Sweden: a Study of the Educational System of Sweden and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational 'Institutions in the United States

Home , Bachelor of Education, Karolinska Institute, Konstfack, Studentexamen, Uppsala

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 399 872 HE 029 507

AUTHOR Zanotti, Kathleen T.; Dickey, Karlene N. TITLE Sweden: A Study of the Educational System of Sweden and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational 'Institutions in the United States. Country Report. PIER World Education Series. INSTITUTION American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, Washington, D.C.; NAFSA Association of International Educators, Washington, DC. REPORT NO ISBN-0-929851-23-4 PUB DATE 95 NOTE 213p. AVAILABLE FROM PIER Publications, P.O. Box 231, Annapolis Junction, MD 20701; fax: (301) 206-9789 (members $35, non-members $60). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Guides Non-Classroom Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Academic Standards; Adult Education; Certification; College Admission; College Credits; College Curriculum; Curriculum Design; *Degrees (Academic); *Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Foreign Students; Higher Education; Institutional Characteristics; Intellectual Disciplines; International Cooperation; International Educational Exchange; Nontraditional Education; Professional Education; Public Agencies; Records (Forms); Secondary School Curriculum; *Student Placement; *Student Records; Study Abroad; Teacher Education; Transfer Students; Vocational Education IDENTIFIERS *Sweden

ABSTRACT The report contains information on the educational system of Sweden, primarily to assist U.S. institutions in the placement and credit transfer of Swedish students. An introductory chapter provides background information on the country, its population, its government, Nordic cooperation, and an overview of the educational system. Chapter 2 outlines the preschool, elementary, and lower secondary systems. Chapter 3, devoted to the secondary education system, describes the overall program, grading, school leaving qualifications, and the design of the two-year and three-year curricula in different academic and vocational disciplines. Chapter 4 details the higher education system, with some historical information and descriptions of financing, admission, college entrance examinations, academic year, degree program types, professional and graduate study, student records, and changes in credentials awarded since a reform movement in 1993. Content and organization of different disciplines' programs are specified in Chapter 5, and teacher education is the focus of Chapter 6. Separate chapters address forms of nontraditional education, international programs and study abroad, and guidelines for U.S. admissions officers concerning evaluation of credentials and student placement. Appended materials include institution profiles, a list of Swedish agencies, notes on the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials, and a Swedish-English glossary. Contents are indexed. (MSE) CN1 CO Cr rf") Sweden

COUNTRY

REPORT

1995

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers

BEST COPY AVAILABLE NAFSA: Association of International "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Office of Educational Research and Improvement Educators EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) AACRAO This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made toimprove reproductiOn qualitY.

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in thisdocu- ment do not necessarily representofficial INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." OERI position or policy. 2 " /, "r...-,:r;;;;/::"....1" "' 6,

Sweden A Study of the Educational System of Sweden and Guide to the Academic Placement of Students in Educational Institutions in the United States

Kathleen T. Zanotti University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

' II Karlene N. Dickey Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Emerita, 1 Stanford University Scandinavian Project Director

A Projects for International Education Research (PIER) Publication sponsored by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and The College Board

Washington, DC

Placement Recommendations Approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials

3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zanotti, Kathleen T. Sweden: a study of the educationalsystem of Sweden and guide to the academic placement of students in educational institutions in the United States: country report 1995/Kathleen T Zanotti, Karlene N. Dickey. p.cm. -- (PIER world education series) "Placement recommendations approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials." Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-929851-23-4 1. Education--Sweden.2. School management and organization -- Sweden.3. Universities and colleges- Sweden--Directories.4. School grade placement- United States.5. School credits--United States. 6. College creditsUnited States.I. Dickey, Karlene N.II. Title.III. Series: World education series. LA902.Z36 1995 94-32898 370'.9485--dc20 CIP

American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers One Dupont Circle, Suite 330 IFINI/1 Washington, DC 20036-1171 slim=AACRAO TEL: 202/293-9161 FAX: 202/872-8857

NAFSA: Association of International Educators 1875 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20009-5728 IF:3A. TEL: 202/462-4811 FAX: 202/667-3419 Eariff.FS

The American Association of Collegiate Registrarsand Admissions Officers, founded in 1910, is professional education association of degree-granting a nonprofit, voluntary postsecondary institutions, government agencies,private educational organizations, and education-oriented businesses. Itsgoal is to promote higher education and further the development of members working in admissions, professional registration. enrollment management, financial aid, institutionalresearch, records, and

NAFSA: Association of International Educators is a nonprofit membership association that provides training,information, and other educational services to professionals inthe field of international educational exchange. the United States and more than 50 countries, Its 6,500 members, from make it the largest professional membershipassociation concerned with the advancement of effective international educationalexchange in the world. ©1995 American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers and NAFSA:Association of International Educators. All rights reserved. Nopart of this publication may be reproduced in from AACRAO or NAFSA. any form without permission in writing Copies of this and other volumes of the Scandinavian Project (Denmark, Norway, Sweden)and information concerning other volumes in the World Education Seriesmay be obtained by contacting PIER Programs (202/462-4811). information and a list of currently available PIER Ordering publications can be found on the lastpages of this book. Contents List of Illustrations VII Preface IX Acknowledgments X

Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Sweden and Its People 1 Government 1 Nordic Cooperation 1 An Overview of Swedish Education 2 Chapter 2. Preschool, Primary, and Lower Secondary Education 5 Preschool 5 Primary and Lower Secondary Education 5 Grading 6

Chapter 3. Upper Secondary Education 7 The Program 7 Grading 7 Leaving Certificate 8 Study Lines 1970-1993 8 Three- and Four-Year Lines 8 Business 8 Humanities 9 Natural Sciences 9 Social Sciences 9 Technology 9 Two-Year Lines 13 Agriculture 13 Building and Construction 13 Business 13 Clothing Manufacturing 14 Consumer 14 Distribution and Clerical 14 Electro-telecommunications 14 Food Manufacturing/Technology 15 Forestry 15 Horticulture 15 Motor Technology 16 Music 16 Nursing and Health Care 16 Operations/Control and Maintenance 17 Process Technology 18 Social Studies 18 Technology 18 Woodworking Technology 18 Workshop Technology 19

ILL Specialized Courses 19 Adult Education for Primary and Secondary Studies 19 Study Programs After July 1992 19

Chapter 4. Higher Education 24 The Early Years 24 Reform 24 Financing of Studies 25 Admission 25 Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test 25 Academic Year 26 Degree Programs 26 General Study Programs 26 Local Study Programs 26 Single-Subject Courses 26 Advanced Study Courses 26 Degree Programs and Credentials 27 Class Structure 27 Teaching Ranks 27 Course Level 27 Examinations 27 Credits 27 Licentiate and Doctoral Study 27 Grades and Transcripts 28 Credentials Awarded 28 Prior to the Reform of 1993 29 Reform of 1993 30 Credentials Remaining Unchanged 31 Chapter 5. Specialized Education Programs 42 Agriculture 42

. Professional Programs 42 Paraprofessional Programs 49 Architecture 50 Art and Applied Art 51 Applied Art 51 Design 51 Fine Art 52 Photography 52 Business 53 Administration 53 Business Administration and Economics 53 International Business 55 Licentiate in Business Administration 55 Doctor of Philosophy 55 Other Business-Related Programs 55 Dance 56 Dramatic Arts 57 Opera 57 IV r Theater/Media 57 Engineering 58 Professional Programs 58 Lower Level Engineering 62 Nautical Programs 63 Technician Level Programs 64 Higher Technical Vocational Programs 65 Hotel and Restaurant 65 Human Resources 66 Journalism 67 Law 67 Library Science 68 Medical Fields 69 Professional Programs 69 Dentistry 69 Medicine 70 Pharmacy 70 Psychotherapy 71 Public Health 71 Speech Therapy 71 Toxicology 72 Paramedical Programs 72 Audiology Assistant/Audiologist 72 Dental Hygienist 73 Dental Nurse 73 Dental Technician 73 Laboratory Assistant 73 Nursing 74 Occupational Therapy 74 Optical Technician 75 Orthopedic Technology and Engineering 75 Physical Therapy 75 Prescriptionist/Dispenser 76 Music 77 Music 77 Music Education 78 Psychology 78 Social Service 78 Social Work 79 Systems Analysis 80 Theology 81

Chapter 6. Teacher Education 82 Educational Reform 82 The Reform of 1977 82 The Reform of 1993 83 Programs 83 Preschool and Recreation 83

7 Compulsory School 83 Upper Secondary School 85 Specialized Programs 86 Art Teacher Education 86 Careers Guidance Counseling 87 Child Welfare 87 Commercial and Clerical 87 Craft 88 Flight Instructor 88 Folk High Schools 88 Home Economics 88 Music 89 Nursing 89 Physical Education 89 Special Education 90 Textile Craft 90 Advanced Courses 91

Chapter 7. Non-Traditional Education 95 Adult Education 95 Basic Education 95 National Schools for Adults 96 Study Circles 96 Folk High School 96 Municipal Adult Education 96 Radio, TV, and Correspondence 97 Employment Training 97 Folk University 97 Postsecondary Programs 97

Chapter 8. Internationalization and Study Abroad 101 Nordic Cooperation 101 Programs for U.S. Students 101 General Swedish Language and Culture Courses 104 Handicraft Courses 105

Chapter 9. Guidelines for Admissions Officers 106 General Advice 106 Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials 106 Guide to the Understanding of Placement Recommendations 107 Placement Recommendations 110

Appendix A. Tertiary Institution Profiles 129

Appendix B. Health College Institutional Profiles 156

Appendix C. Tertiary Credentials 159

Appendix D. Swedish National Agencies 165

11 Appendix E. National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials 166

Glossary of Swedish Terms 167

Index 174

WES Publications 179

Illustrations Figures 1.1 Map of Sweden XII 1.2Structure of the Swedish Educational System 3 Tables 2.1 Compulsory School Course List 6 3.1 Upper Secondary Business Course List 10 3.2 Upper Secondary Humanities Course List 10 3.3 Upper Secondary Social Sciences Course List 11 3.4 Upper Secondary Natural Sciences Course List 12 3.5 Upper Secondary Technology Course List 12 3.6 Upper Secondary Course List 21 4.1 Hogskoleprov (Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test Scores) 26 4.2 Grades and Transcripts 29 5.1Agricultural Engineering Course List 44 5.2 Veterinary Medicine Course List 48 5.3 Physical Therapy Course List 76 6.1Preschool Teacher Education Course List 84 6.2Recreation Teacher Education Course List 84 6.3 Compulsory School Teacher Education Course List 85 6.4 Upper Secondary School Teacher Education Course List 86 Documents 3.1 Leaving Certificate and Transcript for Upper Secondary School Social Sciences 22 3.2 Leaving Certificate and Transcript from a Komvux Upper 23 Secondary School 4.1Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test Results 32 4.2Transcript of 3-Year Bachelor of Social Sciences Degree 33 4.3Certificate for Single-Subject Course 35 4.4Certificate for Single-Subject Courses 36 4.5Degree Certificate; Bachelor of Arts 37 4.6Degree Certificate and Transcript; M.S. in Mathematics 39 4.7Professional Degree Certificate; M.S. in Engineering 41 6.1Degree Certificate and Transcript; B.E., Compulsory School 92 Teacher Education 6.2 Degree Certificate and Transcript; M.E., Upper Secondary School Teacher Education 94 7.1Leaving Certificate from a Folk HighSchool 100

Ell Projects for International Education Research Committee

AACRAO Members Chair: William H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR Margery J. Ismail, Director Emerita of International Student Services, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Sylvia K. Higashi, Assistant Dean, College of Continuing Education and Community Service, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI NAFSA Members Kathleen Sellew, Research and Professional Development, Office of International Education, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Patricia Parker, Assistant Director of Admissions, Iowa State University, Ames, IA Cynthia Fish, Assistant Director of Admissions, CUNY-Baruch College, New York, NY The College Board Member Sanford C. Jameson, Director, International Education Office, The College Board, Washington, DC Ex-Officio Members Without Vote AACRAO-Wayne E. Becraft, Executive Director, AACRAO, Washington, DC NAFSA-Naomi Collins, Executive Vice President & CEO, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Washington, DC

Observers Agency for International Development-Dale E. Gough, Director, AACRAO- AIDIOffice of International Education Services, Washington, DC United States Information Agency-Mary Reeber, Chief, Advising and Student Services Branch, Office of Academic Programs, USIA, Washington, DC

Staff AACRAO-Henrianne K. Wakefield, Assistant Executive Director Communications, AACRAO, Washington, DC NAFSA-Linda H. Callihan, Program Manager, Field Services; Jeanne-Marie Duval, Senior Director, Educational Programs, NAFSA: Association of International Educators, Washington, DC

1 0 This volume in the World Education Series (WES) is a full country study of the structure and content of the educational system of Sweden, together with a formal set of placement recommendations based upon the research of the authors. The placement recommendations have been reviewed and officially approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. Each WES volume is published in accordance with standards of independent academic research and does not seek to advance any domestic or international political aim. The World Education Series is published by PIER (Projects for Internation- al Education Research), a committee of appointed representatives from the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), NAFSA: Association of International Educators, and The College Board. PIER was formed in 1990 with the merger of two long-standing com- mittees: the World Education Series Committee of AACRAO and the PIER Committee of AACRAO and NAFSA. The members of the PIER Committee during the research and development of this volume are listed on the opposite page. PIER is charged with research and dissemination of information on educational systems throughout the world, for use in the admission and placement of students and scholars in educational institutions in the United States. In addition to publishing reports on these systems, PIER develops workshops and seminars on international credentials evaluation. Four types of publications make up the World Education Series: full country studies, workshop reports, special reports, and working papers. The PIER Committee oversees the selection of topics, authors, and reviewers. Among the topics covered are levels of education, institutions, admission and program requirements, grading systems, credentials awarded, and study abroad programs. Placement recommendations, when included, are approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. For more information concerning the National Council and its members, see page 166. Information and an order form for currently available PIER volumes can be found on the last two pages of this book.

William H. Smart, Chair

11 LX Acknowledgments

The opportunity to visit Sweden in the spring of 1993to undertake the research for this PIER volume on the educational system of the country was a challenging and exciting one. No U.S. publication had been prepared on Swedish education for over 20 years. Sweden was in the midst of a radical change in educational policies and procedures; we had much to absorb. Everywhere we went, from Stockholm to Lulea, to Lund and Goteborg, to Uppsala, Karlstad, Sundsvall, and Vaxjii, university and college administrators spent untold hours sharing their knowledge with us and patiently explaining their programs, their educational philosophy, their goals, and most dearly their country. People made great efforts to explain how the system had been and how it would be under the new legislation. We are most grateful to the Swedish Ministry of Education and Science that provided the funding for the project through the National Agency for Higher Education. We are, of course, particularly appreciative of the support of Marianne Hildebrand, Deputy Director of the agency's International Depart- ment and Head of NARIC, and that of her staff, who were charged with looking after us. Marianne is a wonderful friend who did all she could to make our trip and the preparation of our manuscript a success. Ragnar Sjogren deserves particular thanks for his care in making the detailed arrangements for our visit and for his patient replies to many follow-up questions after we returned home. We also wish to thank Mari-Anne Roslund of the Swedish Institute for her assistance in obtaining materials and making availableto us the TRACE information on Sweden. Linda Callihan of the NAFSA office was very helpful in handling the details of the funding. The PIER Committee supplied us witha laptop computer and printer, which were a bit ornery at times, but invaluable if heavy traveling companions. Our thanks to Taylor Gregg of The Braintree Group who undertook the professional editing of the manuscript and learneda great deal about the PIER process while doing so. Henrianne Wakefield of the AACRAO staff also contributed to the final production of this manuscript. Anne-Marie Andreasson, a graduate student at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, was a great help with Swedish translations. We thank her and the many other Swedes and Americans who contributed to the work. We hold only ourselves responsible for any errors. We shared a great experience. We hope we have produceda useful volume that will assist in the continued movement of students and scholars between our two countries.

Kathleen T. Zanotti Karlene N. Dickey May 1994

12 Kathleen T. Zanotti, formerly with the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign as Program and Administrative Coordinator, Study Abroad Office: Assistant to Director for International Admissions, and Academic Advisor, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, is completing a Master's degree in Statistics and Measurement in the Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois. Participated in PIER project in Yugoslavia. Karlene N. Dickey is Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Emerita, Stanford University. She served as Vice President for International Education, AACRAO (1983- 1988), Chair and member of the Admissions, Evaluation and Placement Section, AACRAO (1980-1983), Chair and member of the Admissions Section, NAFSA (1977- 1980), and first President of TRACE (1988-1991). She was Chair and member of the National Council on Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials (1977-1987). She was the recipient of Honorary Membership in AACRAO (1992), Distinguished Service Award, AACRAO (1994), and the Cuthberson Award for Distinguished Service to Stanford (1991). Publications include: "Switzerland" World Education Series volume, also "PIER Special Report: Swiss Higher Schools of Engineering and Swiss Higher Schools of Business Economics and Business Administration," Director of "PIER Workshop to Hungary and Yugoslavia," Editor of PIER Workshop Report "Hungary," Editor of PIER Workshop Report "Yugoslavia," Director of the PIER Scandinavia Project, co-author of the Denmark, Norway, and Sweden volumes, and author of PIER Working Paper "Education in the Republic of Slovenia."

LI Boden Lulea

Sweden

mea

Vestersund Ornskoldsvik

Harnosand

undsvall

Falun avle Borlange SandaeoL.\

Uppsala Vaseras Karlstad Orebro ockholm Eskilstuna

Vane kovde Uddevallan Linkoping Trollhattan Visby Boras Jenkoping Goteborg

Halmstad Vaxja Kalmar Ronneby Helsingborg Lund ,....i---3-0"Karlskrona Malmo Kristianstad

Figure 1.1 Map of Sweden

XII 14 Chapter 1 Introduction

Sweden and Its People one house with members directly elected by proportional representation for 3-year terms. There Sweden, one of the Scandinavian countries, mea-are 13 ministries within the government. The 24 sures 174,000 square miles, approximately the sizecounties are divided into 286 municipal districts. of California. It is strategically located between the Sweden is a social welfare state, with all resi- Atlantic Ocean and Baltic Sea. The coastline isdents covered by health insurance. Tax-free allow- long and there are many off-shore islands. Half ofances are provided for each child until the the area is forested, only 8% farmland. The countrysixteenth birthday. Study allowances are provided is rich in natural supplies of wood, waterpower,for students; at the university level, the largest por- iron ore, uranium, and other minerals. Stockholmtion of these are repayable loans. Everyone over 65 is the capital; other major cities include Goteborg,receives a state pension. Malmo, and Uppsala. Eighty-five percent of the population of 8.7 million live in the southern halfNordic Cooperation of the country. Two of the oldest minority groups Sweden actively participates in the Nordic are the Finnish-speaking people of the northeastCouncil in cooperation with Denmark, Finland, and the Sami (Lapp). The official language isIceland, and Norway. The Council, with represen- Swedish. The Church of Sweden, of Lutherantatives from each of the five countries, was estab- denomination, is the official State church, withlished in 1947 and serves as an advisory body to about 90% of the population as members. the Nordic parliaments and governments. It deals The early history of the country is intermixedwith economic, legislative, social, and cultural with that of Norway and Denmark. Over manyquestions of cooperation between the Nordiccoun- centuries there were shifting national boundariestries, including education, environmental protec- and intermittent wars between various groups intion, and communications. In 1971a Nordic this geographical area. In the seventeenth century,Council of Ministers was formed, among whose Sweden became a great naval power and twice de-aims are obtaining better results through pooling feated Denmark, incorporating some territory fromresources, by adjusting the division of labor, and both Norway and Denmark. In 1721, Sweden wasseeking to reach similar positions on the work of defeated and lost most of its far-flung provinces. Asinternational organizations. a result, Sweden was reduced to approximately its Nordic cooperation was remarkably successful present-day frontiers, with the exception that it stillin the legislative area. The laws of the five included what is now Finland. When the Finnishcountries affecting marriage, parentage, business, territory was surrendered in the Napoleonic wars,copyright, transportation and maritime law,etc., Sweden assumed its present size. From 1814 tohave been almost completely harmonized. Nordic 1905 Sweden held Norway in a union. Since 1814,citizens can travel through all the Nordic countries Sweden has not been involved in any war andwithout a passport, The NORDPLUS study and pursues a foreign policy of nonalignment in peace-teacher exchange program, for example, worksto time and neutrality in wartime. create cooperative agreements aiding academic Government mobility among the five countries. Since the establishment of the Nordic Council, continuous Sweden is a constitutional monarchy with aefforts have been made to make it easier for cit- parliamentary government. The present King isizens to work and study freely anywhere in the Carl XVI Gustaf, whose role is principally cere-Nordic countries. The first coordinated regulations monial. The Parliament (Riksdag) consists of justfor the validity ofNordic periods of study date

15 1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chaff eer 1 back to the mid-1950s. The present agreement was ratified in 1975 and covers both work and student Recent Changes exchange. Over the period from 1991 to 1995, a further dramatic increase has occurred in the number of An Overview of Swedish Education students in higher education (from 188,700 to some Modern day education in Sweden can be seen250,000 undergraduates). This is partly due to high as having three phases: the. "build-up" periodunemployment and partly to increased emphasis (1950-1977), consolidation and operation (1977-on formal academic training. Close to 50% of the 1993), and transformation and renewal (1993 -age cohort enters tertiary education annually, in- present). The Swedish educational system hascreasing the stress on the educational system to traditionally been under firm government control.meet the demand for places. A national curriculum, planned in cooperation From 1993 on, the new government policy has with the universities, allowed local variations andbeen one of encouragement of individual choice, an education oriented towards the occupationalflexibility, and quality. The government has sup- needs of a growing public sector. Funding and theported limited decentralization, giving educational number of study places were allocated by thesectors more autonomy and in a few cases permit- government based on estimates of future laborting institutions to become private foundations. market demand. The hope is that this independence in decision- From 1950 to 1977, emphasis was on strength-making (number of students admitted, type of pro- ening the system of higher education. Many newgram, choice of funding base) will lead to stronger universities and regional colleges were foundededucational systems, with each institution proving and university research activities were extended.its own worth. Institutions are accountable to the The total number of tertiary institutions increasedgovernment for the success of their innovations. dramatically to meet the burgeoning demand;The Office of the Chancellor has been created to enrollment numbers increased tenfold over theprotect the standards of the degrees offered and has period. the power to recommend new degrees or withdraw Creating a Comprehensive System the right of institutions to issue certain degrees. The goal is to increase the number of degrees from From 1977 to 1993, the emphasis was onlonger study programs from 14,000 to 25,000 annu- creating a comprehensive higher education system.ally. They hope to produce 2,000 new doctorates Many former professional colleges and some spe-annually by the year 2000, with special priority cial secondary school programs were included ingiven to technological fields. The government has the integration process and merged with other insti-also set the goal that all university-level teachers tutions. The goal of the policy was to establish ahave a doctoral degree as well as a basic pedagog- single comprehensive system made up of the sevenical education. universities and the 30-plus university-level insti- Although the new government policy is to tutes and university colleges. The policy alsostrengthen undergraduate education, that effort has stated that research would be conducted withinnot received as much financial support as has re- the universities and the university institutes ofsearch. Considerable funds, 10 billion Swedish medicine and technology, but not stressed in thekronor over the next 15 years, have been targeted university colleges. Research resources were pro-strictly for research. The new funds have been vided by the government to the first group, butgiven to three independent foundations: one for only in small extent to the colleges. Academicstrategic research in technology, natural sciences, programs continued to be developed and approvedand medicine; one for strategic environmental re- by the government. Emphasis throughout thesearch, including transport systems; and one for the educational system was on vocational/professionalhumanities and social sciences. The funds are to training with the goal of training for employment.be used on major efforts in areas where Swedish In order to control the number of admissions toresearchers and research groups have special pros- tertiary education, the numerus clausus was extendedpects to reach a world class level. Projects must be to all programs in higher education in 1979. At theof major size, include training of young researchers, end of the 1980s, there began a period of increasingand promote international cooperation. unemployment and weakened national economy, The changes mandated under the 1993 educa- resulting in much criticism of the tightly govern-tional laws affect the whole educational system ment controlled educational policy. These factorsfrom primary school through doctoral studies (see led to the creation of a new policy for education,Figure 1.2). The next few years are expected to be which was approved in 1993. a period of great transition as the institutions 2 16 Introduction Structure of the Swedish Educational System

Year/Level 4

Doktor 3 2 Licentiat 1

O University Degree rs 2 6

University Degreet 5 4

3 2 Universitet, Institutet, Hogskola

Avgdngsbetyg

Avgdngbevis Bevis

13 120 Gymnasieskola 11 Folk 10 hogskola 9 Komvux Grundskola: Hogstadiet 8 (Higher)

Adult Education Mellanstadiet (Intermediate)

Ldgstadiet 3 (Lower) 2 1 Forskola t Variety of degrees offered (see Appendix C)

* Not available since the reform of 1993; only 3-year program is offered.

