless

Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer) (Figs. 63-67: Pl. XVII)  Araneafrontalis Walckenaer, 1802. Faune parisienne. Insectes. ou Histoire abrégée des insectes de environs de Paris. Paris 2: 246.

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 Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802); C. L. Koch, 1834. Arachniden. In Herrich- Schäffer, G. A. W., Deutschlands Insekten. Heft. 123.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.00, CW- 1.50, AL- 2.89, AW- 1.93, TL- 5.07. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.46, ALE-AME- 0.43, ALE-ALE- 1.14, PME-PME- 1.14, PLE-PME- 0.43, PLE-PLE- 1.39, AME-PME- 0.61, and ALE-PLE- 0.71. Leg measurements: I 3.47(1.04, 0.50, 0.89, 0.54, 0.50); II 3.28(0.96, 0.57, 0.79, 0.64, 0.32); III 3.89(1.18, 0.68, 0.71, 0.82, 0.50); IV 3.83(1.18, 0.54, 0.79, 0.93, 39). Leg formula- 3412. Material examined: 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Afghanistan, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Sakhalin, Serbia, Slovakia, South Korea, Switzerland, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine (Dhali et al., 2014; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Euophrys omnisuperstes Wanless (Figs. 68-72: Pl. XVII)  Euophrys omnisuperstes Wanless, 1975. Bull. British Arachnol. Soc., 3: 132.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.51, CW- 1.30, AL- 2.41, AW- 1.30, TL- 3.81. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.38, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 0.86, PME-PME- 0.86, PLE-PME- 0.29, PLE-PLE- 0.89, AME-PME- 0.43, and ALE-PLE- 0.59. Leg measurements: I 3.35(1.09, 0.39, 0.91, 0.61, 0.35); II 4.23(1.04, 0.48, 0.87, 1.45, 0.39); III 3.78(1.26, 0.48, 0.74, 0.91, 0.39); IV 3.95(1.30, 0.39, 1.04, 0.87, 0.35). Leg formula- 2431. Material examined: 1♀, Dhupjhora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Nepal, USA (Dhali et al., 2014; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Phintella Strand  Phintella Strand, 1906. Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., 30: 333.

Diagnosis: Moderately small, slender, pale gray or pale brown, body covered with scales. Chelicerae slender, fangs long and curved at tip. Femur and tibia of leg I without distinct swellings; former with lines or spots or darkening on ventroprolateral surface; later with 2-3 pairs of ventral spines. Abdomen often with transverse light and dark streaks or pale yellow gray indistinct linear patterns, anteriorly divided by a shallow furrow. Male palp with a prolonged tibia1 apophysis, bulbous simple, embolus fleshy, tegular extension posteriorly to tibia. Epigynum simple, depressed weakly, sclerotized; spermathecae spherical; copulatory canal short and broad; accessory glands with double openings.

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Type species:Telamonia bifurcilinea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906. Distribution: Palearctic, India, Srilanka to Indonesia and Philippines (Prószyński, 2015; Metzner 2016; WSC, 2016).

Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch) (Figs. 73-77: Pl. XVIII)  Plexippus vittatus C. L. Koch, 1846: Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, Dreizehnter Band: 125.  Phintella vittatus (C. L. Koch, 1846); Zabka, 1985: Annls Zool. Warsz. 39: 429.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.68, CW- 1.32, AL- 1.95, AW- 1.45, TL- 3.95. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.45, ALE-AME- 0.32, ALE-ALE- 1.05, PME-PME- 0.86, PLE-PME- 0.32, PLE-PLE- 1.05, AME-PME- 0.55, and ALE-PLE- 0.86. Leg measurements: I 3.00(0.91, 0.45, 0.64, 0.55, 0.45); II 2.63(0.91, 0.36, 0.64, 0.36, 0.36); III 3.63(1.00, 0.45, 0.73, 1.00, 0.45); IV 3.81(1.18,0.36, 0.82, 1.00, 0.45). Leg formula- 4312. Material examined: 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 26.iii.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bengdaki, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3 ♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16.iv.2009, coll. S. Sen; 2 ♀♀, Kunjanagar, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 5♀♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14.v.2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 7♀♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14.v.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29.i.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Tashigaon, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv.2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 3♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Punjab, Sikkim, West Bengal;China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Penang Island, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Vietnam (Tikader, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010a,b; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Thiania C. L. Koch  Thiania C. L. Koch, 1846. Die Arachniden, 171.

Diagnosis: Small to medium. Cephalothorax black or dark brown, followed by broad, crescent shaped band of iridescent, bronzy, squamose hairs, sides and rest of thorax brown, longer than broad, flat, sides almost straight, curving to a wide truncated posterior. Abdomen with variable colour and pattern, elongate, round at front and converging steadily to the spinnerets. Leg I slightly swollen and larger than others. Legs I and II brown while III and IV yellow except brown femora. Epigynum large, with 2 depressions divided by a median ridge, copulatory opening silt like, internal canals often with accessory glands, spermathecae ovoid or pear shaped. Male palp thick, tibial apophysis large, hooked laterally and with a curved conductor. Type species: Thiania pulcherrima C. L. Koch, 1846.

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Distribution: Oriental (Prószyński, 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Thiania bhamoensis Thorell (Figs. 78-85: Pl. XVIII)  Thiania bhamoensisThorell, 1887. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 25: 357.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.95, CW- 1.62, AL- 2.81, AW- 1.62, TL- 4.87. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.41, ALE-AME- 0.54, ALE-ALE- 0.61, PME-PME- 1.13, PLE-PME- 0.32, PLE-PLE- 1.13, AME-PME- 0.56, and ALE-PLE- 0.68. Leg measurements: I 4.14(1.21,0.67,1.04, 0.71, 0.51); II 3.38(1.08,0.64,0.64,0.51, 0.51); III 3.56(1.14,0.57,0.67,0.71, 0.47); IV 3.91(1.21,0.55,0.93, 0.79, 0.43). Measurements: Male CL- 1.95, CW- 1.62, AL- 2.81, AW- 1.62, TL- 4.87. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.41, ALE-AME- 0.54, ALE-ALE- 0.61, PME-PME- 1.13, PLE-PME- 0.32, PLE-PLE- 1.13, AME-PME- 0.56, and ALE-PLE- 0.68. Leg measurements: I 4.14(1.21, 0.67, 1.04, 0.71, 0.51); II 3.38(1.08, 0.64, 0.64, 0.51, 0.51); III 3.56(1.14, 0.57, 0.67, 0.71, 0.47); IV 3.91(1.21, 0.55, 0.93, 0.79, 0.43). Leg formula- 1432. Remarks:Morphological features of male are similar to female, excepting palp. So, only drawings of male palp are given here. Material examined: 2 ♀♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv.2010, coll. S. Saha; 4♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08. iv.2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 3♀♀, Mairadanga, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iii.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv.2009, coll. S. Sen; 3♀♀, Sissamara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv.2009, coll. S. Sen; 5♀♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Kalipur, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.vi.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Panjhora, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 07.vi.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Garam, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2 ♀♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18.ix.2010, coll. S. Sarkar. Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, West Bengal; China, Krakatau, Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Sumatra, Vietnam, (Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004; Majumder, 2005; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010a,b; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Harmochirus Simon  Harmochirus Simon, 1885. Bull. Soc. zool. France, 10: 441.

Diagnosis: Very small spiders. Cephalothorax dark brown, cube shaped, cuticle highly sclerotised, smooth and shiny; ocular quad broad and almost spreads over entire cephalic region. Legs generally small and thin except very robust leg I, with flat femur, patella and

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tibia, both patella and tibia ventrally with rows of fringe hairs and long and slightly curved spines. Abdomen circular or oval, entirely covered by dark brown setae. Type species: Ballus brachiatus Thorell, 1877. Distribution: Africa to Japan and Australia (Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell) (Figs. 86-91: Pl. XVII)  Ballus brachiatus Thorell, 1877. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova 10: 626.  Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell, 1877); Simon, 1903. Histoire Naturelle des Araignées. Paris, 2: 867.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.27, CW- 1.16, AL- 1.19, AW- 1.06, TL- 2.49. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.41, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 0.91, PME-PME- 1.02, PLE-PME- 0.29, PLE-PLE- 1.16, AME-PME- 0.54, and ALE-PLE- 0.61. Leg measurements: I 3.85(0.64,0.67,0.85, 0.79, 0.39); II 1.98(0.54,0.36,0.51,0.36, 0.21); III 2.35(0.51,0.36,0.61,0.58, 0.36); IV 2.24(0.54,0.29,0.47, 0.58, 0.36). Measurements: Male CL- 1.21, CW- 1.12, AL- 1.16, AW- 1.03, TL- 2.43. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.38, ALE-AME- 0.24, ALE-ALE- 0.86, PME-PME- 0.97, PLE-PME- 0.27, PLE-PLE- 1.11, AME-PME- 0.52, and ALE-PLE- 0.59. Leg measurements: I 3.21(.061, 0.64, 0.82, 0.45, 0.39); II 1.87(0.51, 0.36, 0.47,0.32,0.21); III 2.24(0.47,0.36,0.57,0.55, 0.29); IV 2.14(0.51,0.29,0.43, 0.55, 0.36). Leg formula- 1342. Remarks:Morphological features of male are similar to female, excepting palp. So, only drawings of male palp are given here. Material examined: 1♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23.iii. 2009, coll. D.C. Dhali; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 24.iii. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 2♀♀ & 2♂♂, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.vi. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 1♀ & 1♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 07.iv. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 3♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 20.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal; Australia, Bhutan, Borneo, Celebes, China, Indochina, Indonesia, Japan, Lao, Lombok, Malacca, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010a; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyn’ski, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Siler Simon  Siler Simon, 1889. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 8(6): 250.

Diagnosis: Small, usually with attractive colouration. Cephalothorax circular or U-shaped, with flat and almost rectangular ocular quad, usually covered with soft and colorful hairs;

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thorax long, sloping steadily from posterior eyes to posterior edge. Legs long, slender, moderately spiny, leg I more robust than the rest, leg IV longest, tibia I with dense fringes of black hairs. Abdomen elongate or oval, widest at rear half, truncate anteriorly, with soft hairs or lustrous setae. Male palp moderately sclerotised, embolus swollen, with a thick, short, curved conductor and a pouch pointing downwards. Epigynum moderately sclerotised, spermathecae spherical, with a short, curved copulatory duct. Type species: Siler cupreus Simon, 1889. Distribution: Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia to Japan, Papua, New Guinea, Sri Lanka (Prószyński, 2015; Metzner 2016; WSC, 2016).

Siler semiglaucus (Simon) (Figs. 92-95: Pl. XVIII)  Cyllobelus semiglaucus Simon, 1901. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgium, 45: 151.  Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901); Prószyński, 1984.Wyzsza Szkola Rolniczo- Pedagogiczna, Siedlcach 2: 137.

Measurements: male CL- 1.82, CW- 1.25, AL- 1.98, AW- 1.00, TL- 3.80. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.36, ALE-AME- 0.41, ALE-ALE- 0.89, PME-PME- 0.93, PLE-PME- 0.41, PLE-PLE- 1.00, AME-PME- 0.50, and ALE-PLE- 0.71. Leg measurements: I 3.50(1.18,0.46,0.86, 0.64, 0.36); II 2.62(0.79,0.36,0.57,0.54,0.36); III 2.65(0.54,0.36,0.64,0.75,0.36); IV 3.68(0.75,0.43,0.96,1.00,0.54). Leg formula- 4132. Material examined: 2♀♀, Dhupjhora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.x.2007, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀ & 2♂♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2 ♀♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Ghoarmara, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.xi.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Kerala, West Bengal; China, Krakatau, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Vietnam, (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010a; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Myrmarachne Macleay  Myrmarachne MacLeay 1839. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 1-14.

Diagnosis: Ant mimicking, with long and narrow cephalothorax. Cervical grooves deeply distinct; cephalic area flat, usually much higher than the steeply sloping to convex thoracic area. Ocular quad nearly as long as broad. Sternum usually lanceolate and about three times as long as broad, apical end truncate and posterior end sharply pointed anterior to coxae IV. Cheliceral retromargin with several teeth, males with strongly developed chelicerae. Pedicel often visible from above. Abdomen elongate to ovate with transverse depression in male. Type species:Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla; cheliceral margins with more than 2 rows of teeth ------caliraya Barrion & Litsinger

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-Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla; cheliceral margins with 2 rows of teeth ------2 2. Abdomen overlapping the cephalothorax, pedicel not evident from above; cheliceral retromargin with 5 teeth, fangs with a mediancusp; spermathecae united medially, elongate, each end bifurcate------robusta (Peckham and Peckham) -Abdomen not overlapping the cephalothorax, pedicel well evident from above; cheliceral retromargin with 6 teeth, fangs smooth; spermathecae separate, coiled ------melanocephala MacLeay

Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & Litsinger (Figs. 96-99: Pl. XVII)  Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & Litsinger, 1995. CAB International in association with the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines: 56.

Measurements: Male CL- 3.00, CW- 1.82, AL- 3.00, AW- 2.06, TL- 6.18. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.53, ALE-AME- 0.41, ALE-ALE- 1.18, PME-PME- 1.24, PLE-PME- 0.65, PLE-PLE- 1.47, AME-PME- 0.59, and ALE-PLE- 0.94. Leg measurements: I 8.67(2.93, 1.07, 2.80, 1.27, 0.60); II 4.66(1.40, 0.60, 1.33, 0.93, 0.40); III 5.08(1.47, 0.54, 1.33, 1.20, 0.54); IV 8.07(2.80, 0.67, 2.33, 1.73, 0.54). Leg formula- 1432. Material examined: 3♂♂, Chilapata, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 8.ii.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 28.v.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30.v.2010, coll. S. Sakar; 2♂♂, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.x.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Philippines (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995; Dhali et al., 2010; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Myrmarachne robusta (Peckham & Peckham) (Figs. 100-104: Pl. XVII)  Salticus robustus Peckham & Peckham, 1892. Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin 2(1): 27.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.16, CW- 1.46, AL- 2.32, AW- 1.35, TL- 4.48. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME-0.49, ALE-AME- 0.49, ALE-ALE-1.46, PME-PME- 1.14, PLE-PME- 0.46, PLE-PLE- 1.30, AME-PME- 0.62, and ALE-PLE- 0.86. Leg measurements: I 7.11(2.32,0.89, 2.18, 1.21, 0.51); II 4.47(1.39,0.47, 1.14, 1.08, 0.39); III 4.08(1.29,0.47, 1.18, 0.75, 0.39); IV 7.66(2.54,0.79, 2.03, 1.79, 0.51). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, TEC, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.xi.2002, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Hasimara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.x.2003, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Kalipur, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Maharashtra, West Bengal; Myanmar (Tikader, 1973; Tikader, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Benjamin, 2015; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

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Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay (Figs. 105-109: Pl. XVII)  Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839. Annals of Natural History 2: 11.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.05, CW- 1.00, AL- 2.54, AW- 1.19, TL- 5.10. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.35, ALE-AME- 0.29, ALE-ALE- 0.95, PME-PME- 0.84, PLE-PME- 0.35, PLE-PLE- 0.32, AME-PME- 0.46, and ALE-PLE- 0.61. Leg measurements: I 2.93(1.00,0.32, 0.85, 0.47, 0.29); II 2.40(0.79,0.36, 0.61, 0.39, 0.25); III 3.05(0.97,0.36, 0.61, 0.79, 0.32); IV 4.55(1.47,0.51, 1.44, 1.04, 0.39). Leg formula- 4312. Material examined: 1♀, Siltorsa, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 07.vi.2002, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.x.2003, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Chunavati, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.x.2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.i.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, 50 ft, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.iii.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andaman Island, Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; Pakistanto Indonesia (Tikader, 1973; Tikader, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Chetia & Kalita, 2012; Keswani et al., 2012; Benjamin, 2015; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Brettus Thorell  BrettusThorell, 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London, 406.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax oval, widest at middle, posterior end somewhat flat, laterally convex, covered with hairs, a white band along the margin, highest point at middle of ocular quad. Highly recurved anterior eye row makes arrangement in 4 rows. Legs long and slender; femur, patella and tibia of 1st leg robust with fringe of hairs on ventral margin, sharp spines on tibia. Abdomen spherical and dorsally covered with lustrous flat setae, ventrally with soft hairs. Male palp with spherical bulbous, conductor long, hair like and placed around bulbous. Epigynum anchor like. Type species: Brettus cingulatus Thorell, 1895. Distribution: Oriental and Ethiopian (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Cheliceral teeth variable in size, fang serrate; sternum midlongitudinally with a black, narrow band ------anchorum Wanless -Cheliceral teeth uniform in size,fang not serrate; sternum without any band ------albolimbatus Simon

Brettus anchorum Wanless (Figs. 110-115: Pl. XVI)  Brettus anchorum Wanless, 1979. Bull. British Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 35: 188.

Measurements: Male CL- 2.14, CW- 1.95, AL- 2.55, AW- 1.50, TL- 4.55.

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Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.55, ALE-AME- 0.32, ALE-ALE- 1.18, PME-PME- 0.82, PLE-PME- 0.55, PLE-PLE- 1.00, AME-PME- 0.36, and ALE-PLE- 0.73. Leg measurements: I 5.57(0.57,0.43,1.71, 0.43, 2.43); II 5.99(1.43,0.57,1.57,1.71, 0.71); III 4.29(1.00,0.43,1.14,1.29, 0.43); IV 7.88(1.71,0.43,2.14, 2.71, 0.89). Leg formula- 4213. Material examined: 2♂, Khunia, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.xi.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; Nepal (Wanless, 1979; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Brettus albolimbatus Simon (Figs. 116-122: Pl. XVI)  Brettus albolimbatus Simon, 1900. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 69: 31.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.00, CW- 1.89, AL- 3.50, AW- 2.61, TL- 5.72. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.44, ALE-AME- 0.39, ALE-ALE- 1.17, PME-PME- 1.00, PLE-PME- 0.50, PLE-PLE- 1.06, AME-PME- 0.56, and ALE-PLE- 0.78. Leg measurements: I 7.19(2.09,0.64,1.91, 1.73, 0.82); II 5.45(1.45,0.45,1.27,1.64, 0.64); III 6.00(1.45,0.36,1.82,1.64, 0.73); IV 7.92(1.82,0.55,1.82, 2.73, 1.00). Leg formula- 4132. Material examined: 1♀, 50 feet, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.v.2008, coll. S, Sen; 2♀♀, Chilapata, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.x.2009, coll. S. Sarkar. Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, West Bengal; China (Wanless, 1979; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010a; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner, 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Portia Karsch  Portia Karsch, 1878. Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw., 51: 774.

Diagnosis: Moderate in size, usually with cryptic colour pattern. Carapace orange brown, covered with brown black hairs, wedge shaped white band running from conspicuous fovea to rear edge, broad white band marginally, longer than wide, widest at posterolateral eyes, with broad white moustache and exceedingly long hair anteriorly. Legs dark brown with light brown markings and moderately strong spines; femur, patella and tibia long, strong and hairy while metatarsi and tarsi slender and bare. Abdomen oval, slightly rounded anteriorly, pointed posteriorly and tufts of long, erect, orange white hairs on dorsum. Male palp generally with oval bulbus and long curved embolus. Epigynum with large spermathecae. Type species: Portiaschultzii Karsch, 1878. Distribution: Throughout tropics from Africa to Australia and the Solomon islands (Proszynski, 2015; Metzner 2016; WSC, 2016).

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Portia fimbriata (Doleschall) (Figs. 123-129: Pl. XVIII)  Salticus fimbriatus Doleschall, 1859.Acta Soc. Sci. Ind. -Neerl. 5: 22.  Portia fimbriatus (Doleschall, 1859); Wanless, 1978. Bull. British Mus. Nat. Hist. (Zool.) 34: 99.  Portia fimbriata (Doleschall, 1859); The World Spider Catalog, Version 17.5, 2016, [http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch].

Measurements: Female CL- 2.64, CW- 2.29, AL- 2.86, AW- 1.71, TL- 5.50. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.71, ALE-AME- 0.50, ALE-ALE- 1.71, PME-PME- 1.50, PLE-PME- 0.71, PLE-PLE- 1.64, AME-PME- 0.64, and ALE-PLE- 1.00. Leg measurements: I 7.33(1.50,1.00,1.83, 2.00, 1.00); II 6.67(2.00,0.67,1.67,1.50, 0.83); III 5.33(1.17,0.67,1.33,1.33, 0.83); IV 8.99(1.83,0.83,2.50, 2.83, 1.00). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Raimatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17. iv.2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Kerala, West Bengal; Amboina, Australia, Japan, Java, Krakatau, Malaysia, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan (Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Prószyński, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; Metzner 2016; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: CTENIDAE KEYSERLING (False lycosids)  Ctenidae Keyserling, 1877. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, 26: 681.

Diagnosis: Medium to very large, 2 clawed hunting spiders. Eyes 8, in 3 rows with 2, 4, 2 respectively. Legs I and II armed with strong bristles on lower side. Trochanters with deep ventral notch. Anterior spinnerets conical and not widely separated. Epigynum with broad septum and lateral horns. Male palp with a dorsal median concave apophysis. Biology: Theyare large, free living, hunting spiders and appear to roam aimlessly over the leaf litter in rainforests and fallen logs on the ground. They are primarily nocturnal while many are diurnal and may be confused with lycosids. Speedy, unpredictable and several large ctenid species will readily attack humans if surprised or provoked. Reports of people getting 'chased' by these spiders are not uncommon. Such aggressive disposition combined with extremely toxic venom and a propensity to 'wander' into human habitation, may arguably qualify some ctenids as the world's most dangerous spiders

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Distribution:

Genus: Ctenus Walckenaer  Ctenus Walckenaer, 1805. Tableau des aranéides, Paris, 18.

Diagnosis: Cephalothoraxlonger than wide,wider at the middle, narrower at front. Both rows of eyes recurved, ALE in line with PME thus forming 3 rows of eyes. ALE smaller than AME. Tarsi with 2 claws. Retromargin of chelicerae armed with 4 or sometimes with 5 teeth. Labium longer than broad. Trochanters ventrally notched. Male palp always with tibial apophysis and with lamina. Epigynum with broad septum and lateral horns. Type species: Ctenus dubius Walckenaer, 1805. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (WSC, 2016).

Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely (Figs. 130-134; Pl. XVIII)  Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely, 1931. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, 33: 232.

Measurements: Female CL- 6.64, CW- 5.09; AL- 7.09, AW- 4.00: TL- 13.73. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.64, ALE-AME- 0.36, ALE-ALE- 0.73, PME-PME- 1.36, PLE-PME- 0.45, PLE-PLE- 1.54, ALE-PLE- 0.64, and AME-PME- 0.64. Leg measurements: I 16.33 (4.67, 2.22, 4.22, 3.78, 1.44); II 15.21 (4.44, 2.11, 3.78, 3.44, 1.44); III 18.33 (4.00, 1.78, 3.00, 33, 1.44); IV 18.33 (5.22, 2.11, 4.11, 5.11, 1.78). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 1. vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 2. vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen;1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 6. x. 2009, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4 ♀♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West

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Bengal, India, 8. iv. 2010, coll. D.C.Dhali. 2♀♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30. x. 2011, coll. D. Raychaudhuri. Distribution: India: Sikkim, West Bengal (Gravely, 1931; Tikader, 1970; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: SPARASSIDAE BERTKAU (Giant crab spiders)  Sparassidae Bertkau, 1872. Arch. Naturg., 38: 232.

Diagnosis: Medium to large; cephalothorax usually broader than long except a few, with variable convexity and thickness; thoracic groove distinct and longitudinal. Eyes 8, size variable, in 2 rows, medians forming a quadrangle. Cheliceral margin with teeth. Legs long, laterigrade, at 90° angle to body, legs I and II longer than III and IV, with well developed scopulae; tarsal claw 2, with 2 teeth and claw tufts; trochanters notched; apical end of metatarsi with a soft trilobite membrane. Colulus absent. Epigynum complex, sclerotized and conspicuous. Male palp with strong tibial apophysis. Distribution:

Biology: They are typically grey, brown and black, often with enough mottling to provide useful camouflage when they are resting on dark surfaces. It is usual to find huntsman spiders under bark, although they will sometimes be found on the walls of man-made constructions, inside fruit boxes, under stones, leaf litters. These are nocturnal, and females with their egg sac hide by day. The females of some species carry their egg sacs underneath the body by clasping it with their pedipalp. They do not spin webs, only build silk retreats. Key to genera: 1. Femora with spine patches; abdomen dorsally mostly with bright transversal band in the posterior half, ventrally mostly with dark patch in front of the spinnerets; male palp with membranous conductor; epigynum with lateral lobes ------Pseudopoda Jager

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Femora without spine patches; abdomen dorsally mostly without bright transversal band in the posterior half, ventrally mostly without dark patch in front of the spinnerets; male palp sheath-like; epigynum without lateral lobes ------Heteropoda Latreille

Genus: Pseudopoda Jager  Pseudopoda Jager 2000. Acta Arachnologica, 49(1): 62.

Diagnosis: Small to large. Yellow, yellow-brown or dark red-brown with dark pattern. Femora with spine patches. Abdomen dorsally mostly with bright transversal band in the posterior half, abdomen ventrally mostly with dark patch in front of the spinnerets. Male palp with membranous conductor (not sheath-like as in Heteropoda spp.), embolus at least in its proximal part broadened (not filiform as in Heteropoda spp.), mostly whole embolus broadened and flattened, tegulum as long as bulb (not smaller as in Bhutaniella Jager), RTA arising in a mesial or basal position (not in a distal position as in Heteropoda spp.). Epigynum with lateral lobes (and mostly copulatory ducts) rising distinctly beyond epigastric furrow posteriad and covering median septum (in most Heteropoda spp. median septum visible). Type species: Sarotes promptus O.P. Cambridge 1885. Distribution: South East Asia (Jager, 2000; WSC, 2016).

Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu et al. ) (Figs. 135-139; Pl. XIX)  Heteropoda straminea Kundu et al., 1999. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 96: 98.  Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu et al.); Jager 2014. Arthropoda Selecta, 23(2): 186.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.29, CW- 3.06, AL- 4.12, AW- 2.00, TL- 7.12. Inter ocular distance: AME- AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.29, ALE-ALE- 0.76, PME-PME- 0.29, PLE-PME- 0.41, PLE-PLE- 1.24, AME-PME- 0.41, and ALE-PLE- 0.41. Leg measurements: I 11.22(3.44, 1.00, 3.11, 2.67, 1.00); II 11.33(3.33, 1.11, 3.33, 2.56, 1.00); III 7.90(2.56, 0.78, 2.22, 1.56, 0.78); IV 9.11(3.22, 0.67, 2.44, 2.00, 0.78). Leg formula- 2143. Material examined: 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Ghoramara, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 31.x. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Barovisha, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.xi. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Kundu et. al., 1999; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Jager, 2014; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Heteropoda Latreille  Heteropoda Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 24: 135.

Diagnosis: Carapace nearly as long as wide, upper surface nearly flat or in some very high posteriorly; cephalic part slightly depressed in front. Posterior eye row recurved and anterior eye row straight or little procurved, lateral eyes larger than medians and prominent. Ocular

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quadrangle longer than wide, narrow in front. Epigynum with a pair of lobes, separated by a median septum. Male palp with a developed RTA, embolous short, tegulum without apophysis; ejaculatory duct prominent and thick. Type species: Aranea venatoria Linnaeus, 1767. Distribution: Throughout except Nearctic (WSC, 2016) Key to species: 1. Maxillae with a basal piece; labium anteriorly truncate; abdominal dorsum without any marking; thoracic fovea deeply grooved ------venatoria (Linnaeus) - Maxillae without any extra piece; labium anteriorly round; abdominal dorsum with markings; thoracic fovea shallowly grooved ------nilgirina Pocock

Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus) (Figs. 140-145; Pl. XIX)  Araneae venatoria Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., 12: 1035.  Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus), Latreille, 1804, Nouv. Dic. Hist. Nat., 24: 135.

Measurements: Male CL- 7.00, CW- 6.44, AL- 8.00, AW- 4.11, TL- 14.78. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.22, ALE-AME- 0.67, ALE-ALE- 1.44, PME-PME- 1.22, PLE-PME- 0.78, PLE-PLE- 2.22, AME-PME- 0.78 and ALE-PLE- 0.67. Leg measurements: I 34.56(9.89, 4.00, 9.56, 9.00, 2.11); II 36.66(10.11, 4.00, 10.89, 9.22, 2.44); III 29.32(9.44, 3.44, 8.00, 6.44, 2.00); IV 30.67(8.00, 3.22, 8.56, 8.67, 2.22). Leg formula- 2143. Material examined: 1♂, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Ghoramara, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 31.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar Island, Kerala, West Bengal (Tikader, 1977; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Heteropoda nilgirina Pocock (Figs. 146-150; Pl. XIX)  Heteropoda nilgirina Pocock, 1901. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 13: 495.

Measurements: Female CL- 5.00, CW- 4.67, AL- 6.78, AW- 4.78, TL- 11.78. Inter ocular distance:AME- AME- 0.44, ALE-AME- 0.44, ALE-ALE- 1.22, PME-PME- 0.44, PLE-PME- 0.67, PLE-PLE- 1.78, AME-PME- 0.56, and ALE-PLE- 0.56. Leg measurements: I 19.46(5.56, 1.67, 5.89, 4.78, 1.56); II 20.12(5.89, 1.67, 6.22, 4.78, 1.56); III 17.33(5.44, 2.00, 4.56, 4.00, 1.33); IV 18.56(5.56, 1.78, 5.11, 4.89, 1.22). Leg formula- 2143. Material examined: 1♀, Hasimara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18.ix. 2008, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Nimati, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.v. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.x. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Raimatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.v. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri.

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Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, West Bengal (Sethi & Tikader, 1988; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: GNAPHOSIDAE POCOCK (Running or ground or mouse spiders)  Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1884. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2(7): 219.

Diagnosis: Small to medium size, 2 clawed ecribellate spiders. Eyes 8, heterogeneous, in 2 rows. Chelicerae with boss and scopulae. Labium longer than wide; maxillae obliquely depressed, more or less converging, scopulate. Legs moderate, tapered, spinose, scopulate. Anterior spinnerets large, parallel, cylindrical, usually well separated, anterior lateral spinnerets with enlarged pyriform gland spigots. Distribution:

Biology: Most of them are ground dwellers with only a few living on plants, where they roll up leaves; construct a silk retreat under stones or litter within which they remain during inactive period. They never spin a web but catch their prey using speed, force and agility. Their eyesight is poor but perceive prey by tactile or chemotactic stimuli and feed on ground and litter dwelling ants, termites and other insects.

Genus: Drassodes Westering  Drassodes Westering, 1851. Göteborgs Kongl. Vet. Handl, 2: 48.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax flat, broad in front, with a fovea, covered with pubescence. Anterior eye row slightly procurved, medians slightly larger than laterals, little closer to laterals than to each other. Posterior eye row longer than anterior, procurved, medians oval, slightly larger than laterals, much closer to each other than to adjacent laterals. Chelicerae strong, retromargin usually with 2, but promargin always with 2 teeth. Tibia I and II with 1 ventral spine on apical half. Abdomen longer than wide, posteriorly narrowed, covered with pubescence. Type species: Aranea lapidosa Walckenaer, 1802.

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Distribution: Cosmopolitan except Australia (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum with 1 pair of sigilla; cheliceral retromargin with 3 teeth; labium withan inverted U shaped band ------gujaratensis Patel & Patel -Abdominal dorsum with 2 pair of sigilla; cheliceral retromargin with 2 teeth; labium without any band ------meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe

Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel (Figs. 151-156; Pl. XIX)  Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel, 1975. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 68: 33.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.50, CW- 1.09, AL- 1.93, AW- 1.07, TL- 3.63. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.11, ALE-AME- 0.09, ALE-ALE- 0.30, PME-PME- 0.11, PLE-PME- 0.11, PLE-PLE- 0.36, ALE-PLE- 0.11, and AME-PME- 0.16. Leg measurements: I 4.09(1.13,0.52,1.00, 0.96, 0.48); II 3.16(1.00,0.43,0.78,0.52, 0.43); III 2.74(0.78,0.39,0.57,0.61, 0.39); IV 4.13(1.04,0.52,1.00, 1.00, 0.57). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14. xi. 2002, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 07.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Gujarat, West Bengal (New record) (Patel & Patel, 1975; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Drassodes meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe (Figs. 157-163; Pl. XIX)  Drassodes meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1977. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 73: 66.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.32, CW- 1.71, AL- 3.86, AW- 1.96, TL- 6.47. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.11, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.18, PLE-PME- 0.21, PLE-PLE- 0.54, ALE-PLE-0.14, and AME-PME- 0.21. Leg measurements: I 4.79 (1.53, 0.73, 1.20, 0.73, 0.60); II 4.33 (1.33, 0.67, 1.00, 0.73, 0.60); III 4.13 (1.27, 0.53, 0.93, 0.80, 0.60); IV 5.53 (1.53, 0.73, 1.27, 1.27, 0.73). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 2♀♀, NEC, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16.xi.2002, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.x.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Meghalaya, West Bengal (New record) (Tikader & Gajbe, 1977; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: EUTICHURIDAE LEHTINEN (Dark sac spiders)  Eutichuridae Lehtinen 1967, Ann. Zool. Fennici, 4: 199-468

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax longer than wide, without fovea. Eyes 8, arranged in 2 rows, equal or sub equal, laterals close to each other. Maxillae with or without lateral notch. Legs

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prograde, with 2 claws and claw tuft or 3 claws, tarsal tricobothria arranged in 2 rows, trochanter notched. Abdomen elongate oval. Posterior spinnerets 2, segmented, apical segment long and conical. Colulus present. Epigynum complex. Male palp with retrolateral tibial apophysis. Distribution:

Biological note: They are usually found in sac like retreats made up of green leaves. Different types of sacs are used for nesting and mating.

Genus: Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch  Cheiracanthium C. L. Koch, 1839. Die Arachniden, Sechster Band, 9.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax ovoid, longer than wide, convex, without fovea or hardly noticeable. Eyes 8, small, in 2 rows, posterior row scarcely longer than anterior, median 4 eyes form trapezium, relatively narrow in front, lateral pairs very close to each other. Both margins of cheliceral with 2 or 3 teeth, far separated from fang. Dorsal spines on femur I and II absent; no ventral spines on tibia III. Tibia of male palp noticeably long and slender, with retrolateral apophysis, sometimes with dorsal and ventral apophysis; cymbium with strong spur at its base; tegulum with stout apophysis; embolus long, arising on retrolateral side of tegulum. Epigynal plate flat or concave, copulatory opening at lateral margin; spermathecae small, nearly round and separate. Type species: Aranea punctoria Villers, 1789. Distribution: Throughout except North and South America (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Retromargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth ------2 -Retromargin of chelicerae with 3 teeth ------6 2. Promargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth ------3 -Promargin of chelicerae with 3 teeth ------5 3. Abdominal dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla; cymbium with long and stout spur at its base, extending almost to the middle of tibia; retrolateral apophysis enormously developed ------indicum O. P. Cambridge -Abdominal dorsum never with 2 pairs of sigilla; cymbium otherwise; retrolateral apophysis otherwise ------4

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4. Abdominal dorsum with 1 pair of sigilla; spermathecae ball like; fertilization ducts long and spring like ------triviale (Thorell) -Abdominal dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla and with a pale longitudinal marking; spermathecae sac like; fertilization ducts short and coiled ------sikkimense Majumder & Tikader 5. Abdominal dorsum with 1 pair of sigilla and devoid of markings; copulatory ducts long, tubular and opening into spermathecae after 1.5 turns; fertilization ducts flame like ------himalayense Gravely -Abdominal dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla and with a basal marking; copulatory ducts short and opening into spermathecae without any turn; fertilization ducts tube like ------melanostomum (Thorell) 6. Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla; lateral eyes closely apposed; embolous enormously long and coiled; tegular apophysis highly developed ------insigne O. P. Cambridge -Abdominal dorsum with 4 pairs of variable sigilla; lateral eyes separate; embolous not long and coiled; tegular apophysis weakly developed (from lit.) ------murinum (Thorell)

Cheiracanthium indicum O. P. Cambridge (Figs. 164-169; Pl. XIX)  Cheiracanthium indicum O. P. Cambridge, 1874. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874: 411.

Measurements: Male CL- 3.00, CW- 2.29, AL- 3.59, AW- 1.65, TL- 6.65. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.29, ALE-AME- 0.35, ALE-ALE- 1.06, PME-PME- 0.35, PLE-PME- 0.35, PLE-PLE- 1.12, AME-PME- 0.24 and ALE-PLE- 0.18. Leg measurements: I 19.33(4.78,1.11,5.44, 6.11, 1.89); II 13.65(3.53,1.00,3.55,4.44, 1.11); III 9.89(2.78,0.89,2.22,3.22, 0.78); IV 13.66(3.44,0.89,3.44, 4.78, 1.11). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 1♂, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11. iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♂♂, Hatipota, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♂♂, Chilapata, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 19. iii.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal (Majumder &Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter; 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Cheiracanthium triviale (Thorell) (Figs. 170-174: Pl. XX)  Eutittha trivialis Thorell, 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London, 49.  Cheiracanthium triviale (Thorell, 1895); Gravely, 1931. Rec. Indian Mus., 33(3): 265.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.43, CW- 1.78, AL- 3.78, AW- 2.43, TL- 6.21. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.26, ALE-AME- 0.30, ALE-ALE- 0.87, PME-PME- 0.34, PLE-PME- 0.30, PLE-PLE- 0.91, AME-PME- 0.22 andALE-PLE- 0.13.

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Leg measurements: I 10.20(2.60,0.93,2.67, 2.80, 1.20); II 6.86(1.80,0.73,1.60,1.73, 1.00); III 5.07(1.33,0.73,1.07,1.40, 0.54); IV 7.61(2.07,0.80,1.87, 2.27, 0.60). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 2♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29. iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; Myanmar (Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004; Gajbe, 2004; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Cheiracanthium sikkimense Majumder & Tikader (Figs. 175-179: Pl. XX)  Cheiracanthium sikkimensis Majumder & Tikader, 1991. Rec. Zool. Surv. India Occ. Pap.102: 77.  Cheiracanthium sikkimense Majumder & Tikader, 1991; World Spider Catalog, Version 17.5, 2016, [www.wsc.nmbe.ch]

Measurements: Female CL- 3.29, CW- 2.47, AL- 4.24, AW- 2.35, TL- 7.65. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.35, ALE-AME- 0.47, ALE-ALE- 1.29, PME-PME- 0.47, PLE-PME- 0.41, PLE-PLE- 1.29, AME-PME- 0.24 and ALE-PLE- 0.24. Leg measurements: I 17.89(4.67,1.11,5.00, 5.67, 1.44); II 11.99(3.44,1.00,3.22,3.44, 0.89); III 8.44(2.33,0.89,2.00,2.44, 0.78); IV 12.10(3.44,1.00,3.22, 3.55, 0.89). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 1♀, Garam, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 28.i.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Sikkim, West Bengal (New record); Bangladesh (Majumder & Tikader, 1991, Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003a, Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Cheiracanthium himalayense Gravely (Figs. 180-184: Pl. XIX)  Cheiracanthium himalayensis Gravely, 1931.Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 33(3): 264.  Cheiracanthium himalayense Gravely, 1931; World Spider Catalog, Version 17.5, 2016, [www.wsc.nmbe.ch]

Measurements: Female CL- 4.12, CW- 2.94, AL- 6.41, AW- 3.24, TL- 10.65. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.47, ALE-AME- 0.59, ALE-ALE- 1.65, PME-PME- 0.71, PLE-PME- 0.53, PLE-PLE- 1.71, AME-PME- 0.35, and ALE-PLE- 0.18. Leg measurements: I 17.22(4.44,1.44, 4.56, 5.00, 1.78); II 11.66(3.11,1.11,3.00, 3.33, 1.11); III 8.68(2.56, 0.78, 2.00, 2.56, 0.78); IV 12.32(3.44, 1.22, 3.00, 3.56, 1.11). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 1♀, Hollapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02. ix.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Gujarat, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, West Bengal (Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

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Cheiracanthium melanostomum (Thorell) (Figs. 185-189: Pl. XX)  Eutittha melanostoma Thorell, 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London, 44.  Cheiracanthium melanostomum (Thorell, 1895); Simon, 1901. Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1901(2): 67.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.00, CW- 2.35, AL- 3.76, AW- 2.47, TL- 6.70. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.35, ALE-AME- 0.47, ALE-ALE- 1.24, PME-PME- 0.47, PLE-PME- 0.47, PLE-PLE- 1.41, AME-PME- 0.35, and ALE-PLE- 0.18. Leg measurements: I 10.55(3.09, 1.00, 2.55, 2.91, 1.00); II 8.37(2.55, 0.91, 1.91, 2.09, 0.91); III 5.84(1.55,0.82, 1.18,1.65,0.64); IV 8.55(2.09,0/91,1.91, 2.73, 0.91). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 3♀♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, NEC, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. xi.2010, coll. S. Sen. Distribution: India: Assam, Maharashtra, West Bengal; Bangladesh, Myanmar (Tikader, 1981; Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Cheiracanthium insigne O. P. Cambridge (Figs. 190-195: Pl. XIX)  Cheiracanthium insigne O. P. Cambridge, 1874. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874: 408.

Measurements: Male CL- 2.26, CW- 1.74, AL- 2.78, AW- 1.48, TL- 4.95. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.22, ALE-AME- 0.26, ALE-ALE- 0.65, PME-PME- 0.26, PLE-PME- 0.26, PLE-PLE- 0.74, AME-PME- 0.17 and ALE-PLE- 0.13. Leg measurements: I 14.20(3.33,0.87,3.93, 4.27, 1.80); II 8.74(2.50, 0.67, 2.27, 2.53, 0.87); III 6.47(1.73, 0.67, 1.33, 2.07, 0.67); IV 9.73, 2.60(0.73, 2.53, 3.14, 0.73). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 1♂, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 21. iii.2008, coll. S. Sen; 1♂, Chilapata, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 19. iii.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Sissamara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02. vi.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♂♂, Mendabari, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18. xi.2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu; Sri Lanka, China (Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter; 2009; Keswani et al., 2012;WSC, 2016).

Cheiracanthium murinum (Thorell) (Figs. 196-200: Pl. XX)  Eutittha murina Thorell, 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London, 50.  Cheiracanthium murinum (Thorell, 1895); Gravely, 1931. Rec. Indian Mus., 33(3): 263.

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Measurements: Female CL- 3.35, CW- 2.35, AL- 5.47, AW- 2.82, TL- 9.17. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.41, ALE-AME- 0.47, ALE-ALE- 1.29, PME-PME- 0.31, PLE-PME- 0.47, PLE-PLE- 1.29, AME-PME- 0.24 and ALE-PLE-0.18. Leg measurements: I 12.78(3.11,1.00,3.56, 3.78, 1.33); II 9.56(2.22,1.11,2.56,2.78, 0.89); III 7.23(2.11,0.78,1.56,2.00, 0.78); IV 9.22(2.00,1.00,2.33, 3.00, 0.89). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined: 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. v.2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Panjhora, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02. vi.2009, coll. S. Sen. Distribution: India: Maharashtra, West Bengal; Myanmar (Majumder &Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter; 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: CORINNIDAE KARSCH (Ant-mimicking sac spiders)  Corinnidae Karsch, 1880. Zeitschr. Ges. Naturw. 53: 374.

Diagnosis: Small to medium, yellowish brown to dark brown, metallic, hunting spiders. Eyes 8, in 2 rows, widelyor closelyspaced,bulging anteriorly. Cephalothorax ovoid, sometimes elongate and heavily sclerotised. Abdomen ovoid, elongate, sometimes scutum with transverse bands or patches of white setae, strongly sclerotised at the book lung region. Anterior spinnerets sturdy and contiguous, posteriors slightly more separated than anteriors, median spinnerets with 3 and posterior spinnerets with 2 large, cylindrical spigots in females, these in males absent. Epigynum variable; median apophysis in most genera absent. Distribution:

Biology: They are free living ground dwellers, usually found in woody debris, litter or humus on the forest floor in shady deciduous forest. Some members of the family mimic ants. They move ant like, involving rapid movements with jerky pauses and sudden changes in direction.