Figure 1.2 Structure of the Swedish Educational System 1 7 Jr- 3 Chapter 1 gradually become accustomed to new freedomsamong degree programs and among upper sec- and utilize their own creative resources. The Min-ondary school programs, however, can be expected istry of Education and Science will still approveto further increase as the institutions and the stu- degree qualifications as a whole and the degreedents plan their own programs, and the educa- titles that can be awarded. A restructuring of thetional system becomes much more diversified. names of degrees is already in place. Differences

4 18 Chapter 2 Preschool, Primary, and Lower Secondary Education

Preschool Children are required to attend school for 9 years or until they are 16. They enter primary About 40% of children aged 1 through 5 or 6 at-school at age 7, but since 1992 a child may start tend preschool (forskola) provided by municipali-school at age 6 if the parents wish. During the pe- ties. These are daycare centers for children whoseriod of compulsory education, students attend a parents are gainfully employed or studying. Full-grundskola, which is divided into three sections: time and part-time groups are available for childrenlower or junior level, grades 1-3 (ldgstadiet); aged 4 to 6. Municipalities are required to provideintermediate level, grades 4-6 (mellanstadiet); and places for all 6-year-olds in a preschool program orhigher or senior level, grades 7-9 (hogstadiet) (see school. Figure 1.2). Schools for lower and intermediate levels exist throughout the country, often in a com- Primary and bined neighborhood school. Schools for the higher Lower Secondary Education level do not offer all lines of study, such as the aca- The goals of compulsory school (grades 1-9)demically oriented lines. In some municipalities (grundskola) are threefold: to provide equal accessschools do not even exist and students need to and opportunity for all students, regardless of thecommute to complete compulsory school. Classes social and economic level of the children's fam-at the lower level are kept to a maximum of 25 ilies; to develop basic knowledge and skills forstudents, at the intermediate and higher levels a future learning and/or employment (but not voca-maximum of 30 students. For the first 6 grades, tional training); and to help students become re-students usually have one teacher, but beginning sponsible members of society. Every pupil leavingwith grade 7 are taught by subject teachers. compulsory school is required to have: The school year lasts 40 weeks and is divided into 2 terms. School starts in late August and con- 1- listening and reading mastery of Swedish cludes in early June. Class periods are 40 minutes and the ability to express ideas in the in duration. Until 1991 the curriculum was set by written and spoken language, the National Board of Education (Skoloverstyrelsen). 2- mastery of fundamental mathematical The Board set the goals for the curriculum and thinking, general guidelines. Teachers were given a com- 3- knowledge and understanding of fun- plete syllabus of topics to be covered in each sub- damental concepts and contexts within ject, the number of classes devoted to each topic, natural sciences, technical, social, and hu- and the time frame in which to present it. All manistic knowledge areas, children were taught the same courses with meth- 4- ability to communicate in verbal and written odology and materials consistent throughout the English, country. 5- insight concerning core elements of Swed- ish and Western cultural heritage, National Agency for Education 6- the ability for expression in artistic and other Since 1991 curriculum guidelines have been creative forms, and knowledge of the media provided by the National Agency for Education and its role, (Skolverket), which has superseded the National 7- knowledge of the foundations of social laws Board of Education. This agency provides national and rules as well as individual rights and goals and guidelines for education and develops obligations in school and society, the basic framework for curricula. Under the new 8- knowledge of international cooperation and guidelines schools have more independence in global connections, as well as the conditions developing the specifics of the programs, but must for obtaining a good environment, carry out the specified goals and provide the same 9- knowledge about good health, and development opportunities to all children. The 10- in-depth knowledge of some chosen subject children, however, no longer receive an identical areas. education.

19 5 Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Compulsory School Course List children are also given extra instruction in Swedish (1993, with number of 40-minute periods as a second language. per week) The Swedish government has recently intro- Lower Inter- Higher duced legislation setting new curricular guidelines Level mediate Level for compulsory school, Lapp (Sarni) school, special Subjects Grades Level Grades school, and compulsory school for the handi- 1-3 Grades 4-6 7-9 capped. These guidelines will form the basis of Art Education 6 5 new curricula, new time schedules, and syllabi to be adopted by Parliament forall compulsory Child Studies 1 schooling. (See Table 2.1 for the standard course English 2 10 9* list for compulsory school.) Gen. Subj.** 18 21 32 Handicraft 2 9 5 Grading Home Econ. 1 4 (The National Council on the Evaluation of Mathematics 13 15 12* Foreign Educational Credentials did not review or Music 4 5 2 approve U.S. equivalents for grades given in the Opt. Subj.t 11 Swedish system, but the below are suggested by Sport 6 9 9 the authors.) Pupils do not receive marks in grades Swedish 29 26 12 1-7, but teachers meet with parents twice a year to Totaltt 74 102 102 report progress. In grades 8 and 9, students receive the following marks (the authors' suggested U.S. * May be taken at the general or advanced level. equivalents are noted in parentheses): 5 = Highest ** General subjects for grades 1-3 include art education [U.S. equivalent is (A)], 4 = Above Average (B), 3 = and handicraft; for grades 4-6, social subjects (15) Average (C), 2 = Below Average (D), and 1 = and science subjects (6); for grades 7-9, social Lowest (F). subjects such as religion, history, social science, and geography (17) and science subjects such as physics, The national achievement test (standard prov) chemistry, and biology (15). is given to students in the spring. The range of t Optional subjects include foreign language. scores is 5 through 1 (highest to lowest). A score of 3 represents the average achievement for a particu- The lower level contained 20, 24, and 30 periods per week; the intermediate level 34 periods per week; lar subject for all students in the country. Teachers the higher level 33, 33, and 34 periods per week in use the national tests as a guide for grading indi- grades 7, 8, and 9. vidual students against the national norm rather than solely on the class norm. This grading system English isa required subject beginning inwill be replaced with a goal and achievement- grade 3 or 4. At the higher level, German or French related system presented in the same legislation as can be studied in addition to English. Higher levelthe new curriculum. The new system will be students may also choose between general or spe-geared to special achievement criteria that will be cial (more advanced) courses in mathematics anddevised in conjunction with the syllabi. The goal languages. All students are taught child studies,is to make clear to pupil and teacher alike which computer science, home economics, technology,achievements are required for the award of a textile work, woodwork, and metal work, and com-certain mark. plete a total of 16 weeks of work experience. They The leaving certificate from compulsory school visit and work at various places of employment to(Avgdngsbetyg) lists the final marks in all courses. gain a knowledge of different fields, working en-Completion of compulsory school qualifies pupils vironments, and occupations. Immigrant studentsto continue into upper secondary school. However, (approximately 10% of all compulsory schoolpupils must apply to specific lines and are admit- pupils) are entitled to be taught in their nativeted based on their compulsory school marks. language. In 1993 instruction was provided in moreNearly 90% of the pupils continue their studies at than 60 different languages. In addition, thesethe upper secondary school level.

6 2n Chapter 3 Upper Secondary Education

The Program Study lines for the period 1970 to 1993 are listed in Tables 3.1 to 3.5. Admission to upper secondary The upper secondary school (gymnasieskola) pro-school is competitive and based on marks received gram in Sweden has its origins in two traditions,when leaving the 9-year compulsory school. In both dating to the Middle Ages. Vocational ed-1993 about 87% of the applicants were accepted in ucation originated from the guild and appren-their first preference of study line. ticeship system. Academic education originated from the church and classics schools that providedGrading education primarily for the needs of the church, Before 1969 all students were required to pass a while the secondary grammar schools that cameset of national achievement tests (studentexamen) later provided education of a more general nature.before receiving a leaving certificate. The certifi- Over recent decades, the academic and vocationalcate was required by the universities for ad- education traditions have been merged into amission. From 1969, continuous assessment in single system. grading replaced the studentexamen. Most subjects This dual system of education is offered in anare graded on a 5 to I scale, with 5 the highest. In a upper secondary school (gymnasieskola) for studentsfew subjects, students receive only the notation aged 16 to 19. Prior to 1970 there were separatedeltagit (participated). Subjects not graded are institutions at this level: academic gymnasiumindicated on the leaving certificate. In addition to (gymnasium), commercial gymnasium (handelsgym- the 5-point scale, a "t" mark can be entered to nasium), technical school (tekniskt laroverk), con-show that the student did not receive a mark, due tinuation school (fackskola), and vocational schooleither to prolonged absence, neglect, or handicap. (yrkesskola). Under the 1970 reform, these schoolsThe "t" indicates that sufficient knowledge and were merged into an integrated upper secondaryproficiency in the subject were not attained. The school whose goal was to provide a common baseNational Council on the Evaluation of Foreign for all pupils, irrespective of the particular lineEducational Credentials did not review and has chosen. It was intended to be a foundation for bothnot approved U.S. equivalents for the Swedish vocational life and higher education studies. system, but the following is suggested by the To achieve the integrated educational goal, theauthors: gymnasieskola between 1970 and 1993 offered almost 30 study lines (linje) including academic, vocation- Grading Scale: Upper Secondary School al, and technical lines. Some 500 specialized Swedish Suggested U.S. courses were also offered. The study lines varied in Equivalent duration from 2 to 4 years. In 1991 a new law was Mark passed that made all upper secondary school lines 5 Highest A 3-year programs as of the fall of 1992 (see Figure 4 Above Average B 1.2). Full implementation of this change will be completed in 1995. 3 Average C Study lines had very detailed curricula laid 2 Below Average D

down by Parliament. All study lines require a 1 Lowest F minimum of 160 hours in Swedish, 160 hours in physical education, 80 hours in working life ori- In some key subjects, the percentage given for entation, and 40 hours of "reserve" periods. Theseeach grade is based on the standard achievement reserve periods are intended for special activitiestest (central prov), a national set of exams given to such as educational and vocational orientation,all upper secondary school students. The scores are industrial and social affairs, cultural questions, etc.normally distributed, with "5" representing 7% of

7 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 3 the scores, "4" (24%), "3" (38%), "2" (24%), andtraining and often included vocational/technical "1" (7%). The class/group score from the nationaltraining. Completion of these lines allowed for test in a subject is used as a base in determiningemployment, further specialized training in upper the final level of grades. Teachers add grade per-secondary school, or general admission to tertiary formance on other written tests and class observa-level study. Graduates normally met the specific tions to this base to determine the final grade. Inrequirements for admission to most tertiary edu- 1993 the cumulative grade point average rangedcation programs. from 2.6 to 3.7. Mean scores in the theoretical lines The 2-year lines were chosen by 65% of the ranged from 3.12 to 3.78. In 1994 grading wasstudents. Graduates of the 2-year program met the replaced by agoal and achievement-relatedgeneral admission requirements for university but system. needed additional courses to meet the special ad- A new grading scale has been approved formission requirements for a specific program. Those students who began upper secondary by autumnwho chose a 3- or 4-year line were either preparing 1994, and is already in use in Komvux programs.for university studies or wished to complete a The new grades are: longer program that was partially vocational, e.g., Mycket Vol Godkand (MFG): Pass with High business or technology. The usual preparation for Distinction or Pass with Special university studies in most fields was from the Distinction 3-year lines in social sciences, business, humanities, and natural sciences, or completion of the Val Godkand (VG): Pass with Distinction third year of the 4-year technology line. Godkand (G): Pass Three- and Four-Year Lines Icke Godkand: Fail (will not appear on The variations between these lines can be transcripts) summarized as follows: the natural sciences and Leaving Certificate technology lines had identical courses in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Students in the On completion of upper secondary school, anatural sciences line took more modern languages. leaving certificate (Avgdngsbetyg) is awarded. Grad-Technology line students could take biology only uates receive the same leaving certificate for com-as an extra subject. The natural sciences and pleting the 2-, 3-, or 4-year programs under the oldsocial sciences lines included practically the same law or under the July 1992 reform that requires allsubjects, but natural sciences students took more programs to be 3 years in length (see Documentmathematics. In the natural sciences line, physics, 3.1). This certificate is issued in English uponchemistry, and biology were each taught as request. Each certificate shows the line or programseparate subjects, while in social sciences they followed, the required and optional courses taken,were taught together under the subject of general the year in that the course was taken, and thescience at a less advanced level. Social sciences grade received. The certificate also indicatesstudents took more modern languages and social whether a student followed normal studies (full-subjects. In addition to the courses, all students in standig studiekurs), reduced studies (mindre studiekurs)these lines had to undertake a special project, in order to concentrate in an area, or extra subjectseither individually or in groups. The subject area or courses (utokad studiekurs). Students completingand title appeared on the leaving certificate, but no the normal studies or extra subjects are consideredmarks were awarded for this work. qualified to continue in higher education. Students Business (Ekonomisk):The business line was who have reduced their studies must complete thetranslated into English as "economics" but the missing courses in order to qualify for generalscope of the line was general business. It provided admission. However, all graduates must also meetbasic training for employment in businessor specific entrance requirements set by the tertiaryadministration and a foundation for further studies institutions for particular programs. in many fields. The first 2 years consisted of Study Lines from 1970 to 1993 foundation courses. The third year was divided in- to four branches: business and languages (basic There were two lengths of study lines offeredeconomic subject and heavy emphasis on lan- in upper secondary school. Vocational trainingguage); administrative (organization and activities were 2-year lines, preparing primarily for em-of national and local government administration, ployment or for further education in mainlyorganization and methods of social policy, and the specialized courses at upper secondary school.accounting systems employed by national and Three- and 4-year lines emphasized academiclocal authorities); distribution (marketing prin- 8 22 Upper Secondary Education ciples, market analysis, purchasing organization,(general instruction, with special attention to bio- cost benefit analysis, and questions concerninglogical phenomena of importance to man, health, export and import); and accounting (managementsurvival, and human society; a general survey of accounting, balance sheet theory and companythe principal groups of the plant and animal king- taxation, and financial planning). doms, as well as genetics, was given in year 2; and During the 3-year line, instruction in foreignin year 3, instruction included evolution, cellular languages occupied alarge proportion of theand general physiology, biochemistry, ecology, and studies. Business economics classes in the first 2ecology) (see Table 3.4 for a standard course list). years were intended to equip the students with the Social Sciences (Samhallsvetenskaplig):The social basic knowledge that was required of every em-sciences line provided a general education and a ployee in the clerical and commercial sector or thefoundation for employment in many different fields administrative sector. Students studied work with-as well as special eligibility for several educational in the various functions of an enterprise, such asprograms at universities and colleges. Year 1 was a purchasing, marketing, finance, and adminis-common core with humanities; in years 2 and 3, tration. During year 3, law studies provided astudents could continue the standard curriculum or knowledge of those sectors of civil law, the law ofchoose an art or social variant. Primary instruction procedure, and criminal law that were relevant toemphasized social sciences (study of social life in business practice. The 3-year line provided basicgeographical, economic, political, and sociological trainingfor employment inenterpriseandterms; population; industry and business, and administration. It also provided a good foundationsocioeconomic problems; systems of government, for further studies in several fields (see Table 3.1democracy, and dictatorship; and social planning for a standard course list). and current social issues) or mathematics (two Humanities (Humanist !sic):The humanities linechoices: one with a social scientific and economic provided ageneral education with particularbias, with emphasis on statistics and practical emphasis on languages. Year 1 was a common corestatistical exercises; the other, with a scientific and with social sciences, and in years 2 and 3, studentstechnical bias, the identical course taken in the 3- could continue the standard line or select ayear natural sciences line and the 4-year technol- semi-classical branch (concentrating in Latin), aogy line); students became familiar with essential classical branch (concentrating in Latin andconcepts and methods in mathematics and general Greek), an arts (aesthetics) branch, or a socialsciences (see Table 3.3 for a standard course list). branch. Students who selected classical variations Technology (Teknlsk):The 3-year technology line reduced the three modern language periods andprovided a basic technical vocational education. took six periods each in Latin and Greek in year 3Students seeking a tertiary level engineering degree and no social sciences. Those who opted for thecould apply at the end of the third year for admis- semi-classical line took seven periods of Latin insion to postsecondary engineering programs at the year 2 and six in year 3. They did not cake generaluniversities and institutes of technology. The first 2 language studies or general sciences in year 2 (seeyears of the course were common to all branches. Table 3.2 for a standard course list). In year 3, there were four branches: mechanical, Natural Sciences (Naturvetenskapllg):The naturalcivil, electro-, and chemical engineering. In year 4, sciences line provided a broad general educationthe civil branch was subdivided into construction and special eligibility for the majority of post-and building and the electro-engineering branch secondary programs, and was considered the mostsubdivided into electro-power and telecommuni- demanding of the 3-year lines offered.Allstudentscations. Job experience was compulsory and in- followed the same course, which concentrated oncluded instruction in the school workshop, fol- mathematics; students learned a number of es-lowed by field practice after year 2. Field practice sential concepts and methods in algebra, geometry,involved paid probationary employment at work- functions, and the theory of probability andplaces for 6 weeks during the summer after year 2, statistics; physics (year 1 instruction was in me-and 6 weeks after year 3 if the student was to chanics, a foundation for the next 2 years; year 2continue into year 4. The fourth year was optional concentrated on electricity; and year 3 on the gen-and intended for professional training (see Table eral theory of wave motion, electromagnetic waves,3.5for standard courselist).Students who and atomic physics); chemistry (atomic structure,completed the 4-year technology line were referred chemical bonding, organic and inorganic sub-to as "certified upper secondary school engineer stances and rocks and minerals, and industrial (gymnasieingenjor)." applications of chemical methods); and biology (continued on page 13)

23 9 ACCT PADV AI/All ARI P Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Upper Secondary School Business (Ekonomisk) Course List (1992, with number of 40-minute periods per week) Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 B-Language* 3 3 Business Economics 2 8 C-Language* 4 3 Social Sciences 3 3 2.5 English 3 2 General Sciences 3 History 2 2 Law** 2 Mathematicst 5 3

Physical Education 3 3 1 Psychology 2 Religion 2

Reserve Period 1 1 1.5 Specialized Subjectstt 16 Swedish 3 3 3

Typing 2 1 Total 34 32 30 * B-Language (continued studies of language taken during 3 years of compulsory school) included either German or French. C-Language (started at upper secondary school) included one of the following: German, French, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, or Finnish (not all were offered at every school). ** In business and languages branch, Secretarial Work could be substituted for the third-year Law course. t Or Shorthand during the second year. tt Specialized subjects included in business and languages branch: English (4), B-Language (4), C-Language (4), Typing (1), and Shorthand (3). In administrative branch: Foreign Language (3), Mathematics (3), Business Economics (3), and Administration (7). In distribution branch: one Foreign Language (3), Mathematics (3), Business Economics (3), and Distribution (7). In accounting branch: one Foreign Language (3), Mathematics (3), and Business.

Table 3.2Upper Secondary School Humanities (Humanistisk) Course List (1992, with number of 40-minute periods per week) Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 B-Language/C-Language* 3/4 3 3 C-Language* 4 3 3 Social Sciences 3 2.5 6 English 3 3 3 General Language 3 General Sciences 4 4 History 5 4.5 History of Art and Music 2 Mathematics 5 (continued next page)

10 2 4 Upper Secondary Education

Table 3.2 -Continued Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Music or Drawing ** 2

Philosophy 2 Physical Education 2 2.5 3

Psychology 2 Religion 3

Reserve Period 1 1 1 Swedish 3 3 3.5 Total 30/31 32 34

* B-Language (continued studies of language taken during 3 years of compulsory school) included either German or French. C-Language (started at upper secondary school) included one of the following: German, French, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, or Finnish. **No marks were awarded, only the notation deltagit (participated).

Table 3.3 Upper Secondary School Social Sciences (Samhallsvetenskaplig) Course List (1992, with number of 40-minute periods per week) Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 B-Language* 3/4 3 3 C-Language* 4/0 3/0 Social Sciences 3 2.5 6 English 3 3 3 General Sciences 4 4 History 5 4.5 History of Art and Music** 2 Mathematics 5 3 3 Music or Drawing 2 Philosophy 2 Physical Education 2 2.5 3 Psychology 2 Religion 3

Reserve Period 1 1 1 Swedish 3 3 3.5 Total 30/31 32 34 * B-Language (continued studies of language taken during 3 years of compulsory school) included either German or French. A B-Language could be substituted for a C-Language, in which case it was studied for 4 periods per week. C-Language (started at upper secondary school) included one of the following: German, French, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, or Finnish (not all were offered at every school). ** No marks were awarded, only the notation deltagit (participated)

25 11 Chapter 3

Table 3.4 Upper Secondary School Natural Sciences (Naturvetenskaplig) Course List (1992, with number of 40-minute periods per week) Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Alternative Subjects* 2/0 6/0 B-Language/C-Language** 3/4 3 3/0 Biology 2 3 Chemistry 3.5 5 Social Sciences 2 2.5 English 3 3 3 History 6/4 History of Art and Musict 0/2 Mathematics 6 5 4 Music or Drawing 2 Philosophy 2/0 Physical Education 2 2.5 3 Physics 3.5 4 3 Psychology 2/0 Religion 2

Reserve Period 1 1 1 Swedish 3 3 3 Total 29/30 33 34 Note: Some variations were permitted, which accounts for the different number of lessons for some subjects. * Alternative subjects: Computer Sciences, Energy and Measurement Technique, Health Sciencess and Environmental Studies. ** B-Language (continued studies of language taken during 3 years of compulsory school) included either German or French. A B-Language could be substituted for a C-Language, in which case it was studied for 4 periods per week. C-Language (started at upper secondary school) included one of the following: German, French, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, or Finnish (not all were offered at every school). t No marks were awarded, only the notation deltagit (participated).

Table 3.5 Upper Secondary School 3- to 4-Year Technology (Teknisk) Course List (1992, with number of 40-minute periods per week) Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

B-Language/C-Language* 3/4 3 Biology 2/0 Business Economics 4/2 Chemistry 3.5 3.5 Social Sciences 0/2 3 English 3 3 Ergonomics 3/2 History 4 Mathematics 6 5.5 4 (continued next page)

12 26 Upper Secondary Education

Table 3.5 -Continued Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4

Physical Education 2 2.5 2.5 Physics 3.5 4 3 Religion 2

Reserve Period 1 1 1 Swedish 3 3 2.5 Technical Subjects 12 28/31 Technology 5 4.5 Total 30/31 32 34 35 Note: Each of the branches had different specialized technical instruction in years 3 and 4.

* B-Language (continued studies of language taken during 3 years of compulsory school) included either German or French. A B-Language could be substituted for a C-Language, in which case it was studied for 4 periods per week. C- Language (started at upper secondary school) included one of the following: German, French, Russian, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, or Finnish (not all were offered at every school).

(continued from page 9) line had a number of branches: concrete, building joiners, brick layers, streets, roads, and conduits, Two-Year Lines mining and metallurgy, heating and plumbing Agriculture(Jordbrukshnie): The goal of the agriculturalfitters, painters, building plates, and floor layers. line was to equip students with the generalSome of these branches had a common first course, knowledge and skills required for various duties inothers (the last four listed) received specialized agriculture. There was one common 2-year coursevocational training from the beginning. Graduates forallstudents.Studiesincludedanimalfrom certain branches could apply for admission to production, 640 hours (basic knowledge and skillsan upper secondary advanced course in road concerning milk and milking, livestock anatomyengineering and construction. and physiology, feeding and care of different Year 1- Work techniques were taught in school livestock species, livestock breeding, and agricul- workshops. Instruction was given about the var- tural buildings); plant cultivation, 600 hours (agri- ious materials, tools, machines, and measuring cultural biology,soiltreatment,fertilization, instruments belonging to the specific trade. Stu- cultivation, care, and storage); agricultural machin- dents learned to read and interpret drawings, ta- ery and maintenance of buildings, 720 hours (ma- bles, and charts; to study working instructions; chinery and tools,tractors,agricultural imple- and to practice systematically following the ments, power saws, electrical equipment, and the same, as well as how to implement safety and maintenance of buildings); agricultural economics, security regulations. 320 hours (environmental conservation, consumer Year 2- Some instruction was carried out in ex- education, financial planning in the farming enter- ternal workplaces. In all branches, building and prise, and various types of production, bookkeep- construction techniques constituted between ing, and tax returns). Instruction was divided be- two-thirds and three-quarters of the curriculum. tween theoretical and practical. Students worked Graduates usually entered into a period of ap- in livestock pens, machinery garages, practice driv- prenticeship in a particular industry. ing areas, and practice fields. After 1 to 2 years of Business(EkonomisklInje): The business linewas work experience, graduates could enroll in specialtranslated into English as "economics" but the courses in animal production (20 weeks) or farmscope of the program was general business. It gave management (40 weeks), or various 8- to 20-weekstudents general knowledge and provided basic specialized courses, e.g., agricultural machinery,economic education with a view to employment in agricultural economics, and pig breeding. enterprise and in public and private administra- Building and Construction(Bygg- och Anlaggnings-tion. Business subjects included business eco- teknisklinie): The goal of the building and construc-nomics, typing and office skills, and shorthand. tion line was to confer knowledge and skills forThe curriculum and the average number of hours work in the building and construction sector. Theper week taken during the 2 years included: busi- 27 13 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 3 ness economics (8.5), social sciences (3), English ferent types of textile material, assessment of (3.5), mathematics or shorthand (4), music or draw- quality, weaving including set-up of looms, cal- ing (2), office skills (3.5), physical education (2.5), culating material inputs, determining qualities, religion (2), reserve period (1), Swedish (4), typing patterns, and colors and cost estimates, includ- and office skills (3.5), optional subjects such as ing decorative needlework, furniture and interior second foreign language, music, drawing, handi- design, color and design exercises using various craft, drama, psychology, consumer education (3). materials, and the history of arts and crafts); Clothing Manufacturing (Deklidnadsteknisklinjo):The restaurant and catering (instruction concentrated goal of the clothing manufacturing line was to on food production including cooking, balanced teach students the basic skills involved in the diet, handling of foodstuffs, and processing manual and industrial production of clothing. machinery and utensils in the catering trade, Year 1- Students learned basic techniques of study of food legislation, keeping and storage of pressing, cutting, and sewing by hand and ma- foodstuffs, composition of menus, serving and chine. Instruction also dealt with various cloth- dispensing of precooked food, and time and cost ing materials, material production methods, estimates). properties and handling of material, pattern de- Distribution and Clerical (Distributions- och Kon- sign, draftsmanship, and the history of costume. torslinie):The goal of the distribution and clerical Year 2- Advanced instruction in pattern design,line was to concentrate on business economics cutting, and manufacturing was given. In both(acquisition of the basic knowledge that every em- years students made a number of garments. Inployee in clerical and commercial or administrative the 2 years of study, 59 to 65 hours of the total ofsectors should have, the study of the way busi- 76 hours was devoted to aspects of clothingnesses are organized, and work, accounting, and manufacturing, 8 hours to the required subjects,bookkeeping routines, review of different methods and 6 hours to optional subjects. Graduatesof marketing goods and services, and practice in could be employed as tailors, dressmakers, orelementary mathematical calculations in problem manufacturers of clothing as well as fitters,fields concerning business economics); typing; product designers, clothing manufacturing tech-distribution skills (purchasing routines, warehous- nicians, and teachers in the trade. They wereing, marketing of goods and services, wholesale also qualified to take the upper secondaryand retail sales, shop design, goods display and school advanced specialization course for ladies'transport, practical aspects of printing, display, or gentlemen's tailors. advertisement design, etc.); and office skills (gener- Consumer (KonsumtIonslinle):The goalof theal office functions and use of calculating aids, consumer line was to equip all students with a ba-goods distribution, procurement of banking ser- sic knowledge of such subject fields as family andvices, travel agencies, and insurance companies). consumer affairs. Year 1- Common course for all students in- Year 1- A common course was provided for all cluded Swedish, business economics, typing, students, with slight modification for those in- distribution skills, office skills, and consumer terested in the restaurant and catering branch. and goods education. Instruction was offered in family affairs, con- Year 2 - There were two branches: distribution sumer education, housing and environment ed- and clerical. The clerical branch was subdi- ucation, textile studies, health and hygiene, vided into two streams, machine calculating economics, child studies, and dietetics, as well and typewriting. Graduates of the clerical as required courses for all upper secondary stu- branch were prepared to work in offices in in- dents in Swedish, working lifeorientation, dustry, banking, insurance, trade, travelagen- physical education, and the "reserve" period. cies, municipal and national administration, Students in the restaurant and catering branch government enterprises, etc. Graduates of the spent more time studying dietetics, health, and distribution branch were prepared for employ- hygiene but less on textile studies and none on ment in retail and wholesale trade, and in ser- child studies. vice enterprises. Year 2- Study was divided into three branches: Electro-telecommunications (El-teleteknisklinio):This home economics (dietetics, housing and envi-line conferred basic knowledge and skillsfor ronment education, consumer education, familyemployment in electro-telecommunications field. affairs, child studies, nursing and care, psychol- Year 1- Common to all, studies included instruc- ogy, and sociology); consumer education with tion in working with different materials,ma- textile specialty (elements of sewing garments chines, and measuring instruments; the making and domestic textiles, methods of preparing dif- of parts; installation of simple telecommunica- 14 Upper Secondary Education tions equipment and tracing faults in apparatus per secondary advanced course in automa- and lines; control techniques; use of charts, tion techniques and computer servicing. drawings, and tables; and implementation of FoodManufacturing/Technology (Livsmedelsteknisk- safety and security regulations. linje):The food manufacturing or technology line Year 2- Five branches existed in these fields: concentrated on technology, and much of the in- A. Electrician: work techniques were taughtstruction was carried out in industry or restaurants. largely through practice assignments in a Year 1- Two branches: restaurant and catering school workshop. Electrical installation prac- (preparation and serving of meals, and care of tice included fitting cables to wood, concrete, machinery and equipment used in catering and brick and connecting various types of facilities, restaurants, and hotels) and food pro- electrical consumer apparatus. Two months duction (baking, butchering, manufacture of (400 hours) of environmental practice with dairy, chocolate, brewing, and tinned products, firmsinthetrade were recommended. and care of food manufacturing equipment). Graduates could apply to upper secondary Year 2- Three subdivisions of the restaurant and advanced specialization courses in industrial catering branch: restaurant service (principles electrical engineering, process automation, and methods for serving food and drink, forms of and sawmill technology. After 2 years of expe- service, table laying, and table arrangements); rience, they could qualify as electrical instal- catering (importance of abalanceddiet, lation engineers. large-scale methods of cooking and preserving, B. Telecommunications maintenance: in- principles of rational cookery, and use of struction provided a grounding in general catering machinery and utensils); and restaurant electronics largely concerned with connec- foods (various cookery methods, standard dishes, tions and circuits. Graduates could apply for principles of rational cookery, arrangement and advanced specialization courses in automa- dispensing, menu composition,and food tion techniques, electronic communications, storage). Three subdivisions of the food produc- and processing automation. tion branch: baking and pastry making (baking C. Steering and automatic regulation: install- breads and pastries, packaging, storage and reation, repair, and maintenance of instruments frigeration, and deep-freezing); butchering for the automatic control of machinery in pro- (butchering, methods of producing cured meats, cessing and engineering plants. Instruction storage, and use and care of utensils and dealt largely with apparatus, connections, cir- machinery); and food processing (brewing, cuits used in control and regulating tech- dairy, preparation of chocolate, canning and niques and electronics, including mechan- baking industries, control and monitoring pro- ics, hydraulics, pneumatics, control and reg- duction of food-stuffs in high technology food ulating techniques, electronics, electrical industries, packaging and storage techniques, engineering, and related plant and peripheral record keeping, taking samples, laboratory tests). equipment. Graduates could apply to an Forestry ( Skogsbrukslinje):The forestry line pro- upper secondary advanced specializationvided the general knowledge and skills required in course in automation techniques, processingforestry or related fields. Instruction concentrated automation, and sawmill technology. on mechanical engineering (design, use, repair, D. Telecommunications fitter: instruction,and service of forestry machines), forestry produc- through in-plant training at firms outsidetion (soil sciences, botany, economics, and geog- school, in the installation and testing of elec-raphy for forestry, planting and tending of stands), tronics apparatus. Students were taught to as-and logging (planning, felling, transport, and fores- semble and adjust various lines of telecom-try rationalization). Students also learned measure- munications equipment, use circuitry charts,ment, wood technology, and nature conservation. install various kinds of low voltage apparatus,Much of the instruction was carried out as practical trace faults, and carry out repairs. work in the field. E. Office machinery repair: training in the Horticulture (Tradgardslinie):The horticulture line servicing and maintenance of typewriters, cal-provided basic knowledge and skills required for culating machines, dictating machines, copy-work in landscape construction and horticulture, machines, etc.Instruction was given inand in cultivation. Instruction concentrated on dismantling and assembling various kinds oflandscape construction and horticulture (640 hours office machinery (including electronic), mak-in use and care of technical aids for laying out and ing adjustments, tracing faults, and carryingmaintaining gardens, parks, churchyards, green out repairs. Graduates could apply for an up-areas, sports facilities, recreation areas, etc.). In-

15 29 Chapter 3 struction was provided in surveying, leveling and applied to civil aviation, construction and staking out, preparing and reading maps and working of aircraft and various control and drawings, building walls and steps, laying tiled navigation systems, hydraulic and pneumatic paths, building fences, and laying out and main- systems, electrical systems, and instrumenta- taining lawns, as well as nature conservation, tion systems. landscape conservation, and environment protec- E. Transport technology: instruction in driv- tion. Particular emphasis was placed on plant ing different types of vehicles and machines, studies and on methods of planting and caring for loading and unloading, the organization of vegetation; outdoor cultivation (600 hours in transport operations, occupational safety and cultivation of vegetables, fruit, berries, nursery health, the environment, and road safety. plants; instruction in botany, soil sciences, plant Music(Musiklinie): The music line was intended nutrition, and economics; greenhouse cultivation),to equip a student with basic musical knowledge (680 hours in cultivation of cut flowers, pot plantsand provide an opportunity for specialized music and vegetables, instruction in building and instudies. The curriculum and average number of greenhouse protection); and applied mechanics,hours per week taken over 2 years included: social (360 hours of instruction in use and care ofsciences (3), choral singing (1)*, consumer edu- machinery employed by horticultural enterprisescation (3), English (3), ensemble performance and park authorities, tractor driving, rotary culti-(2.5)*, freely chosen music work (1)*, general vators, etc.). theory of music (2), history (2.5), introduction to Motor Technology(Fordonsteknisklinje): The motorhistory of music (2), instruments and singing (3.5), technology line provided the basic knowledge andmathematics (3), movement (2)*, music (1), phys- skills required for employment in motor engineer-ical education (1), psychology (3), religion (2), ing. Graduates of all five branches were eligible forreserve period (1), Swedish (3), and optional sub- an upper secondary advanced course in transportjects (second foreign language, music, drawing, management. handicraft, drama). An asterisk (*) indicates a non- Year 1- A common course included Swedish,graded course, marked asdeltagit(participated). motor engineering, and optional subjects. Motor Nursing and Heath Care (Vardlinle): The nursing and engineering work techniques and vocationalhealth care line, with four branches, was intended theory took up two-thirds of the line. for students planning to become nursing assistants Year 2- Study was divided into five branches: or practical nurses in health and medical services, A. Motor mechanics focused on repair tech-or in care of the aged. Instruction in the psychiatric niques in the areas of servicing and main-care branch was intended for students planning to tenance of different engines, electrical sys-work as attendants in mental care or at institutions tems and instruments, transmissions, brakingfor handicapped adults. Instruction in the child systems, steering gears, and chassis; tool care;and youth welfare branch was intended for those and welding. planning to work as child supervisors in preschool B. Plant mechanics: similar to motor mech-and leisure activities, at orphanages, as attendants anics branch, but provided instruction inin institutions for handicapped children, or with special machines such as road constructionchildren and young people with handicaps. The machinery, lifting gear, power saws and for-child nursing branch was for students interested in estry and agricultural machinery; diesel en-the hospital care of infants and sick children. The gines; hydraulic systems; and welding re-health, medical services, and geriatrics branch of pairs. the line was for students intending to become C. Spare parts service: instruction inware-nursing assistants and practical nurses in health house techniques and calculating, goodsand medical services or in the care of the aged. reception and storage, salesmanship, dis-This line was radically changed under thenew patching operations, warehouse accountingprogram effective in July 1993 (numbers in and purchasing, business, and bookkeeping.parentheses are hours per year). Students studied in firms outside the school Year 1- All branches: Swedish (160), working life and circulated within the firm among various orientation (40), psychology (65), physical edu- workplaces such as the warehouse, the sales cation (80), reserve period (4), optional subject counter, goods reception, etc. (English, a second foreign language, religion, D. Aircraft mechanics: involved more theo- social sciences, consumer education, math- retical studies than the other branches and ematics, music or drawing) (120). Additional included physics, electricity, and aerody- courses in the child and youth welfare and child namics. Instruction was given in regulations nursing branches included nursing education

61 Upper Secondary Education

(195), child studies (297), and child welfarecal. Those dealing with operating techniques were practice (483); the health, medical services, andevenly divided between theoretical, experimental, geriatrics branch in adults added nursing educa-and practical exercises in operating and mainte- tion (414), child studies (78), and nursing/carenance techniques. practice (483). Year 1- Common core courses for all students in- Year 2- All branches: Swedish (120), working life cluded Swedish, English, mathematics, and orientation (40), and physical education (80). technical subjects, with technical subjects oc- Additional courses in the child and youth cupying approximately two-thirds of the time. welfare branch included psychology (77), social Year 2- Study was divided into three branches: medicine (26), family affairs (38), anatomy and A. Energy technology: operation of energy physiology (26), microbiology and hygiene (13), production and process engineering systems, pathology (57), nursing education (44), child and both in economic terms and from the view- youth studies (263), child welfare practice (525), point of safety. Instruction included cal- and music (51); in the child nursing branch culations, sampling and analyses, running psychology (77), social medicine (26), family tests and monitoring energy production, and affairs(38), anatomy and physiology (38), process engineering systems and installa- microbiology and hygiene (37), pathology (57), tions. There were three specialties offered: nursing education (149), child and youth studies power and heating technology, property (122), nursing/care practice (525), and music maintenance, and water and sewage. (51); in the health and medical sciences and B. Marine engineering: knowledge of equip- geriatrics branch psychology (51), social medi- ment; operation and maintenance on board cine (44), anatomy and physiology (70), micro- ship; basic knowledge of fishing, navigation, biology and hygiene (51), pathology (69), phar- and seamanship; studies of construction of macology (45), nursing education (265), and ships; cargo handling and seamanship; and nursing/care practice (525), and in the psychi- machinery aboard ship. Instruction included atric care branch psychology (51), social medi- calculations, sampling and analyses, opera- cine (57), anatomy and physiology (70), micro- tional testing and monitoring of machinery biology and hygiene (51),pathology (69), and installations, and a certain amount of pharmacology (45), nursing education (252), and practice in connection with the navigation nursing/care practice (525). and maneuvering of ships. There were three Nursing care practice and child care practice specialties within the branch: deck technol- were graded only pass/fail.Instruction in the ogy, mechanical engineering, and fishing nursing line also provided a foundation for further technology. training in the nursing and care sector. After at C. Electrical power: knowledge of electrical least 6 months' employment, students could apply equipment; devices for control and regula- to postsecondary studies in nursing or social tion; and the supervision of operations. services. They were also then qualified under the Studies were made of the structure and de- regulations of the National Board of Health and sign of electrical systems and control systems, Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) for employment as practical that includedrepairs,maintenance and nurses in health and medical services, as nurses in monitoring of devices such as winches, hospitals mainly concerned with mental care, or in cranes, and control components; trouble hospitals or institutions for the mentally retarded. shooting; and maintenance in electrical sys- Graduates of the child and youth welfare branch tems and control systems. The branch qualified for admission to postsecondary training focused on marine electronics with in-depth courses for child care teachers, preschool teachers, studies of the problems of operation and and social and recreational instructors. Graduates maintenance associatedwithelectronic of the child nursing line could apply for admission equipment, control equipment, and regulat- to the postsecondary nursing training program at a ing equipment aboard ship and with naviga- college of health sciences or university. tion aids. Operations/Control and Maintenance(Drift-och A number of years of job experience were re- underhalisteknisklinle):The operations and mainte-quired before full vocational competence in the nance line provided the basic knowledge andfield could be achieved. Students could also con- skills required for employment in power and heattinue postsecondary studies in a 2-year course of production plants, property facilities, water andvocational training (yrkesteknisk) at the postsec- sewage purification plants, and marine engineer-ondary level within the universities and institutes ing. The studies were both theoretical and practi-of technology. Graduates of the operation and

17 Chapter 3

maintenance linewere eligible for admissionto postsecondary ship's officer introduction to applicationsof mathematics (num- training courses forbers in parenthesesare hours per week). mates, masters, assistant ship'sengineers, and marine engineers. Year1- Commoncoresubjectsincluded Swedish (4), English (3),history (3), social Process Technology(Processtekniskilnle): Thepro- cess technology line provided sciences (3), mathematics(3), natural sciences basic knowledge (6), typing and office skills and skills required foremployment in certain (4), music or drawing pro- (2), reserve period (1),and optional subjects cessing industries (numbersin parenthesesare hours per year). (same choicesas in business 2-year line) (3). Year 2- Study required Year 1- Commoncore of courses included Swed- Swedish (3), English (3), ish (160), working life history (2), religion (2),social sciences (3), sociol- orientation (40), work ogy (5), mathematics (3), natural technique(360),vocationaltheory(720), sciences (6), physical education (80), physical education (2),reserve period (1), and reserve period (40), and optional subjects (3). optional subjects (English,a second foreign lan- Technology (TeknisklinJe): The technology guage, religion, psychology, socialsciences, con- line was sumer education, mathematics, divided into four branchesin year 1: mechanical, music or draw-building, electro-, and ing) (120). Instructionwas designed to give all chemical engineering. The students a basic knowledge line provided basictechnical education and of raw materials,specialized knowledge within semi-manufactured, and finishedproducts in the trade. Admis- the processing industry, sion to year 2 requiredstudents have at least 9 and the working andmonths of job experience uses of motors, apparatus, and relating to the branch of other productionpreference, that could be equipment and plants.Students received basic completed beforeor after instruction in bench and the first year of theline (numbers in parentheses tube work, brazing,are hours per week). maintenance work, sampling,material control Year 1- Common and trouble shooting,energy production and core subjects in all four automatic controls, and branches included Swedish(4), English, Ger- control engineering. man, or French if the latter Year 2- Studentsconcentrated on one of the two languages were branches (chemical studied in compulsoryschool (3), mathematics engineering, paper and (6), physics (4), physical pulp, metallurgy, andbuilding materials) and education (3), and the spent some time in workplaces reserve period (1). Students inthe chemicalen- outside the gineering line took 8 hours school. Also includedwas working life orien- per week of chem- tation (40), work technique istry, while the otherbranches took only 2 hours (from 440 to 960 per week. They also took only lessons dependingon branch), vocational theory 6 hours in tech- (from 320 to 840 lessons nical subjects, whilestudents in the other depending on branch), branches took 12 hours. physical education (80),optional subjects (120). Social Studies (Soda Year 2- The linevaried dependingon the Mtge): The social studiesline branch. In all branches provided general knowledgeas a foundation for students took religion both vocational choices (2), social sciences (2),physics (3), ergonomics and further education.It (2), physical education served particularlyas a foundation for further edu- (1), and thereserve pe- cation focusing riod (1). Students inmechanical engineering, on social work, nursing andcare, the teaching profession, chemical engineering,and building took and other occupationscon- two cerned with personal periods of mathematics;those in electro-power contacts and social ser-vices. and telecommunications Graduates were eligiblefor the upper secondary took four. All but advanced specialized building branch studentstook businesseco- course in social adminis- nomics (2). Technical tration. The principalsubjects taughtwere natural subjects occupied therest of the schedule, withbetween 18 and 22 lessons sciences (physics,chemistry, biology, andgeo- science, which included depending on the branch. laboratory exercises and Woodworking Technology excursions to study ecologyand natural geography); (Trateknisklin le): T he woodworking technologyline provided the sociology (study of theindividual and the familyin basic a changing society and social knowledge and skills neededfor employment in policy pursued bythe wood conversion the community, whichincluded field trips and sector (joiner factories, wood group work); and social sciences, furniture factories,prefabricated building factories, history, andetc.). mathematics. In mathematics,the studies included an introduction Year 1- Commoncore courses were required for to a number of elementary all students. concepts in the theory of probabilityand statistics, Year 2- There use of slide rule andcalculating machines, were three branches: joiners and (further studies inuse of sawing and planing 18 32 Upper Secondary Education