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While walking, the abdomen moves up and down and the front legs are held in the air to mimic the antennae of ants. They build silky retreats in rolled up leaves and plant debris. If disturbed, they run rapidly in all directions and very difficult to catch. Key to genera: 1. Carapace broad; ALE usually considerably larger than AME; posterior eye row larger than those of the anterior; male always with two or three rows of very distinct, long thickened setae at the distal end of the dorsal surface of the palpal cymbium ------Cambalida Simon - Carapace narrow; ALE usually considerably smaller than AME; posterior eye row smaller than those of the anterior; male not always with two or three rows of very distinct, long thickened setae at the distal end of the dorsal surface of the palpal cymbium ------Castianeira Keyserling

Genus: Cambalida Simon  Cambalida Simon, 1909. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Genova, 44: 335-449.

Diagnosis: Carapace relatively broad (width approximately 0.75x carapace length, usually less than 0.70x in Castianeira), ALE usually considerably larger than AME, and the posterior eye row larger than those of the anterior. Male always with two or three rows of very distinct, long, thickened setae at the distal end of the dorsal surface of the palpal cymbium. Number of these setae 6 – 10, and sometimes may be accompanied by slightly shorter thickened setae on the sides of the rows. Other genera that possess thickened setae do not show such an arrangement and usually only have 2 or 3 thickened setae at the cymbial apex. Type species: Cambalida insulana Simon, 1909 by original designation (currently considered as nomen dubium as the types are lost (Haddad 2012)). Distribution: Tropica Africa and India (Haddad, 2012; Murthappa et al., 2016; WSC, 2016).

Cambalida flavipes (Gravely) (Figs. 201-208: Pl. XX)  Castianeira flavipes Gravely, 1931. Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta 33: 275.  Cambalida flavipes (Gravely); Murthappa et al., 2016. Zootaxa, 4103(6): 533-535.

Measurements: Female: CL- 2.57, CW- 1.48, AL- 2.57, AW- 1.82, TL- 5.17. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.09, ALE-ALE- 0.34, PME-PME- 0.22, PLE-PME- 0.13, PLE-PLE- 0.17, AME-PME- 0.17, and ALE-PLE- 0.17. Leg measurements: I 4.94(1.33, 0.54, 1.20, 1.07, 0.80); II 4.40(1.20, 0.54, 1.00, 0.93, 0.73); III 3.95(0.80, 0.47, 0.93, 1.14, 0.61); IV 6.61(1.67, 0.67, 1.57, 1.87, 0.87). Male: CL- 2.50, CW- 1.45, AL- 2.52, AW- 1.80, TL- 5.10. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.09, ALE-ALE- 0.31, PME-PME- 0.20, PLE-PME- 0.13, PLE-PLE- 0.17, AME-PME- 0.17, and ALE-PLE- 0.17. Leg measurements: I 4.90(1.30, 0.54, 1.20, 1.06, 0.80); II 4.35(1.18, 0.54, 1.00, 0.93, 0.70); III 3.95(0.80, 0.47, 0.93, 1.14, 0.61); IV 6.51(1.62, 0.67, 1.57, 1.82, 0.87). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02. vi. 2009, coll. D.C. Dhali; 1♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11. x. 2009, coll. D.C. Dhali;

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1♀ & 2♂♂, Rymatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09. iv. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Tashigaon, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11. iv. 2010, coll. D.C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Karnataka, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, (Tikader, 1981; Majumder &Tikader, 1991; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; Murthappa et al., 2016; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Castianeira Keyserling  Castianeira Keyserling, 1879. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien., 29: 335.

Diagnosis: Medium size, ant-like, heavily sclerotised and shiny spiders. Cephalothorax elongate, ovoid, with a prominent cephalic shield, usually dark to dark brown and with a distinct median fovea, short sparse scale like recumbent setae and frontally with few longer setae. Anterior eye row recurved, posterior row distinctly procurved, longer than former and medians slightly close to laterals than to each other. Chelicerae long, stout, with 2 promarginal and 2-3 retromarginal teeth. Tibia I and II with 2-3 pairs of ventral spines. Cymbium of male palp rounded at base, long and slender distally; embolous usually long, slender and spirally twisted. Epigynal plate rounded, convex and hairy; copulatory openings small, rounded or elliptical, well separated and distinct; spermatheca longer than wide; copulatory ducts short. Type species: Castianeira rubicunda Keyserling, 1879. Distribution: Cosmopolitan except Australian region (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla; scutum placed immediately below the pedicel, produced upto basal 2/3rd; copulatory openings at the epigynal fold; spermathecae oval and separate ------indica Tikader -Abdominal dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla; scutum placed below the pedicel but never produced; copulatory openings just above the epigynal fold; spermathecae elongate and fused with each other. ------2 2. Spermathecae medially neck like, free, at both ends closely apposed; fertilization ducts long, gradually broadened and weakly curved outwardly ------zetes Simon Spermathecae closely apposed throughout, distally convergent; fertilization ducts long, gradually narrowing, curved at both ends ------himalayensis Gravely

Castianeira indica Tikader (Figs. 209-213: Pl. XX)  Castianeira indica Tikader, 1981.Bull. Zool. Surv. India, 4: 260.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.96, CW- 1.79, AL- 3.25, AW- 1.85, TL- 6.32. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.25, ALE-AME- 0.18, ALE-ALE- 0.61, PME-PME- 0.29, PLE-PME- 0.18, PLE-PLE- 0.71, AME-PME- 0.21, and ALE-PLE- 0.14. Leg measurements: I 5.68(1.73, 0.61, 1.27, 1.20, 0.87); II 5.61(1.53,0.61, 1.40, 1.20, 0.87); III 4.74(1.33,0.54, 1.00, 1.07, 0.80); IV 6.60(1.93, 0.61, 1.53, 1.73, 0.80). Leg formula- 4123.

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Material examined: 1♀, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii.2002, coll. S. Saha ; 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 24. iii.2009; coll. D.C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. x.2009, coll. D.C. Dhali. Distribution: Maharashtra, West Bengal (Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Castianeira zetes Simon (Figs. 214-218: Pl. XX)  Castianeira zetes Simon, 1897. Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1897: 294.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.53, CW- 2.06, AL- 3.53, AW- 2.12, TL- 7.18. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.29, ALE-AME- 0.18, ALE-ALE- 0.66, PME-PME- 0.36, PLE-PME- 0.24, PLE-PLE- 0.78, AME-PME- 0.18, and ALE-PLE- 0.18. Leg measurements: I 6.61(1.87,0.54, 1.87, 1.40, 0.93); II 5.86(1.53,0.60, 1.73, 1.27, 0.73); III 5.47(1.67,0.60, 1.20, 1.33, 0.67); IV 7.54(2.00,0.67, 1.87, 2.00, 1.00). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Hasimara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. vi.2008, coll. S. Sen; 2♀♀, Kodalbasti, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. ix.2008, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; Bangladesh, Bhutan (Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Castianeira himalayensis Gravely (Figs. 219-223: Pl. XX)  Castianeira himalayensis Gravely, 1931. Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta 33: 275.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.67, CW- 2.27, AL- 5.33, AW- 2.93, TL- 9.13. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.20, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 0.67, PME-PME- 0.47, PLE-PME- 0.20, PLE-PLE- 0.87, AME-PME- 0.33, and ALE-PLE- 0.20. Leg measurements: I 8.59(2.13,0.80, 2.33, 2.00, 1.33); II 8.07(1.73,0.80, 2.27, 2.00, 1.27); III 7.34(1.67,0.80, 1.80, 2.00, 1.07); IV 9.94(2.33,0.87, 2.67, 3.27, 0.80). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Hashimara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. vi.2002,coll. S. Saha; 1♀, TEC, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii.2003, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 24. iii.2003; coll. S. Bhattyacharya; 1♀, Damanpur, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. ii.2008, coll. S. Sen; 2♀♀, Hatipota, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. iv.2009, coll. D.C. Dhali; Panbari, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 25. v.2009, coll. D.C. Dhali. Distribution: West Bengal (Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

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FAMILY: CLUBlONlDAE WAGNER (Sac spiders)  Clubionidae Wagner, 1887. Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. 22: 104.

Diagnosis: Medium size, hunting spiders, with thoracic fovea shallow or absent. Eyes 8, in 2 rows, small, uniform in size, posterior eye row slightly longer than anterior row. Legs long, strongly spined, 2 clawed tarsi and metatarsi with dense claw tufts and scopulae. Anterior spinnerets close together and medians cylindrical.Male palp with variable retrolateral apophysis; embolous usually arise prolaterodistally on tegulum; cymbium usually with basal spur. Distribution:

Biology: These nocturnalspiders are commonly found on foliage or on ground where they make tubular retreats in rolled up leaves or under stones or in litter. Their flat egg sac remains suspended within the retreat, guarded by the female. They are aggressive and use their legs to detect and grab prey. These are frequent on crops and play an important role in agro- ecosystems.

Genus: Latreille  Clubiona Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 24: 154.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax longer than wide, frontally somewhat narrowed and with a few large hairs, slightly convex, covered with fine and silky hairs. Fovea usually short, striae faint, radiating, occasionally with a pattern of darker veining. Eyes nearly straight or very slightly procurved, AME close together than PME, PME nearer to PLE than to each other or all PE somewhat equidistant. Sternum attenuated in front and pointed behind. Cheliceral retromargin with 2-6 and promargin with 3-6 teeth in females while males tend to have fewer. Epigynal plate convex, flat or concave, round to elongate, well sclerotized; copulatory openings distinct and cavity like; copulatory duct anteriorly produced from spermathecae, bent or coiled; spermathecae variable with 2 parts. Type species: Araneus pallidulus Clerck, 1757.

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Distribution: Cosmopolitan (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Dorsum without any sigilla; fang denticulate; fertilization ducts long, coiled and downwardly directed ------denticulata Dhali et al. -Dorsum with paired sigilla; fang not denticulate; fertilization ducts otherwise ------2 2. Retromargin of chelicerae with 3 teeth; spermathecae bean shaped ------3 -Retromargin of chelicerae never with 3 teeth; spermathecae otherwise ------4 3. Dorsum with 1 pair of sigilla in female but male without any such; abdomen elongate cylindrical; copulatory ducts notconvoluted;fertilization ductsupwardly directed ------tridentata Dhali et al. -Dorsum with 4 pairs of sigilla; abdomen elongate oval;copulatory ducts convoluted; fertilization ducts upwardly and then downwardly directed ------rama Dankittipakul & Singtripop 4. Retromargin of chelicerae with 6 teeth; spermathecaapple like; outer margin of hoods serrate ------hexadentata Dhali et al. -Retromargin of chelicerae with 2 teeth; spermathecae lobular; hoods not serrate ------5 5. Dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla; cephalothorax anteriorly with U-shaped brown patch; fertilization ducts long and convoluted------pila Dhali et al. -Dorsum with 2 pairs of sigilla; cephalothorax anteriorly without any U-shaped brown patches; fertilization ducts short and not convoluted ------6 6. Epigynum with a common guide pocket and anteriorly not septate; anterior lobe of spermathecae not strongly sclerotised, lobe like; fertilization ducts divergent ------bilobata Dhali et al. -Epigynum without a common guide pocket and anteriorly septate; anterior lobe of spermathecaestrongly sclerotised, ball like; fertilization ducts convergent ------pseudocordata Dhali et al.

Clubiona denticulata Dhali et al. (Figs. 224-228: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona denticulata Dhali et al., 2016. World Scientific News, 50 (2016): 280-283.

Measurements: Female CL- 4.06, CW- 4.06, AL- 6.12, AW- 3.53, TL- 10.18. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.53, ALE-AME- 0.47, ALE-ALE- 0.82, PME-PME- 0.71, PLE-PME- 0.53, PLE-PLE- 1.76, AME-PME- 0.41, and ALE-PLE- 0.41. Leg measurements: I 8.69(2.52,0.78,2.08, 2.57, 0.74); II 7.05(2.04,0.87,1.74,1.70, 0.70); III 6.76(1.87,0.96,1.66,1.70, 0.57); IV 5.57(1.70,0.78, 1.26, 1.26, 0.57). Leg formula- 1234. Material examined: 2♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 25. v. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al., 2016).

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Clubiona tridentata Dhali et al. (Figs. 229-236: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona tridentata Dhali et al. 2016. World Scientific News, 50 (2016): 283-288.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.22, CW- 1.52, AL- 3.65, AW- 1.00, TL- 5.87. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.13, ALE-ALE- 0.52, PME-PME- 0.34, PLE-PME- 0.17, PLE-PLE- 0.70, AME-PME- 0.17, and ALE-PLE- 0.17 Leg measurements: I 9.26(2.60,0.93, 2.80, 1.93, 1.00); II 7.33(2.20,0.80,2.20,1.40, 0.73); III 4.87(1.33,0.60,1.20,1.20, 0.54); IV 9.13(2.93,0.73, 2.07, 2.67, 0.73). Leg formula- 1423. Remarks: Morphological features of male are similar to female, excepting palp. So, only drawings of male palp are given here. Material examined: 2♂♂, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al., 2016).

Clubiona rama Dankittipakul & Singtripop (Figs. 237-241: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona rama Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2008. Zoological Studies, 47(5): 645.

Description: Female CL- 2.57, CW- 2.35, AL- 4.41, AW- 2.12, TL- 7.10. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.29, ALE-AME- 0.29, ALE-ALE- 0.88, PME-PME- 0.53, PLE-PME- 0.29, PLE-PLE- 1.18, AME-PME- 0.29, and ALE-PLE- 0.29. Leg measurements: I 5.13(1.33,1.00,1.20, 1.00, 0.60); II 6.20(1.60,1.07,1.60,1.33, 0.60); III 5.47(1.67,0.80,1.13,1.40, 0.47); IV 7.26(2.27,0.93, 1.33, 2.13, 0.60). Leg formula- 4231. Material examined: 1♀, Lankapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15. iii. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 19. iii. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18. x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Thailand (Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2008a,b; Dhali et al., 2016; WSC, 2016).

Clubiona hexadentata Dhali et al. (Figs. 242-246: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona serrata Dhali et al. 2016a, World Scientific News, 50: 291-294.  Clubiona hexadentata Dhali et al. 2016b., World Scientific News, 56: 263-266.

Measurements: Female CL- 5.45, CW- 4.73, AL- 6.36, AW- 4.00, TL- 11.81. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 064, ALE-AME- 0.55, ALE-ALE- 1.72, PME-PME- 0.82, PLE-PME- 0.73, PLE-PLE- 2.27, AME-PME- 0.45, and ALE-PLE- 0.45. Leg measurements: I 12.33(3.44,2.00,3.22, 2.56, 1.11); II 11.88(3.33,2.00,3.00,2.44, 1.11); III 9.00(2.78,1.67,2.22,1.44, 0.89); IV 11.00(2.33,1.56, 2.89, 2.89, 1.33).

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Leg formula- 1243. Material examined:1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. V. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al. 2016).

Clubiona pila Dhali et al. (Figs. 247-251: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona pila Dhali et al., 2016. World Scientific News, 50 (2016): 294-297.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.89, CW- 1.29, AL- 2.21, AW- 1.08, TL- 4.21. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.47, PME-PME- 0.35, PLE-PME- 0.14, PLE-PLE- 0.64, AME-PME- 0.21, and ALE-PLE- 0.18. Leg measurements: I 4.23(1.29,0.65,1.00, 0.76, 0.53); II 4.65(1.29,0.71,1.18,0.94, 0.53); III 4.06(1.18,0.59,0.76,1.00, 0.53); IV 5.94(1.65,0.65, 1.29, 1.76, 0.59). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. xii. 2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. x. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al. 2016).

Clubiona bilobata Dhali et al. (Figs. 252-256: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona bilobata Dhali et al., 2016. World Scientific News, 50 (2016): 297-300.

Description: Female CL- 2.50, CW- 1.96, AL- 2.86, AW- 1.47, TL- 5.50. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.29, ALE-AME- 0.21, ALE-ALE- 0.71, PME-PME- 0.39, PLE-PME- 0.29, PLE-PLE- 0.97, AME-PME- 0.21, and ALE-PLE- 0.21. Leg measurements: I 5.54(1.60,0.80,1.40, 1.07, 0.67); II 5.73(1.67,0.93,1.53,1.00, 0.60); III 4.61(1.20,0.54,0.93,1.27, 0.67); IV 7.17(2.02,0.80, 1.73, 2.02, 0.60). Leg formula- 4213. Material examined: 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. xii. 2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, NEC, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. xi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al., 2016).

Clubiona pseudocordata Dhali et al. (Figs. 257-261: Pl. XXI)  Clubiona pseudocordata Dhali et al., 2016. World Scientific News, 50 (2016): 300-303.

Measurements: Female CL- 1.68, CW- 1.21, AL- 3.00, AW- 1.54, TL- 4.68. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.14, ALE-AME- 0.11, ALE-ALE- 0.36, PME-PME- 0.25, PLE-PME- 0.18, PLE-PLE- 0.57, AME-PME- 0.14, and ALE-PLE- 0.18.

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Leg measurements: I 3.60(1.07,0.54,0.93, 0.73, 0.33); II 3.67(1.07,0.54,1.00,0.73, 0.33); III 3.27(0.93,0.47,0.67,0.87, 0.33); IV 4.61(1.27,0.54, 1.00, 1.33, 0.47). Leg formula- 4213. Material examined:2♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. xii. 2008, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution:India: West Bengal (Dhali et al., 2016).

FAMILY: OXYOPIDAE THORELL (Lynx spiders)  Oxyopidae Thorell, 1870. Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Sci. Upsaline, 7(3): 196.

Diagnosis: Small to large, bright green to yellowish brown or dark brown, 3 clawed spiders. Eyes 8, arranged in a hexagon by strongly recurved anterior row and procurved posterior row. Clypeus wide, vertical and usually with conspicuous stripes and spots. Legs long, slender, with long, black, prominent spines. Distribution:

Biology: They are mainly plant dwelling spiders, commonly found on grass, shrubs and trees and sometimes found on litter also. These are diurnal or nocturnal hunters with good vision, enabling quick detection of prey, which is caught with legs, and often by jumping a few centimeters or more into the air to seize a passing insect in full flight or executing short jumps in pursuit of prey flying over plants. The egg sac remains fastened to twig or leaf or suspended in small irregular web. Key to genera: 1. Carapace straight in lateral view, rectangular, front face shorter than rear, clypeus vertical; AME close, separated by less than their diameter;genital organs in both sexes heavily sclerotised, tegular lobe U-shaped, epigynum with a U-shaped chitinized rim, with spermathecae anterior to it ------Hamataliwa Keyserling -Carapace not straight in lateral view, more or less oval, rear face vertical, clypeus sloped; AME not close, separated by more than their diameter; genital organs in both

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sexes not heavily sclerotised, tegular lobe absent, epigynum otherwise with spermathecae lateral to it ------Oxyopes Latreille

Genus: Hamataliwa Keyserling  Hamataliwa Keyserling, 1887. Verh. Zool. -Bot. Ges. Wien., 37: 458.

Diagnosis: Carapace straight in lateral view, rectangular, front face shorter than rear, rear face vertical or receding. Abdomen not more than 1/5th longer than carapace or shorter; AME close, separated by less than their diameter and situated in front of the space between the ALE; genital organs in both sexes heavily sclerotised; tegulum with an U-shaped lobe; embolus shiny black, long, thin, flat, arising medially from the membranous part of tegulum, arches clockwise around laterally, distal end strongly thinning and completely hidden by the heavily sclerotised shield- or sheath-like conductor; epigynum with a U-shaped chitinized rim and a pair of spermathecae anterior to it, copulatory openings usually underneath the rim; long and thin fertilization ducts on the outer and lateral side of it. Type species: Hamataliwa grisea Keyserling, 1887. Distribution: Throughout except Palearctic region (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum with one pair of muscular apodemes; spermathecae smaller, concave laterally and separated; fertilization ducts inwardly curved ------incompta (Thorell) -Abdominal dorsum with more than one pair of muscular apodemes; spermathecae larger, concave anteriorly and united together; fertilization ducts outwardly curved ------hellia sp. nov.

Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell, 1895) (Figs. 262-269: Pl. XXII)  Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell, 1895); Deeleman-Reinhold, 2009. Zool. Med. Leiden 83: 677-679.  Oxyopes reticulatus Biswas et al., 1996. Acta Arachnol. Korea, 45: 57.  Hamataliwa reticulata (Biswas et al.); Sen et al., 2011. World J. Zool., 6(4): 342-343.