machines, milling machines, and drilling andis staff (2), typist (1 term), upholsterer (2), welder (1 polishing machines), pattern makers (creation ofterm). Specialized courses were still offered after foundry molds of wood and plastics), and boatthe reform, but many have been incorporated into builders (building and repair of small craft).the new programs and others are part of municipal Much of instruction involved making articles. adult education. A few are offered as tertiary edu- Of the total study lessons of 3,050 hours, 2,360cation. were devoted to work technique and vocational theory. After completion of the joiners branch,Adult Education for students could take upper secondary school ad-Primary and Secondary Studies vanced specialization courses in furniture making Upper secondary studies can be pursued at a and interior fittings or cabinet making and joinery. later point by enrolling in courses offered by Mu- Workshop Technology(VerkstadsteknlskllnJe): T h e nicipal Adult Education (Kommunal Vuxenutbild- workshop technology line provided students withninglKomvux). Komvux was established in 1968 to the basic knowledge and skills required for em-provide adults with an educational opportunity cor- ployment in the engineering industry, includingresponding to secondary school. In 1982, an official engineering shops, shipyards, and steel mills. Komvux curriculum was issued by the Ministry of Year 1- Common core courses concentrated onEducation. Courses are equivalent to those in workshop techniques (use and maintenance ofcompulsory and upper secondary school, grades 7-9 tools and machines, elementary grinding, turn-and 10-12. Komvux is organized by subject courses ing, milling, plate work, brazing, and welding). identified by etapp (stage), and adults can study Year 2- There were four branches: workshoppart-time or fulltime (1 to 4 courses): mechanics (deeper knowledge of different tools etapp 1= year 9 of compulsory school and machines used for turning, milling, grind- etapp 2 = level 2 of upper secondary school ing, drilling, etc.); metal workers and welders etapp 3 = level 3 of upper secondary school (further instruction in mechanical sheet metal etapp 4 = advanced work in certain subjects fabrication, hot and cold straightening, gas- The education law that became effective in shielded arc welding, gas cutting, brazing and1992 continues the practice of requiring that braze welding, etc.); heavy plate (instructionKomvux courses be equivalent to those in the with firms in the trade to build up specialupper secondary school national programs. The skills); and steel mill trades (in-plant training inlaw makes it a duty and responsibility of every the production department of a steel mill). municipality to provide basic adult education Out of 3,040 hours of training, 2,360 were spent(grades 1-9) to all residents who desire it. in workshop technique and vocational theory. Students who complete their upper secondary Graduates could take advanced specializationstudies by taking Komvux courses receive an upper courses in precision engineering, tool technologysecondary school leaving certificate (Avgdngsbetyg 2 and machinery, sawmill engineering, and welding.from Komvux) for completion of a 2-year line from Komvux (see Document 3.2) or an upper secondary Specialized Courses school leaving certificate (Avgdngsbetyg 3 from The integrated upper secondary school linesKomvux) for completion of a 3-year line from also offered specialized courses that qualifiedKomvux. A certificate (Samlat Betygsdokument) can students for a particular occupation. The majoritybe given but it is not the final one for completion of them could be entered immediately from com-of single courses. pulsory school, while some required upper sec- Students can also complete upper secondary ondary school courses. These courses that requiredstudies in a gymnasieskola and then take courses in at least 2 years of upper secondary school workKomvux to meet specific university admission re- were referred to as advanced specialized coursesquirements. Their marks in Komvux courses that (pdbyggnadsutbildningar). Specialized courses couldfulfill specific admission requirements are averaged be taken as extension courses and in some cases asinto their upper secondary school marks when they sandwich studies (theoretical instruction alternat-apply for admission to tertiary programs. ing with vocational experience). Most included Students can also complete upper secondary some form of practical training. Among courses thatlevel studies by enrolling in a folk high school could be entered directly from compulsory school(folkhogskola). (See Chapter 7, Adult Education) were (numbers in parentheses are years of study): caretaker (2), chimney sweep (2), decorator (2),Study Programs After July 1992 dental nurse (2), furrier (2), gentlemen's hairdresser A July 1992 Parliamentary law reduced the (3), ladies' hairdresser (3), optician (2), photograph- number of programs from 30 to 16: 14 vocational 33 19 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 3 and two university preparatory programs. The goalfectionery (bageri och konditori) and fresh and cured is to create an upper secondary school that offersmeats (kott och charkuteri). students freedom of choice and meets the needs of Handicraft(Hantverk):training for work in several the community at large, while being adaptable tohandicraft trades. Much of the program takes place changes in society. As of fall 1992 upper secondaryat workplaces outside school. Branch: handicraft school lines became 3-year programs that givetrades. general eligibility for higher studies, although since Healthcare(Omvardnad):training for work with 1993 every tertiary program has set its own specificpeople of all ages in healthcare, welfare, or den- entrance requirements. tistry. Branches in healthcare (omvdrdnad) and den- Parliament and the government now stipulatetal nursing (tandvdrd). the goals for education, but give considerably more Hotel, Restaurant, and Catering (Hotell- och restaur- responsibility to local authorities. They do require ang):training for work as a receptionist, conference that all municipalities provide upper secondaryhost, waiter, or cook. Branches in hotel (hotel!), education to everyone under the age of 20 who hasrestaurant (restaurant), and catering (storhushdll). completed compulsory school studies, not the case Industry (lndustri):training for work in industrial previously. Funds are now allocated to the munici-production including programming and processing palities for education and other purposes such asfor industrial robots, machines, etc. Branches in child care, but the method of achieving the goals isindustry (industri), process industries (process), textile decided by local authorities and schools. and clothing manufacturing (textil och konfektion), National goals for each program are establishedand woodwork (tra). by the government through the National Agency Media (Media):training for work in advertising, for Education (Skolverket). A minimum guaranteeddesign, and production of printedmaterial. time for study over the 3 years is mandated: 2,180Branches in information and advertising (infor- clock hours for the study oriented programs andmation och reklam) and graphic media (tryckmedier). 2,400 clock hours for the vocationally oriented pro- Natural Resource Use (Naturbruk):training for work grams. Thirteen to fifteen percent of the program isin agriculture, silviculture, horticulture, or with available for individual options or local additionsanimals. (see Table 3.6 for 1993 course list). The new NaturalSciences (Naturvetenskap):university prepar- national programs and their branches are: atory studies directed towards further studies in Arts (Estetiska):broad basic education for work inmathematics, scientific subjects, and technology. the arts, branches in dance and theater (dans- ochBranches in natural sciences (naturvetenskaplig) and teater), art and design (konst- och formgivning), andtechnical (teknisk). (These branches remainvery music (musik). similar to the former lines in these fields.) Business and Administration (Handel- och admin- Social Sciences (SamhNisvetenskap):university pre- istration):training for work in business and admin-paratory studies directed towards further studies in istration in private business and the public sector. social sciences, business, and languages. Branch Child Recreation (Barn- och Mild):training for childin business/economics (ekonomi),humanities care, leisure activities, healthcare, libraries, etc. (humaniora), and social sciences (samhallsvetens- Construction (Bygg):training for work in thekaplig). construction industry, housing, or civil engineering, Vehicle Engineering ( Fordon):training for repair and branches in construction metalwork (byggpldt),maintenance of motor cars, trucks, and machines. building and construction (hus- och anlaggnings-Branches in aircraft engineering and maintenance byggnad), and painting (mdleri). (flygunderhdll), coachwork (karosseri), vehicle repair Electrical Engineering (El):training for work on(reparation), and transport (transport). installation, repair, and maintenance of electrical, A municipality or region may establish local telephone, and electronic installations, branches inbranches that provide an education adapted to automation (automation), electronics (elektronik),local needs and conditions. In the new national and installation (installation). programs, the local authorities or school officials Energy( Energy):training for work in electricaldecide when different subjects are to be studied plant and electrical power industry, heating, venti-during the 3-year period. There is no central lation, and sanitation installations and aboard ship.directive on the length of lessons, which allows Branches in energy (energi), shipbuilding (skepps-subjects to be studied in concentrated blocks. All byggnad), and heating, ventilation, and sanitationprograms include core subjectsin Swedish, (varme,vatten, och sanitet /vvs). English, social sciences, religion, mathematics, Food (Livsmedel):training for work in food in-natural sciences, sports and health, and art. Except dustry and food sales. Branches in baking andcon-in the humanities, natural sciences, and social 20 34 Upper Secondary Education sciences programs, some of the education takespermitting them to change the direction of their place at work rather than in school, so that stu-studies and make successive choices. Students can dents can practice knowledge they have acquired.now choose any subject offered in the national At least 15% (approximately 15 weeks) of the totalprograms for a 1-year period before deciding to 3-year period requires onsite practical training. complete a program, or they may create their own The law gives considerably more independ-3-year program, provided that they have included ence to students in creating their own programs,in it the eight required core subjects. Table 3.6 Upper Secondary Course List (1993, with total 1-hour periods over 3 years) Subject Natural Sciences Social Sciences Other Natural Tech- Business Human- Social Vocational Sciences nology ities Sciences Swedish 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 English 150 150 150 150 150 150 110 Social Sciences 90 90 90 90 90 300 90 Religion 30 30 30 60 60 60 30 Mathematics 150 240/300 240/300 200 150 200 110 Science 30 30 30 100 100 100 30 Sports and Health 80 130 80 130 130 130 80 Arts 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 History 80 80 80 80 190 190 Philosophy 40/0 40/0 40 40 Psychology 0/40 0/40 40 40 Geography 50 140 B-Language* 190 190 190 190 190 C-Language* 0/190 190 Latin or D-Lang.* 240/190 Humanities or Social Sciences 60/110 60 Physics 220 220 Chemistry 180 140 Biology 110 50 Arts Subjects 990 Business Subjects 510/320 Environ. Subjects 60/0 60/0 Technical Subjects 60 270 Vocational Subjects 1370 Individual Options 190 190 190 190 190 190 190 Local Options 130 120 100 130 100 130 130 Total Teach. Hrs. 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2370 Special Projects 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 Total Hrs. 2180 2180 2180 2180 2180 2180 2400 Note: General curricula for studies beginning 1993. It will be fully implemented in 1995. * B-Language is a second language after English, C-Language is a third language, and D-Language is a fourth language.

21 35 Chapter 3

, et . cc i.neairsti6 Oa 60kilra+.1 ii.,r. 1 Sn:,ans ton, VdxjbKatedralskola AVGANGSBETYGeftet sluttard tirokurs I gymnaskirskolan Vxjb 1987-06-05 ether I ullsaandlg rtudielcurs I kornmurull -- slier statilg vuesnutblkInIng El

Etternarnn. klOalsnamn Personnr (ar. Tin, dog. nr) 111111111110,11=11111k IIIIIIIIIIII Trearig samhillsveteaskapfig Urge Vanant Stulel.urs (ruliztandoo Fintelle eke, Utotarn Noel ldt eludevag Ful1st4ndig S UVO

As Ars- Amnon Betyg kurs Kod tor amne Amen Betyg kursKod101 Ammo Svenska g,...r- 3 3 0Konst-och .---..,,....;Aket! svenska spraket ,Deltagit:". -- S musikhtstona 2 1 8 4 0 00 lineraturkunskap och ._ sprSklig onentering .---...--..... 3 3 6 5 6 0 l 0Bild 1 380 0 - . . . et e e t e

Engelska , . . . . _ . P. 7 , 3 3 6 63 0 0 0Musik 7 1 1 1 e !. ' 3 1 1 050 00 . - ..-- - ,--- Franska 8 - . _ 6 1 3u 6 Foretagsekonomi - 2024 0 Tyska B 33 8 6 6 0 B0Maskinskrovning -.--7 ...... 2 1 500 Franska M c.d. 3 1 6 16 3 0 C 0 tdrott -Fyra,:'4 390.2900 a400.1. .111PliSY van.11,:: .p.,./,,,

,-,...... ":', t i r r t 4 3 Historia 0 28 0 0 0 Mediakunskap 1 1 S 9 - i % ! 35 1 5 20 0 - 4,....,,------17..V.44,, 3 ReligionskunSkap . 3 0 6700 0 .. -.....-

Friosok 0 1 240 4-N-re,' ...e-

Psykologi TypA-0= 4 3058000 0..,...... -.6.

.14..li.t.F.V.,..,...... T..Jr. Samhallskunskap f y i - , . . , 4 3 54800 0 .. ..,,.....1.....-- ,...,....c...... Socialkunskap 55740 -,...:0,...... ;;; ...; .,,...... Matematik 2 2 35 50S 0 ...... Renesto1thrtilbgl mine). Naturkunskap .re 4 2 3 84 5 0 0 Frivillig musik, kbrsang.

Rektor Al& v(?co.o e

0136/ S*U.

(1 25-090 CK Estelle Blenhortfdloo

Document 3.1 Leaving Certificate and Transcript for Upper SecondarySchool Social Sciences 22 36 REST CM' AVAII AR I F Upper Secondary Education

Suzions ..wnn VUXENUTS I LDN NGEN Avgangsbetyg UPPLANDS VASBY 1992-05-27 Kommunal och stallig utbildningforvuxna

Nmonrummw

011111111111 1

r vibilomnskod ,. _Humanr...tot,k- NAtur- Ekonernisk Xj ficmhillAvele.nskapng 1 I velenskaplik ji_Teknisk L 035100 - 1----- Arnne/Kursoittra atter amine ansiere.tayo) Belyq Kurskod Anmaraning OblIpaignijui 'mon Svenska 2 svonska sprokel 6560S 02

litteraturkunskap ochaptaktigodenterIng .. .. . 656OL 02

Engelska 2 iwg0g980300..9?...

Sarnhaltskunskap 2 54800 02 Matematik 2 35500 02 Karakli rsimmn ...Tyska 2 Historia 2 Psykologi 2

NaturkunskttE.2

mvpaw.mov, Svenska 3, svenska sprAket

Svenska 3, Litt o sprakl orient

__Engelska_ ADS-grundkurs Tangentbordsteknik

4.0 r

Document 3.2 Leaving Certificate and Transcript from a Komvux Upper Secondary School for a 2-Year Humanities/Social Sciences Line

23 BEST COPY 37 Chapter 4 Higher Education

The Early Years leges (hogskola), a Swedish term that literally trans- lates into English as "high school." A few insti- Prior to the reform of 1977, postsecondary educa-tutions, for example the Stockholm School of Eco- tional institutions were classified according to thenomics and the schools for the arts in Stockholm, type of programs offered and whether they wereremained independent of the other institutions but research based. The four types of postsecondarywere still under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of institutions were universities, university colleges,Education and Science (Utbildningsdepartementet). institutes, and vocational schools, including col-At the end of the 1980s, some of the postsecondary leges of health. Universities offered a broad rangetechnical programs that had been part of the upper of programs and had research facilities, whilesecondary school system were changed and university colleges, some of which had originallyrelocated in engineering programs, which were been established as university satellites in smallerthen integrated into the nearest university or uni- cities, were broader based in their programmingversity college. A quarter of the small institutes, but did not include research. Institutes undertookusually health related, remained under regional or research and offered academic programs (for ex-local control. The institutes for forestry, veterinary ample, the Royal Institute of Technology ormedicine, and agriculture remained under the Karolinska Institute of Medicine). VocationalMinistry of Agriculture (Jordbruksdepartementet) but schools had very specialized curricula that did notwere consolidated into the Swedish University of involve research. Agricultural Sciences. Integration of traditional The universities and institutes had permanentuniversities and professional institutes was rela- funding from the government for research and re-tively easy because standards for admission were search training. University colleges developedsimilar. Integration of the vocational institutes was resources for research but support was given in themore difficult due to the diversity of their programs. form of government grants and in many cases was The focus of the 1993 reform has been the de- linked to local industry. centralization of organization and resource man- Reform agement. The Ministry of Education and Science no longer determines the national curriculum for Sweden's postsecondary educational systemeach program and so individual institutions now has undergone major reforms in recent years. Withhave that authority. Few changes will be seen the reform of 1977, the number of institutions andimmediately but students will have more freedom students increased while the system became moreof choice in the selection of courses in their degree centralized. Since the reform of 1993 it has becomeprograms. Institutions can now decide how they decentralized and now gives greater freedom to in-will distribute the money given to them by the dividualinstitutions and students. Sweepinggovernment. This new freedom allows them to changes in primary and secondary levels have leddetermine the number of admissions to programs, to changes at the university level and within pro-to build on their strengths in certain fields, and to grams such as teacher education. become leaders in these fields. The Office of the In the 1977 reform all postsecondary institu-University Chancellor (Kanslersiimbetete) has been tions, including the traditional universities andcreated to evaluate and assess the quality of professionalinstitutes and 100 postsecondaryinstitutions and programs and also to examine the vocational institutes, were integrated into one sys-right of institutions to award degrees at different tem (see Figure 1.2). Higher education institutes,levels.Overall, the government isexpecting some of which had been satellite sites of the uni-increased numbers of students in higher education versities, later became independent university col-institutions and, in particular, increased numbers

24 33 Higher Education

in the longer technical, science, and teachingEducation (Verket for HogskoleserviceIVHS). The programs, and in the advanced degree programs. Abulk of the applications are for fall semester but greater emphasis will be placed on internationalsome programs allow admission during the spring programs and experience abroad through ERAS-semester. The applicant selects up to 12 programs, MUS and NORDPLUS and the further develop-listing them in order of preference. Course requirement of exchange programs. ments from upper secondary school or adult educa- Today the tertiary system consists of 7 universi-tion classes must be met, and applicants are rank- ties; an agricultural university; 2 technical universi-ed according to grade point average or scores from ties and 28 university colleges, including the artsthe Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (Hogskole- and physical education; an institute of education;prov). a private school of economics; and 29 colleges of Where circumstances warrant, applicants may health sciences (see Appendices A and B for insti-request placement inaspecial consideration tutional profiles). Many of the colleges of healthcategory, but only a small percentage are admitted sciences, funded by the municipalities, are merg-this way. Approximately 50-60% of the admissions ing because of funding and decreased enroll-are through grade point ranking and the remainder ments. A few of the larger health colleges mayare admitted through Aptitude Test scores. Stu- merge with a nearby university college. Many ofdents are admitted to a government-prescribed the university colleges are performing research andnumber of places in each program. several have been given the authority to award the Admissions are processed in July after students Magisterexamen (master's degree). receive final grades from upper secondary school, Financing of Studies and admission takes place in August. The VHS sends a waiting list for each program at that time, There are no tuition charges at any of the ter-and 60% of those admitted receive their first tiary institutions. Students remain qualified forchoice. Of the 90,000 (1993) applications, one-third government grants and loans for living expenses aswere not admitted to any program. Applications for long as they complete their coursework within thesingle-subject courses are processed directly by required time limit. Government grants and loansinstitutions. are made through one of sixdistrict offices Since July 1993 institutions have been able to (Studiemedelsndmnder). There is also the Nationaldetermine the number of places, specific entrance Board of Student Aid (Centrala Studiestodsndmnden),requirements, and criteria for ranking students in which gives financial aid to students in the form ofeach program, and can have the applications grants and repayable loans. Grants generally repre-processed through VHS or at their own institution. sent one-third of total aid. Students may use the aid while studying abroad. Traditionally, interestSwedish Scholastic Aptitude Test on loans has been very low, but itis adjusted The Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (Hog- annually in relation to the consumer price index. Itskoleprov), first administered in 1977, was originally is not unusual for Swedes to be paying studentdeveloped for applicants who had not received the loans well into their fifties. upper secondary degree but qualified for admission Admission under the 25/4 rule (25 years old with 4 years of employment experience). The test was developed General admission to all tertiary programs andwith the assistance of the U.S.-based Educational single-subject courses requires at least: Testing Service and modeled after its Scholastic 1- either completion of upper secondary Aptitude Test. In 1991 the national admission school, adult secondary school, folk policy changed so that the final grade point high school, or foreign secondary average was no longer the sole criterion for ad- school; or having reached the age of mission. Now students can also be admitted ac- 25 with 4 years of work experience; cording to their ranking on the Aptitude Test and (Table 4.1). The scale ranges from 0 to 2, with 2 2- Swedish and English corresponding being the highest score. The average score is to the second year level in the upper approximately .98. Over 90,000 Swedes take a new secondary school. version of the test at each sitting. The test consists Specific additional requirements vary withof six sections, including a section on English each program. Several programs require additionalreading comprehension introduced in spring 1992. tests, writing samples, interviews, and portfolios. The score is valid for 5 years and the best score is Applications to general study programs are pro-used if there are multiple sittings (see Document cessed through the National Agency for Higher4.1; score sample).

33 25 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Hogskoleprov (Swedish Scholastic Local Study Programs Aptitude Test Scores, Fall 1992) Local Study Programs were developed by institutions to meet the specific needs of their regions, Saxe % Some % Sane % and provide distinctive specialties and interdisci- 0.0 1.7 .7 6.1 1.4 6.7 plinary combinations that lead to degrees. .1 3.5 .8 6.7 1.5 5.7 Single-Subject Courses .2 3.0 .9 7.3 1.6 4.6 Each institution offers a wide variety of single- .3 3.3 1.0 7.7 1.7 3.4 subject(fristdende)courses, also called separate, in- .4 4.0 1.1 7.6 1.8 2.2 dependent, or free-standing courses. They range from basic to advanced level in various subjects .5 4.7 1.2 7.4 1.9 1.2 and vary in length, with 20 points being typical .6 5.4 1.3 7.2 2.0 .6 (see "Credits" below). These courses may be taken full-or part-time and combined to obtain a Academic Year HogskoleexamenpaEnstaka Kurser(Bachelor of [field] degree) if the conditions have been met. The academic year is normally composed ofSome of these courses may also be part of the two 20-week semesters or terms, autumn(host)andgeneral study program. The degree is equal to that spring (vdr), and the semester is 4 to 5 weeksobtained through general study or local study longer than the average semester in the Unitedprograms. Holders are eligible for admission to States. The autumn semester starts at the end ofdoctoral degree studies. Beginning in 1993 students August or beginning of September and ends inwere required to complete 60 points in the major mid-January; the spring semester begins in mid-subject with a 10-point thesis and at least 120 January and ends in early June. There are nor-points for theKandidatexamen,or 80 points in the mally short breaks at Christmas and Easter. Mostmajor subject with a 20-point thesis and at least programs begin only with the fall semester but160 points for theMagisterexamen. some accept students beginning either semester. Those who wish to enroll in single-subject Degree Programs courses apply for admission every semester directly to the institution giving the course, and must meet Before July 1993 the educational system wasthe minimum standard set. Since July 1993 more organized into general study programs(allmannaemphasis has been given to this form of study as utbildningslinjer),local study programs(lokala ut-an alternative study program. Applicants apply to bildningslinjer),and single-subject courses(fristdende these courses for one of four reasons: (1) they wish kurser)formerly known asenstaka kurser.With theto take certain courses in a specific field; (2) they reform of 1993 institutions were allowed to develop were not admitted to the General Study program their own programs. (30% to 40% of the general program applicants also General Study Programs apply for single-subject courses); (3) they have a general interest in a subject; or (4) they want to Over 100 General Study programs, varying inchoose their own combination of courses. A spe- length from 1 to 5.5 years, were established andcific number of points is required in the major funded by Parliament. The entire curriculum wassubject for each degree. Many students meet the planned by the National Board of Universities andrequirements for a degree but never formally re- Colleges(Universitets- ochHogskoleambetet/UHA)inquest to receive it because gaining employment in order to ensure that each program had the samea particular field may require experience in the basic structure wherever it was offered. However,area rather than a formal degree. It is also possible since the educational reform of 1993 the content,for a student to transfer from single course study to materials, length, etc. have been determined bya General Study program and complete a degree. each institution. The programs were grouped intoUpon completion of each course, a certificate one of the following five sectors: administrative, (bevis)is awarded if requested. economic, and social work; education; health; information, communication, and culture; and Advanced Study Courses technical and scientific. Since the 1977 reform, Advanced study courses(pdbyggnadslinjer)are emphasis has been placed on education thatusually 20 to 40 points in length and are taken after would lead to specific occupations, which has ledcompletion of a first degree. These courses provide to fewer programs in the humanities. The programsadvanced training or specialization in specific ar- can lead to a certificate or a degree. eas but are not part of a doctoral program.

26 Higher Education

Degree Programs and Credentials Course Level Descriptions of all degree programs in specific Courses are offered at the basic, intermediate, areas of study and courses may be found in Chap-and advanced level, often indicated by a letter or ters 5 and 6. Also included are the names of thepoints. Level A (1-20 points) comprises basic credentials awarded both before and after thecourses; level B (21-40 points) has intermediate reform of 1993 with their official English translationcourses; level C (41-60 points) and in many sub- as determined by the Swedish ministry. jects level D (61-80 points) are advanced level or graduate courses. A greater number of courses are Class Structure available at the first level. To study at the ad- A variety of teaching methods are employed,vanced level, completion of the basic and inter- and the amount of time spent in classrooms de-mediate levels is required. Level points should not pends upon the area of study. This can range frombe confused with points awarded for credit. Level 8 to 10 hours per week in the humanities and so-points might appear with the department or title of cial sciences, to over 30 in the engineering andthe course, for example, Fysik, grundkurs, 1-20 p. physical sciences courses. There is a syllabus forThe "1-20 p" indicates a basic level course. The each course or study program, which in some casespoints awarded for the course are a specific num- is available in English. In the great variety ofber (20 points), not a range of points (see discussion offerings, students may attend lectures with hun-under "Credentials Awarded"). dreds of others, or classes of only 20 to 30 students that are primarily discussion oriented. Laboratory Examinations sections, mainly in the natural sciences and tech- One or more written or oral examinations may nology, consist of small groups. There are alsobe given during or at the end of each course, and seminars that focus on special subjects. Studentscan also be an essay or written report. Basic courses may be involved in group work on assignmentsusually have two or three exams while the more with teacher guidance, or in tutorials for indi-advanced courses have fewer. Students who fail an viduals or small groups in which the teacher helpsexamination may retake itat a later date.All prepare for presentations or leads planning ses-course examinations and thesis projects must sions. Most classes are conducted in Swedish, butreceive passing marks in order to earn a degree. a large proportion of the textbooks are in English and a lesser number are in German or French. Credits More courses are being offered in English every All institutional credit is expressed in terms of year at universities and university colleges (seea point (poling). One week of successful fulltime Chapter 8). study equals 1 point; 1 semester of successfulfull- time study equals 20 points; 2 semesters equal 40 Teaching Ranks points. Courses vary in points, but the average There are different levels of instructors withincourse load for1 semester is 20 points. Study institutions: programs range from 40 to 220 points (i.e.,1 to 5.5 A. Doctoral student (assistent/doktorand), whoyears). The actual time taken to complete a study leads classes or laboratories; program may be longer than the points indicate, B. Lecturer (hogskoleadjunkt), who may or mayi.e., a 10-point thesis paper may take longer than not have the doctorate degree; 10 weeks to complete. C. Senior lecturer (hogskolelektor/universitets- lektor), who has completed the doctorate or hasLicentiate and Doctoral Study equivalent experience, teaches, and is active in All graduate programs provide in-depth study research; in the field, training in methodology, and research D. Senior lecturer (docent); experience. In Sweden these are referred to as E. Professor (professor), normally the head of apostgraduate courses. Courses and research for de- department, who isinvolved in research andgrees at this level are offered at most tertiary institu- teaches primarily at the graduate level, althoughtions, but the degree may only be awarded by the this varies with the department. Universities of Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund, Stock- In most fields, there has been a real push toholm, Umea, and Uppsala,theInstitute of hire faculty who have received the doctorate andTechnology at the University College of Lulea, also to encourage current faculty to finish theirChalmers University of Technology, The Royal doctoral studies by offering time off or monetaryInstitute of Technology, Karolinska Institute, incentives. Stockholm Institute of Education, Swedish Uni-

27 41 Chapter 4 versity of Agricultural Sciences, and the Stockholmdent is working part-time or there is a shortage of School of Economics. resources needed to sustain a high level of re- Admission to the 2-year licentiate (licentiat) or 4-search. The average length of study for the degree year doctorate (doktor) degree is decided by the de-is 7 years. Students graduating in the fields of sci- partment. Traditionally applicants apply to theence, medicine, and agriculture complete their same department from which they received theirprograms in about 6 years. Those in the fields of first degree and relatively few applicants are fromhumanities and social sciences take, on the aver- other institutions. The general requirement for ad-age, 10 years. The number of students pursuing mission is completion of the first degree or equiva-doctoral degrees has been steadily increasing, from lent, with special requirements determined by11,800 in 1985 to 14,000 in 1991. Currently about each department. Degrees in other fields usuallyhalf of the doctoral students are women, who repre- require additional work within the chosen area. sented one-third of the graduates in 1991. The The licentiate and doctoral programs consist ofcompletion rate has also been rising steadily, from coursework and participation in seminars in the18% (855) in 1981 to 29% (1,161) in 1991. (Note: field or related areas. A student, with an advisor,The doctoral degree [Filosofie Doktorsgrad] had decides upon a study plan and a topic for thebeen a purely research degree, but after 1969 was thesis or dissertation during the first year, whichrestructured to the present form and called the must be approved by the department. The finalFilosofie Doktorsexamen.) part of the program is devoted to research and work on a thesis or dissertation. Grades and Transcripts The licentiate (licentiatexamen) degree is a 2- Along with a degree certificate, there is usually year, 80-point program that consists of approxi-a list of subjects with grades (see Table 4.2) and mately 30-40 points in courses; the remainder is re-the date of completion, in many cases provided in search for the thesis. The coursework is usually theEnglish by the institution. Students may also first portion of the doctorate. Graduates of a licen-receive a computerized listing of all their courses, tiate program may continue and complete thebut this is not considered an official copy of the doctoral program. The thesis is written in Swedishrecord. The list shows the number of times the or English, and defended at a seminar. Beginningfinal test has been taken, but, as noted above, a in 1969 the licentiate degree was no longer award-failure will never be indicated on a diploma or ed, with the last degree conferred in 1971. It wasofficial transcript; only passing grades are regis- reinstated in 1981 in engineering, and in followingtered. Students must pass all courses in order to years other fields began to reintroduce the degree.receive a degree. The transcript (see Document Only four licentiates were awarded in 1981, but by4.2) also indicates under which higher education 1991 the number had increased to 420. The degreeact the degree was received, information valuable conferred may be the Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Li-in determining the general requirements for that centiate in Philosophy) or may indicate the area ofdegree. All transcripts are in the public domain so study such as Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiateanyone may request a copy. The degree is award- in Economics). ed by the institution in which the last course was The doctor (doktorsexamen) degree is a 4-year,completed, even though the remainder of the 160-point program, with approximately 40-80 points program was completed at another institution. in coursework and the remainder in research for the dissertation. The dissertation, usually in Swed-Credentials Awarded ish or English but it can be in other languages, has The degree structure has evolved over the years been traditionally nailed to a wooden beam forbut underwent the greatest change during the 1993 public inspection 3 weeks prior to the defense,reform. A degree begun before July 1, 1993, can be which is conducted in public before a board.completed under either old or new rules, and stu- Copies of the dissertation are also sent to all otherdents have until 1999 to complete under the old Swedish universities 3 weeks prior to the defense.system. Students who have already completed a In some fields the dissertation may be a collectiondegree program under the old system but who of scholarly articles published in internationallymeet the requirements for a degree under the new recognized journals. The degree conferred may besystem may also receive a new degree. Certificates the Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy)and degrees include an English translation that or may indicate the area of study such as Ekonomiehas been officially determined by the government. Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy). The term examen means degree in Swedish The doctorate can be completed in 4 years ofeducation and should not be confused with an fulltime study, but usually takes longer if the stu-examination or test.

28 42 Higher Education

Table 4.2 Grades and Transcripts Official Swedish Swedish Comments Translation Scale for most Pass with Distinction Veil Godkdnd Val Godkdnd is programs Pass Godkdnd awarded less Fail Underkand* than 10% of the time. Alternate scale Pass Godkand Fail Underkand* Engineering Five or 5 Fern Grades of 6 (sex) Graded courses Four or 4 Fyra and 7 (sju) were Three or 3 Tre given at one Non-graded time at courses Pass Godkdnd Chalmers. Law - pre 1986 Honours Berom lig 3 A Before 1969 High Pass with Distinction Med Utmiirkt Berom points were Godkdnd 2.5 a awarded for High Pass Med Berom Godkdnd2 ABdifferent levels of Pass with Distinction Icke Utan Berom achievement; Godkdnd 1.5 Ba3=60 points (hon- Pass Godkdnd 1 B ors), 2=40 points Fail Underkeind* (high pass), 1=20 points (pass). Law - 1986 and Pass with High Distinction Med Berom Godkdnd AB after Pass with Distinction Icke Wan Berom Godkand BA Pass Godkand Fail Underkand* Stockholm Sch. 130-200 Pass with Honour Val Godkdnd of Economics 100-129 Pass Godkdnd First 2 years 0-99 Fail Underkand*

Last 2 years 150-200 Pass with Honour Val Godkdnd 100-149 Pass Godkdnd 0-99 Fail Underkand* Failure never appears on the transcript.

The Hogskoleexamen was first awarded in 1977 was awarded with the completion of 120 and replaced the old Filosofie Kandidatexamen, but points, usually the case in fields such as the Filosofie Kandidatexamen was reinstated in 1986. engineering, natural science, and medicine; The name "Hogskoleexamen" was a general term for advanced degree, points vary, required a certificate or degree awarded upon completion of additional or specialized work in the field. a program, and was offered in all fields, whereas The degree was officially translated as the the Filosofie Kandidatexamen was only offered in Postgraduate Diploma/Certificate, Bachelor particular fields, although in some cases both had of Science, Master of Science, or University the same degree requirements. Certificates and (Supplementary) Diploma depending upon degrees were officially translated as either Uni- the field or level. versity Certificates, Bachelor's, or Master's degrees; the level and translation depended upon the final Prior to the Reform of 1993 or total number of points for the program, as Utbildningsbevls(Certificate)was awarded follows: upon completion of a single course or short pro- 40 to 100 points, officially translated as the gram; points vary (see Documents 4.3 and 4.4). University Certificate; Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleutbildning/YTH- Hog- at least 120 points, officially translated as the skoleexamen pa (field) (University Certificate in Bachelor's degree; [vocationalfield]).programs were 60 points in at least 160 points, officially translated as the length and provided some theoretical training, al- Master's degree. This could also be the first though the main emphasis was on vocational degree awarded in a field, i.e., no degree coursework that could not be transferred for credit

29 43 Chapter 4 to regular programs. It was primarily a vocationaldiploma was awarded upon completion of a course qualification. or program and the level depended upon the Hogskoleexamen l/ayseende grundifiggandespecific requirements of admission and level of the (field) (University Certificate in [field])had generalprogram. and specific requirements for admission. The pro- Filosofie Ambetsexamen (Master of Philoso- grams were usually the first 80 points of a longer phy)required general and specific requirements for program in fields such as law, public administra-admission. The 3-year teaching degree received tion, or economics. The certificate was awardedfrom a university was followed by 1 year of teacher upon completion of a basic program in the field. education coursework ata teacher's institute, Hogskoleexamen ilpa (field) (University Certifi-which was not counted as part of the degree. The cate/Diploma in [field])had general and specific re-professional title given was the Filosofie Magister. quirements for admission. The programs were inThis degree was phased out in 1969 with the last various fields and 40 to 100 points in length. degree being awarded in 1974. Hogskoleexamen Mph Enstaka Kurser (Bach- Juridisk-Samhallsvetenskaplig examen (Mas - elor of Arts/Science/Social Sciences)for degreeter's in Law) and Filosofisk-SamhallsvetenskaplIg obtained in single-subject coursework. The degreeexamen (Master's in Political Science)were 3.5- had general and specific requirements. Sixty pointsyear to 4-year programs that were last given in 1974 in one subject with a thesis and at least 120 totaland contained an equal amount of law and social points were required (see Single-Subject Courses,science. this chapter). Samhallsplanerarexamen (no official transla- Fliosofie Kandidatexamen I/pa (Bachelor of tion)was a 3.5-year, 140-point program offered from Arts/Science/Social Sciences in [field])had general1977 to 1982. Stockholm University continued to and specific requirements for admission. Theoffer the program until July 1993. programs were in various fields and required Professional degrees were awarded in engineer- completion of at least 120 points, with 60 points ining, medicine, social sciences, and education but the major subject and a 10-point thesis. Thenot humanities (see Chapter 5 for degree names in degree was not given during the years 1977 throughprofessional fields). The programs varied in points 1986 but the Hogskoleexamen was given instead.and admission requirements, and required comple- The degree was awarded upon completion of ation of upper secondary school or the equivalent. general or local program (see Document 4.5). The number of points, admission requirements, H5gskoleexamen pa (field) (Bachelor of Arts/and the official English translation of the profes- Education/Fine Arts/Science/Social Sciences insional degree helped determine the level of the de- [field])had general and specific requirements forgree. Professional degrees were translated as Uni- admission. The programs were in various fieldsversity Certificate in (field), University Diploma in and required at least 120 points. The degree was(field), or Bachelor's or Master's degree (see Docu- awarded upon completion of a general or local pro-ment 4.7). gram. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Arts/ Reform of 1993 Science/Social Sciences)had general and specific After July 1993 the number of degrees was re- requirements for admission. Completion requiredduced and many degrees were consolidated or re- at least 160 points with 60 points in the majornamed. The official translation, provided in paren- subject and a thesis. theses, is determined by the government and is Hogskoleexamen pa (field) (Master of Arts/Finesubject to change. Arts/Science/Social Sciences in [field])had general and specific requirements for admission. The pro-General certificates and degrees awarded: grams were in various fields and required comple- Bevis: Kursbevis, Examensbevis (Certificate) tion of at least 160 points (see Document 4.6A-B). bevis or Kursbevis is awarded for completion of Hogskoleexamen ayseende/pa Pabyggnadslin-courses or short programs, and points vary. The ex- jen (Postgraduate Diploma/Certificate in [field],amensbevis is awarded for completion of degree re- Master of Science[field], University (Supple-quirements, and points also vary. mentary) Diploma in [field]),points vary. This Hogskoleexamen Upa (field) (Diploma in [field]) credential was offered in limited fields of studyrequires the completion of 80 points in the field. and required completion of a degree in the field for Hdgskoleexamen ayseende/pa pabyggnadslin- admission. The level of the diploma varied; inJen (Postgraduate Diploma in [field])is not officially some fields it was equivalent to a master's degreecovered in the new reform, although some institu- not available in that field. In other fields thetions may continue to award this degree. Admis- 30 4 4 Higher Education sion to the program requires completion of a degree, usually in a related field, and the program consists of advanced or specialized courses in the specific field. The bevis (certificate) may be awarded upon completion of the course or program, and points vary. Kandidatexamen (field) (Bachelor of [field])requires at least 120 points with 60 points in the major subject and a 10-point thesis. The degree conferred may also be the Filosofie Kandidatexamen or may be in a specific area such as Ekonomie Kandidatexamen (economics), Teknologie Kandidat- examen (engineering), or Politices Kandidatexamen (public administration). Magisterexamen (field) (Master of [field])requires at least 160 points with 80 points in the major subject and one 20-point thesis or two 10-point theses. Degrees conferred may also be the Filosofie Magisterexamen or may be in a specific area such as Ekonomie Magisterexamen (economics), Teknologie Magisterexamen (engineering), Farmacie Magister- examen (pharmacy), or Po liticesMagisterexamen (public administration).

Professional credentials awarded: Professional credentials for the 42 professional degrees, translated as University Diploma in (field), vary from 40 to 220 points, with admission requirements and length of program determining the level of the degree (see Chapter 5 for degree names in professional fields). Both a professional degree and a general degree may be awarded for the same program if all requirements have been met for both degrees. Credentials Remaining Unchanged The following advanced degrees did not change with the Reform of 1993: Master of Arts/Sclenceis offered in many fields. The program is primarily for students who completed secondary studies or the first university level degree outside of Sweden. The 1.5-year, 60- point program includes a thesis. Programs provide preparation for more advanced degrees. The degree is only awarded in English. Licentlatexamen (Licentiate in/of [field])requires 80 points beyond the first degree and includes a thesis. Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy [field]) requires 160 points beyond the first degree and includes a dissertation.

4 5 31 Chapter 4

RESULTAT AV HOGSKOLEPROV

Nonnerin bell(Det ar den normerade potingen som Willer vid antagning till hOgskolan.)

Antal Normerad Antal Andel prov- Antal Normerad Antal Andel prov- Nitta aver poang provdellegare deltagare 41%1 ratta swat poang provdeltagare deltagare (1%)

0 - 53 0.0 /1 1.3 1e1 - 1C4 1.1 4502 8.3 54 - 63 3.1 1616 3.0 1t- 1J 1.2 4440 8.2 64 66 0.2 14-i7 2.7 1 C ')- 112 1.3 4205 7.8 69 - 72 3.3 151'4 2.9 113 116 1.4 3726 6.9 73- 76 0.4 1911 5. / 117 - 1 .e.:', 1.5 3079 5.7 77 '30 0.5 2371 4.4 1z1 - 124 1.6 2472 4.6 81 - 84 0.6 2910 5.4 12; - 12,1 1.7 1736 3.2 , 85 - 88 0.7 :4243 a.0 1,:9 - 1.S2 1.t itiie 2.0 89 - 92 2.'1 3730 o.9 1 :: 3 - 136 1.9 511 0.9 95 - 96 0.9 4125 7.6 137 - 14;i 2.0 195 0.4 97 - 100 1.0 443F. o .:. l Totalt antal provdeltagare: 541 Su Medelvdrdet av normerad poang vid de to provtillfalle: 0.99

Giltighetstid Provresultatet ar giltigtiel(NalltailtrUttlirmtbildtaag tamxpebeilaa mast: 5dot. Kontrollera Kontrollera att antalet ratta svar Overensstammer med dine egna anteckningar samt an personnummer, namn och normerad poang ar helt korrekta. Om du har fragor om rattningen av ditt prov Mr du omgaende to kontakt med pedagogiska institutionen vid limed universitet. Ange alitid personnummer.

Obeervera Om nagot inte stammer ska du omedelbart anmala delta skrifttigt till: Pedagogiska institutionen HOgskoleprovet Universitetet i timed 901 87 UMEA Tel. 090-16 50 00

Nasta Nasta provtillfalle ar 1 494-04-13. Sista dag fOr anmalan ar 1944- J3- :)1.

FACI7 . UPVJ:FT Ni. 1 3 1234, 4719:3 1234; 07;41 1,1345 67s90 0 F 1 010 ALOA) 4±CDF. .,CEAA CEF6E L 2 r.,:t; )A;CO CE241, CCADD P S LA.; CCA.40 301iD COCC ,AC: 4 )Tic DDCLA 131):7,0 ADLCC ;,A0EC 0 i AO ''DC4 CC sCC ADCL:C AACAA iACAo o :LF ADD:111 CD 4DC C SCCAI AJAC

140733

Document4.1 Hogskoleprov (Scholastic Aptitude Test Results),a score of .99 out of a possible 2.0

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 32 46 Higher Education

OFFICIAL TRANSCRIPT OF RECORD

Date of issue

/4'o+s`r\ 1993-D3-16 STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY

Sweden

Name Dare of birth. pert code

Anna 1961 0.9 03 -

nas passed the following courses and been awarded the following degree at Stockholm University, in accordance with the Higher Education Act (1977:263), concerning studies at the Philosophical Faculties at the Swedish Universities,

':ourses passed Course ,:uric Point. Grade Date Subject

Business Administration Intermediate Course 20 Pass 89-06-12 Economics Basic Course 20 Pass 90-10-13

Introductory Course in Basic Course 10 Pass 91-02-25 Commercial Law Business Administration Basic Course 20 Pass 91-05-08 Statistics Basic Course 20 Pass 91-11-07

Business Administration Specialized Course 10 Pass 91-12-16 Business Administration Advanced Course 20 Pass 91-12-18

Degree awarded Date

Bachelor of Social Science 1993-03-10

Supplementary courses

REGISTRAR Kje4Tollin

For explanation%. ,,ce overleaf "General I nfortnation"

Document 4.2A Transcript of 3-Year Bachelor of Social Science Degree

47 33 Chapter 4

STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY page 1 UNIT FOR STUDY ADMINISTRATION

Certificate Of studies for

Completed courses Paints GradeDate

INTERMEDIATE COURSE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 20.0G 890612 MARKETING BASIC COURSE, GROUP'WORK ( 2.0) 0 890310 ACCOUNTING AND BUDGETING BASIC COURSE, EXERCISE ( 1.0) 0 690310 MARKETING BASIC COURSE, EXAMINATION ( 3.0) 6 890315 MARKETING ADVANCED COURSE, EXAMINATION ( 3.0) 0 390518 ESSAY COURSE AT ADVANCED LEVEL ( 5.0) 0 890530 ACCOUNTING AND BUDGETING BASIC COURSE, EXAMINAT ( 4.0) G 890605 MARKETING ADVANCED COURSE, GROUP WORK ( 2.0) G 890612

BASIC COURSE IN ECONOMICS 20.00 901013 (10.0) G 900402 (10.0) G 901013

INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN COMMERCIAL LAW 10.0 6 910225 (10.0) 0 910225

BASIC COURSE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 20.0 0 910508 ACCOUNTING, INTRODUCTION COURSE ( 2.0) VG 880912 ADMINISTRATION, INTRODUCTION COURSE ( 2.0) 6 88092 MARKETING, INTRODUCTION COURSE C 2.0) G 881031 ADMINISTRATION BASIC COURSE, EXAMINATION ( 4.0) 0 881222 GROUP WORK, INTRODUCTION COURSE ( 2.0) 0 890113 MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS, INTRODUCTION COURSE C 2:07 6 890120 ADMINISTRATION BASIC COURSE; GROUP WORK ( 1.0) 0 890122 MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS 2 BASIC COURSE, EXAMINATIO ( 5.0) 0 910508

BASIC COURSE IN STATISTICS 20.00 911107 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ( 5.0) 0 891018 REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND TIME SERIES-ANALYSIS ( 5.0) VG 891222 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES ( 5.0) 0 900315 PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICAL INFERENCE ( 5.0) 6 911107

SPECIALIZED COURSE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 10.0 0 911216 ACCOUNTING 3 ( 5.0) 0 910115 FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING ( 5.0) 0 911215

RAUNI JANSSEN Continued on next page

40 points represent a full academicyear.1 paint equals one week"s full-time study.

Document 4.2B Transcript of 3-Year Bachelor of Social ScienceDegree

RPCT PrIPV MIMI ABLE 48 Higher Education

FOR IARARIMMIDNING sHOGSKOIANroacHomi Yrkespedamkka instkutkmen Datum Utbildningsbevis

PERSONNUMMER

hat mad GODKANT reoultat

KURSENS NAMN dattleade., YrkesPedallolik 20 Poling 1,61 I & ett utuecktingaarkete

VIVECICLINGSARBEIETS urn

KURSTID

Uppgeter om lamas I

Pa hookalaua

Data uthikinhigsbavls Sr WWII& av rekturaambetat vid Ilifigakolan fLerarutbildnins I Stodcholm 1991-05-06

'Contra !hummer

Document 4.3 Certificate for Single-Subject Course

35 1EST COPY AVAILABLE 49 Chapter 4

CHAMERS TEKNISKA HOGSKOLA CHALMERS UNIV S1TY OF TECHNOLOGY GOTEBORG SWEDEN

UTBILDNINGSBEVIS FRISTAENDE KURSER CERTIFICATE NGLE COURSES

rektorsambetets vagnar

GOTEBORG 8 februari 1993

Born Eri ksson avdelningsdi rektor

3 Document 4.4 Certificate for Single-Subject Courses

36 REST COPY AVAILABLE 50 Higher Education

UTBILDNINGSBEVIS Datum 1992-10-07

FILOSOFIE KANDIDATEXAMEN Degree of Bachelor of Arts

Namn Personnummer har i enlighet med bestamnielserna i hogskoleforordningen (SFS 1977:263) uppfyllt fordringarna for att erhAlla bevis over utbildningen med examensbenamningen FILOSOFIE KANDIDATEXAMEN

PA rektorsambetets vagnar

Marianne Nyman

F6r att examensbenamningen filosofie kandidatexamen skall knytas till utbildningsbeviset fordras bl a att den studerande har genomgatten utbildning som omfattar minst 120 pang och darvid ocksa uppfyllt de sarskilda kraven for antagning till forskarutbildning i ett Amne vid filosofisk fakultet ellertill motsvarande temaorienterade forskarutbildning vid universitetet i Linkoping (UHA-FS 1986:27)

Utbildningens innehall och betyg fortecknas pa nasta sida.

Document 4.5A Filosophie Kandidatexamen (Degree Certificate; Bachelor of Arts)

51 37 Chapter 4

2( 2 )

Utbildningsbevis for

vilken med godkant resultat genomgatt utbildning motsvarande kravet forexa- mensbenamningen filosofie kandidatexamen (SFS 1977:263). Utbildningen omfattar minst 120 poang.

Kurs/utbildningsmoment PoingBetyg Datum

Engelska, grundkurs 20 Val godkand 1978-06-03 Allman kurs

Engelska, fortsittningskurs 20 Val godkand 1979-01-30 Allman kurs

Engelska, fordjupningskurs 41-60 pang 20 Val godkand 1991-03-27 Sprikvetenskap med inriktning pa engelska. Sprakfardighet. Engelsk och amerikansk litteratur och litteraturhistoria. Special- arbete (5 poang)

Engelska, fordjupningskurs 61-80 poang 20 Godkand 1991-06-05 Allman och engelsk lingvistik. Specialarbete (8 poang)

Pedagogik, grundkurs 20 Godkand* 1979.06-08

Psykologi, grundkurs 20 Godkand* 1980-12-18

Psykologi, fortsittningskurs 20 Godkand* 1983-01-26 Kommunikation. Metodologi och metod. Differentiell psykologi. Fordjupningskurs inom omradet personlighetspsykologi

Svenska som andrasprak, grundkurs 20 Godkand 1992-05-25 Grammatik. Fonetik. Invandrarkunskap. TvA- sprakighet, sprAkvariation. Invandrarundervis- rting

Svenska, grund- och fortsattningskurs 40 Val godkand 1992-06-04 Svensk grammatik och sprAkteori. Stilistik och semantik, argumentatiortsanalys. Muntlig och skriftlig framstallning. Spraket i samhallet, sprakvard. Litteraturens metoder och teorier. Det litterara kulturarvet. Popularlitteratur och massmedier. Barnlitteratur. Drama och teater.

Fordringarna for examensbenamningen FILOSOFIEKANDIDATEXAMEN ar darmed uppfyllda.