Description: Female Cephalothorax (Figs. 262) yellowish brown, glossy, nearly rectangular, convex, anteriorly subtruncate, medially widest, clothed with white pubescence, a patch of brown pubescence posteriorly on each side; both cephalic and thoracic region in same plain, latter with a brown, indistinct, midlongitudinal fovea. Eyes 8, pearly white, ringed with black, in 2 rows, anterior row strongly recurved, posterior row strongly procurved, PME at the top while AME at the lowest height; ocular quad longer than wide. Eye diameter- ALE>PLE>PME>AME. Clypeus yellowish brown, high, anterolateral corners black. Thoracic radii distinct and diverging. Chelicerae (Fig. 263) yellowish brown, longer than wide, robust, promargin with 2 and retromargin with 1 black tooth, scopulate; fang dark brown, short, robust. Labium (Fig. 264) yellowish brown, longer than wide, lateromedially produced, both ends subtruncate, clothed with black hairs and scopulate. Maxillae (Fig. 264) yellowish brown, longer than wide, inner margin of lower submedian concave, outer margin medially incurved, both ends triangular, clothed with black hairs and scopulate. Sternum (Fig. 264) yellowish, subcordate, anteriorly

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weakly concave, posteriorly narrow, blunt tip extending beyond coxae IV, clothed with long, erect spines. Legs yellow, long, slender, 3 clawed, each superior with more than 8 pectinations while inferior without such, without claw tufts; femora I with 3-0-3-2, femora II with 3-0-2-2, femora III with 3-0-2-1, femora IV with 3-0-2-0, tibia I-II with 2-4(2-2)-2-2, tibia III with 2-6(2-2-2)-2-3 and tibia IV with 2- 4(2-2)-2-2 spination. Abdomen (Figs. 262) chalk white, elongately oval, clothed with pale brown, dense, patches of hairs, laterally and posteriorly more dense; venter faintly chalk white, clothed with pale brown pubescence and brown hairs. Epigynum-Internal genitalia (Figs. 265-266): Epigynum black, strongly sclerotized. Measurements: CL- 3.67, CW- 2.93, AL- 4.47, AW- 2.60, TL- 7.84 . Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.13, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 0.60, PME-PME- 0.67, PLE-PME- 0.47, PLE-PLE- 1.33, ALE-PLE- 0.73 and AME-PME- 0.80. Description: Male- Cephalothorax (Fig. 262) more or less similar to that of the holotype excepting femora III with 3-0-2-2, IV with 3-0-2-1, tibia II-III with 2-6 (2-2-2)-2-2, and IV with 2-4 (2-2)-2-1 spination. Abdomen (Fig. 262) dorsally clothed with pale brown, patches of hairs, in a low dense manner, with 1 pair grey, small, sigilla medially. Palp (Figs. 267, 268 & 269): Male palp with RTA triangular, often with acutely pointed tip in the upper middle; conductor boat-like, tip gradually widening, distally with a strongly chitinized, undulating rim; embolus very thin and filiform, base strongly chitinized, with transverse bar. Measurements: CL- 2.87, CW- 2.01, AL- 3.17, AW- 2.10, TL- 6.04. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.13, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 0.53, PME-PME- 0.60, PLE-PME- 0.40, PLE-PLE- 1.26, ALE-PLE- 0.66, and AME-PME- 0.73. Material examined: 3♀♀, 02. iv. 2009, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 26°44’N; 88°47’E, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1 ♂, 01. vi. 2009, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 26°44’N; 88°47’E, coll. D. C. Dhali. Remarks: Present species is found to be a replica of Hamataliwa reticulata (Biswas et al., 1996) (particularly in dorsal habitus, u shaped rim of epigynum, fertilization duct, conductor and embolus of the male palp). Intense study on the species leads to conclude that the species is Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell, 1895). Hamataliwa reticulata (Biswas et al., 1996) is therefore proposed as the junior synonym of H. incompta (Thorell, 1895). Distribution: India (New record): West Bengal; Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysian, Indonesia, Philippines: (WSC, 2016).

Hamataliwa hellia sp. nov. (Figs. 270-274: Pl. XXII)

Description: Female (Holotype) CL- 2.76, CW- 2.35, AL- 4.10, AW- 2.94, TL- 700. Cephalothorax (fig. 270) yellowish brown, nearly rectangular, convex, clothed with white pubescence; both cephalic and thoracic region in same plain, with an indistinct, midlongitudinal furrow, extending from short, reddish brown, longitudinal fovea to below PME. Eyes 8, pearly white, ringed with black, in 2 rows, anterior row strongly recurved, posterior row strongly procurved, PME at the top while AME at the lowest height; ocular quad longer than wide. Eye diameter- ALE>PLE>PME>AME.

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Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.18, ALE-ALE- 0.47, PME-PME- 0.41, PLE-PME- 0.47, PLE-PLE- 1.18, ALE-PLE- 0.65, and AME-PME- 0.71. Clypeus yellowish brown, height high, anterolateral corners black. Thoracic radii distinct and diverging. Chelicerae (fig. 271) yellowish brown, subtriagular, robust, promargin with 2 and retromargin with 1 black teeth, scopulate; fang dark brown, short, robust, inner margin weakly serrated. Labium (fig. 272) yellowish brown, longer than wide, inner margin of lower submedian concave, outer margin medially incurved weakly, clothed with black hairs and scopulate. Maxillae (fig. 272) yellowish brown, longer than wide, inner margin of lower submedian concave, outer margin medially incurved weakly, clothed with black hairs and scopulate. Sternum (fig. 272) yellowish brown, subcordate, anteriorly weakly concave, posteriorly narrow, blunt tip extending beyond coxae IV, clothed with 2 long, erect spines anteriorly. Legs yellow, long, slender, 3 clawed, each superior with more than 10 pectinations while inferior without such, without claw tufts; femora I-II with 3-0-2-2, femora III with 3-0-2-1, femora IV with 3-0-1-1, tibia I with 2-4(2-2)-2-2, tibia II- III with 2-6(2-2-2)-2-2 and tibia IV with 2-4(2-2)-2-1 spination. Leg measurements: I 9.69(2.87,0.67,2.69, 2.53, 0.93); II 8.14(2.40,0.73,2.27,1.87, 0.87); III 5.54(1.67,0.73,1.47,1.07, 0.60); IV 5.79(1.73,0.60, 1.33, 1.40, 0.73). Leg formula- 1243. Abdomen (fig. 270) creamy white, oval, clothed with pubescence; dorsum midlongitudinally with a chalk white reticulate band enclosing a creamy white lance shaped region, extending from little below the anterior margin to lower sub middle, with 2 pairs brown, small, sigilla on each side of mid line, 5 tiny sigilla in a row on each side medially; venter creamy white, with midlongitudinal pale band, 4 rows of tiny sigila on it, clothed with brown pubescence. Epigynum-Internal genitalia (figs. 273-274): Epigynum black, highly sclerotized, ring like, excepting v-shaped incurved anteriorly; copulatory ducts short and thin; spermathecae large fused together, each with a notch anteriorly; fertilization ducts short, thin, medially curved, and opened into atrium. Material examined: 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 06. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal. Etymology: The species name is derived from H. helia (Chamberlin, 1929). Remarks: The species shows a close affinity to Hamataliwa helia (Chamberlin, 1929), but can be separated by i) dorsum with 2 pairs brown, small, sigila on each side of mid line, 5 tiny sigila in a row on each side medially (without any sigila in H. helia); ii) epigynum ring like, excepting v-shaped incurved anteriorly (epigynum pear-shaped, void in H. helia); iii) spermathecae large fused together, each with a notch anteriorly (spermathecae smaller, round, not fused together in H. helia). Such differences justify the erection of the new species.

Genus: Oxyopes Latreille  Oxyopes Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 24: 135.

Diagnosis: AME over half way up to the front of face, PME just beyond the top of front face, posterior eye row strongly procurved and equidistant from each other, clypeus and femora usually lined with black, cheliceral retromargin with at least single tooth, male palp without tegular lobe, retrolateral margin of cymbium without basal apophysis.

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Type species: Aranea heterophthalma Latreille, 1804. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Abdominal dorsum with paired of muscular apodemes ------2 -Abdominal dorsum without muscular apodemes ------5 2. Abdominal dorsum with a pair of muscular apodemes; epigynum heavily sclerotized, nearly v-shaped; spermathecae comma shaped ------hotingchiehi Schenkel -Abdominal dorsum with more than a pair of muscular apodemes; epigynum moderately sclerotised, shaped otherwise; spermathecae otherwise ------3 3. Abdominal dorsum with lance shaped grey marking; clypeus with dark lines, extending from AME to the base of cheliceral fang ------4 -Abdominal dorsum with scattered grey markings; clypeus with chalk white lines, extending from AME to the base of cheliceral fang ------pawani Gajbe 4. Thorax withindistinct, divergingradii; lance shaped marking of abdominal dorsum distally radiating, further posterolaterally with few oblique dark lines; labium anteriorly rounded ------fabae Dhali et al. -Thorax withprominent, divergingradii; lance shaped marking of abdominal dorsum neither radiating nor with any dark lines further; labium anteriorly weakly concave ------javanus Thorell 5. Sternum posteriorly long,produced and bifid; internal genitalia without any accessory structure; spermathecae comma shaped ------pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe -Sternum posteriorly shortly produced but not bifid; internal genitalia with accessory structures; spermathecae triangular ------shweta Tikader

Oxyopes hotingchiehi Schenkel (Figs. 275-279: Pl. XXII)  Oxyopes hotingchiehi Schenkel, 1963. Revta Soc. Ent. Argent., 26: 389.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.73, CW- 1.93, AL- 5.00, AW- 2.33, TL- 8.33. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.20, ALE-AME- 0.13, ALE-ALE- 0.47, PME-PME- 0.40, PLE-PME- 0.33, PLE-PLE- 0.93, AME-PME- 0.54, and ALE-PLE- 0.33. Leg measurements: I 10.13(2.73,0.87,2.73, 2.73, 1.07); II 9.53(2.73,0.87,2.47,2.53, 0.93); III 7.47(2.07,0.80,1.73,2.07, 0.80); IV 8.54(2.07,0.80, 2.20, 2.60, 0.80). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined:4♂♂, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♂♂, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 1. vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal; China (Schenkel, 1963; Chen & Zhang, 1991; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Oxyopes pawani Gajbe (Figs. 280-284: Pl. XXII)  Oxyopes pawani Gajbe, 1992. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 91: 389.

Measurements: Female

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CL- 3.47, CW- 2.73, AL- 6.80, AW- 2.60, TL- 10.27. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.20, ALE-AME- 0.20, ALE-ALE- 0.47, PME-PME- 0.54, PLE-PME- 0.47, PLE-PLE- 1.00, AME-PME- 0.40, and ALE-PLE- 0.80. Leg measurements: I 13.11(3.56,1.11,3.89, 3.11, 1.44); II 13.00(3.89,1.11,3.56,3.33, 1.11); III 11.55(3.44,1.11,3.00,2.89, 1.11); IV 11.66(3.44, 1.00,3.11,3.00, 1.11). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined: 3♀♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18. ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal (Gajbe, 1992, ’99, 2008; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Oxyopes fabae Dhali et al. (Figs. 285-289: Pl. XXII)  Oxyopes fabae Dhali et al., 2015. Species, 12 (32): 24-29.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.26, CW- 1.96, AL- 3.09, AW- 1.57, TL- 5.35. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.22, ALE-AME- 0.17, ALE-ALE- 0.39, PME-PME- 0.34, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 0.87, AME-PME- 0.70, and ALE-PLE- 0.34. Leg measurements: I 8.34(2.20,0.60, 2.27,2.40, 0.87); II 7.29(2.07,0.60,2.02,1.93, 0.67); III 6.14(1.67,0.60,1.60,1.67, 0.60); IV 7.02(2.02,0.60, 1.80, 1.87, 0.73). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined: 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al., 2015).

Oxyopes javanus Thorell (Figs. 290-295: Pl. XXII)  Oxyopes javanus Thorell, 1887. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 25: 329.

Measurements: Male CL- 2.43, CW- 1,96, AL- 3.13, AW- 1.30, TL- 5.56. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.17, ALE-ALE- 0.34, PME-PME- 0.30, PLE-PME- 0.34, PLE-PLE- 0.74, AME-PME- 0.57, and ALE-PLE- 0.30. Leg measurements: I 9.60(2.40,0.67,2.60, 2.80, 1.13); II 8.52(2.33,0.73,1.80,2.73, 0.93); III 7.41(2.20,0.54,1.67,2.20, 0.80); IV 8.32(2.33,0.60,1.73, 2.73, 0.93). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined: 4♂♂, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♂♂, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal; China to Indonesia, Philippines (Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995; Gajbe, 2008; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

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Oxyopes pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe (Figs. 296-300: Pl. XXII)  Oxyopes pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe, 2000. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 98: 123.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.86, CW- 2.00, AL- 3.71, AW- 1.41, TL- 6.71. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.24, ALE-AME- 0.12, ALE-ALE- 0.41, PME-PME- 0.41, PLE-PME- 0.41, PLE-PLE- 1.00, AME-PME-0.53, and ALE-PLE- 0.35. Leg measurements: I 7.95(2.13, 0.67, 2.20, 2.02, 0.93); II 7.40(2.27,0.73, 1.67, 1.80, 0.93); III 6.40(1.87,0.67, 1.40, 1.73, 0.73); IV 8.06(2.27,0.73, 1.80, 2.53, 0.73). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 2♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal (New record) (Gajbe & Gajbe, 2000; Gajbe, 2004, ‘08; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Oxyopes shweta Tikader (Figs. 301-305: Pl. XXII)  Oxyopes shwetaTikader, 1970. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 64: 78.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.62, CW- 2.64, AL- 8.27, AW- 2.45, TL- 12.36. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.36, ALE-AME- 0.18, ALE-ALE- 0.45, PME-PME- 0.55, PLE-PME- 0.36, PLE-PLE- 1.09, ALE-PLE- 0.36, and AME-PME- 0.73. Leg measurements: I 15.55(4.44,0.89,4.33, 4.22, 1.67); II 15.00(4.22,0.89,4.11,4.22, 1.56); III 13.23(4.00,1.11,3.56,3.67, 0.89); IV 15.34(4.56,1.00,4.11, 4.56, 1.11). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 1♀, Bichabhangha, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17. iv. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16. v. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 20. ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 22. ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal; China (Tikader, 1970; Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Gajbe, 1999, 2008; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004,’06; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010b; Keswani et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

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FAMILY: LYCOSIDAE SUNDEVALL (Wolf spiders)  Lycosidae Sundevall, 1833. Conspectum Arachnidum, 1: 39.

Diagnosis: Small to large, cephalothorax high, narrowing in front; eyes 8, in 3 rows, anterior row with 4, small, forming straight or recurved or procurved line; posterior row strongly recurved so as to form 2 rows, each of 2 large eyes. Legs spiny, 3rd shorter than others, tarsi with 3 claws without claw-tuft, trichobothria numerous, irregularly arranged on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi; all trochanters with a semi circular notch on distal margin below. Distribution:

Biological note: These free living, ground dwelling spiders are most likely to be encountered in the field. They will be seen running away through the grass when one walks along. They are commonly known as wolf spiders because they run down their prey. Key to genera: 1. Metatarsi IV usually as long as to longer thanpatella plus tibia together ------2 -Metatarsi IV usually shorter than patella plus tibia together ------4 2. Posterior spinnerets prominently longer than others, 2 segmented, apical one conical; epigynum with distinct process; sternum usually with midlongitudinal black band ------ Simon -Posterior spinnerets not longer than others, not 2 segmented; epigynum without any distinct process; sternum without any band ------3 3. Epigynal cavity partly divided by a tongue like septum; subpaleal sclerite of male palp with 2 processes; tegular apophysis basally wide, bearing variable projections while narrow distal part carrying small subapical protrusion before evenly curved tip ------ Kronestedt -Epigynal cavitydiscretely divided into 2 cavities bythe median septum; subpaleal sclerite of male palp without any process; tegular apophysis with usual base, neither bearing any projection nor protrusion ------ C. L. Koch

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4. Median septum inverted “T”-shaped; spines of femur I variable; abdomen variably coloured ------5 -Median septum otherwise; femur I with 2 dorsal and 1 or 2 prolateral spines; abdomen usually pale, mottled or similar to carapace------Arctosa C. L. Koch 5. Epigynum with 2 hoods; tibia I and II armed with 3 pairs of ventral spines; cymbium with cluster of thick setae;tegular lobe not ear-like ------Lycosa Latreille -Epigynum without any hood; tibia I and II never armed with 3 pairs of ventral spines; cymbium never with cluster of thick setae; tegular lobe ear-like ------Hogna Simon

Genus: Hippasa Simon 1885  Hippasa Simon, 1885. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 10: 31.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax convex, longer than wide, cephalic area pronouncedly narrowed in front. Anterior row of eyes slightly wider than 2nd row, ocular quad posteriorly wider.Sternum cordate, pointed posteriorly behind coxae IV, usually black banded midlongitudinally. Chelicerae relatively strong and with 3 retromarginal teeth. Legs long, thin, clothed with spines and hairs, leg IV exceptionally long. Posterior spinnerets prominently longer than the others, 2 segmented. Epigynum with distinct process. Type species:Pirata agelenoides Simon, 1884. Distribution: Cosmopolitan except Australian region (Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Sternum uniform in colour; body elongate ------madraspatana Gravely -Sternum with midlongitudinal band; body not elongate ------2 2. Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla; labium basally pedunculate; spermathecae elongate, medially weakly concave ------agelenoides (Simon) -Abdominal dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla; labium roughly rectangular; spermathecae otherwise ------greenalliae (Blackwall)

Hippasa madraspatana Gravely (Figs. 306-311: Pl. XXIII)  Hippasamadraspatana Gravely, 1924. Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 26: 595.

Measurements: Male CL- 1.75, CW- 1.00, AL- 1.75, AW- 0.95, TL- 3.50. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.09, ALE-AME- 0.11, ALE-ALE- 0.32, PME-PME- 0.32, PLE-PME- 0.20, PLE-PLE- 0.43, ALE-PLE- 0.30, and AME-PME- 0.16. Leg measurements: I 5.88(1.47, 0.41, 1.59, 1.35, 1.06,); II 4.47(0.82, 0.35, 1.06, 1.24, 1.00); III 4.17(0.82, 0.35, 1.06, 1.29, 0.65); IV 6.65(1.41, 0.35, 1.65, 2.12, 1.12). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♂, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

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Hippasa agelenoides (Simon) (Figs. 312-316: Pl. XXIII)  Pirata agelenoides Simon, 1884. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 20: 334.  Hippasa agelenoides (Simon, 1884); Simon, 1885.Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 10: 31.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.57, CW- 2.00, AL- 3.30, AW- 2.39, TL-5.87. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.13, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.61, PLE-PLE- 0.87, ALE-PLE- 0.74, and AME-PME- 26. Leg measurements: I 7.14(2.00, 0.87, 1.73, 1.47, 1.07); II 6.79(1.73, 0.93, 1.60, 1.53, 1.00); III 6.14(1.47, 0.87, 1.40, 1.47, 0.93); IV 9.41(1.80, 0.87, 2.20, 3.07, 1.47). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Kodalbasti, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 21. ix. 2007, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, 21 Miles, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Lataguri, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv. 2009, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Kalipur, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 19. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17. v. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 6♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. x. 2009, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Rymatang,BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 9.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; to Taiwan (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall) (Figs. 317-321: Pl. XXIII)  Lycosa greenalliae Blackwall, 1867. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 19(3): 387.  Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867); Simon, 1885. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 10: 31.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.00, CW- 2.43, AL- 4.30, AW- 2.48, TL- 6.30. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.22, ALE-AME- 0.17, ALE-ALE- 0.52, PME-PME- 0.39, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 0.70, ALE-PLE- 0.48, and AME-PME- 0.17. Leg measurements: I 5.79(1.53, 1.07, 1.53, 1.13, 0.53); II 5.68(1.07, 1.27, 1.40, 1.27, 0.67); III 5.14(0.87, 0.80, 1.20, 1.60, 0.67); IV 6.13(1.13, 0.80, 1.33, 2.33, 0.73). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. ix. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09. ix. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Barovisha, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.x. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar.

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Distribution: India: Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka, (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Draposa Kronestedt  Draposa Kronestedt, 2010. Zootaxa 2637: 31-54

Diagnosis: Small to medium size, cephalic region nearly in same plane with thoracic region, clypeus vertical; chelicerae much smaller. Labium usually wider than long with basal articular notch. Metatarsi IV usually longer than or as long as patella plus tibia together; superior claw toothed all over the length.Subpaleal sclerite of male palp with 2 processes partly hidden by palea in terminal part of the bulbus, as well as by transverse tegular apophysis with wide basal part carrying variable projections and narrow distal part carrying small subapical protrusion before evenly curved tip; Epigynum with a cavity partly divided by a tongue like septum. Type species:Lycosa nicobarica Thorell, 1891. Distribution: Oriental region only (Kronestedt, 2010; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Ocular area pale; abdominal dorsum with 11 pairs of small sigilla; cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth; cephalothorax medially with 2 pairs of black, small spots ------amkhasensis (Tikader & Malhotra) -Ocular area very dark; dorsum without any sigilla; cheliceral promargin with 2 teeth; cephalothorax without any spot ------burasantiensis (Tikader & Malhotra)

Draposa amkhasensis (Tikader & Malhotra) (Figs. 322-326: Pl. XXIII)  Pardosa amkhasensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1976. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 83 (3): 124-126.  Draposa amkhasensis (Tikader & Malhotra, 1976); Dhali, Roy, Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2012. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7(2): 2101-1202.

Measurements: Male CL-2.91, CW-2.35, AL-2.70, AW-1.70, TL-5.61. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME-0.17, ALE-AME-0.22, ALE-ALE-0.57, PME-PME-0.57, PLE-PME-0.65, PLE-PLE-0.96, ALE-PLE-0.83, and AME-PME-0.30. Leg measurements: I 8.40(2.07, 1.00, 1.93, 2.07, 1.33); II 7.13(1.47, 0.93, 1.73, 1.93, 1.07); III 7.40(1.87, 0.93, 1.53, 2.00, 1.07); IV 10.73(2.53, 1.00, 2.20, 3.47, 1.53). Leg formula- 4132. Material examined: 1 ♂, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3 males, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

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Draposa burasantiensis (Tikader & Malhotra) (Figs. 327-331: Pl. XXIII)  Pardosa burasantiensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1976. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 83(3): 130- 131.  Draposa burasantiensis (Tikader & Malhotra, 1976); Dhali, Roy, Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2012. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7(2): 1202.

Measurements: Male CL- 2.50, CW- 1.96, AL- 2.25, AW- 1.36, TL- 4.75. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.32, PME-PME- 0.71, PLE-PME- 0.64, PLE-PLE- 0.82, ALE-PLE- 0.71, and AME-PME- 25. Leg measurements: I 6.28(1.47, 0.87, 1.67, 1.67, 0.60); II 6.21(1.27, 0.80, 1.47, 1.67, 1.00); III 5.99(1.20, 0.90, 1.33, 1.73, 0.93); IV 8.68(1.87, 0.87, 1.87, 2.87, 1.20). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♂, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen. Distribution: India: West Bengal; China (Tikader & Malhotra, 1976, 1980; Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Pardosa C. L. Koch  Pardosa C. L. Koch, 1847. Die Arachniden. Nürnberg, Vierzehnter Band, 14: 100.