For kurser markerade med ges endast betyget godkind. FtirOvriga kurser ges Oven betyget val godkind. Kursernas omfattning anges av poingantalet. 20 poingmotsvarar en terrains heltidsstudier Diartenummer 5/92 Document 4.5B Filosophie Kandidatexamen (Degree Certificate; Bachelor of Arts)

38 52 Higher Education

UTBELDNINGSBEVIS

v,C2

har i enlighet med bestammeherna i hogskol gea (SFS 1977:263) uppfylk fordringarna for erhallAnfloav bevis Over HOGSKOLEEXAMEN pa MATEMATIKERLINJEN, 160 pang Studieinriktning: Tillampad matematik

Kurs Poing Ban Algebra 8.0 Val godkand Matematisk analys 1 12.0 Godkand Matematisk analys II 10.0 Val godkand Linjar analys 5.0 Godkand PASCAL med matematiska tillimpningar 5.0 Val godkand Programmering, forts:in' ningskurs 5.0 *) Numerisk analys 9.0 Val godkand MatPmieska modeller I 3.0 Godkand 1) Optirneringslir' a 10.0 Godkand Matematiska modeller och operationsanalys 3.0 Godkand 1) Matematisk statistik 10.0 Val godkand Ordinara differentialekvationer 10.0 Val godkand Optiznering av stora system 5.0 Godkand Studieintegrerad praktik 5.0 Godkand 1) Tillimpad kombinatorisk optimering 5.0 Godkand Introduktion till det juridiskasystemet 5.0 Val godkand Analytiska funktioner 10.0 Godkand Fysik 1") 20.0 Godkand Elektronik") 5.0 Godkand Matteknik") 5.0 Godkand Examensarbete 10.0 Godkand 1)

(signatur) Bansgrachrna Geskiod och 1) Ends* betypt Goaded utdelu

Document 4.6A Hogskoleexamen pa Matematikerlinjen (Degree Certificate for 4-Year Program; Master of Science in Mathematics)

39 53 Chapter 4

LTIMILDNINGS13EVIS

PRAKTIK

Ericsson Radio Systems AB, Linkoping, juni 1990. Projekttitel: Korsreferens for flade.

EXAMENSARBETE Numerisk lOsning av problem larrorande Erin cirkulira medelvarden i CARABAS konceptet.

Kursen 3r tillgodoriknad Erin Universitetet i Stockholm. Kursen fir enligt beslut 1992-06-17 int3 i examen pa matematikerlinjen, inriktning mot tillimpad matematik, 160 poing.

UTOVER LINJEN GENOMGANGNA FRISTAENDE KURSER

Fortran 1.0 Godkand 1) 1990-10-30 Digitakeknik 4.5 Fyra 1990-10-30 MiIjokunskap 2.5 Godkind 1) 1991-10-18 Realtids- och processprogrammering 3.0 Tre 2) 1992-03-14 Astronomi 3.0 God !Lind 1992-04-14

Utbildningen slutfOrd 1992-06-17.

Mona Thorne 11 Forste byrisekreterare

Utbildningsbeviset utfardat 1992-11-25

Betypgradenu d och Vgpaled 1) Endes bona Godkind =Was

Document 4.6B Hogskoleexamen pa Matematikerlinjen (Transcript for 4-Year Program; Master of Science in Mathematics)

40 54 nrevr nATIV AI/All ARI Higher Education

itJ% t°%

g(dirVETENSKAP OCH KONST r". 111'1 r""4

KUNGLIGA HOGSKOLAN THE ROYALINSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY, STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN

I ovifenssiiimmelse med reg ens hogskoleforordning har delta !Dem er avlagd CIVILINGENJO In =anima with the Decree on Education of Technology by the Swedish Administration this for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEER!

utfardats for has been issued to

av Rektorsambetet vid Kungliga Tekniska I skolan. by the Office of the President a! the Royal Institute of Technology

't.

Rektor President

Examensbeviset utfardat The Examination C.ertifuate issued on

Document 4.7 Civilingenjorsexamen (Professional Degree Certificate; Master of Science in Engineering)

55 41 BEST COPYAVAILABLE Chapter 5 Specialized Education Programs

Agriculture each term in each course for those students who did not sit for or pass the examinations. A student Formal agricultural education began in 1775 withwho applies at least 3 days prior to the date is the establishment of the Veterinary Institute atallowed to sit for the exam. There is no final, Skara and was followed by institutes devoted tocomprehensive exam for the entire program. forestry (1828) and agriculture (1849). By the late All programs formerly required a special prac- nineteenth century, there were educational insti-tice period that varied according to department. It tutions and research institutes throughout the coun-gave the student the opportunity to make use of try. In 1977 all units were integrated into thethe knowledge in practical situations in place- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences/SUASments that were approved by the department. (Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet), with a main campusBeginning in 1993 this requirement was dropped. and administrative center in Uppsala and branchA final 10- to 20-point project must be completed campuses for education and/or research at otherin the major subject area, which must demonstrate locations throughout Sweden. Agricultural educa-an ability for independent thought, and be in writ- tion is part of the Ministry of Agriculture, andten form with an oral presentation. SUAS is the only tertiary level educational insti- In addition to the specialized degrees awarded tution not directed by the Ministry of Educationfor professional programs, students may also receive and Science. the Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) if the degree includes at least 120 points with 60 points Professional Programs in the major subject, or Magisterexamen (Master of The 4- to 5.5-year first degree programs are[field]) if the degree includes at least 160 points offered in the fields of agriculture, forestry, horti-with 80 points in the major subject. culture, landscape architecture, and veterinary medicine. There are also free-standing courses that Agriculture (Agronom):The 4.5-year, 180-point are offered not only to students outside ordinaryprogram has replaced the 5-year, 200-point pro- programs but also to professionals in the field. gram. Both consist of an introductory course in In addition to the general requirements foragricultural sciences (10 points, but 40 points for admission, the 4- to 5-year programs require 3 yearsthe 5-year program), coursework (at least 140), 12 of mathematics, physics, and chemistry and 2weeks of special practical experience (10), and the years of biology from a 3/4-year theoretical programthesis (10). Students may specialize in one of six in upper secondary school or the equivalent. branches: agricultural engineering, animal science, The curriculum for each program and thebiotechnology, economics, food science, and soil/ special admission requirements are determined byplant science. Many students also choose an en- each program board, composed of 12 to 15 personsvironmental emphasis. All branches lead to the representing in equal numbers teachers, students,Agrononomexamen (until July 1993 translated as and either the public sector or labor unions.Master of Science in Agriculture; thereafter, Uni- Students in most programs study one or two sub-versity Diploma in Agriculture). jects during the specified period of time, i.e., 5 The first year in all branches consists of 4 weeks for a 5-point course, and then go on to theweeks of introductory courses, 20 weeks of theo- next course. Future courses will be more consoli-retical training in applied agricultural subjects, and dated with higher point values. 25 weeks of practical work experience. Examinations are written and/or oral. They The Animal Sciences (Husdjur) program pro- take place at least twice during the course. Exam-vides broad biological orientation and coursework inations are also given at the beginning and end ofin the applied area as follows:

42 5 Specialized Education Programs

Year 2- mathematics (2 points), chemistry (16), cattle and sheep production (6-12), thesis (10). molecular biology (3), microbiology (5), anatomy Food Sciences (Livsmedel): introduced in 1988- (2), metabology (5) 1989 and involves the study of both animal Year 3- ethology (5), statistics (10), genetics andproducts and vegetables. animal breeding theory (29), animal phys. (15) Year 2- mathematics (2 points), chemistry (16), Year 4- feed science and animal nutrition (10), isotope technology (3), biochemistry (10) pig production (5), poultry production (4), cattle Year 3- cell biology (10), microbiology (10), food and sheep production (12), seminar course (5), microbiology (10), food chemistry (10) thesis (10), and courses chosen from the fol- Year 4- statistics (5), crop production sciences, lowing subjects: fur animals, horse-goat-reindeer review course (5), plant physiology (10), animal and wild animals, fish farming, study tour and science, review course (5), animal physiology also project advanced courses in animal sci- and anatomy (15), human nutrition (5), science ences; food chemistry, food microbiology, milk of plant products (10), meat science (5), dairy and meat sciences, biotechnology; economics, science (5), seminary course (5), thesis (10). crops, farm buildings, agricultural engineering; Soil/Plant Science (MarklVaxter): concentrates pedagogics, extension service, tropical agricul-on the study of plants and plant production in the ture. area of cultivation with specialization in tech- Economics (Ekonomi): offers specialization inniques, plant protection, plant breeding, and en- such areas as business economics and manage-vironmental and natural resources. ment, farm management and production econom- Year 2- mathematics (2 points), chemistry (16), ics, agricultural marketing or organization, resource molecular biology (3), statistics (5), botany (5), and structure economics, agricultural economics, or meteorology (2), pedology (3) international trade. Year 3- ecology (5), plant physiology (10), Year 2- mathematics (5 points), introduction (5), microbiology (5), soil science (10), drain and business management (5), economics (15), data irrigation (5), plant pathology (9) processing (5) Year 4- plant pathology (10), crop production Year 3- basic accounting (5), tax planning (5), science (16), statistics (5), soil management (5), statistics (10), civil law (5), marketing (5), cost/ plant nutrition (5), crop rotation (4), seminar income analysis (5), agricultural policy (5) course (5), thesis (10). Year 4- planning of the agricultural firm (10), Additional courses may be taken in ecology and cooperatives (5), marketing (5), international environmental management, applied courses in trade (5), regional economics (5), seminar (5), the subjects above, and others in economics, an- administration (5), regional economics (5), forest- imal science, food science, farm buildings, agri- ry (5), tropical agriculture (5), pedagogics (5), cultural engineering, pedagogics and agricul- environmental law (5), thesis (10). tural extension, and tropical agriculture. Additional courses that may be taken are: crops, Engineering (Teknik): the first year of the pro- animal sciences, farm buildings, agricultural en-gram emphasizes technical solutions to biological gineering, pedagogics and extension, and tropi-problems and specialization in mechanical engine- cal agriculture. ering, building engineering, and hydrotechnology. Biotechnology (Bioteknik): introduced in 1988- The mechanical engineering line also offers 1989 with specialization in animals or plants. courses in work and planning, machinery, and Year 2- mathematics (2 points), chemistry (16),applied engineering. The building engineering isotope technique (3), biochemistry (10) line offers courses in building planning, the local Year 3- cell biology (10), microbiology (10),animal environment, and building technology and molecular genetics (10), gene technology (10) production. The hydrotechnology lineoffers Year 4- (Specialization) Plant Sciences: geneticscourses within hydrotechnology and soil sciences (5), crop production science, review course (6),(for a sample program see Table 5.1 on the next plant physiology (10), immunology (5), culti-page). vation of bacteria (5), plant pathology (10), data methods (5), statistics (5), plant breeding (10), Principal Credentials Credentials seminar course (5), thesis (10). (Specialization) Prior to 1993 As of July 1993 Animal Sciences: data methods (5), genetics and animal breeding, basic course (10), statistics Agronomexamen Agronomexamen (10), animal physiology and anatomy (15), feed (Master of Science in (University Diploma science and animal nutrition(10), seminar Agriculture) in Agriculture) course (5), pig production (6), immunology (5), 180, 200 points 180 points

43 Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Agricultural Engineering Course List (1992, with points) Mechanical Building Hydro- Courses EngineeringEngineeringtechnology Year 2 Crop Production, Soil Preparation 5 5 5 Machinery, Planning, and Transportation 5 5 5 Mathematics 8 8 8 Physics, Engineering 11 11 11 Year 3 Building Technology 5 5 5 Mechanics of Tractors 5 Physics 5 5 5 Production and Harvest Technology 10 10 10 Strength of Materials 5 5 5 Structural Design 6

Study Visit 1 1 1 Technical Drawing 5 5 5 Technology in Animal Production 5 5 5 Thermal Engineering 6 6 6 Year 4 Automated Control Engineering 5 5 5 Drainage and Irrigation 5 Husbandry Environment 6 Machine Parts 5 5 Mechanics of Tractors 5 Microcomputers 5 5 5 Planning of Farm Building, Basics 11 Soil Sciences, Basics 10 Statistics, Basics 8 6 Year 5 Applied Systems Analysis 10 5 Applied Design 3 Hydromechanics 6 Main Drainage 6 Planning of Farm Buildings 6 Problems Involved in Agricultural Energy 5 5 Statistics, Basics 6 Technology Problems, Applied Design 6 Thesis 10 10 10 Work Environment 4 4 4 view of ecology, the forest as an environmental Forestry (Jagmastare):This 5-year, 200-pointfactor, and the opportunity to specialize. The pro- program, leading to the Jiigmasterexamen (Master ofgram formerly focused on a generalized education, Science in Forestry until July 1993 and thereafter,but now contains more electives and specialization UniversityDiplomainForestry),providesin a field. Completion of the degree provides entry knowledge required for developing and managinginto forest management, research, education and the natural resources of the forest.It gives a basic extension, processing of raw material, community 44 58 Specialized Education Programs planning, nature conservation, and support to de- Forest Biology- statistics (5), chemistry (8), forest veloping countries. botany (27), silviculture (7), forest genetics (8), The first term begins with 6 weeks of practical forest site and soil science (17), flora and fauna experience at a vocational forestry school followed (8). by 12 weeks of placement in various forest com- Forest Management- statistics and computing panies. After the practice term, there are 2 years of (13), economics (12), inventory and management basic courses followed by 2 years of advanced (8), silviculture (7), wood technology (10), forest courses. The courses range from 1 to 10 weeks in technology (10), electives (15). length and are divided into blocks so that the Marketing- statistics and computing (13), eco- students study only one subject a time. Each week nomics (22), marketing (15), forest products (11), involves at least 40 hours of combined lectures, organization (4), language, business English self-study, and assignments. (10). The next 2 terms are spent at the Garpenberg Natural Resources- statistics (5), economics (3), campus taking basic courses and participating in chemistry (8), forest botany (23), silviculture (7), outdoor training exercises and field excursions to forestry genetics (3), forest site and soil science forest companies, silvicultural and logging oper- (10), forestry history (4), electives (11). ations, nurseries, sawmills, and field research All students are required to complete a final the- areas. sis (10) in the area of one of the advanced The remainder of the program is on the Umea courses. campus with a few students finishingtheir specialization at Uppsala. The studies include a 3- Principal Credentials Credentials month summer excursion throughout Sweden, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 with field instruction on the various forestry con- Jagmastarexamen Jagmeistarexamen ditions encountered from southern Sweden to north (Master of Science in (University Diploma of the Arctic Circle in Lapland. Students are intro- Forestry) 200 points in Forestry) 200 points duced to different concepts in forestry, variations in physiography, forest types, ownership structures, and approaches to management. During the Horticulture (Hortonom):The 4.5-year, 180-point following year, students select a specialization.program, leading to the Hortonomexamen (Master of Forest management, chosen by about 50% of theScience inHorticulture until July 1993 and students, focuses on operations and the design andthereafter University Diploma in Horticulture), implementation of management plans. Marketing,replaced the 5-year, 200-point program in 1989. selected by 25%, deals with business aspects ofBoth programs consist of an introductory course (15 forestry and prepares a student for work withpoints, but 40 points for the 5-year program), industry. Natural resources concentrates on therequired courses (70), optional courses with a science of examining the biological basis of forestspecialization in two subjects (75), and a thesis production. The economics option focuses on the(20). The courses in mathematics and chemistry theoretical approach to analysis and forecasting.are taught at the University of Lund. The Forest biology is the study of the purely biologicalremainder of the program is taught at the two aspects of forestry and the pursuit of research.branch campuses: Ultuna; usually the second and These last two options have their final year atthird years with an emphasis on agriculture, and Uppsala. The program in forestry is as follows: Alnarp;thefirstandlastyearsinmainly Term 1 Basic Course: horticulturalsubjects.Intheareaof crop 6 weeks of vocational study,12 weeks ofproduction, it is possible for the student to remain vocational placement, ecology (2 points), eco-at the Ultuna campus the entire time. In the nomics (11), legislation (1), soil science (8.5),future, students will select a single campus. statistics and computing (7), nature conservation The first year consists of 13 months of theo- (2), forest botany (9), forest entomology (3), forestretical training and practical work. The intro- genetics (2), silviculture (9), forest technology (9), ductory course gives a comprehensive view of horti- inventory and management (13),wildlifeculture in relation to society. International produc- ecology (3), wood technology (5.5), seminar (1). tion, distribution, marketing, research, and educa- Advanced Courses: tion are covered. Study technique, methodology, Economics- statistics and computing (13), eco-and scientific writing, and 6 months of practical nomics (27), economics (at the University ofwork are also included. Coursework consists of a Ume5) (25), language (5), staff development andgeneral introduction, plant material and nutrition, communications (5). applied horticultural technology, greenhouse crops,

45 5S BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 5 field production, nursery crops, production of fruitLandscape Architecture until July 1993 and and berries, and economy. Students becomethereafter University Diploma in Landscape familiar with the wide branches of horticulture, theArchitecture), provides a broad background with horticultural industry, and the structure within aan emphasis on biology, technology, economics, horticultural firm, and can choose their special-arts, and sociology, and consists of theoretical ization. studies, field work, written exercises, and study In the second and third years,a studenttrips. The program is offered at the Ultuna and specializing in crop production is required to takeAlnarp campuses, and in the future students will automatic data processing(3),botany, plantselect one campus. physiology (10), chemistry (16), mathematics (2), The first 2 years of the study program are based microbiology/soil and plant (5), molecular biology,at the Ultuna campus. Aspects of the natural the cell (3), and statistics (5). Students in thelandscape are studied in such courses as geology, economy and technology branches must take thesoil sciences, and botany. The history of landscape same program as those in agronomy. The foodarchitecture, measuring and scaling, movement science and biotechnology branches, which werepatterns, and the characteristics and utility of recently introduced, will require the same courses.various materials are introduced. By the end of the second year, the student must The last 3 years of the program are spent at the have created a program within a branch of studiesAlnarp branch campus and focus on landscape approved by the Committee for Undergraduateplanning, landscape architecture, and plant mater- Studies. A maximum of 8 subjects of 5 points orials. During year 3, courses include the structural less may be taken as part of the program, and acharacteristics of rural and urban areas, historical minimum of 40 points must be completed indevelopment of the landscape, the feasibility of applied subjects. various forms of land use, the municipal planning The fourth year consists of optional courses inprocess from conception and decisions to imple- the following areas: horticultural economics, horti-mentation, park plants, and how to care for wood- cultural sciences, plant pathology, building tech-ed and other grounds close to forest areas. Courses nology and building production, park and con-are offered in the following areas: planning (35 struction technology, development studies, plantpoints), biology/ecology (30), graphic art/design materials,andlandscapeconservationand(10), economics (5), soil (10), technology/building management. Courses may also be taken at otherand construction (15). universities in Sweden or abroad. After the second During years 4 and 5, students specialize in year, 12 weeks of special practice are begun withinone of three areas. Landscape planning provides the specialization with the approval of the advisorexpertise in municipal planning and allows the and must be completed by the end of the program.landscape architect to recommend future util- Additional courses in a specialization and theization of land areas. It introduces alternative op- thesis project (20) are completed. The thesis musttions in the expansion of urban areas and the show ability to apply acquired knowledge throughcountryside and the preservation of natural re- independent analysis of a specific problem withinsources. Landscape architecture emphasizes plan- one of the areas of specialization. Normally thisning and shaping urban areas and the landscape represents 200 hours of work during the semester. during the construction or reconstruction of resi- Principal Credentials dential areas, parks, squares, or sports grounds. Credentials Plant materials and landscape construction and Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 maintenance methods deal with individual plants Hortonomexamen Hortonomexamen and the botanical world as a whole, emphasizing (Master of Science in (University Diploma the character, growth requirements, developmental Horticulture) in Horticulture) possibilities, and maintenance methods. 180, 200 points 180 points All students are required to complete 6 months of practical work within their specialty during summer breaks. Placements are at plant nurseries, with park landscape gardeners or contractors, state or municipal administrative units, or consulting firms. Students also participate in excursions within Sweden and abroad. A 10-point thesis proj- Landscape Architecture (Landskapsarkitektur):ect must be completed during the final year. The This 5-year, 200-point program, leading to thestudent is expected to apply knowledge acquired Landskapsarkitektexamen (Master of Science inin presenting independent analysis ofa problem. 46 GO Specialized Education Programs

Principal Credentials Credentials Licentiate(Licentiatexamen)and Doctoral(Dok- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 torsexamen)Programs:The Licentiatexamen requires completion of a first degree for admission. The Landskapsarkitekt- Landskapsarkitekt- program is a 2-year, 80-point program that includes examen (Master of examen (University a thesis. The type of licentiate awarded depends Science in LandscapeDiploma in Land- upon the area of the first degree. The Dok- Architecture) scape Architecture) torsexamen, which requires completion of a first 200 points 200 points degree for admission, is a 4-year, 160-point program with a dissertation. The type of doctorate awarded Veterinary Medicine(Veterinfirlinjen): The 5.5-also depends upon the area of the first degree. year, 220-point program, leading to the Veterindr- Principal Credentials Credentials examen (Master of Science in Veterinary Medicine Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 until July 1993 and thereafter University Diploma in Veterinary Medicine [DVM]), is both theoretical Agronomie No change and practical. During the clinical phase, students Licentiatexamen work with patients in the veterinary hospital of the (Licentiate in University. Courses are taken in consecutive order Agriculture) 80 points and passed during a specific year before students Filosofie Licentiatexamen No change continue to the next year. In addition, the program (Licentiate in requires at least 1 month of compulsory practice Philosophy) 80 points within the animal production sector, two papers, and a minor project. Licentiatexamen i No change The program is divided into 3 areas: pre- Veteriniirmedicin clinical,including anatomy, physiology, and (Licentiate in chemistry; paraclinical, covering the areas of Veterinary Medicine) pharmacology and animal hygiene; and clinical, 80 points which is both theoretically and practically based. Skoglig Licentiatexamen No change Most of the program is offered at Uppsala but some (Licentiate in clinical and practical training is also offered at Forestry) 80 points Skara (see Table 5.2). Teknisk Licentiatexamen No change Graduates automatically receive a license from (Licentiate in the National Board of Agriculture (Statens Engineering) 80 points Jordbruksverk). Only graduates from this program are qualified to practice within the country. Agronomie No change Doktorsexamen (Doctor Principal Credentials Credentials of Agriculture) Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 160 points Veteriniirexamen (MasterVeterindrexamen Doktorsexamen i No change of Science in (University Diploma Veterinarmedicin Veterinary Medicine) in Veterinary (Doctor of Veterinary 220 points Medicine [DVM]) Medicine) 160 points 220 points Filosofie Doktorsexamen No change (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 points Skoglig Doktorsexamen No change (Doctor of Forestry) 160 points Teknisk Doktorsexamen No change (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 points

6I 47 Chapter 5

Table 5.2 Veterinary Medicine Course List (1992, with hours) Courses Lectures Demon- Practical Labs stration Training Preclinical 534 265 397 187 Paraclinical 626 65 217 220 Clinical 970 317 1827 127 Year 1 Anatomy (17 points) 170 120 220 Cell Biology (2) 30 6 9 Histology (6) 60 60 60 Medical/Physiological Chemistry (14) 120 40 150 Year 2 Bacteriology (6) 70 80 General Pathology (1) 60 General Nutrition (5) 32 55 20 12 General Ethology (1) 16 4 8 Immunology (2) 25 80 15 Parasitology (4) 62 4 16 Physiology (8) 106 20 40 25 Radiobiology (9) 16 Virology (4) 36 24 Year 3 Animal Hygiene (1) 22 12 4 Clinical Radiology (1) 15 10 Clinical Chemistry (1) 10 1 5 14 General Genetics/Animal Breeding (3) 45 5 10 General Epidemiology (4) 55 45 Hoof Care (2) 24 14 26 Lab Animal Science (3) 27 30 Surgery (3) 55 34 14 Nonruminant Medicine (4) 45 15 14 Pharmacology (6) 53 14 45 Special Pathology (9) 110 30 10 Toxicology (2) 21 15 Year 4 Nonruminant Medicine (16) 100 42 410 Surgery (16) 85 44 400 Special Pathology (5) 40 100 Clinical Chemistry (1) 11 6 13 Clinical Radiology (2) 10 55 20 Year 5 Food Hygiene (5) 50 70 35 Obstetrics/Gynecology (18) 140 55 380 Ruminant Medicine (16) 135 55 305 Veterinary Law (1) 20 Year 6 Applied Epidemiology/Epizootology (6) 90 90 Development Studies (1) 24 4 Food Hygiene (10) 140 15 65

48 62 Specialized Education Programs

The 1-year, 40-point forest engineer program, Paraprofessional Programs leading to the Skogsmasterexamen (University Cer- Farm Management(Lantrnastarlinjen): The 1-tificate Forest Studies until July 1993 and thereafter year, 40-point program, leading to the Lantmastar-the University Diploma in Forest Engineering) examen (University Certificate in Farm Manage-qualifies a graduate to work in the timber industry, ment), was increased to 2 years or 80 points insilvicultural organizations, or private enterprise. 1993, leading to the Lantmasterexamen (UniversityAdmission requires completion of the Skogsteknik- Diploma in Agricultural and Rural Management).erexamen or the equivalent. The program consists of Graduates are qualified to work in the areas of farmcoursesininformation, economics, planning, inspection, production, commerce, industry, andinnovations in forestry, a degree project (6 points), consulting, or to pursue further tertiary education.and study from the areas of ecology, planning, The program consists of courses in animal hus-international forestry, law and crop care. bandry, work methodology and technology, business economics, accounting, animal and plant Principal Credentials Credentials physiology, chemistry, agricultural science, and Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 law, offered at the Alnarp campus. Skogsteknikerexamen Skogsteknikerexamen Admission requires completion of the land and (University Certificate (University Diploma animal husbandry line in upper secondary school in Forest Studies) in Forest Manage- and 2 years of relevant work experience or equiv- 80 points ment) 80 points alent, and Swedish, English, and mathematics in upper secondary school or the equivalent. Skogsmastarexamen Skogsmastarexamen The first semester includes courses in labor (University Certificate (University Diploma market, agricultural history, agriculture and society, in Forest Studies) in Forest Engineering) international perspectives on agriculture, and mar- 40 points 40 points keting. The second and third semesters consist of courses in vegetable production, animal pro- Landscape Construction and Management Engi- duction, and economics; the final semester of neering(Landskapsingenjorlinje): The 2-year, 80-point advanced courses and electives in the area ofprogram, leading to the Landskapsingenjorsexamen interest. (University Diploma in Landscape Construction and Management), began in July 1994. Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Lantmastarexamen Lantmastarexamen (University Certificate (University Diploma Not offered Landskapsingenjors- in Farm Management)in Agricultural and examen (University 40 points Rural Management) Diploma in Land- 80 points scape Construction and Management) 80 points ForestTechnicianand ForestEngineer (SkogsteknikerandSkogsmastare): The 2-year, 80- point forest technician program, leading to the Skogsteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Forest Park and Market Garden Management Technician Studies until July 1993 and thereafter University and Horticultural Management(Tradgardsteknikerlinjen/ Diploma inForest Management) qualifiesa Tradgardsingenjiirslinjen): The 1-year, 40-point park graduate to work as a forestry inspector in a forestryand market garden management technician pro- company or as a consultant. Admission requiresgram, leading to the Tragddrdsteknikerexamen (Uni- completion of the 3-year land and animal hus-versity Certificate Park and Market Garden Man- bandry line and 2 years of mathematics in upperagement), was expanded to a 2-year, 80-point pro- secondary school or the equivalent, plus 1 year ofgram leading to the Tradgdrdsingenjorsexamen (Uni- work experience in forestry. The program consistsversity Diploma in Horticultural Management). In ofsupervisionandguidance,economics,the fall of 1993 the last class for the 1-year program mathematics, ecology, conservation, silviculture,and the first class for the 2-year program were forestry technology, forest management, and woodadmitted. Offered on the Alnarp campus, the technology. Graduates may go on to further edu-program leads to qualification in horticultural pro- cation or employment. duction, distribution, and business.

49 63 Chapter 5

Admission requires completion of a land and Principal Credentials Credentials animal husbandry program in the upper secondary school or a 2-year horticultural line in upper Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 secondary school, and includes 18 months of work Djursjukvdrdarexamen Utbildningsbevis experience, or completion of the upper secondary (University Certificate (Certificate [field]) school biological line and 2 years of practical work in Veterinary Nursing)40 points experience. Swedish, English, and mathematics 40 points are required for admission to the program. The old program consisted of courses in biology, ecology, economics, plants, plants and design, national park care and cultivation, storage,Architecture distribution and consumption, business and design Architecture(Arkitektur): The 4.5-year, 180-point marketing, and advanced courses in plant andprogram, leading to the Arkitektexamen (Master of greenhouse production. The courses for the 2-year,Architecture) until July 1993 and thereafter to the 80-point program will increase in number andUniversity Diploma in Architecture, may also be scope. translated as the Master of Science in Architecture if the program includes 80 points in the major. It is Principal Credentials Credentials offered by Chalmers University of Technology, the Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Royal Institute of Technology, Lulu Univer-sity TrodgdrdsteknikerexamenNot offered College and Institute of Technology, and the (University Certificate Lund University. Until 1986, the program was 4 in Park and Market years, 160 points. During the program a student Garden Management) completes coursework, projects from different areas 40 points such as housing, urbanism, or work places, 17 weeks of practical work experience during the Not offered Tradgdrdsingenjeirs- summer, and a project thesis. Completion of the examen (University degree program qualifies a student for further ed- Diploma in Horticul- ucation or work in such areas as architectural de- tural Management) sign consulting, urban planning or research, and 80 points education. In addition to the general admission requirements, the program requires 3 years of mathematics, chemistry, and physics in upper secondary school or the equivalent, and a special architecture test. A third of the places are filled Veterinary Nurse(DjursjukvArdare): The 1-year,according to the results of this test, the remainder 40-point program, leading to the Djursjukvdrdar-according to grade point average and achievement examen (University Certificate in Veterinary Nurs-test results. ing) until July 1993 and thereafter to a Utbild- The first and second years offer an introduction ningsbevis in field (Certificate in field), concentratesto design theory, technology, and project planning. on the care of horses, dogs, and cats. AdmissionThe third and fourth years include elective courses requires completion of 2 years of animal produc-and projects. Depending upon the choice of cours- tion, an animal nursing program, and naturales, students may specialize in a certain area or sciences or biology from upper secondary school orseek a wider field of knowledge. The final the equivalent. Also required for admission to thesemester is devoted to the thesis project. Courses program are 2 years of experience working with ancomprise a third of the time, and projects help animal nurse or keeper, or 1 year of practical exper-develop technical, artistic, practical, and critical ience working with a nurse in an animal hospitalthinking in the student in dealing with specific or clinic. problems in architecture and urban planning. Prac- The first18 weeks consist of theoreticaltical work experience, 17 weeks during the sum- coursework in functions, nursing care, and disease.mers, earns no credit. The following is a typical The next 18 weeks are spent in practical workprogram offered by the Chalmers University of experience in an animal hospital, and training inTechnology (1992-1993). research testing and management. The last 4 Year 1- introduction to architecture (2), project: weeks consist of further theoretical coursework in building construction (8), building design and the areas of animal health and nursing. construction (3), building technology (2), space 50 64 Specialized Education Programs

(8), visualization (3), sketching, painting and Principal Credentials Credentials sculpture (4) material and handicraft (3), fatigue Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 design methods (1), history of architecture (6) Year 2- structural design (4), housing in society Hogskoleexamen pd Konstnarlig (1), rebuilding, material and handicraft (4), one- Konsthantverkslinjen Hogskoleexamen i Konst family house (2), multistory house (6), local plan inriktning mot och Design (University (5), comprehensive planning (5), urban design Keramikkonst/ Diploma in Fine Arts (5), sketching, painting and sculpture (4), CAD Metallkonst /Textilkonst and Design) (2), history of architecture (2) (Master of Fine Arts in170 points Year 3- history of architecture (2), sketching, Applied Arts and painting and sculpture (2), structural design (2), Crafts in Ceramics/ interior design (2), modern architecture (2), Metals/Textiles) project: work place (12), specialization (18) in 170 points architecture, history of architecture, form and Hogskoleexamen pi technique, or urban design Linjen for Textil Konst Years 4 5- environment and resource analysis (2), och Formgivning competition sketch (3), introduction to structural (Master of Fine Arts in design and construction (2), enhanced design Textile Art and studies in the areas of architectural design, Design) urban design, or space design (24), elective (2), 170 points thesis project (18). Hogskoleexamen pa' Principal Credentials Credentials Linjen for Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Tredimensionell Gestaltning inriktning Arkitektexamen Arkitektexamen mot Keramik och Glas/ (Master of (University Diploma Metallhantverk /Skulptur Architecture) in Architecture*) (Master of Fine Arts in 160, 180 points 180 points Three-Dimensional As of July 1993 the certificate may also be referred to as Design in Ceramics Master of Science in Architecture if the program includes and Glass/Metal/ 80 points in the major subject. Sculpture) 170 points

Design (Design):A 1-year, 40-point graphics design program, leading to a certificate, is offered at the University of Goteborg and the 2-year, 80- point program is offered at the University College of Management in Graphic Production Marketing and Public Relations in Stockholm. Admission requires 6 months of experience within the graphics industry. The program consists of courses in Art and Applied Art graphic technique, history of art and books, language, economics, administration, and law. All programs since July 1993 lead to theA 4-year, 170-point program in design is offered Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Konst och Design, withat the University College of Arts, Crafts and points varying from 80 to 200. Formerly, the cre-Design, and the Universities of Goteborg and dential of Hogskoleexamen pa (field), was given, alsoUmea. The programs have options in graphic with variable points. design, industrial design, interior architecture, and Applied Art (Konsthantverksutbildning):The 4-production. Admission to the program at Goteborg year, 170-point program in applied arts and craftsand the University College requires proficiency in is offered at the University of Goteborg and thethe area and submission of a portfolio. Admission University College of Arts, Crafts and Design.at Ume5 requires completion of the general re- Areas of study are ceramics, glass, metals, andquirements and 2 years of Swedish and English or textiles. Admission to the program requires pro-the equivalent, proficiency in the area, and sub- ficiency in the area and submission of a portfolio. mission of a portfolio.

6 6 51 Chapter 5

Principal Credentials Credentials Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Hogskoleexamen pa Utbildningsbevis Hogskoleexamen pa Konstnarlig Grafiska Linjen, ettdrig (Certificate) 40 points Linjen for Fri Konst, Hogskoleexamen i Konst kurs (University Inriktning pa och Design (University Certificate in Graphic MdlerilSkulpturlGrafik Diploma in Fine Arts Design) (Master of Fine Arts inand Design) 40 points Painting/Sculpture/ 200 points Graphics) 200 points Hogskoleexamen pa Konstnarlig Grafiska Linjen, Tve idrigHogskoleexamen i Konst kurs (University och Design (University Certificate in Graphic Diploma in Fine Arts Design and Printing and Design) Trades Management) 80 to 170 points Photography(Fotoutbildning): A 3-year, 120-point 80 points program in photography is offered at the University of Goteborg with options in general photography for Hogskoleexamen pa portraits and industry, technology in industry, Designlinjen (Master of museums, hospitals, or mass media. Admission Fine Arts in Design) requires fulfillment of general requirements, pro- 170 points ficiency in the field, and submission of a portfolio. Hogskoleexamen pd A 2-year, 80-point advanced course is offered at Linjen for Grafisk the University College of Arts, Crafts and Design. Design och Illustration Admission requires completion of a university level (Master of Fine Arts in program in photography or 4 years of professional Graphic Design and experience. Illustration) Principal Credentials Credentials 170 points Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Hogskoleexamen pa Linjen for Industridesign Hogskoleexamen pa Konstnarlig i (Master of Fine Arts in Fotograflinjen, Allman Hogskoleexamen Konst Industrial Design) Inriktning (Bachelor of och Design (University 170 points Arts in Photography, Diploma in Fine Arts General Program) and Design) Hogskoleexamen pd 120 points 80, 120 points Linjen for Inredningsarkitektur Hogskoleexamen pa (Master of Fine Arts in Fotograflinjen, Interior Architecture) Press /Medieinriktning 170 points (Bachelor of Arts in Photography, Mass Media Program) 120 points Hogskoleexamen pa Fotograflinjen, Teknisk /Vetenskaplig Inriktning (Bachelor of Arts in Photography, Fine Art(Fri Konst): A 5-year, 200-point program Technological in fine art is offered at the Universities of Goteborg Program) 120 points and Umea, and the Royal University College of Fine Arts. The programs provide training in Hogskoleexamen pd sculpture, graphics, and painting. Admission re- Pdbyggnadslinjen quires proficiency in the area and submission of a Fotografi (Postgraduate portfolio. Applicants must be at least 18 years of Diploma in age. Photography) 80 points

52 66 Specialized Education Programs

Business Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Administration(Feirvaltning): A 2-year, 80-point program, leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen Hogskoleexamen ayseende Hogskoleexamen (field) ayseende grundlaggande Forvaltningslinjen ( University grundlaggande (Diploma in [field]) Certificate in Public Administration); thereafter to Forvaltningslinjen 80 points Hogskoleexamen (field) (Diploma in [field]), allows (University Certificate for specialization in the general program in in Public administration (forvaltning) and economics (eko- Administration) nomi). The program consists of general studies, 80 points business law, economics, social geography, statis- Forvaltningsexamen Politices tics, and political science. It qualifies a graduate to (Bachelor of Science Kandidatexamen work as an assistant in government administration. in Public A 3-year, 120-point program and a 3.5-year, (Bachelor of Public Administration) Administration) 140-point program, both leading to a Forvaltnings- 120, 140 points examen (Bachelor of Science in Public Admin- 120, 140 points istration) until July 1993 and thereafter to Politices Forvaltningsexamen Po litices Magisterexamen Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Public Administration) (Master of Science in (Master of Public and a 4-year, 160-point program in administration, Public Administration)Administration) leading to a Forvaltningsexamen (Master of Science 160 points 160 points in Public Administration) until July 1993 and thereafter to a Po litices Magisterexamen (Master of BusinessAdministrationand Economics Public Administration), provide training in eco-(Ekonomi): A 2-year, 80-point program, leading to a nomics and administration for positions in theHogskoleexamen ayseende grundlaggande Ekonom- municipal and state government agencies andutbildning (University Certificate in Business Ad- within organizations, and for consulting. The pro-ministration) until July 1993 and thereafter to a grams allow specialization in areas such as publicHogskoleexamen (field) (Diploma in field), which administration (offentlig forvaltning), public financeallows specialization in general programs (allmein- and accounting (forvaltningsekonomi), managementinriktning), accounting and auditing (redovisning och and organization (organisation), local and regionalrevision), transport management (transportekonomisk planning (lokal och regional planering), and advanc-inriktning), and marketing (inriktning mot marknads- ed economics and statistics (samhdllsekonomisktforing). Graduates may continue their studies in a utredningsarbete). longer program and receive credit for the first 2 One or more of these programs are offered atyears. (While the literal translation of ekonomi is the Universities of Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund,economics, in European usage it means business Stockholm, lima and Uppsala, and the Univer-administration, including economics.) sity Colleges of Karlstad, Lulea, Orebro, Osters- Other specialized programs in the area of eco- und, and Vaxjo. Additional special requirementsnomics include a 2-year, 80-point program leading for admission are 2 to 3 years of mathematics andto a Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Certificate) social science in upper secondary school or equiv-until July 1993 and thereafter to a Utbildningsbevis alent. (Certificate); a 3-year, 120-point program and a 3.5- The first 1.5 years fulfill basic requirements;year, 140-point program, both leading to a Ekonom- the remainder of the program is specialization andexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Admin- includes a thesis project. istration and Economics) until July 1993 and thereafter to a (Ekonomie) Kandidatexamen (Bachelor Year 1- introduction/political science (20 points),of Business Administration and Economics); and a survey of law (10), statistics (10) 4-year, 160-point program, leading to the Ekonom- Year 2- economics (20), administrative eco-examen (Master of Science in Economics and nomics (20) Business Administration) until July 1993 and Year 3- administration (20) or economics (20);thereafter to the (Ekonomie) Magisterexamen (Master specialization in public administration: admin-of Business Administration and Economics) or the istrative law (10), social geography (10), electivesCivilekonomexamen (Master of Science in Eco- (20); in administrative economics: economicsnomics and Business Administration). The Civil- (20), administrative law (5), social geography (5),ekonomexamen is only awarded by the Stockholm electives (10) School of Economics, which as a private institu- Year 4- specialization (20), thesis project (20). tion confers a different credential to distinguish its 67 53 Chabter 5 degrees from programs offered by the other univer- microeconomics and allocationtheory(5), sities. economic statistics systems and mathematics Most universities and university colleges offer (8), introduction to law (2) at least one of these programs. Several institutions Year 2-organization andleadership(5), also offer local programs in business administra- macroeconomics (5), economic policy (5), eco- tion with a second area of study, such as adminis- nomic statistics (5), either international econom- trative data processing(adb),accounting(redovis- ics and geography (5) with law (10) or business ning),marketing(marknadsforing),cost accounting information processing (5), elective courses (5-15) (ekonomiska kalkyler),management and organiza- Years 3 4- financial information and markets (20) tion(organisation),consumer economics(konsument- or industrial development and organization (20), ekonomi),transport management(transportekonomi), strategic management methodology (20), special- small business(smdforetagsekonomi),advanced eco- ization, electives, and/or thesis project (10). The nomics andstatistics (samhallsekonomiskt utrednings- number of courses and points depends upon the arbete),or different combinations of the above. final degree selected. The license for auditing requires theEkonom- Course Content: Economics- economic system examenor the equivalent with a specialization andfunctioning, determination of prices in relation to 5 years of auditing experience. Application for thevarious activities within the economy; Cost and licenseisthrough the Board of CommerceAccounting - methods of evaluating and measuring (Kommerskollegium).There is also a "semi-license"financial costs and performance, decision-making, that requires completion of a 2-year tertiary levelevaluating profitability, and economic control; Fi- accounting or auditing degree and work exper-nance- policies for corporate finance, financial ience. planning, sources of finance, financial instruments Beyond the general admission requirements,from national and international perspectives, the the programs require 3 years of mathematics and 2use of accounting instruments for financial analysis years of social science in upper secondary school orand the valuation of corporations; Management the equivalent. The Stockholm School of Eco-Accounting- corporation central information sys- nomics requires 3 years of mathematics, English,tems for internal steering and control, and for ex- Swedish, and history, and 2 years of social scienceternal reports and analysis; Organization Theory- in upper secondary school or the equivalent. administrative structure of the corporation; Interna- In the 3-year, 120-point, 3.5-year, 140-point, ortional Business- strategy, organization, and man- 4-year, 160-point program, the first 2 years areagement in multinational companies; Marketing- focused on basic principles of business adminis-sale of goods and services to other corporations and tration and economics but include other areato consumers, consumer and corporate behavior, courses such as law, statistics, international eco-market analyses, product and market strategies, nomics, or languages. Students choose a special-distribution, and market communication; Informa- ization during the last part of the program andtion Management- supply and development of in- complete a thesis, presented at a seminar in oralformation systems, data-based decision-making, and written forms. Specializations include accoun-support systems for corporate activities, and the use ting and managerial finance, finance, informationof information and information technologies in management, international business, internationalcorporations and society; Financial Economics- economics and geography, managerial economicsfinancial systems in general, financial markets and and management control, marketing, organizationinstitutions, financial instruments and their ap- theory, and human resource management. Manypraisal, risk appraisal, analysis of problems with institutions have internationalized their programsregard to financing, financial administration, and with courses in language and area studies. Stu-risk management; Economic Statistics- basic dents are also encouraged to take part of theirgrounding in statistical methodology required for program abroad. continued studies, methods of critical evaluation, The following is a sample 4-year program fromand appropriate use of statistical information found the Stockholm School of Economics. Studentsin mass media, government inquiries, and compa- have the option to terminate at 3.5 years, withny reports; International Economics- application of fewer elective and specialization courses. economic and geographical theories and methods Year 1- organizational and consumer behaviorto various issues of international economics; Law- (3), bookkeeping and cost accounting (3), in-overview of the, legal system and its application in formation management (3), cost and revenuesociety, with special attention to business-related analysis (5), accounting and managerial financeaspects, contract law, labor law, securities law, (5), marketing (5), introduction to economics (1),company law, tax law, etc.

54 63 Specialized Education Programs

Some institutions have begun to offer Master ofProgram), includes courses such as business ad- Science degrees in business administration andministration and economics but with an inter- economics. Admission to these programs usuallynational perspective, and includes study and/or requires completion of a first university degree andknowledge of one or more foreign languages. The coursework in the field. The University College ofprogram at the University of Lund includes 110 Jonkoping offers a 4-year program with the last 2points in business administration (70), economics, years taught in English (see Appendix A underand law, and includes a thesis project. Institutions Special Programs for a listing of other institutions). may offer choices in French, German, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, or Russian language studies Principal Credentials Credentials that comprise 40 points, and all programs include Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 10 points in English and study or practice abroad. Hogskoleexamen ayseendeHogskoleexamen (field) The program is available at the Universities of grundleiggande (Diploma in [field]) Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund, Uppsala, and Umei, Ekonomutbildning 80 points and the University College of Vaxjo. Since July (field) (University 1993 it can be completed with 160, 180, or 200 Certificate in Business points. Administration [field]) In addition to the general requirements, the 80 points special requirements for admission are 3 years of mathematics, Swedish, English, and the major Ekonomexamen (Ekonomie) language, and 2 years of social sciences in upper (Bachelor of Science Kandidatexamen secondary school or the equivalent. in Business Adminis- (Bachelor of Business tration and Administration and Principal Credentials Credentials Economics) Economics) Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 120, 140 points 120, 140 points Internationell (Ekonomie) Ekonomexamen (Master(Ekonomie) Ekonomexamen (MasterMagisterexamen med of Science in BusinessMagisterexamen (Master of Science in BusinessInternationell Inriktning Administration and of Business Adminis- Administration and (Master of Business Economics)/ tration and Econom- Economics - Administration and Civilekonomexamen ics) /Civilekonomexamen International BusinessEconomics - (Master of Science in (Master of Science in Program) International Business Economics and Busi- Economics and 160 points Program) ness Administration) Business Adminis- 160, 180, 200 points 160 points tration) 160 points Ekonomie No change LicentiateinBusiness Administration and Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in Busi- Economics(Ekonomie Licentiatexamen) is a 2-year, ness Administration 80-point program that requires the first degree for and Economics) admission. It is the first half of the doctorate and is 80 points composed of coursework and a publicly defended thesis. Graduates may continue in the doctoral Ekonomie No change program. Doktorsexamen (Doctor Doctor of Philosophy(Ekonomie Doktorsexamen) of Philosophy) is a 4-year, 160-point program requiring completion 160 points of the first degree, and includes a significant number of courses and a dissertation. Courses may include fundamental theory, methodology, and InternationalBusinessAdministrationand specialized studies within an area. The disserta- Economics(Internationell Ekonomi): This 4-year, 160 -tion may be a monograph or a collection of articles point program in international economics, leadingpublished in scholarly journals, and is publicly de- to the Internationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Sci-fended. ence in Business Administration and Economics- International Business Program) until July 1993 Other Business-Related Programs:Many institu- and thereafter to the (Ekonomie) Magisterexamen medtions offer programs in business-related areas such Internationell Inriktning (Master of Business Admin-as the 1.5-year, 60-point vocational programs in istration and Economics-International Businesscommerce and distribution (handels- och distribu- 69 55 Chapter 5

tionslinjen), or office and distribution (kontors-och Dans (University Diploma in Dance);and a 3-year, distributionslinjen), leading until July 1993to Hogs- 120-point programindance education and koleexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in [field])choreography, leading until July 1993to Hogskole- and thereafter to Utbildningsbevis (Certificate),or theexamen pd Danslinjen [Danspedagogik /Koreografi] 2-year, 80-point certificate program in tourism(Bachelor of Fine Arts in Dance[Education/ (turismlinjen), which led until July 1993toChoreography]) and thereafter to KonstnarligHogs- Hogskoleexamen pd (field) (University Certificate inkoleexamen i Dans. A new 2-year, 80-pointprogram [field]); thereafter translatedas Diploma in (field).in modern and contemporary dance There had been a 1.5-year, 60-point advanced began in 1994, pro-which will also lead to Konstnarlig Hogskoleexameni gram in housing and real estate managementDans. (bostads- och fastighetsforvaltningslinjen) thatrequired Admission to these programs requiresan au- completion of the first certificate in the fieldanddition for the choreographyprogram, and the dance led to Hogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen(field) education program requires completionof the (Postgraduate Diploma in [field]). Advanced stud-dance line in upper secondary schoolor the equiv- ies such as this program now lead to a Magister-alent, 2 years of Swedish and English,a history examen (Master's degree). (For a description ofcourse in upper secondary school or the equivalent, catering and dietetics,see "Hotel and Restau-musical knowledge, andan audition. rant.") The program in dance education allowsthe Principal Credentials Credentials student to teach dance ina variety of choreo- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 graphic disciplines. Thecourse is composed of 6 disciplines: classical ballet,contemporary dance, Hogskoleexamen pd Utbildningsbevis jazz, children's dance, Spanish,and character (field) (University (Certificate) dance. Students chooseone main discipline at the Certificate in [field]) 60 points time of admission. Theprogram represents 1,500 60 points periods of technique, 350 of music, 250of history of dance, 100 of anatomy/physiology, and Hogskoleexamen pd Hogskoleexamen pd 900 of edu- (field) (University (field) (Diploma in cation. One period equals 45 minutes. Certificate in [field]) [field]) Year 1- two technique sessionsper day and 80 points 80 points courses in music, rhythmics, musical instrument, anatomy, psychology of teaching, im- Hogskoleexamen pa Magisterexamen (field) provisation, history of dance, music anddrama Pdbyggnadslinjen (field) (Master of [field]) Year 2- two technique sessionsper day and (Postgraduate 60 points courses devoted to methodology, repertoire, and Diploma in [field]) composition, with compulsory subjects 60 points including music and history of music, rhythmics,voice and movement, history of dance,psychology of teaching, and physiology of training Year 3- one technique sessionper day from one main discipline with compulsorycourses in music, rhythmics, voice andmovement, anatomy, psychology of teaching, history of dance including seminar work, history ofdrama, old Swedish dance and society dance,and optional studies in a third discipline. Practiceteaching is required. A shortened version of the above3-year pro- Dance gram is a 1-year, 40-point program for professional dancers who are trainedas dance teachers, and Dance(Dans Union): There are severalprogramsincludes only technique in offered at the University College one discipline. of Dance in The program in choreography includescourses Stockholm: a 1-year, 40-point Utbildningsbevisorin composition, improvisation, music, Bevis (teaching certificate) for professional cultural his- dancerstory, dance history, analysis of choreographicwork, with 5 years of experience;a 2-year, 80-point pro- courses in theater and television technique,scene gram for folk dance, leading until July 1993to arendering, preparatory scenic Hogskoleexamen pd (field) (University production, and a Certificate infinal project. There is alsoa practical period in the [field]) and thereafter to KonstnarligHogskoleexamen itheater. 56 70 Specialized Education Programs