Diagnosis: Small to medium size, cephalic region nearly in same plane with thoracic region, clypeus vertical; chelicerae much smaller. Labium usually wider than long with basal articular notch. Metatarsi IV usually longer than or as long as patella plus tibia together; superior claw toothed all over the length. Cymbium of male palp with 1-3 sharp spines apically, terminal apophysis tooth like, conductor shaft like, reaching basal margin of palea to dorsolateral border of bulbus, anterior and posterior paleal process absent, tegulum without subapical protuberance. Epigynum with distinct hoods, with 1 or 2 paired cavities, atrium broad, and deep, copulatory opening usually lateral to median septum. Type species: Lycosa alacris C. L. Koch, 1833. Distribution: Cosmopolitan except Australian region (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Size more than 7 mm ------2 -Size less than 7 mm ------4 2. Abdominal dorsum with 1 pair of sigilla; epigynal median septum posteriorly v- shaped; spermathecae tubular and curved ------chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra -Abdominal dorsum with more than 1 pair of sigilla; median septum posteriorly not v- shaped; spermathecae not as above ------3 3. Abdominal dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla; cephalothorax with 1 pair of black markings medially; cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth ------tridentis Caporiacco -Abdominal dorsum with 5 pairs of sigilla; cephalothorax without any marking; cheliceral promargin with 2 teeth ------pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand) 4. Anterior eye row weakly procurved ------5 -Anterior eye row weakly recurved ------8

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5. Sternum unmarked; abdominal dorsum with sigilla ------6 -Sternum marked by elongately triangular, black markings both posteromedially and anteromedially; dorsum without sigilla; spermathecae bean shaped ------pusiola (Thorell) 6. Epigynum with 2 large hoods ------7 -Epigynum with 2 small, indistinct hoods; abdominal dorsum with 4 pairs of sigilla; spermathecae roughly comma like ------birmanica Simon 7. Spermathecae bilobed, coiled; abdominal dorsum with 1 pair of sigilla; cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth ------procurva Yu & Song -Spermathecae bilobed but uncoiled; dorsum with 6 pairs of sigilla; cheliceral promargin with 2 teeth ------songosa Tikader & Malhotra 8. Sternum marked ------9 -Sternum unmarked; epigynal median septum inverted T shaped; spermathecae comma shaped ------sumatrana Thorell 9. Sternum with V shaped mark; abdominal dorsum with 7 pairs of sigilla; spermathecae tube like; copulatory ducts short and straight------heterophthalma (Simon) -Sternum posteriorly marked; dorsum with 3 pairs of sigilla; spermathecae flat, leaf like; copulatory ducts long and curved ------kupupa (Tikader)

Pardosa chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra (Figs. 332-336: Pl. XXV)  Pardosa chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1976. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 83(B): 128.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.71, CW- 3.12, AL- 3.76, AW- 2.35, TL- 7.47. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.24, ALE-AME- 0.24, ALE-ALE-0.72, PME-PME- 0.76, PLE-PME- 0.82, PLE-PLE-1.53, ALE-PLE- 1.12, and AME-PME- 0.47. Leg measurements: I 7.87(2.00, 0.67, 2.13, 1.87, 1.20); II 7.74(1.87, 0.67, 2.13, 1.87, 1.20); III 7.74(2.00, 0.67, 2.00, 2.07, 1.00); IV 9.80(2.40, 0.67, 2.00, 3.13, 1.60). Leg formula- 412=3. Material examined: 1♀, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29.v. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal (Tikader & Malhotra, 1976, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa tridentis Caporiacco (Figs. 337-342: Pl. XXVI)  Pardosa tridentis Caporiacco, 1935. Mem. Soc. Ent. Italy, 13: 241.

Measurements: Male CL- 5.00, CW- 4.00, AL- 4.00, AW- 2.53, TL- 9.00. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.27, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 0.80, PME-PME- 0.67, PLE-PME- 0.67, PLE-PLE- 1.00, ALE-PLE- 0.93, and AME-PME- 0.33. Leg measurements: I 14.00(3.78, 1.89, 3.33, 2.89, 2.11); II 12.56(3.56, 1.67, 2.44, 2.89, 2.00); III 11.34(2.78, 1.56, 2.22, 2.89, 1.89); IV 16.45(4.00, 1.67, 3.33, 4.89, 2.56). Leg formula- 4123.

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Material examined: 1♂, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.iv. 2006, coll. S. Saha; 1♂, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 9.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; Distribution: India: Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, West Bengal; Nepal (Tikader, 1964; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand) (Figs. 343-347: Pl. XXV)  Tarentula pseudoannulata Bösenberg & Strand, 1906. Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., 30: 319.  (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906); Yaginuma, 1986. Hoikusha Publ. Co., Osaka: 162.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.88, CW- 3.06, AL- 4.18, AW- 2.35, TL- 8.30. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.29, ALE-AME- 0.18, ALE-ALE- 0.65, PME-PME- 0.76, PLE-PME- 0.71, PLE-PLE- 1.18, ALE-PLE- 0.88, and AME-PME- 0.29. Leg measurements: I 9.89(2.67, 1.22, 2.56, 2.33, 1.11); II 9.89(2.67, 1.22, 2.67, 2.33, 1.00); III 9.66(2.33, 1.22, 2.11, 2.56, 1.44); IV 14.55(3.56, 1.33, 3.22, 4.56, 1.89). Leg formula- 41=23. Material examined: 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 3♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Silbunglow, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 2.xi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; Bangladesh, Bhutan, Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980;Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995; Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003b Gajbe, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa pusiola (Thorell) (Figs. 348-352: Pl. XXV)  Lycosa pusiola Thorell, 1891. Kongl. Svenska. Vet.-Acad. Handl., 24(2): 65.  Pardosa pusiola (Thorell, 1891); Simon, 1905. Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg, 22: 70.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.64, CW- 2.17, AL- 3.11, AW- 1.96, TL- 6.18. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.21, ALE-AME- 0.18, ALE-ALE- 0.55, PME-PME- 0.61, PLE-PME- 0.57, PLE-PLE- 1.00, ALE-PLE- 0.79, and AME-PME- 0.29. Leg measurements: I 8.00(1.91, 1.00, 2.00, 1.82, 1.27); II 7.28(1.73, 1.00, 1.73, 1.73, 1.09); III 6.74(1.45, 0.82, 1.56, 1.82, 1.09); IV 10.64(2.36, 0.91, 2.36, 3.45, 1.56). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Kalipur, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29.v. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Biswas &

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Raychaudhuri, 2003; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa birmanica Simon (Figs. 353-357: Pl. XXV)  Pardosa birmanica Simon, 1884. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 20: 333.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.54, CW- 1.89, AL- 3.29, AW- 2.25, TL- 6.19. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.21, ALE-AME-0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.50, PME-PME- 0.39, PLE-PME- 0.54, PLE-PLE-0.82, ALE-PLE- 0.61, and AME-PME- 0.21. Leg measurements: I 5.73(1.60, 0.90, 1.53, 1.13, 0.67); II 5.07(1.53, 0.73, 1.27, 0.87, 0.67); III 4.33(1.27, 0.73, 1.13, 0.60, 0.60); IV 8.00(1.87, 0.80, 1.67, 2.53, 1.13). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 2♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Panjhora, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 3♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2009, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.ix. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30. x. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, Kumargram, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 3.xi. 2010, coll. D. C.Dhali. Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995; Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003; Gajbe, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010b, ‘12; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa procurva Yu & Song (Figs. 358-362: Pl. XXV)  Pardosa procurva Yu & Song, 1988. Acta Zootaxon Singapore, 13: 30.

Measurements: Female CL-1.93, CW-1.68, AL-2.93, AW-2.07, TL-4.86. Inter ocular distance:AME-AME-0.13, ALE-AME-0.13, ALE-ALE-0.36, PME-PME-0.60, PLE-PME-0.51, PLE-PLE-0.80, ALE-PLE-0.76, and AME-PME-0.33. Leg measurements: I 5.20(1.27,0.73, 1.27, 1.13, 0.80); II 4.74(1.20,0.67, 1.07, 1.07, 0.73); III 4.94(1.27,0.60, 1.00, 1.40, 0.67); IV 6.94(1.73,0.67, 1.60, 2.27, 0.60). Leg formula- 4132. Material examined:1 ♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08. iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal; China, Taiwan (Tso & Chen, 2004; Dhali et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

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Pardosa songosa Tikader & Malhotra (Figs. 363-373: Pl. XXV)  Pardosa songosa Tikader & Malhotra, 1976. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., 83(B): 128.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.54, CW- 2.00, AL- 2.50, AW- 1.82, TL- 5.08. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.46, PME-PME- 0.61, PLE-PME- 0.61, PLE-PLE- 0.93, ALE-PLE- 0.71, and AME-PME- 0.25. Leg measurements: I 6.13(1.33, 0.87, 1.53, 1.40, 1.00); II 5.74(1.20, 0.87, 1.40, 1.40, 0.87); III 5.46(1.47, 0.73, 1.20, 1.33, 0.73); IV 8.33(1.80, 0.87, 1.80, 2.73, 1.13). Leg formula- 4123. Measurements: Male CL- 2.35, CW- 1.96, AL- 2.08, AW- 1.26, TL- 4.26. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.17, ALE-ALE- 0.48, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.52, PLE-PLE- 0.96, ALE-PLE- 0.70, and AME-PME- 0.30. Leg measurements: I 5.00(1.14, 0.25, 1.43, 1.39, 0.79); II 4.89(1.14, 0.39, 1.36, 1.29, 0.71); III 4.86(1.29, 0.32, 1.11, 1.43, 0.71); IV 6.33(1.21, 0.43, 1.54, 2.11, 1.04). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 4♀♀, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 5♀♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 2♀♀, Chilapata, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 04.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀ & 2♂♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 4♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 2♀♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Tashigaon, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 10♂♂, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16.ix. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 4♀♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.ix. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 22.ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 28.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 7♀♀, Tiamari, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 31.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Silbunglow, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.xi. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; Bangladesh, China (Tikader & Malhotra, 1976, 1980; Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010b, ʾ12; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell) (Figs. 374-378: Pl. XXVI)  Lycosa sumatrana Thorell, 1890. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 30: 136.  Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell, 1890); Buchar, 1976. Ergebn. Forsch Unternehmens Nepal Himalaya, 5: 207.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.39, CW- 1.89, AL- 2.25, AW- 1.43, TL- 4.64.

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Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.46, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.61, PLE-PLE- 1.00, ALE-PLE- 0.71, and AME-PME- 0.25. Leg measurements: I 6.53(1.47, 0.80, 1.73, 1.60, 0.93); II 6.47(1.67, 0.80, 1.53, 1.60, 0.87); III 6.06(1.67, 0.60, 1.33, 1.73, 0.73); IV 9.67(2.13, 0.80, 2.07, 3.20, 1.47). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 2♀♀, Dhupjora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Tashigaon, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 20.ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30.x. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Tiamari, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 31.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal; Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Tikader & Biswas, 1981; Barrion & Litsinger, 1995; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004,’ 06; Majumder, 2007; Gajbe, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa heterophthalma (Simon) (Figs. 379-383: Pl. XXV)  Acroniops heterophthalmus Simon, 1898. Histoire Naturelle des Araignées. Paris, 2: 362.  Pardosa heterophthalma (Simon, 1898); Tikader & Malhotra, 1980. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 1(2): 345.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.43, CW- 1.91, AL- 2.91, AW- 1.78, TL- 5.34. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.13, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.61, PLE-PLE 0.91-, ALE-PLE-0.74, and AME-PME- 0.26. Leg measurements: I 6.48(1.74, 0.83, 1.52, 1.43, 0.96); II 5.83(1.48, 0.83, 1.26, 1.30, 0.96); III 5.40(1.35, 0.74, 1.22, 1.26, 0.83); IV 8.56(2.04, 0.91, 1.74, 2.65, 1.22). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 4♀♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; to Indonesia (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2003; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Pardosa kupupa (Tikader) (Figs. 384-388: Pl. XXV)  Lycosa kupupa Tikader, 1970. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 64: 66.  Pardosa kupupa (Tikader, 1970); Tikader & Malhotra, 1980. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 1(2): 333.

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Measurements: Female CL- 2.32, CW- 1.75, AL- 2.68, AW- 1.54, TL- 5.12. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.61, PLE-PLE- 0.97, ALE-PLE- 0.75, and AME-PME- 0.21. Leg measurements: I 7.63(2.09, 0.82, 2.09,1.72,0.91); II 6.45(2.00,0.64,1.72,1.45, 0.64); III 6.75(1.65,0.73,1.54,1.92, 0.91); IV 10.45(2.36,0.82,2.27, 3.55, 1.45). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14. iv. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30. x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Barovisha, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01. xi. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Sikkim, West Bengal (Tikader, 1970; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Arctosa C. L. Koch  Arctosa C. L. Koch 1847. Die Arachnida, 14(3): 94.

Diagnosis: Moderately large. Carapace mottled, longitudinal light band variable. Chelicerae with 2 or 3 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Femur I with 2 dorsal and 1 or 2 prolateral spines. Abdomen usually pale, mottled, similar in color to carapace. Terminal apophysis of male palp conspicuous; embolous straight or curved, largely hidden by median apophysis in ventral view. Tegulum with retrolateral prominence bearing small soft area. Epigynum with conspicuous atrium divided by median septum, without hood. Type species: Aranea cinerea Fabricius, 1777. Distribution: Cosmopolitan except Australia (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Length more than 5 mm; carapace with 2 prominent black spots above; abdominal dorsum without any band ------himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra -Length less than 5 mm; carapace without any spot; abdominal dorsum with pale or black longitudinal band ------2 2. Carapace with 2 curved bands in between PLE, 2 black lines just above thoracic groove; abdominal dorsum with pale brown longitudinal band; labium cake like, apically round ------quinquedens Dhali et al. -Carapace devoidof band and line; abdominal dorsum with a black longitudinal band; labium not cake like, apically concave ------indica Tikader & Malhotra

Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra (Figs. 389-393: Pl. XXIII)  Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 1(2): 369.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.82, CW- 1.82, AL- 3.18, AW- 2.18, TL- 6.00. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.21, ALE-AME- 0.11, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.29, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 0.54, ALE-PLE- 0.46, and AME-PME- 0.11.

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Leg measurements: I 6.28 (1.82, 0.82, 1.35, 1.41, 0.88); II 5.74 (1.59, 0.82, 1.12, 1.24, 0.88); III 4.83 (1.24, 0.65, 0.94, 1.24, 0.76); IV 7.93 (2.34, 0.65, 1.76, 2.12, 1.06). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1 ♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14. iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1 ♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 22. ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Majumder & Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Arctosa quinquedens Dhali et al. (Figs. 394-398: Pl. XXIII)  Arctosaquinquedens Dhali, Roy, Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2012. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7(2): 1200-1201.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.22, CW- 1.57, AL- 2.52, AW- 1.61, TL- 4.74. Inter ocular distance:AME-AME-0.13; ALE-AME-0.13; ALE-ALE-0.39; PME-PME-0.61; PLE-PME-0.57; PLE-PLE-0.83; ALE-PLE-0.74; and AME-PME-0.30. Leg measurements: I 4.86(1.40,0.53, 1.20, 1.00, 0.73); II 3.94(1.07,0.60, 0.73, 0.53); III 3.66(0.73,0.40, 1.27, 0.73, 0.53); IV 5.47(1.13,0.60, 1.47, 1.40, 0.87). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1 ♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 9. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Dhali et al., 2012).

Arctosa indica Tikader & Malhotra (Figs. 399-403: Pl. XXIII)  Arctosa indica Tikader & Malhotra, 1980. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 1(2): 371.

Measurements: Male CL- 2.16, CW- 1.49, AL- 1.76, AW- 1.24, TL- 4.11. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.14, ALE-AME- 0.11, ALE-ALE- 0.32, PME-PME- 0.27, PLE-PME- 0.27, PLE-PLE- 0.35, ALE-PLE- 0.35, and AME-PME- 0.08. Leg measurements: I 4.80(1.27, 0.73, 1.33, 0.87, 0.60); II 3.86(1.23, 0.67, 0.73, 0.73, 0.60); III 3.94(1.07, 0.60, 0.67, 1.07, 0.53); IV 5.46(1.53, 0.67, 1.00, 1.53, 0.73). Leg formula- 4132. Material examined: 2 ♂♂, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Maharashtra, West Bengal; China (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Majumder &Tikader, 1991; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

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Genus: Lycosa Latreille  Lycosa Latreille, 1804. Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, 24: 129-295.

Diagnosis: Carapace longer than wide, clypeus slanting, ocular quad slightly wider behind. Labium always longer than wide, with basal prominent excavations, usually 1/3 or more of its length. Tibia I and II armed with 3 pairs of ventral spines. Metatarsi IV shorter than tibia plus patella together. Epigynum with 2 hoods, median septum inverted “T”-shaped, copulatory tube thin and short, spermathecae expanded. Male palp with triangular, laterally directed median apophysis and with a triangular, ventrally directed prominence on anterior margin, cymbium with cluster of thick setae. Type species: Aranea tarantula Linnaeus, 1758. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (WSC, 2016). Key to species: 1. Total length more than 10 mm ------2 Total length less than 10 mm ------4 2. Anterior eye row slightly procurved; base of thoracic region with 2 dark, large, depressed, triangular patches ------indagatrix Walckenaer Anterior eye row straight or nearly straight; base of thoracic region without any such ------3 3. Abdominal dorsum with 4 pairs of sigilla but without any marking and patch; inner base of chelicerae with a black marking and promargin with 2 teeth; epigynum with a transverse, semicircular, large guide pocket anteriorly ------carmichaeli Gravely -Abdominal dorsum without any sigilla but with a lens shaped markinganteriorly, followed by posteromedian black patches; inner base of chelicerae without any marking and promargin with 1 tooth; epigynum with 2longitudinal, large guide pockets ------shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra 4. Cheliceral promargin with 2 teeth ------5 Cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth ------7 5. Anterior eye row slightly recurved; sternum pointed beyond coxae IV; epigynal median septum heart shaped and posteriorly free ------mackenziei Gravely Anterior eye row straight; sternum not pointed behind beyond coxae IV; median septum not heart shaped and posteriorly attached ------6 6. Pedicel evident from above; epigynal median septum anteriorly much wider; spermathecae oval; fertilization ducts upwardly directed------kempi Gravely Pedicel not evident from above; median septum not so wide; spermathecae tubular; fertilization ducts downwardly directed ------madani Pocock 7. Abdominal dorsum with 5 pairs of sigilla and a spindle shaped pale patch anteriorly; ring like copulatory openings prominent on either side of median septum ------tista Tikader -Abdominal dorsum withoutany sigilla but with patch otherwise; copulatory openings otherwise ------8 8. Abdominal dorsum pale with midlongitudinal brown irregular markings; thorax medially with a pair of tiny, black spots; spermathecae bilobed, triangular and sac like; fertilization ducts downwardly and then outwardly directed

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------bistriata Gravely -Abdominal dorsum pale with few brown spots; thorax medially without any spot; spermathecae single lobed, tubular; fertilization ducts downwardly and then inwardly directed ------phipsoni Pocock

Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer (Figs. 404-409: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer, 1837. Histoire Naturelle des Ins. Apt. Paris, 1: 339.

Measurements: Male CL- 6.53, CW- 4.73, AL- 5.33, AW- 3.20, TL- 11.86. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.40, ALE-AME- 0.33, ALE-ALE- 0.60, PME-PME- 1.00, PLE-PME- 0.80, PLE-PLE- 1.40, ALE-PLE- 1.13, and AME-PME- 0.47. Leg measurements: I 18.00(4.00, 2.33, 4.33, 4.56, 2.78); II 16.67(3.78, 2.00, 4.00, 4.00, 2.89); III 15.54(3.44, 2.11, 3.22, 4.44, 2.33); IV 20.11(5.11, 2.33, 4.56, 5.11, 3.00). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♂, Rymatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♂, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (New record); Sri Lanka (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa carmichaeli Gravely (Figs. 410-414: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa carmichaeli Gravely, 1924. Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 26: 604.

Measurements: Female CL- 5.26, CW- 4.07, AL- 5.67, AW- 3.07, TL- 10.93. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.40, ALE-AME-0.27, ALE-ALE-0.93, PME-PME-1.00, PLE-PME- 1.00, PLE-PLE-1.60, ALE-PLE- 1.20, and AME-PME- 0.40. Leg measurements: I 15.45(4.22, 1.89, 3.67, 3.67, 2.00); II 14.66(4.33, 1.44, 3.56, 3.33, 2.00); III 14.11(4.00, 1.22, 3.33, 3.56, 2.00); IV 19.45(5.00, 1.89, 4.11, 5.89, 2.56). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Dhupjora, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.vi. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra (Figs. 415-419: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra, 1980. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 1(2): 403.

Measurements: Female CL- 6.18, CW- 5.18, AL- 6.00, AW- 4.36, TL- 12.19.

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Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.36, ALE-AME- 0.36, ALE-ALE- 1.09, PME-PME- 0.91, PLE-PME- 1.00, PLE-PLE- 1.63, ALE-PLE- 1.36, and AME-PME- 0.45. Leg measurements: I 14.77(3.56, 2.33, 3.44, 3.44, 2.00); II 13.77(3.00, 2.22, 3.33, 3.11, 2.11); III 13.33(3.22, 2.00, 2.67, 3.44, 2.00); IV 18.00(3.67, 3.22, 4.00, 4.78, 2.33). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Manipur, Meghalaya, West Bengal (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa mackenziei Gravely (Figs. 420-424: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa mackenziei Gravely, 1924. Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 26: 606.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.17, CW- 2.57, AL- 3.04, AW- 1.96, TL- 6.21. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.22, ALE-AME- 017, ALE-ALE- 0.52, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.57, PLE-PLE- 0.96, ALE-PLE- 0.70, and AME-PME- 0.26. Leg measurements: I 8.87(2.40, 0.93, 2.07, 2.07, 1.40); II 8.47(2.07, 1.13, 1.93, 2.07, 1.27); III 8.14(2.07, 1.00, 1.67, 2.20, 1.20); IV 12.01(2.87, 1.20, 2.67, 3.67, 1.67). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.vi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Kumargram, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Punjab, West Bengal; Bangladesh, Pakistan (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa kempi Gravely (Figs. 425-432: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa kempi Gravely, 1924. Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 26: 602.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.89, CW- 2.03, AL- 2.75, AW- 1.79, TL- 6.21. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.39, PME-PME- 0.30, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 0.55, ALE-PLE- 0.39, and AME-PME- 0.11. Leg measurements: I 5.80(1.53, 0.87, 1.33, 1.00, 1.07); II 5.20(1.40, 0.80, 1.20, 1.13, 0.67); III 4.67(1.20, 0.80, 1.07, 1.00, 0.60); IV 7.14(1.93, 0.87, 1.60, 1.87, 0.87). Leg formula- 4123. Measurements: Male CL- 2.80, CW- 2.00, AL- 2.72, AW- 1.75, TL- 6.16. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.18, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.39, PME-PME- 0.30, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 0.50, ALE-PLE- 0.35, and AME-PME- 0.11. Leg measurements: I 5.75(1.50, 0.87, 1.31, 1.00, 1.07); II 5.15(1.38, 0.80, 1.20, 1.10, 0.67); III 4.64(1.20, 0.80, 1.04, 1.00, 0.60); IV 7.10(1.90, 0.87, 1.60, 1.86, 0.87). Leg formula- 4123.

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Remarks:Morphological features of male are similar to female, excepting palp. So, only drawings of male palp are given here. Material examined: 2♀♀ &1♂, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Silbunglow, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 2.xi. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal; Bhutan, China, Pakistan (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004,’ 06; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa madani Pocock (Figs. 433-437: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa madani Pocock, 1901. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 486.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.04, CW- 2.18, AL- 3.04, AW- 1.74, TL- 6.08. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.26, ALE-AME- 0.13, ALE-ALE- 0.52, PME-PME- 0.52, PLE-PME- 0.57, PLE-PLE- 0.83, ALE-PLE- 0.91, and AME-PME- 0.26. Leg measurements: I 8.36(1.73, 1.18, 2.00, 2.09, 1.36); II 7.74(1.65, 1.09, 1.82, 1.82, 1.36); III 6.80(1.54, 0.91, 1.54, 1.63, 1.18); IV 10.08(2.09, 1.18, 2.18, 3.00, 1.63). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 2♀♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 19.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Rymatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 20. iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa tista Tikader (Figs. 438-442: Pl. XXV)  Lycosa tista Tikader, 1970. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 64: 67.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.39, CW- 1.78, AL- 2.39, AW- 1.52, TL- 4.78. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.13, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.39, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 0.57, ALE-PLE- 0.48, and AME-PME- 0.17. Leg measurements: I 5.60(1.40, 0.80, 1.40, 1.20, 0.80); II 5.27(1.27, 0.73, 1.27, 1.27, 0.73); III 5.19 (1.33, 0.73, 1.07, 1.33, 0.73); IV 7.89(2.02, 0.87, 2.67, 2.33, 1.00) Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 3♀♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Dima, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18.ix. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30.ix. 2010, coll. Dhali. Distribution: India: Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala, Manipur, Sikkim, West Bengal; (Tikader, 1970; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992, 2004,’ 06; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010b, ʾ12; WSC, 2016).

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Lycosa bistriata Gravely (Figs. 443-447: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa bistriata Gravely, 1924. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 26: 600.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.09, CW- 2.17, AL- 4.82, AW- 3.04, TL- 8.34. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.22, ALE-AME- 0.17, ALE-ALE- 0.39, PME-PME- 0.57, PLE-PME- 0.61, PLE-PLE- 0.78, ALE-PLE- 0.78, and AME-PME- 0.30. Leg measurements: I 8.54(2.67, 0.93, 2.07, 1.67, 1.20); II 8.00(2.40, 0.87, 1.80, 1.73, 1.20); III 7.27(2.27, 0.60, 1.73, 1.67, 1.00); IV 10.86(3.07, 0.93, 2.53, 2.80, 1.53). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 18.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal; Bhutan (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Gajbe, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Lycosa phipsoni Pocock (Figs. 448-452: Pl. XXIV)  Lycosa phipsoni Pocock, 1899. Jour. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 12: 751.

Measurements: Female CL- 2.89, CW- 2.14, AL- 3.57, AW- 2.43, TL- 6.78. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.21, ALE-AME- 0.21, ALE-ALE- 0.64, PME-PME- 0.51, PLE-PME-0.47, PLE-PLE- 0.71, ALE-PLE- 1.08, and AME-PME- 0.21. Leg measurements: I 5.74(1.80, 0.97, 1.40, 1.00, 0.67); II 5.18(1.40, 0.87, 1.04, 1.00, 0.87); III 4.58(1.47, 0.73, 1.04, 0.67, 0.67); IV 6.93(1.80, 1.13, 1.40, 1.47, 1.13). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Mairadanga, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2009, coll. T. K. Roy; 2♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 9. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 5♀♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Tashigaon, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 13.iv. 2010, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Rymatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 28.iv. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 16.ix. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.iv. 2010, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 22.ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bhutanghat, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 28.ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30.ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Barovisha, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.xi. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Kumargram, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 31.i. 2011, coll. D. C. Dhali.

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Distribution: India: Assam, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal; Bhutan, China, Nepal, Taiwan (Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Hogna Simon  Hogna Simon, 1885. Exploration Scientifique de la Tunisie. Paris, p. 55.

Diagnosis: Medium to large; carapace low and uniform in height between dorsal groove and middle eye row, medially with a pale band. Anterior eye row procurved, slightly shorter than or as long as posterior median. Chelicerae robust, hirsute, both row with 3 teeth. Legs scopulate. Tibia of male palp longer than wide, broadest at tip; cymbium with 2 or more terminal spines, tegular apophysis sickle shaped, often coiled reaching the tip of its lobe; tegular lobe large, ear-like, functioning as conductor; median apophysis large, oblique with stout spur near base; Epigynum with shallow or deep atrium; median septum inverted T- shaped; copulatory opening at anterior margin of transverse piece of median septum. Type species: Lycosa radiate Latreille, 1817. Distribution: Cosmopolitan (WSC, 2016).

Hogna himalayensis (Gravely) (Figs. 453-463: Pl. XXIII)  Lycosa himalayensis Gravely, 1924. Rec. Indian Mus. Calcutta, 26: 603.  Hogna himalayensis (Gravely, 1924); Buchar, 1997. Ent. Basil, 20: 15-17.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.93, CW- 2.71, AL- 3.07, AW- 2.07, TL- 7.00. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.36, ALE-AME- 0.21, ALE-ALE- 0.79, PME-PME- 0.64, PLE-PME- 0.64, PLE-PLE- 1.00, ALE-PLE- 0.79, and AME-PME- 0.29. Leg measurements: I 8.00(2.47, 0.93, 1.73, 1.67, 1.20); II 7.34(2.20, 0.87, 1.60, 1.60, 1.07); III 6.80(2.07, 0.80, 1.27, 1.73, 0.93); IV 10.14(2.67, 1.00, 2.07, 3.00, 1.40). Leg formula- 4123. Measurements: Male CL- 3.50, CW- 2.50, AL- 3.00, AW- 2.00, TL- 6.50. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME-0.30, ALE-AME- 0.21, ALE-ALE- 0.70, PME-PME- 0.60, PLE-PME- 0.60, PLE-PLE- 0.90, ALE-PLE- 0.70, and AME-PME- 25. Leg measurements: I 7.00(2.00, 0.90, 1.73, 1.17, 1.20); II 6.34(2.00, 0.77, 1.50, 1.00, 1.07); III 5.80(1.57, 0.70, 1.07, 1.63, 0.83); IV 9.14(2.67, 1.00, 2.07, 2.00, 1.40). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Mendabari, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02.iv. 2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 3♀♀, Jaldapara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12.iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Murti, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 01.vi. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 2♀♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15.x. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 1♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.ii. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 08.iv. 2010, coll. S. Sarkar; 1♀, Rymatang, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09.iv. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Checko, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17.ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Poro, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 22.ix. 2010, coll. T. K. Roy; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30.x.

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2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♂♂, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 31.x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Assam, West Bengal; Bhutan, China (Gravely, 1924; Tikader & Malhotra, 1980; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Majumder, 2007; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Dhali et al., 2010b, ‘12; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: PISAURIDAE SIMON (Nursery web spiders)  Pisauridae Simon, 1890. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 16: 82.

Diagnosis: Medium to large spiders; eyes 8, dark, ringed with black, homogenous, usually on tubercles, posterior eye row slightly recurved and making 2 rows arrangement, with 4, 4 configuration. Legs long, tapered and 3 clawed; tibia, metatarsi and tarsi with numerous and irregular trichobothria; trochanters deeply notched. Abdomen elongate, widest and rounded at the front and tapering towards the back. Distribution:

Biology: They are active wanderers and non webers. Somespecies are found in open areas of grass, litter fall, dwarf shrub, along the edges of streams and ponds, where they fish for prey. Just before the young emerge, the female only constructs a silky nursery web, in which the egg sac is deposited. After emergence, the young remain in the nursery web until dispersal commences, hence the common name ‘nursery web spiders’. Key to genera: 1. Anterior eye row strongly recurved; posterior eye row weakly recurved; epigynum with distinct lateral lobes; spermathecae short and thick------Nilus O.P.Cambridge -Anterior eye row straight or weakly recurved; posterior eye row strongly recurved; epigynum without lateral lobe; spermathecae otherwise------2 2. Median eyes of both rows subequal; both AME and ALE subequal; each cheliceral margin with 3 teeth ------Dendrolycosa Doleschall -Median eyes of both rowsunequal; AME much smaller than ALE; cheliceral retromargin with 2 while promargin 3 teeth ------Polyboea Thorell

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Genus: Nilus O. P. Cambridge  Nilus O. P. Cambridge, 1876. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 596.

Diagnosis: Anterior eye row strongly recurved, anterior and posterior median eyes subequal, anterior lateral eyes equidistant to the remaining 3 on each side; clypeus beyond ocular quadrangle; chelicerae with 3 retromarginal teeth; tibia1 apophysis of pedipalp reduced; epigynum with distinct lateral lobes and median septum; spermatheca short and thick. Type species: Nilus curtus O. P. Cambridge, 1876. Distribution: Throughout except Neotropical and Nearctic (WSC, 2016).

Nilus pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et al.) (Figs. 464-468: Pl. XXVI)  Thalassius pseudoalbocinctus Sen et al., 2010: Mun. Ent. Zool., 5(1): 226.  Nilus pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et al., 2010): Jager, 2011:Zootaxa 3046: 4.

Measurements: Female CL- 5.55, CW- 4.73, AL- 7.36, AW- 3.27, TL- 12.46. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.45, ALE-AME- 0.36, ALE-ALE- 1.09, PME-PME- 0.55, PLE-PME- 0.55, PLE-PLE- 1.45, AME-PME- 0.36, and ALE-PLE- 0.45. Leg measurements: I 21.33(5.67.1.89, 6.22, 5.22, 2.33); II 21.44(5.67,1.67, 6.33, 5.44, 2.33); III 18.00(4.22, 1.44,5.67, 4.56, 2.11); IV 21.89(5.56,2.00, 6.22, 5.67, 2.44). Leg formula- 4213. Material examined: 1♀,Bichabhangha, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17. x. 2006, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Sen et al., 2010; Jager, 2011; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Dendrolycosa Doleschall  Dendrolycosa Doleschall, 1859. Acta Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerlandicae, 5: 51.

Diagnosis: Small to large (6–21 mm) size. Carapace much longer than wide; ocular area inclined at an angle to clypeus, quadrangle longer than wide, exceeding clypeus; anterior and posterior median eyes subequal, anterior eye row straight or weakly recurved, much wider than those of posterior row. Cheliceral promargin with 3 teeth. Legs straight; tarsi short and rigid. Sheet webers with a funnel retreat in vegetation. Epigynum with 1 or 2 depressions in the anterior, intromittent ducts wide. Male palp without embolar membrane. Type species:Dendrolycosa fusca Doleschall, 1859. Distribution: Throughout except Neotropical and Nearctic (WSC, 2016).

Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader) (Figs. 469-474: Pl. XXVI)  Pisaura gitae Tikader, 1970. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 64: 59.  Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader) 1970; Jager, 2011: Zootaxa 3046: 13.

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Measurements: Male CL- 1.68, CW- 1.29, AL- 2.14, AW- 1.14, TL- 3.82. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.14, ALE-AME- 0.14, ALE-ALE- 0.43, PME-PME- 0.21, PLE-PME- 0.21, PLE-PLE- 0.57, AME-PME- 0.14, and ALE-PLE- 0.21. Leg measurements: I 8.88(2.29,0.76,2.24, 2.35, 1.24); II 8.53(2.18,0.71,2.00,2.35, 1.29); III 5.53(1.59,0.59,1.47,1.00, 0.88); IV 6.12(1.71,0.53, 1.71, 1.35, 0.82). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined: 1♀, Bengdak, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 12. iv. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bichabhangha, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14. iv. 2009, coll. S. Saha; 1♂, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 11. iv. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Rajabhatkhawa, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 05. ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Andaman Islands, Assam, Kerala, Sikkim, West Bengal (Tikader, 1970; Biswas & Biswas, 1992; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Jager, 2011; Keswani et al., 2012; Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2015; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Polyboea Thorell  Polyboea Thorell, 1895. Descriptive catalogue of the spiders of Burma. London, 229.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax longer than broad, anterior 1/3 narrower. AME very much smaller than ALE, anterior eye row slightly shorter and straight, posterior row longer and strongly recurved, ocular quadrangle longer than wide, widest at base. Chelicerae with 2 retromarginal and 3 promarginal teeth. Tibia lacking a pair of ventral spines at the distal end. Carina of epigynum entire; conductor with 2 guiding lamellae. Type species: Polyboea vulpine Thorell, 1895. Distribution: So far known from Oriental region only (WSC, 2016).

Polyboea zonaformis (Wang) (Figs. 475-479: Pl. XXVI)  Pisaura zonaformis Wang, 1993. Acta Zootaxon. Singapore, 18: 157.  Polyboea zonaformis (Wang, 1993); Zhang & Zhang, 2003: Acta Arachnol. Singapore, 12: 15.

Measurements: Female CL-2.30, CW- 2.04, AL- 4.52, AW- 1.65, TL- 6.73. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.17, ALE-AME- 0.34, ALE-ALE- 0.83, PME-PME- 0.34, PLE-PME- 0.43, PLE-PLE- 0.91, AME-PME-0.26, and ALE-PLE- 0.70. Leg measurements: I 13.23(3.67,0.67, 4.33, 3.56, 1.00); II 13.79(3.78,0.67, 4.00, 3.67, 1.67); III 10.12(2.78,0.56, 2.89, 2.67, 1.22); IV 12.33(3.22,0.67, 3.33, 3.67, 1.44). Leg formula- 2143. Material examined:1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 06. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 10. x. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 20. ix. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 5♀♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 09. x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, South Rydak, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 30. x. 2010, coll. D. Raychaudhuri.

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Distribution: India: India: West Bengal: China, Laos (Sen et al., 2010; Jager, 2011; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

FAMILY: ZODARIIDAE THORELL (Burrowing spiders)  Zodariidae Thorell, 1881. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 17: 184.

Diagnosis: Small to medium, shiny, smooth to sparsely haired, red to dark spiders. Cephalothorax strongly convex, high anteriorly and sometimes sloping in the longitudinal, well developed and deep fovea. Eyes 8, in 2 or 3 rows, anterior eye row slightly procurved, posterior eye rowstraight to strongly procurved. Legs moderately long, without spines; metatarsi usually with a mat of black apicoventral hairs; tarsi with 3 claws; lateral teeth on superior claw implanted laterally facing opposite claw. Chelicerae strong and vertical, usually both margins toothless, sometimes promargin with 2 and retromargin with 1-3 teeth; cheliceral fang very short. Anterior spinnerets large, obscuring the other 4. Distribution:

Biology: These ground dwelling spiders are often found on soil debris, in leaf litter, underneath stones and logs. Some species construct a palisade of vertically arranged twigs or leaves around the entrance of the burrow. Key to the genera: 1. Posterior eye row recurved while anterior row weakly procurved; thoracic groove deep and distinct; epigynum strongly chitinized with a central plate ------Storenomorpha Simon - Both row of eyes procurved; thoracic groove indistinct; epigynum with strongly sclerotised copulatory ducts ------Suffasia Jocqué

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Genus: Storenomorpha Simon  StorenomorphaSimon, 1884. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 20: 353.

Diagnosis: Large spiders with dark reddish integument and orange legs. Chelicerae long, tapering towards extremity, both margin without tooth; fang short and thick at base; chillum wide, triangular and with some hairs. Tarsi widened towards extremity with dense scopulae, 3 clawed, unpaired one very short, paired claws closely set and implanted in shallow concavity; teeth on paired claws implanted on lateral sides. Epigynum strongly chitinized, with a central plate, 2 entrance openings in anterior part. Male palp with ventrolateral boss on patella; tibia with lateral or dorsolateral apophysis; cymbium with cylindriform hairs apically; bulbous with long embolous, implanted mesally at proximal end of tegulum, partly or completely hidden by long, semi-circular conductor; tegular apophysis well developed and strongly sclerotized. Type species: Storenomorpha comottoiSimon, 1884. Distribution: Oriental region only (WSC, 2016).

Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader) (Figs. 480-484: Pl. XXVI)  Homalonychus joyaus Tikader, 1970: Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 64: 6.  Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader, 1970); Jocqué & Bosmans, 1989: Spixiana, 12: 129.

Measurements: Male CL- 5.36, CW- 4.09, AL- 7.09, AW- 4.64, TL- 12.64. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.45, ALE-AME- 0.27, ALE-ALE- 1.00, PME-PME- 0.45, PLE-PME- 0.82, PLE-PLE- 1.82, AME-PME- 0.27, and ALE-PLE- 0.82. Leg measurements: I 10.33(2.89, 1.44,2.67, 2.00, 1.33); II 10.12(2.78,1.67, 2.56, 1.67, 1.44); III 8.55(2.22, 1.33,2.67, 1.33, 1.00); IV 9.11(1.89,1.44, 2.67, 1.78, 1.33). Leg formula- 1243. Material examined: 1♂, Khunia, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 25. ix.2008, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, Chapramari, CWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 25. ix.2008, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Sikkim,West Bengal (Tikader, 1970; Jocqué & Bosmans, 1989; Sebastian & Peter, 2009; Keswani et al., 2012; Sen et al., 2015; WSC, 2016).

Genus: Suffasia Jocqué  Suffasia Jocqué, 1991. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 201: 146.

Diagnosis: Medium size, carapace short, oval, narrowed in front and widest between coxae II and III, thoracic groove indistinct. Eyes 8, in 2 rows, circular, anteromedians dark, rest pale, anterior row slightly procurved, posterior row strongly so. Legs pale yellow with brown rings and patches. Abdomen oval, with dark pattern on pale background. Colulus with a small group of hairs. Female palp with a long, slender, tapering tarsus with toothed claw, turned inward over at 30°, with strong ventral spines. Epigynum simple, with strongly sclerotised copulatory ducts, with a dead end on one side, other side forward to anterior thick walled spermathecae. Type species: Suffucia tigrina Simon, 1893.

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Distribution: Oriental region only (WSC, 2016).

Suffasia ala Sen et al. (Figs. 485-489: Pl. XXVI)  Suffasia ala Sen et al., 2015. World Scientific News, 20 (2015): 94-95.

Measurements: Female CL- 3.04, CW- 2.04, AL- 4.00, AW- 2.56, TL- 7.56. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.30, ALE-AME- 0.26, ALE-ALE- 0.83, PME-PME- 0.26, PLE-PME- 0.39, PLE-PLE- 1.00, AME-PME- 0.26, and ALE-PLE- 0.17. Leg measurements: I 6.87(1.73, 0.60, 1.67, 1.60, 1.27); II 6.06(1.47, 0.73, 1.33, 1.40, 1.13); III 6.02(1.47, 0.73, 1.33, 1.60, 1.07); IV 6079(1.80, 0.73, 1.73, 1.53, 1.00). Leg formula- 1423. Material examined: 1♀, Malangi, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 23. iii. 2002, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Sissamara, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 25. iii. 2002, coll. S. Saha; 2♀♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 19. iii. 2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, Mendabari, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02. iv. 2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 02. vi. 2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 1♀, Kunjanagar, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 03. vi. 2003, coll. D. Raychaudhuri; 2♀♀, Jayanti, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 17. v. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 1♀, Bichabhanga, GNP, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 15. x. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 1♀, Buxaduar, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 04. xi. 2009, coll. D. C. Dhali; 2♀♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29. x. 2010, coll. D. C. Dhali. Distribution: India: West Bengal (Sen et al., 2015).

FAMILY: AGELENIDAE C. L. KOCH (Funnel web spiders)  Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837. Nürnberg, Heft, 1: 39.

Diagnosis: Medium size, 3 clawed, sheet web building spiders. Cephalothorax oval, attenuated in front, with a longitudinal fovea. Eyes 8, nearly similar in size, silvery white or dark or both, usually anterior median silvery white, rest dark, always in 2 rows. Posterior spinnerets very long and slender. Abdomen oval, a transverse slit near spinners. Biological notes: The funnel web spin flat, slightly concave mesh of silk threads close to the soil surface with funnel shaped permanent, non-adhesive retreat at one end. The retreat is usually provided with exits at both ends. Webs are built in grass, under logs and in abandoned burrows of small mammals.

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Distribution:

Genus: Agelena Walckenaer  Agelena Walckenaer, 1805. Tabl. Aran. Paris, 88.

Diagnosis: Cephalothorax long and narrow. Both rows of eyes strongly procurved, so that posterolaterals and anteromedians form a nearly straight line. Abdomen with a reddish tinge and several clearly marked chevrons. Anterior spinners clearly separated, posterior much longer, 2 segmented, apical one longer than the basal and tapering. Type species: Agelena labyrinthica Clerk, 1757. Distribution: Ethiopian, Oriental and Palearctic (WSC, 2016).

Agelena barunae Tikader (Figs. 490-494: Pl. XXVI)  Agelena barunae Tikader, 1970. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 64(1-4): 84.

Measurements: Female CL- 4.00, CW- 3.41; AL- 6.00, AW- 3.41: TL- 10.00. Inter ocular distance: AME-AME- 0.35, ALE-AME- 0.24, ALE-ALE- 0.82, PME-PME- 0.41, PLE-PME- 0.24, PLE-PLE- 0.94, AME-PME- 029 and ALE-PLE- 0.24,. Leg measurements: I 12.00 (3.09, 1.36, 2.91, 3.00, 1.64); II 10.73 (3.27, 1.09, 2.64, 2.73, 1.00); III 10.45 (3.00, 1.18, 2.27, 2.64, 1.36); IV 13.64 (3.73, 1.18, 3.56, 3.64, 1.56). Leg formula- 4123. Material examined: 1♀, Daidaighat, JWLS, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 14. iv. 2009, coll. S. Sen; 4♀♀, Chipra, BTR, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India, 29. x. 2010, coll. D.C. Dhali. Distribution: India: Sikkim, West Bengal (New Record) (Tikader, 1970; Keswani et al., 2012; WSC, 2016).

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7.0 DISTRIBUTION PATTERN

Table 2. Distribution pattern of spider taxa recorded.

DISTRIBUTION

RESERVE

FORESTS

TAXA C J G B INDIA W W N T L L SEASONAL P R

S S ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL Family: Theraphosidae Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock) + Maharashtra, OR PrM ♣ West Bengal Chilobrachys khasiensis (Tikader) Meghalaya, West + OR M ♣ Bengal Family: Salticidae Himachal Pradesh, Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina ♣ + + OR PrM, M West Bengal Madhya Pradesh, Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader) ♣ + OR PrM West Bengal Bianor pirates Sen et al. ♣ + West Bengal OR PsM Assam, Kerala, West Brettus albolimbatus Simon + + OR PrM, PsM Bengal Tamil Nadu, West Brettus anchorum Wanless + OR PsM Bengal Assam, Kerala, Epeus indicus Prószyński ■ + + OR PrM, PsM Orissa, West Bengal Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer) + West Bengal OR, PL PsM

Euophrys omnisuperstes Wanless + West Bengal OR PrM

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Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch) + West Bengal OR PrM Gujarat, Kerala, AS, OR, PrM, M, Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell) + + + + Maharashtra, West PL PsM Bengal Marpissa decorata Tikader ♣ + Assam, West Bengal OR M AS, ET, Assam, Kerala, West Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour) + + + NA, NT, PrM, M Bengal OR, PL Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & + + + West Bengal OR PrM, PsM Litsinger Myrmarachne robusta (Peckham Maharashtra, West + + OR PsM and Peckham) Bengal Andaman Island, Myrmarachne melanocephala PrM, M, + + Assam, Kerala, West OR MacLeay PsM Bengal Andaman &Nicobar Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch) + + + + OR PrM, PsM Kerala, Maharashtra, Manipur, Punjab, Sikkim, West Bengal Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, AS, ET, Plexippus paykulli (Audouin) + + + + Assam, Kerala, NA, NT, PrM, PsM Manipur, Orissa, OR, PL West Bengal Plexippus pseudopaykulli + + West Bengal OR M, PsM Sen et al. ♣ AS, ET, Portia fimbriata (Doleschall) + + Kerala, West Bengal PrM, M OR, PL Siler semiglaucus (Simon) + + Kerala, West Bengal OR PrM, PsM Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Assam, Thiania bhamoensis Thorell + + + + OR PrM, M Kerala, Manipur, West Bengal Family: Ctenidae

Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely ♣ + + + Sikkim, West Bengal OR PrM, PsM

Family: Sparassidae

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Andaman & Nicobar Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus) + Island, Kerala, West OR PrM, PsM Bengal Tamil Nadu, Uttar PrM, M, Heteropoda nilgirina Tikader + + + Pradesh, Uttaranchal, OR PsM West Bengal Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu + West Bengal OR PrM, PsM et al.) ♣ Family: Gnaphosidae Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & + + Gujarat, West Bengal OR M, PsM Patel ■ ♣ Drassodes meghalayaensis Meghalaya, West + + OR PsM Tikader & Gajbe ■ ♣ Bengal Family: Eutichuridae Gujarat, Maharashtra, Cheiracanthium + Meghalaya, West OR M himalayense Gravely ♣ Bengal Gujarat, Maharashtra, Cheiracanthium indicum O. P. + + Meghalaya, Sikkim, OR PrM Cambridge ♣ West Bengal Assam, Bihar, Cheiracanthium insigne O. P. PrM, M, + Maharashtra, Tamil OR Cambridge PsM Nadu, West Bengal Cheiracanthium melanostomum Assam, Maharashtra, + + OR PrM, PsM Thorell West Bengal Maharashtra, West Cheiracanthium murinum Thorell + + + OR PrM, M, Bengal Cheiracanthium sikkimense + Sikkim, West Bengal OR PsM Majumder & Tikader ■ Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Cheiracanthium triviale (Thorell) + OR PrM Manipur, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal Family: Corinnidae Karnataka, Orissa, Cambalida flavipes PrM, M, + + Tamil Nadu, West OR (Gravely) ♣ PsM Bengal Castianeira himalayensis PrM, M, + + West Bengal OR Gravely ♣ PsM Maharashtra, West Castianeira indica Tikader ♣ + + OR PrM, PsM Bengal

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Assam, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Castianeira zetes Simon + OR M Orissa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal Family: Clubionidae Clubiona rama Dankittipakul & + + West Bengal OR PrM, PsM Singtripop Clubiona pila Dhali et al. ♣ + + West Bengal OR PrM, PsM

Clubiona bilobata Dhali et al. ♣ + West Bengal OR PrM, PsM Clubiona hexadentata + West Bengal OR M Dhali et al. ♣ Clubiona tridentata + West Bengal OR PrM Dhali et al. ♣ Clubiona denticulate + West Bengal OR PrM Dhali et al. ♣ Clubiona pseudocordata + West Bengal OR PsM Dhali et al. ♣ Family: Oxyopidae

Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell) • + West Bengal OR PrM, M

Hamataliwa hellia sp. nov. ♥ + West Bengal OR PsM

Oxyopes hotingchiehi Schenkel + + Assam, West Bengal OR PrM, M Assam, Kerala, Oxyopes javanus Thorell + + Madhya Pradesh, OR PrM, M West Bengal Oxyopes pankaji Madhya Pradesh, + OR PrM Gajbe & Gajbe ■ ♣ West Bengal Madhya Pradesh, Oxyopes pawani Gajbe ♣ + OR M West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Oxyopes shwetaTikader + + + + Manipur, Meghalaya, OR PrM, M Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal Oxyopes fabae Dhali et al. ♣ + West Bengal OR PrM

Family: Lycosidae

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Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Uttar Pradesh, West + OR PrM, M Malhotra ♣ Bengal Maharashtra, West Arctosa indicaTikader & Malhotra + OR PrM Bengal Arctosa quinquedens + West Bengal OR PrM Dhali et al. ♣ Draposa amkhasensis (Tikader & Madhya Pradesh, + + OR PrM, M Malhotra) West Bengal Draposa burasantiensis (Tikader + West Bengal OR PrM, M & Malhotra) Arunachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, PrM, M, Hippasa agelenoides (Simon) + + + + Maharashtra, Tamil OR PsM Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall) + + Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, OR M, PsM Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Hippasa madraspatana Gravely ♣ + OR M West Bengal PrM, M, Hogna himalayensis (Gravely) + + + + Assam, West Bengal OR PsM Madhya Pradesh, Lycosa bistriata Gravely + + Tamil Nadu, West OR PrM, M Bengal Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Lycosa carmichaeli Gravely ♣ + + OR M, PsM West Bengal Andhra Pradesh, Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer ■ + Tamil Nadu, West OR PrM Bengal Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Lycosa kempi Gravely + OR PrM, PsM Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal Bihar, Karnataka, Lycosa mackenziei Gravely + + Kerala, Punjab, West OR PrM, M Bengal Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Lycosa madani Pocock ♣ + + OR PrM, M Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal Assam, Maharashtra, PrM, M, Lycosa phipsoni Pocock + + + OR Orissa, West Bengal PsM

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Lycosa shillongensis Tikader & Manipur, Meghalaya, + OR PrM Malhotra ♣ West Bengal Arunachal Pradesh, Lycosa tista Tikader ♣ + Kerala, Manipur, OR PrM, M Sikkim, West Bengal Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya PrM, M, Pardosa birmanica Simon + + Pradesh, Maharashtra, OR PsM Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal Pardosa chambaensis Tikader & Himachal Pradesh, + + OR M, PsM Malhotra ♣ West Bengal Tamil Nadu, West Pardosa heterophthalma (Simon) + OR M Bengal Pardosa kupupa (Tikader) + + Sikkim, West Bengal OR PrM, PsM Pardosa pseudoannulata Kerala, Tamil Nadu, + + OR PrM, PsM West Bengal (Bösenberg & Strand) Pardosa pusiola (Thorell) + + + West Bengal OR PrM

Pardosa procurva Yu & Song + West Bengal OR PrM Pardosa songosa Tikader & Assam, Uttar Pradesh, PrM, M, + + + + OR Malhotra West Bengal PsM Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, PrM, M, Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell) + + + OR Kerala, Madhya PsM Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, West Bengal Jammu & Kashmir, Pardosa tridentis Caporiacco + + Uttarakhand, West OR PrM Bengal Family: Pisauridae

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Andaman Islands, Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader) ♣ + + + Assam, Kerala, OR PrM, M Sikkim, West Bengal Nilus pseudoalbocinctus + + West Bengal OR PsM (Sen et al.) ♣ Polyboea zonaformis (Wang) + West Bengal OR M, PsM

Family: Zodariidae Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader) + + Sikkim, West Bengal OR M ♣ PrM, M, Suffasia ala Sen et al.♣ + + + West Bengal OR PsM Family: Agelenidae

Agelena barunae Tikader ■ ♣ + + Sikkim, West Bengal OR PrM, M ♥ New to World • New to India ■ New to West Bengal ♣ Endemic to India

Distribution of Families in 4 Reserve Forests

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8.0 DISCUSSION

The present study prompts to comprehend the following: Morphological variations are the basic parameters for the identity of the taxon, for which the order Araneae provides innumerable features. Observations presented in this monograph especially the illustrations, photographs, diagnosis, dichotomous keys and descriptions exemplify the structural diversities in spider taxa. Phenotypic variations are quite common among spiders. Many spider taxa are so varied in their structure that two individuals or adult males and females of same species may not be recognizable as being identical without collateral bio-informations. The failure to recognize such intra-specific diversity has resulted in giving different names for the same species and at times grouped under different genera. In some cases the variation is directly controlled by underlying genetic variation where as in other cases variation in phenotype is induced by the environment. Phenotypic plasticity is the resultant effect of environment induced variation. Such plasticity becomes significant in understanding the ecology, taxonomy and evolution of populations and species (Scheiner, 1993; West-Eberhard, 2003). Typical Batesian mimicry is exhibited by members of the genera Myrmarachne (Salticidae) and Castianeira (Corinnidae) closely resembling the ants. Members of Drassodes (Gnaphosidae) look like mouse. The current list of Indian spiders includes 1686 species under 438 genera distributed over 60 families (Keswani et al., 2012). In West Bengal they are represented by 213 species belonging to 70 genera of 20 families (Biswas & Biswas, 1992).

The diversity spectrum of spiders in these 4 reserve forests is exhibited by the recognition of 89 species under 38 genera distributed over 13 families (fig. 495 & 496). Out of these 1 species is new to the World (figs. 497). Family Oxyopidae: Hamataliwa hellia sp. nov. 1 species is reported as new to India (figs. 497). Family Oxyopidae: Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell) 7 species are recorded for the first time from the state (fig. 497). Family Salticidae: Epeus indicus Prószyn'ski Family Gnaphosidae: Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel Drassodes meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe Family Eutichuridae: Cheiracanthium sikkimense Majumder & Tikader Family Lycosidae: Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer Family Oxyopidae: Oxyopes pawani Gajbe Family Agelenidae: Agelena barunae Tikader

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100 89 90 80 70 60 50 38 40 30 20 13 10 0 Families Genera Species

Fig. 495. Total no. of spider taxa trapped from 4 reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

30 28

25 21 20

15

10 7 7 8 5 3 4 3 2 1 2 2 1 0

Fig. 496. Total no. of spider species trapped under different families from 4 reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

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58

38

31

7 6 1 1

Species Species Species Endemic Range Colonizer Tourist new to new to new to to India extensions species species Science India West Bengal

Fig. 497. New findings and notable species.

NOTABLE SPECIES

This section includes notable species such as disjunct species, range extensions, colonizer species, and tourist species, as indicated by life history information. Disjunct species or endemic species are those species whose life history information indicated that their normal ranges occurred some distance from where they are collected during the study. Species are considered range extensions if their presence in the study area had previously gone unrecorded, but they have been collected in areas near the study area. Species are considered colonizers if the habitat in which they are predominantly collected is a disturbed habitat, such as agricultural fields, floodplain, etc. Species are considered tourists if their usual habitat is not that which is being sampled for the study (ground or litter dwelling), such as bush or tree dwelling species. Life history information indicates that approximately 58 of the species collected are typical litter dwellers, while a few tourist species are present. Examples of tourists species recorded during the study are Siler semiglaucus (Simon) [Salticidae], Heteropoda andamanensis Tikader [Sparassidae], Cheiracanthim himalayense Gravely [Eutichuridae] and Oxyopes shweta Tikader [Oxyopidae]. Examples of litter inhabiting spiders include 2 species of Gnaphosidae, 28 of Lycosidae, 4 of Corinnidae and others which are surface-active hunting spiders.

DISJUNCT SPECIES OR ENDEMIC SPECIES (fig. 497& 498)

Family Theraphosidae : Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock) C. khasiensis (Tikader) Family Salticidae : Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina

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Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader) B. pirates Sen et al. Marpissa decorata Tikader Plexippus pseudopaykulli Sen et al. Family Ctenidae : Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely FamilySparassidae : Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu et al.) Family Gnaphosidae: Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel D. meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe FamilyEutichuridae: Cheiracanthim himalayense Gravely C. indicum O. P. Cambridge

10 8 9 8 7 5 6 6 5 3 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0

Fig. 498. Spider families representing no. endemic (to India) species trapped from 4 reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

Family Clubionidae : Clubiona pila Dhali et al. C. bilobata Dhali et al. C. hexadentata Dhali et al. C. tridentata Dhali et al. C. denticulata Dhali et al. C. pseudocordata Dhali et al. Family Corinnidae : Cambalida flavipes (Gravely) C. himalayensis Gravely C.indica Tikader Family Oxyopidae : Oxyopes pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe O. fabae Dhali et al. O. pawani Gajbe Family Lycosidae : Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra

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A. quinquedens Dhali et al. Hippasa madraspatana Gravely Lycosa carmichaeli Gravely L. madani Pocock L. shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra L. tista Tikader Pardosa chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra Family Pisauridae : Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader) Nilus pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et al.) Family Zodariidae : Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader) Suffasia ala Sen et al. FamilyAgelenidae : Agelena barunae Tikader

RANGE EXTENSIONS (fig. 497)

Family Salticidae : Epeus indicus Prószyn'ski Family Gnaphosidae : Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel D. meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe FamilyEutichuridae : Cheiracanthim sikkimenseMajumder & Tikader FamilyOxyopidae : Oxyopes pawani Gajbe Family Agelenidae : Agelena barunae Tikader

COLONIZER SPECIES (fig. 497)

FamilyTheraphosidae : Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock) Chilobrachys khasiensis (Tikader) Family Salticidae : Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell) Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & Litsinger Family Ctenidae : Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely Family Gnaphosidae : Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel D. meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe Family Corinnidae Cambalida flavipes (Gravely) C. himalayensis Gravely C. indica Tikader C. zetes Simon Family Clubionidae : Clubiona rama Dankittipakul & Singtripop Family Lycosidae: Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra A. indica Tikader & Malhotra A. quinquedens Dhali et al. Draposa amkhasensis (Tikader & Malhotra) D.burasantiensis (Tikader & Malhotra) Hippasa agelenoides (Simon) H. greenalliae (Blackwall) H. madraspatana Gravely Hogna himalayensis (Gravely)

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Lycosa bistriata Gravely L. carmichaeli Gravely L. indagatrix Walckenaer L. kempi Gravely L. mackenziei Gravely L. madani Pocock L. phipsoni Pocock L. shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra L. tista Tikader Pardosa birmanica Simon P. chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra P. heterophthalma (Simon) P. kupupa (Tikader) P. pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand) P. pusiola (Thorell) P. procurva Yu & Song P. songosa Tikader & Malhotra P. sumatrana (Thorell) P. tridentis Caporiacco Family Pisauridae : Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader) Nilus pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et al.) Polyboea zonaformis (Wang) Family Zodariidae : Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader) Suffasia ala Sen et al. Family Agelenidae : Agelena barunae Tikader

TOURISTS SPECIES (fig. 497)

Family Salticidae: Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader) Brettus albolimbatus Simon B. anchorum Wanless Epeus indicus Prószyn'ski Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer) E. omnisuperstes Wanless Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch) Marpissa decorate Tikader Myrmarachne robusta (Peckham and Peckham) M.melanocephala MacLeay Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch) Plexippus paykulli (Audouin) Portia fimbriata (Doleschall) Siler semiglaucus (Simon) Thiania bhamoensis Thorell Family Sparassidae : Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus) H. nilgirina Tikader Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu et al.)

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Family Eutichuridae : Cheiracanthium himalayense Gravely C. indicum O. P. Cambridge C. insigne O. P. Cambridge C. melanostomum Thorell C. murinum Thorell C. sikkimense Majumder & Tikader C. triviale (Thorell) Family Oxyopidae : Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell) Oxyopes hotingchiehi Schenkel O. javanus Thorell O. pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe O. pawani Gajbe O. shwetaTikader

Of these, most of the species are recorded from the family Lycosidae (28), followed by Salticidae (21), Oxyopidae (8), Clubionidae and Miturgidae (7 each), Corinnidae (4) (fig. 496). As a part of Megadiversity Hot Spot sector these small patches of forests exhibit high endemicity (43%) of spider taxa reflecting extreme faunal richness. The uniqueness of species compositions, as indicated by levels of endemism and habitat specialization, is more important in establishing regional conservation priorities (Platnick, 1995). The spider fauna at family, genus and species level in these reserve forests shows a close similarity with that of Fassbender (2002).

70 63 60

50 41 44 40 30 30 26 24 18 20 13 9 12 12 10 6 0 GNP CWLS JWLS BTR Families Genera Species

Fig. 499. Comparative account.

On the basis of species richness the decreasing order of the reserve forests are BTR>JWLS>GNP>CWLS (fig. 499). All these forests are dominated by the members of the family Lycosidae, excepting JWLS, where the family Salticidae (fig. 500) is dominant. The reason may be attributed to the grassland present only in Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary.

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1 BTR JWLS CWLS GNP Agelenidae 1 0

1 Zodariidae 1 2

3 Pisauridae 1 2 23 Lycosidae 7 16

4 Oxyopidae 5 3

5 Clubionidae 4 0

3 Corinnidae 3 0

3 Eutichuridae 6 1

2 Gnaphosidae 2 0

3 Sparassidae 1 1

1 Ctenidae 1 1

14 Salticidae 12 15

0 Theraphosidae 0 2

0 5 10 15 20 25

Fig. 500. Total no. of spider species trapped under different families from each of the reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

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Their seasonal distribution is mostly during Premonsoon (51.32%), followed by Postmonsoon (25.75%) and Monsoon (22.93%) (fig. 508) which again is in conformity with the incidence of the insect species. Seasonal distribution (%) of 13 spider families in these reserve forests is also presented graphically (fig. 501 & 502). 13 species are recorded throughout the year (table - 2). Analysis of their zoogeographical distribution reveals that the fauna is largely Oriental (100%), followed by Palaearctic (5.62%), Australian (4.49%), Ethiopian (3.37%) and Nearctic and Neotropical (2.25%) elements (table 2; fig. 503).

Post-monsoon 25.75

Monsoon Pre-monsoon 22.93 51.32

Pre-monsoon 51.32 Monsoon 22.93 Post-monsoon 25.75

Fig. 501. Seasonal distribution (%) of spider taxa trapped from 4reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

Fig. 502. Seasonal distribution (%) of spider families trapped in 4reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

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An important achievement of the study is the record of primitive spiders (Mygalomorphae) Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock) and C. khasiensis (Tikader). Some of the recorded spider taxa (like Chilobrachys, Ctenus, Heteropoda, Hogna, Lycosa, Oxyopes, etc.) are also identified as potential bioresource for their toxin and silk. (Sen et al., 2010)

Fig. 503. Zoogegraphical distribution (%) of spider taxa trapped from 4reserve forests (GNP+CWLS+JWLS+BTR) of Dooars.

Photographic documentation of 89 species will prove to be valuable for future researchers while undertaking the study of spiders in India. Many of the species with their epigynum and internal genitalia are illustrated for the first time.

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9.0. SUMMARY

Litter is an important habitat of forests, which plays a major role in the transfer of energy and nutrients in the ecosystem; often litter fall data is used to predict its productivity. Litter harbors a good number of spiders that are ecologically important. Beside this, their products such as silk and venom have immense value. Recent data base suggests that nearly 1 1 /3 of the total spider fauna are named so far and India represents nearly /25 of it. Globally people are laying emphasis on studies of litter and ground dwelling spiders while India is yet to jump into. Above prompted to study the taxonomic diversity of litter and ground dwelling spiders of the tropical rain forests of Dooars. It is well known that tropical rain forests have high species richness. The study area includes 4 reserve forests namely Gorumara National Park (GNP), Chapramari Wild Life Sanctuary (CWLS), Jaldapara Wild Life Sanctuary (JWLS) and Buxa Tiger Reserve (BTR) situated in the Himalayan foothills of North Bengal [District Jalpaiguri]. All the reserve forests fall under the biogeographic province 7B Lower Gangetic Plain. Altogether, 89 species under 38 genera distributed over 13 families could be recognized from the study area. Out of these one species is new to the world, one from the country while 7 from the state. Thirty two (38) species are reported as endemic to India. The study includes recognition of 2 new male morphs each of Lycosidae and Pisauridae. The study includes notable species such as 32 disjunct species, 23 range extensions, 47 colonizer species, and 31 tourist species, as indicated by their life history information. Such information also indicates that approximately 58 of the species collected are typical litter dwellers, while remaining 31 are tourists. On the basis of species richness the decreasing order of the Reserve Forests are BTR>JWLS>GNP>CWLS. The forests are dominated by the members of the family Lycosidae. Premonsoon appears to be the most preferred season. Distributional analysis further reveals that the fauna is largely Oriental (100%) followed by Palaearctic (5.62%), Australian (4.44%), Ethiopian (3.37%), Nearctic (2.25%) and Neotropical (2.25%) elements. The spider fauna at family, genus and species level in these Reserve Forests represents 21.67%, 8.22% and 5.28% of the Indian fauna respectively. As a part of Biodiversity Hot Spot these small patches of forests exhibit high endemicity (43%) of spider taxa reflecting extreme faunal richness.

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10.0. LITERATURE CITED

[1] Alfred, J. R. B. and Ramakrishna. 2004. Collection, Preservation and Identification of Animals. Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata: 310. [2] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1996. Forest Litter Insect Communities – Biology and Chemical Ecology. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi: 174 pp. [3] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 2010. Insect Biodiversity: Functional Dynamics and Ecological Perspectives. Scientific Publishers (India): 12-30. [4] Anonymous. 1394 (1987). Madhuparni, Jalpaiguri Zila Shankhya: 42-43. [5] Anonymous. 1996. Wild Life conservation in West Bengal a decade at a glance. Wild Life Wing, Direct. Forest, GOWB: 55pp. [6] Anonymous. 2002. Wild Life Wing, Department of Forest, Government of West Bengal: 2 pp. [7] Anonymous. 2005. Gorumara National Park Brochure. Divisional Forest Officer, Wild Life Division-(II), Jalpaiguri, Direct. Forest, GOWB: 6pp. [8] Azarkina, G. N. 2002. New and poorly known species of the genus Aelurillus Simon, 1884 from central Asia, Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean (Araneae: Salticidae). Bull. British Arachnol. Soc., 12: 249-263. [9] Barrion, A. T. and Litsinger, J. A. 1995. Riceland Spiders of South and South East Asia. CAB International, Wallingford: 700 pp. [10] Benjamin S. P. 2015. Model mimics: antlike jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne fromSri Lanka. J. Nat. Hist., 49(43-44): 2609-2666. [11] Biswas, B. K. and Biswas, K. 1992. State Fauna Series 3: Fauna of West Bengal, Araneae: Spiders, part 3: 357-500. [12] Biswas, B. K. and Biswas, K. 2004. State Funa Series 10. Fauna of Manipur, Araneae: Spiders: 25-46. [13] Biswas, B. and Biswas, K. 2006. Araneae: Spiders. Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh, State Fauna Series. Zool. Surv. India, 13(2): 491518. [14] Biswas, V. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2003a. Sac-spiders of Bangladesh: genus Cheiracanthium Koch (Araneae: Clubionidae). Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 101(3-4): 115- 124. [15] Biswas, V. and Raychaudhuri, D. 2003b. Wolf spiders of Bangladesh: genus Pardosa C. L. Koch (Araneae: Lycosidae). Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 101(1-2): 107-125. [16] Biswas, V., B. Kundu, M. Kundu, S. Saha & D. Raychaudhuri. 1996. Spiders of the genus Oxyopes Latreille (Araneae: Oxyopidae) of Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal. Acta arachn. Korea, 45: 53-61. [17] Bode, F., Sanchs, F. and Franz, M. R. 2002. Tarantula peptide inhibits atrial fibrillation. Nature, 409 (6816): 35-37.

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( Received 15 December 2016; accepted 06 January 2017 )

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11.0. SPECIES INDEX

A Aelurillus improvisus Azarkina, p. 28 Agelena barunae Tikader, p. 91 Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra, p. 77 Arctosa indica Tikader & Malhotra, p. 78 Arctosa quinquedens Dhali et al., p. 78

B Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader), p. 31 Bianor piratus Sen et al., p. 32 Brettus albolimbatus Simon, p. 40 Brettus anchorum Wanless, p. 39

C Cambalida flavipes (Gravely), p. 53 Castianeira himalayensis Gravely, p. 55 Castianeira indica Tikader, p. 54 Castianeira zetes Simon, p. 55 Cheiracanthium sikkimense Majumder & Tikader, p. 50 Cheiracanthium himalayense Gravely, p. 50 Cheiracanthium indicum O. P. Cambridge, p. 49 Cheiracanthium insigne O. P. Cambridge, p. 51 Cheiracanthium melanostomum Thorell, p. 51 Cheiracanthium murinum Thorell, p. 51 Cheiracanthium triviale (Thorell), p. 49 Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock), p. 23 Chilobrachys khasiensis (Tikader), p. 22 Clubiona bilobata Dhali et al., p. 59 Clubiona denticulata Dhali et al., p. 57 Clubiona pila Dhali et al., p. 59 Clubiona pseudocordata Dhali et al., p. 59 Clubiona rama Dankittipakul & Singtripop, p. 58 Clubion hexadentata Dhali et al., p. 58 Clubiona tridentata Dhali et al., p. 58 Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely, p. 42

D Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader), p. 86

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Draposa amkhasensis (Tikader & Malhotra), p. 70 Draposa burasantiensis (Tikader & Malhotra), p. 71 Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel, p. 47 Drassodes meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe, p. 47

E Epeus indicus Prószyński, p. 26 Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer), p. 32 Euophrys omnisuperstes Wanless, p. 33 Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch), p. 29

H Hamataliwa hellia sp. nov., p. 62 Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell), p. 61 Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell), p. 36 Heteropoda nilgirina Tikader, p. 45 Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus), p. 45 Hippasa agelenoides (Simon), p. 69 Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall), p. 69 Hippasa madraspatana Gravely, p. 68 Hogna himalayensis (Gravely), p. 84

L Lycosa bistriata Gravely, p. 83 Lycosa carmichaeli Gravely, p. 80 Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer, p. 80 Lycosa kempi Gravely, p. 81 Lycosa mackenziei Gravely, p. 81 Lycosa madani Pocock, p. 82 Lycosa phipsoni Pocock, p. 83 Lycosa shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra, p. 80 Lycosa tista Tikader, (p. 82

M Marpissa decorata Tikader, p. 31 Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour), p. 30 Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & Litsinger, p. 38 Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, p. 39 Myrmarachne robusta (Peckham & Peckham), p. 38

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N Nilus pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et al.), p. 86

O Oxyopes fabae Dhali et al., p. 65 Oxyopes hotingchiehi Schenkel, p. 64 Oxyopes javanus Thorell, p. 65 Oxyopes pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe, p. 66 Oxyopes pawani Gajbe, p. 64 Oxyopes shweta Tikader, p. 66

P Pardosa birmanica Simon, p. 74 Pardosa chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra, p. 72 Pardosa heterophthalma (Simon), p. 76 Pardosa kupupa (Tikader), p. 76 Pardosa procurva Yu & Song, p. 74 Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand), p. 73 Pardosa pusiola (Thorell), p. 73 Pardosa songosa Tikader & Malhotra, p. 75 Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell), p. 75 Pardosa tridentis Caporiacco, p. 72 Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch), p. 34 Plexippus paykulli (Audouin), p. 27 Plexippus pseudopaykulli Sen et al., p. 28 Polyboea zonaformis (Wang), p. 87 Portia fimbriata (Doleschall), p. 41 Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu et al.), p. 44

S Siler semiglaucus (Simon), p. 37 Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader), p. 89 Suffasia ala Sen et al., p. 90

T Thiania bhamoensis Thorell, p. 35

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1.2. Figures: 1-494

Figs. 1-6: Chilobrachys khasiensis (Tikader); 1. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 2. Chelicerae, ventral view; 3. Chelicerae, dorsal view; 4. Maxillae, labium, mandible and sternum, ventral view; 5. Internal genitalia, 6. Spinnerets, ventral view.

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Figs. 7-11: Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock); 7. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 8. Chelicerae, ventral view; 9. Chelicerae, dorsal view; 10. Maxillae, labium and mandible, ventral view; 11. Sternum, ventral view.

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Figs. 12-14: Chilobrachys hardwickei (Pocock); 12. Internal genitalia; 13. Palp of male; 14. Spinnerets, ventral view.

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Figs. 15-19: Epeus indicus Proszyński; 15. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 16. Chelicerae, ventral view; 17. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 18. Epigynum; 19. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 20-27: Plexippus paykulli (Audouin); 20. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 21. Chelicerae, ventral view; 22. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 23. Epigynum; 24. Internal genitalia; 25. Male palp, ventrolateral view; 26. Male palp, ventral view; 27. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 28-32: Plexippus pseudopaykulli Sen et al.; 28. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 29. Chelicerae, ventral view; 30. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 31. Epigynum; 32. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 33-37: Aelurillus improvises Azarkina; 33. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 34. Chelicerae, ventral view; 35. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 36. Epigynum; 37. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 38-42: Evarcha flavocincta (C. L. Koch); 38. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 39. Chelicerae, ventral view; 40. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 41. Epigynum; 42. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 43-47: Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour); 43. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 44. Chelicerae, ventral view; 45. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 46. Epigynum; 47. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 48-52: Marpissa decorata Tikader; 48. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 49. Chelicerae, ventral view; 50. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 51. Epigynum; 52. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 53-57: Bianor narmadaensis (Tikader); 53. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 54. Chelicerae, ventral view; 55. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 56. Epigynum; 57. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 58-62: Bianor piratus Sen et al.; 58. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 59. Chelicerae, ventral view; 60. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 61. Epigynum; 62. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 63-67: Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer); 63. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 64. Chelicerae, ventral view; 65. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 66. Epigynum; 67. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 68-72: Euophrys omnisuperstes Wanless; 68. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 69. Chelicerae, ventral view; 70. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 71. Epigynum; 72. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 73-77: Phintella vittata (C. L. Koch); 73. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 74. Chelicerae, ventral view; 75. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 76. Epigynum; 77. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 78-85: Thiania bhamoensis Thorell; 78. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 79. Chelicerae, ventral view; 80. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 81. Epigynum; 82. Internal genitalia; 83. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 84. Male palp, ventral view; 85. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 86-91: Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell); 86. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 87. Chelicerae, ventral view; 88. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 89. Epigynum; 90. Internal genitalia; 91. Male palp, ventral view.

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Figs. 92-95: Siler semiglaucus (Simon); 92. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 93. Chelicerae, ventral view; 94. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 95. Male palp, ventral view.

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Figs. 96-99: Myrmarachne caliraya Barrion & Litsinger; 96. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 97. Chelicerae, ventral view; 98. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 99. Male palp, ventral view.

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Figs. 100-104: Myrmarachne robusta (Peckham & Peckham); 100. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 101. Chelicerae, ventral view; 102. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 103. Epigynum; 104. Internal genitalia.

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.

Figs. 105-109: Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay; 105. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 106. Chelicerae, ventral view; 107. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 108. Epigynum; 109. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 110-115: Brettus anchorum Wanless; 110. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 111. Cephalothorax, lateral view; 112. Chelicerae, ventral view; 113. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 114. Male palp, ventral view.; 115. Femur, patella and tibia, lateral view.

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Figs. 116-122: Brettus albolimbatus Simon; 116. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 117. Cephalothorax, lateral view; 118. Chelicerae, ventral view; 119. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 120. Epigynum; 121. Internal genitalia; 122. Femur, patella and tibia, lateral view.

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Figs. 123-129: Portia fimbriata (Doleschall); 123. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 124. Cephalothorax, lateral view; 125. Chelicerae, ventral view; 126. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 127. Epigynum; 128. Internal genitalia; 129. Patella and tibia, lateral view.

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Figs. 130-134: Ctenus sikkimensis Gravely; 130. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 131. Chelicerae, ventral view; 132. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 133. Epigynum; 134. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 135-139: Pseudopoda straminiosa (Kundu et al.); 135. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 136. Chelicerae, ventral view; 137. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 138. Epigynum; 139. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 140-145: Heteropoda venatoria (Linnaeus); 140. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 141. Chelicerae, ventral view; 142. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 143. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 144. Male palp, ventral view; 145. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 146-150: Heteropoda nilgirina Tikader; 146. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 147. Chelicerae, ventral view; 148. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 149. Epigynum; 150. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 151-156: Drassodes gujaratensis Patel & Patel; 151. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 152. Chelicerae, ventral view; 153. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 154. Epigynum; 155. Internal genitalia; 156. Spinnerets, ventral view.

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Figs. 157-163: Drassodes meghalayaensis Tikader & Gajbe; 157. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 158. Chelicerae, ventral view; 159. Maxillae and labium, ventral view; 160. Sternum, ventral view; 161. Epigynum; 162. Internal genitalia; 163. Spinnerets, ventral view.

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Figs. 164-169: Cheiracanthium indicum O. P. Cambridge; 164. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 165. Chelicerae, ventral view; 166. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 167. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 168. Male palp, ventral view; 169. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 170-174: Cheiracanthium triviale (Thorell); 170. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 171. Chelicerae, ventral view; 172. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 173. Epigynum; 174. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 175-179: Cheiracanthium sikkimense Majumder & Tikader; 175. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 176. Chelicerae, ventral view; 177. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 178. Epigynum; 179. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 180-184: Cheiracanthium himalayense Gravely; 180. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 181. Chelicerae, ventral view; 182. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 183. Epigynum; 184. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 185-189: Cheiracanthium melanostomum Thorell; 85. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 186. Chelicerae, ventral view; 187. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 188. Epigynum; 189. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 190-195: Cheiracanthium insigne O. P. Cambridge; 190. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 191. Chelicerae, ventral view; 192. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 193.Male palp, ventral view; 194. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 195. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 196-200: Cheiracanthium murinum Thorell; 196. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 197. Chelicerae, ventral view; 198. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 199. Epigynum; 200. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 201-208: Cambalida flavipes (Gravely); 201. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 202. Chelicerae, ventral view; 203. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 204. Epigynum; 205. Internal genitalia; 206. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 207. Male palp, ventral view; 208. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 209-213: Castianeira indica Tikader; 209. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 210. Chelicerae, ventral view; 211. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 212. Epigynum; 213. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 214-218: Castianeira zetes Simon; 214. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 215. Chelicerae, ventral view; 216. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 217. Epigynum; 218. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 219-223: Castianeira himalayensis Gravely; 219. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 220. Chelicerae, ventral view; 221. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 222. Epigynum; 223. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 224-228: Clubiona denticulate Dhali et al.; 224. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 225. Chelicerae, ventral view; 226. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 227. Epigynum; 228. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 229-236: Clubiona tridentate Dhali et al.; 229. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 230. Chelicerae, ventral view; 231. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 232. Epigynum; 233. Internal genitalia; 234. Male palp, ventrolateralview; 235. Male palp, ventral view; 236.Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 237-241: Clubiona rama Dankittipakul & Singtripop; 237. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 238. Chelicerae, ventral view; 239. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 240. Epigynum; 241. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 242-246: Clubiona hexadentata Dhali et al.; 242. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 243. Chelicerae, ventral view; 244. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 245. Epigynum; 246. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 247-251: Clubiona pila Dhali et al.; 247. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 248. Chelicerae, ventral view; 249. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 250. Epigynum; 251. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 252-256: Clubiona bilobata Dhali et al.; 252. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 253. Chelicerae, ventral view; 254. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 255. Epigynum; 256. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 257-261: Clubiona pseudocordata Dhali et al.; 257. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 258. Chelicerae, ventral view; 259. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 260. Epigynum; 261. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 262-266: Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell); 262. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 263. Chelicerae, ventral view; 264. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 265. Epigynum; 266. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 267-269: Hamataliwa incompta (Thorell); 267Male palp, ventrolateralview; 268. Male palp, ventral view; 269. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 270-274: Hamataliwa hellia sp. nov.; 270. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 271. Chelicerae, ventral view; 272. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 273. Epigynum; 274. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 275-279: Oxyopes hotingchiehi Schenkel; 275. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 276. Chelicerae, ventral view; 277. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 278. Epigynum; 279. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 280-284: Oxyopes pawani Gajbe; 280. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 281. Chelicerae, ventral view; 282. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 283. Epigynum; 284. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 285-289: Oxyopes fabae Dhali et al.; 285. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 286. Chelicerae, ventral view; 287. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 288. Epigynum; 289. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 290-295: Oxyopes javanus Thorell; 290. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 291. Chelicerae, ventral view; 292. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 293. Male palp, ventrolateralview; 294. Male palp, ventral view; 295. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 296-300: Oxyopes pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe; 296. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 297. Chelicerae, ventral view; 298. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 299. Epigynum; 300. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 301-305: Oxyopes shweta Tikader; 301. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 302. Chelicerae, ventral view; 303. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 304. Epigynum; 305. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 306-311: Hippasa madraspatana Gravely; 306. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 307. Chelicerae, ventral view; 308. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 309. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 310. Male palp, ventral view; 311. Male palp, ventrolateralview.

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Figs. 312-316: Hippasa agelenoides (Simon); 312. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 313. Chelicerae, ventral view; 314. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 315. Epigynum; 316. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 317-321: Hippasa greenalliae (Blackwall); 17. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 318. Chelicerae, ventral view; 319. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 320. Epigynum; 321. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 322-326: Draposa amkhasensis (Tikader & Malhotra); 322. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 323. Chelicerae, ventral view; 324. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 325. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 326. Male palp, ventral view.

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Fgs. 327-331: Draposa burasantiensis (Tikader & Malhotra); 327. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 328. Chelicerae, ventral view; 329. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 330.Male palp, ventral view; 331. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 332-336: Pardosa chambaensis Tikader & Malhotra; 332. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 333. Chelicerae, ventral view; 334. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 335. Epigynum; 336. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 337-342: Pardosa tridentis Caporiacco; 337. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 338. Chelicerae, ventral view; 339. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 340.Male palp, dorsolateral view; 341. Male palp, ventral view; 342. Male palp, ventrolateralview.

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Figs. 343-347: Pardosa pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand); 343. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 344. Chelicerae, ventral view; 345. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 346. Epigynum; 347. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 348-352: Pardosa pusiola (Thorell); 348. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 349. Chelicerae, ventral view; 350. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 351. Epigynum; 352. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 353-357: Pardosa birmanica Simon; 353. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 354. Chelicerae, ventral view; 355. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 356. Epigynum; 357. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 358-362: Pardosa procurva Yu & Song; 358. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 359. Chelicerae, ventral view; 360. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 361. Epigynum; 362. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 363-367: Pardosa songosa Tikader & Malhotra; 363. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 364. Chelicerae, ventral view; 365. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 366. Epigynum; 367. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 368-373: Pardosa songosa Tikader & Malhotra; 368. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 369. Chelicerae, ventral view; 370. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 371. Male palp, ventrolateralview; 372. Male palp, ventral view; 373. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 374-378: Pardosa sumatrana (Thorell); 374. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 375. Chelicerae, ventral view; 376. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 377. Epigynum; 378. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 379-383: Pardosa heterophthalma (Simon); 379. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 380. Chelicerae, ventral view; 381. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 382. Epigynum; 383. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 384-388: Pardosa kupupa (Tikader); 384. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 385. Chelicerae, ventral view; 386. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 387. Epigynum; 388. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 389-393: Arctosa himalayensis Tikader & Malhotra; 389. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 390. Chelicerae, ventral view; 391. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 392. Epigynum; 393. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 394-398: Arctosa quinquedens Dhali et al.; 394. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 395. Chelicerae, ventral view; 396. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 397. Epigynum; 398. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 399-403: Arctosa indica Tikader & Malhotra; 399. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 400. Chelicerae, ventral view; 401. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 402. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 403. Male palp, ventrolateralview.

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Figs. 404-409: Lycosa indagatrix Walckenaer; 404. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 405. Chelicerae, ventral view; 406. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 407. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 408. Male palp, ventral view; 409. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 410-414: Lycosa carmichaeli Gravely; 410. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 411. Chelicerae, ventral view; 412. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 413. Epigynum; 414. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 415-419: Lycosa shillongensis Tikader & Malhotra; 415. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 416. Chelicerae, ventral view; 417. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 418. Epigynum; 419. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 420-424: Lycosa mackenziei Gravely; 420. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 421. Chelicerae, ventral view; 422. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 423. Epigynum; 424. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 425-429: Lycosa kempi Gravely; 425. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 426. Chelicerae, ventral view; 427. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 428. Epigynum; 429. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 430-432: Lycosa kempi Gravely; 430. Male palp, ventrolateral view; 431. Male palp, ventral view; 432. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 433-437: Lycosa madani Pocock; 433. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 434. Chelicerae, ventral view; 435. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 436. Epigynum; 437. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 438-442: Lycosa tista Tikader; 438. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 439. Chelicerae, ventral view; 440. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 441. Epigynum; 442. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 443-447: Lycosa bistriata Gravely; 443. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 444. Chelicerae, ventral view; 445. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 446. Epigynum; 447. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 448-452: Lycosa phipsoni Pocock; 448. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 449. Chelicerae, ventral view; 450. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 451. Epigynum; 452. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 453-457: Hogna himalayensis (Gravely); 453. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 454. Chelicerae, ventral view; 455. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 456. Epigynum; 457. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 458-463: Hogna himalayensis (Gravely); 458. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 459. Chelicerae, ventral view; 460. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 461. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 462. Male palp, ventral view; 463. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 464-468: Nilus pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et al); 464. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 465. Chelicerae, ventral view; 466. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 467. Epigynum; 468. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 469-474: Dendrolycosa gitae (Tikader); 469. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 470. Chelicerae, ventral view; 471. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 472. Male palp, ventrolateral view; 473. Male palp, ventral view; 474. Male palp, dorsolateral view.

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Figs. 475-479: Polyboea zonaformis (Wang); 475. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 476. Chelicerae, ventral view; 477. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 478. Epigynum; 479. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 480-484: Storenomorpha joyaus (Tikader); 480. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 481. Chelicerae, ventral view; 482. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 483. Male palp, dorsolateral view; 484. Male palp, ventrolateral view.

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Figs. 485-489: Suffasia ala Sen et al.; 485. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 486. Chelicerae, ventral view; 487. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 488. Epigynum; 489. Internal genitalia.

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Figs. 490-494: Agelena barunae Tikader; 490. Cephalothorax and abdomen, dorsal view; 491. Chelicerae, ventral view; 492. Maxillae, labium and sternum, ventral view; 493. Epigynum; 494. Internal genitalia.

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13.0. Plates: I-XXVI

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