Principal Credentials Credentials Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Utbildningsbevis Bevis (Certificate) Hogskoleexamen i /pd Bevis (Certificate) (Certificate) 40 points (field) (University 60 points 40 points Certificate in [field]) 40, 60 points Hogskoleexamen pd Konstnarlig (field) (University Hogskoleexamen i Dans Hogskoleexamen i /pd Konstnarlig Certificate in [field]) (University Diploma (field) (University Hogskoleexamen i Scen 80 points in Dance) Certificate in [field]) och Medier (University 80, 120 points 80 points Diploma in Hogskoleexamen pd Performing Arts and Danslinjen Media) (Danspedagogik/ 80, 140 points Koreografi) (Bachelor Hogskoleexamen pd of Fine Arts in Dance Musikdramatiska Linjen [Education/Choreog- (Bachelor of Fine Arts raphy]) in Musical Drama 120 points Acting) 120, 140 points

Dramatic Arts Theater/Media (Teater/Media):There are 1-year, 40-point and 1.5-year, 60-point programs in media Opera (Opera):The University College of Operastudies at the University College of Film, Radio, in Stockholm offers programs in singing, coaching,Television, and Theater, leading until July 1993 to and stage directing. The 3.5-year,140-pointa Hogskoleexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in program, leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen[field]); thereafter to a Bevis (Certificate). A two- pd Musikdramatiska Linjen (Bachelor of Fine Arts inyear, 80-point program in broadcast production is Musical Drama Acting), thereafter to Konstnarligoffered at the University College of Kalmar. A 3- Hogskoleexamen i Scen och Medier (University Diplo-year, 120-point program in media is offered at the ma in Performing Arts and Media), was formerly aUniversity College of Film, Radio, Television, and 3-year, 120-point program. The College offersTheater. Admission requires an audition. All programs for opera singers and provides training incredentials for programs of at least 2 years in length acting, dance and movement, musical and stageuntil July 1993 were Hogskoleexamen pd (field) and interpretation, cultural history, fencing, make-up, thereafter were Konstnarlig Hogskole- examen i Scen och voice training,Italian, German, French, andMedier (University Diploma in Performing Arts and participation in full-scale opera productions. TheMedia). Until July 1993 programs less than 120 1.5-year, 60-point program for opera singers whopoints were translated officially as University already have some experience, leading until JulyCertificate in (field), those with 120 or 140 points as 1993 to Hogskoleexameni /pd (field)(UniversityBachelor of Fine Arts (field), and those with 160 Certificate in [field]) and thereafter to a Bevispoints as Master of Fine Arts (field). (Certificate), is also offered. This is a shorter ver- The program includes practical studies and sion of the 140-point program. Admission to eithergroup work. Options in the 3-year program: theater of the two programs requires applicants to be atdirecting (teaterregi), stage design (teaterscenografi), least 20 years of age, have a developed singingdramaturgy (teaterdramaturgi), theater production voice, and complete an audition. (teaterproduktion), make-up/wig making (maskering/ A 2-year,80-point programforcoachesperukmakeri), television directing (film /videoregi), (repetiteurs), leading until July 1993 to a Hogskole-camera and lighting technique (film /videobild), examen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in [field])) sound technique (film /videoljud), and production and thereafter to Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Scenadministration (filmlvideo-produktionsledning). och Medier (University Diploma in Performing Arts In theater, the programs available are a 3-year, and Media), is also offered. The 2-year, 80-point120-point program in mime and a 4-year, 160-point advanced opera directing program requires priorprogram in acting at the Stockholm University completion of a university level program in music,College of Acting; the 3.5-year, 140-point programs theater, or the equivalent. in musical drama and acting at the University of

57 Chapter 5_

Goteborg; and the 3.5-year, 140-point program inof Industry, which became Chalmers University of acting at the University of Lund. Technology. It was not until the 1960s and 1970s that the longer, more academic engineering pro- Principal Credentials Credentials grams were established at Linkoping, Lulea, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Lund, Uppsala, Umea, and the institutes of Utbildningsbevis Bevis (Certificate) technology that offered vocational training and (Certificate) 40, 60 points were integrated into the universities and university 40, 60 points colleges. Admission requires completion of the natural Hogskoleexamen pa Konstnarlig science or technology line in the upper secondary Allmiinpraktiska Hogskoleexamen i Scen school with 3 years of mathematics, physics, and Medielinjen (University och Medier (University chemistry, and 2 years of Swedish and English or Certificate in Media Diploma in Perform- the equivalent. Since the number of students Studies) ing Arts and Media) 40 points leaving this secondary program and the number of 80, 120, 140, 160 pts. places available in engineering are about the same, Hogskoleexamen pa it has been difficult to fill the places at some Medielinjen for Film/ institutions because these students are also qual- TV, Radio och Teater ified to enter programs in the science and teaching (University Certificate fields. There are also many programs to encourage in Broadcasting nontraditional students to enter engineering pro- Production) 80 points grams. Hogskoleexamen pa Students take an average of 20 points of credit Medielinjen for per semester. Most courses have lectures (which Film /TV, Radio och can comprise 15-33% of the total program), tu- Teater (Bachelor of torials, problem solving sessions, and laboratory Fine Arts in work for a total of 20-30 hours per week. Beginning Broadcasting in 1986, all 4-year programs were changed to 4.5 Production for years to increase the breadth of the courses. Most Film/TV, Radio and programs are now 4.5 years in length but many Theater) 120 points students take 5 to 5.5 years to complete their studies. Hogskoleexamen pa Degrees are awarded by the Universities of Mimlinjen (Bachelor of Linkoping and Lund, Lulea University College Fine Arts in Broad- and Institute of Technology, Chalmers University casting Production/ of Technology, and the Royal Institute of Tech- Mime/Musical nology. The Universities of Uppsala and Umea Drama/Acting) offer degrees in fields such as engineering physics. 120 points The University Colleges of Vaxjo and Skovde have Hogskoleexamen pa governmental permission to offer the first 2 years of Skddespelarlinjen an engineering program, and students can transfer (Bachelor of Fine Arts to complete the program. In some cases, students in Acting) 140 points may do part or most of their work at a university (Master of Fine Arts in college but receive the degree from a university. Acting) 160 points The first 2 or 3 years of study usually consist of compulsory core courses in mathematics, chem- Hogskoleexamen pa istry, physics, and basic engineering. The last year (field) (Bachelor of Fine Arts in [field]) is spent in specialization in one or two areas. It is 140 points becoming more common for programs to include nontechnical courses that might comprise 10% of Engineering the total. Many students are selecting courses in foreign languages, environmental sciences, law, Professional Programs economics, or management. The final term is taken up by the thesis project, which represents 3 The first engineering program was begun atto 4 months of work, ranging from 12 to 20 points. the Royal Institute of Technology in the lateIt can be carried out individually or in groups, and eighteenth century, followed in 1829 by the Schoolgives the student the opportunity to do research 58 72 Specialized Education Programs and project planning. Upon completion, the thesisguaranteed a place in an engineering or science is discussed and defended at a seminar. The program. project is often undertaken in conjunction with an Chemical Engineering (Kemiteknik):The 4.5-year, industry placement, or as part of an ongoing180-point program leading to the Civilingenjors- research project at the school. examen is offered at Chalmers University of Tech- Students are also required to complete 17nology, the Royal Institute of Technology, the weeks of practical work experience related to theirUniversity of Lund, and Lulea University College field of study during the summer. To gain aand Institute of Technology. During the first 2 complete picture of their field, students are oftenyears, the program is composed of basic courses in required to spend 50% of the time in a hands-onchemistry, mathematics, physics and mechanics, position and the other half in the office. In the caseand engineering. The third year concentration is of Lulea University College and Institute of Tech-on engineering chemistry, heat technology, chem- nology, the work experience takes place duringical engineering design, and chemical reaction one of the terms and no credit is awarded. Eachengineering. The fourth year allows specialization teaching period ends with a written examinationwithin a chosen area, with students spending foreach subject.Students may retaketheabout 50 hours per week in classes or doing examination if they do not pass. The grading scalehomework; of this, a third of the time is spent in ranges from 3 to 5 with 5 being the highest gradethe laboratory. The fifth year consists of the thesis (see Chapter 4, Grades). project, which focuses on applied or basic chem- Many schools are developing or offeringical problems. Four months of industrial work courses, a block of courses, or an entire program inexperience is required and is usually a combina- English to further internationalize the engineeringtion of industrial experience and laboratory work. program. Many links have been established withThe following is a typical program offered at the foreign universities and students are encouraged toUniversity of Lund (1992-1993): spend part of their time studying abroad. Year 1- general chemistry (6), inorganic chem- Degrees awarded are the general Civilingen- istry (5), technical analytical chemistry, inor- jorsexamen, until July 1993 officially translated as ganic analysis (4), mathematics (15), physics (5), Master of Science (field) (see Document 4.5), computer programming (4) thereafter as University Diploma (field), and a Year 2-solidstate chemistry (2),organic number of specialized degrees (see Chapter 4, chemistry (9), technical analytical chemistry, "Credentials Awarded," for specific degrees). Since organic analysis (3), physical chemistry (10), July 1993 students who have completed at least occupational and environmental hygiene (5), 120 points, including 60 points in the major applied mechanics (8), biochemistry (4) subject, may also receive the Teknologie Kandi- Year 3- mathematical statistics (3), automatic datexamen (Bachelor of Science in Engineering) control (4), managerial economics (3), polymer and those who have completed at least 160 points, technology (2), chemical reaction engineering including 80 points in the major subject, may also (12), chemical technology, process technology receive the Teknologie Magisterexamen (Master of (3), fluid mechanics (5), heat engineering (6) Science in Engineering). Year 4- separation processes (5) and special- Basic Technical Program (Tekniskt Bask):a 1- ization courses (35-45) in one of the following year program in basic mathematics and science areas: chemical process technology, materials prepares students to go on in one of the technical science, chemistry, biotechnology, food science, or scientific fields, or in some cases to teach those or occupational hygiene subjects in compulsory school. Most students have Year 5- thesis project (15) and electives. completed one of the nontechnical lines in upper secondary school. Admission to the program re- Civil Engineering (Vag och Vattenbyggnad): The quires 3 years of mathematics and 2 years of4.5-year, 180-point program leading to the Civil- natural sciences in upper secondary school or theingenjorsexamen is offered at Chalmers University of equivalent. Technology, the Royal Institute of Technology, The program consists of basic courses inthe University of Lund, and Lulea University mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology or tech-College and Institute of Technology. The first 3 nology, technical history, and problem solving,years of the program consist of training in basic with about 25 hours per week spent in class. Anscientific subjects and a number of applied tech- utbildningsbevis (certificate) is awarded at the end ofnology and economics courses. The final 3 semes- the program, but no credit towards a universityters involve advanced applied engineering courses program is given. Graduates of the program areand specialization within a chosen area. The final

59 73 Chapter 5 year includes additional advanced work and theies, or other areas. This typical program is offered thesis, which usually takes 3 to 5 months of re-at Chalmers University of Technology (1992-1993): search by one or more students and includes theo- Year 1- introductory courses (2.6 points), English retical and experimental studies, and 4 to 7 months (4), calculus and linear algebra (20), computer of experience, including summer work at a con- programming (2.5), electrical network theory (8), struction site. This typical program is offered at introduction to switching circuit theory and logic Lulea University College and Institute of Tech- design (1), electronic circuits (2) nology (1992-1993): Year 2- statistics (3), mechanics (9), switching Year 1- mathematics (15), chemistry (3.5), circuit theory and logic design (4), physics (9), physics (8.5), statistics (3.5), engineering draw- computer programming (4.5), Fourier analysis ing (3.5), geology (3.5), civil engineering (1.5) (3.5), numerical analysis (3.5), analytic functions Year 2- structural engineering (5.5), dynamics (3.5) (4), mathematics (2), programming (5), industrial Year 3- electrical network theory (3.5), electrical economics (4), electrical circuits (3), cement measurements (4.5), electromagnetic field theory chemistry (2), geodesy (2.5), optics (2.5), material (8), switching circuit theory and logic design properties (2), beams and frames (3.5), electives (3.5), electronic circuits (7.5), signal processing (4) (3),automatic control(3.5), semiconductor Year 3- soil mechanics (4), industrial economics devices (3.5), electric power engineering (3) (4), plate stretching and bending (4), hydraulics Year 4 5- information retrieval (.5), two projects and hydrology (4), geophysics (4), rock mechan- (10.5), specialization (in the areas of electrical ics (2), mining engineering (2), construction power, communication, computer technology, or management (4), steel structure (4), house build- electronics) (29), thesis (20). ing technology (4), sanitary engineering (2), urban road and street engineering (2) Geotechnology (Geoteknologi):The 4.5-year, 180 - Year 4- practical experience, 1 term (0), com-point Bergsingenjorsexamen (Master of Science in puter-aided frame analysis (4), dams and hydroGeotechnology) program is offered at Lulea Uni- power plants (4), construction management (4),versity College and Institute of Technology. concrete structure (4), foundation engineeringBeginning in 1992, no new students were admitted (4), specialization (14) to the program. A new Industriell Kemi (Industrial Year 5- construction management (4), computer-Chemistry) program has been created. The first aided cost estimation (4), soil mechanics (4),year of the geotechnology program consisted of structural engineering (4), steel structures (4),mathematics, natural sciences, and technology, specialization (4), thesis project (12). with the second and third years consisting of basic technology courses. For the remainder of the Electrical Engineering (Elektroteknik):The 4.5-program, students chose a specialization in either year, 180-point Civilingenjorsexamen program pro-mineral processing and metallurgy, applied geo- vides an education in theoretical and basic tech-chemistry, mining engineering, or prospecting nical subjects. The electrical engineering programengineering. Practical work experience required 4 is offered at Chalmers University of Technology,months during the summers, except for the special- the Royal Institute of Technology, Lulea Univer-ization in mining engineering which required work sity College and Institute of Technology, and theexperience during the first term of the fourth year University of Lund. The program consists of lec-(no credit awarded). A final thesis project was tures, group work focusing on problem solving,completed during the last year. laboratory work (which accounts for 15% of the Industrial Engineering and Management (Industriell time), and homework. The first 2 years consist ofEkonomi):The focus of the 4.5-year, 180-point all compulsory subjects that emphasize basicCivilingenjorsexamen program is the relationship mathematics, computer science, and theoreticalbetween industry and engineering. The program electrotechnology and physics. The third year con-readies the student for employment in marketing, centrates on electrotechnical subjects. During theproduction control, investment planning, and other fourth year, the student may specialize in one areatechnical and economic business areas and is such as electrical power, communication, com-offered at Chalmers University of Technology, puter technology, and electronics. The final term isUniversity of Linkoping, Lulea University College devoted to work on the thesis project, which canand Institute of Technology, and the Royal Insti- be a group or individual effort. Seventeen weeks oftute of Technology. The first year consists of basic work experience during the summers is required incourses in mathematics, physics, and engineering/ electrotechnical or mechanical factories, laborator-management. During the third semester, students 60 74 Specialized Education Programs specialize in mechanical or electrical engineering,an industrial company. The program also includes with optional courses in technical and economic17 weeks of work experience in the field. This English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, andtypical program with mechanical/machine design Spanish, with an emphasis on business admin-specialization is offered at the Royal Institute of istration courses. During the remainder of theTechnology (1992-1993 program): program, the specialization is narrowed further, the Year 1- mathematics (15 points, 240 hours of final term being devoted to the thesis project. This lectures), introduction to mechanical engi- typical program is offered at Linkoping Institute of neering (4 points, 24 hours of lectures, 48 hours Technology (1992-1993): of exercises), systematic computer programming Year 1- mathematics (17.5), economics (9), (3.5 points, 18 hours of lectures, 36 hours of physics (5.5), industrial engineering (5.5), me- exercises, 9 hours of supervised sessions), mechanics (2.5), optional course in English (2) chanics (6 points, 84 hours of lectures), phys-ics Year 2- mathematics/statistics (4), introduction to (7.5 points, 44 hours of lectures, 24 hours of operations research (6.5), programming (3.5), exercises, 36 hours of laboratory), work envi- accounting and budgeting (3.5), mechanics ronment (2 points, 24 hours of lectures, 8 hours (5.5), managerial economics (7.5); mathematics of laboratory). (2),solid mechanics (3.5), and construction Year 2- numerical methods (3.5 points, 54 hours materials (2); or mathematics (3.5), circuit theory of lectures, 6 supervised sessions), mathematics (2.5), and computer hardware and architecture (3 points, 54 hours of lectures), mechanics (6 (3.5) hours, 96 hours of lessons), physics (2.5 points, Year 3- statistics (3.5), numerical methods (3), 18 hours of lectures, 12 hours of exercises, 4 operations research (3), physics (2.5); mechan- hours of laboratory), applied thermodynamics (6 ical engineering design (4) and applied ther- points, 54 hours of lectures, 54 hours of calcu- modynamics and fluid mechanics; or electro- lation exercises), machine elements (8 points, 90 magnetic field theory (3), electronic theory (3.5), hours of lectures, 18 hours of lessons), strength of computer hardware and architecture(4.5), materials and solid mechanics (10 points, 42 electives hours of lectures, 100 hours of exercises, 2 hours Year 4- strategic planning (2), corporate planning of laboratory), and elective courses. (4), law (2.5), electrical engineering (3); electrical Year 3-4.5- metallic construction materials (4 engineering (3) and production engineering (3.5) points,18 hours of lectures, 27 hours of or production engineering (1.5), automatic con- laboratory), graphical work stations (3 points, 24 trol, electives hours of lectures, 8 hours of exercises, 9 hours of Year 5- law (2.5), ergometric and organization of laboratory, 6 supervised sessions), systematic industrial work (1.5), electives, thesis project computer programming using Simula (4 points, (15). 24 hours of lectures, 30 hours of exercises, 5 hours supervised sessions), basic production Mechanical Engineering(Maskinteknik): The 4.5- engineering (4 points, 32 hours of lectures, 18 year, 180-point Civilingenjorsexamen program offers hours of exercises, 10 hours of laboratory), servo specialization in a wide variety of areas such as systems (2 points, 12 hours of lectures, 12 hours machine design, manufacturing systems, produc- of exercises, 6 hours of laboratory), basic elec- tion engineering, shipbuilding, wood technology, trical engineering (10 points, 60 hours of lec- transportation, or energy. The program is offered at tures, 30 hours of laboratory), computer support Chalmers University of Technology, the Univer- in design and manufacturing (5 points, 32 hours sities of Linkoping and Lund, Lulu University of lectures, 16 hours of exercises, 24 hours of College and Institute of Technology, and the laboratory), program modules in CADCAM (5 Royal Insti-tute of Technology. points, 30 hours of lectures, 20 hours of The first 2 years of the program consist of basic exercises, 20 hours of laboratory), introduction to courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics, and machine design (5 points, 24 hours of lectures, computer science. The third year is composed of 36 hours on project work), advanced strength of applied studies in mechanical engineering anda materials and solid mechanics (2 points, 18 chosen field of specialization. During the fourth hours of lectures, 18 hours of exercises), and year, the student continues a field of study within optional courses. a chosen specialization. The thesis project, which The 12-point degree project, 3 months of full- can be group or individually based in a theoreticaltime work, is intended to demonstrate the abilityto or experimental area, is completed during the finalapply knowledge acquired to independentlymas- term, and is sometimes done in cooperation withter a specified task. Seventeen weeks of work

61 761 Chapter 5 experience in industrial environments in the area Principal Credentials Credentials of the major is required and may be completed in Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 the country or abroad. Teknisk Licentiatexamen No change Other 4.5-Year Engineering Programs:applied (Licentiate in physics/electrical engineering (teknisk fysik- och Engineering) 80 points elektroteknik), chemical engineering/physics (kemi- Teknisk Doktorsexamen No change teknik med fysik), computer science and engineering (Doctor of Philosophy) (datateknik), engineering physics (teknisk fysik), 160 points environmental planning and design (samhallsbyggnadsteknik), environmental/water engineering Lower Level Engineering och vattenteknik), industrial working environment (industriell arbetsmiljo), materials technology Lower Level Engineering(Ingenjorsutbildning) pro- (materialteknik), molecular biotechnology (molekuMrgrams were recently created and are now offered at bioteknik), surveying (lantmdteri), and vehicle en-23 institutions. The purpose of this level is to pro- gineering (farkostteknik). vide the Swedish labor market with engineers able to enter the field at mid-level with skills between Principal Credentials Credentials those of a full engineer and the technician. There Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 are a variety of basic engineering programs that Beigsingenjorsexamen Not offered offer both theoretical and applied approaches to (Master of Science in coursework. Common to all programs is a base in Geotechnology) 160, mathematics, computer science, and science: All 180 points programs contain technical subjects, including environmental science in the field related to the Civilingenjorsexamen pd Civilingenjorsexamen pd program. Programs also include nontechnical sub- (field) (Master of (field) (University jects such as economics, language, oral and written Science in [field]) 160,Diploma in [field])*` communication, and ergonomic science. All pro- 180 points 180 points grams contain an examination project that may be * May also be referred to as the Master of Science in carried out in conjunction with a commercial (field) if the degree includes 80 points in the major subject. company. Practical work experience of from 6 to 12 weeks is required for which no credit is given. Control and Maintenance(Driftingenjorsutbild- ning): The 2-year, 80-point engineering program, Licentiate and Doctorate Programs: Uponcom-leading until July 1993 to the Driftingenjorsexamen pletion of the first degree, students may enter either(Bachelor of Science in Control and Maintenance), a licentiate or a doctoral program. The Tekniskrequired completion of the 2-year control and Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in Engineering) is a 2-maintenance technical program. Since 1993 the year, 80-point program, the first 2 years of thecontrol and maintenance program has been re- doctoral program. Admission requires completionplaced by a 3-year, 120-point program, leading to of the first degree. About 1 year of coursework isthe Ingenjorsexamen pd Driftingenjorslinjen (University required and the remainder of the program isDiploma in Engineering/Lower Level in Control research ending with a thesis; graduates may con-and Maintenance). The program isoffered at tinue in the doctoral program. Chalmers University of Technology, the Royal The Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philos-Institute of Technology, University of Lund, and ophy) requires completion of the first degree and athe University Colleges of Mid Sweden and Kal- minimum of 4 years, or 160 points, and consists ofmar. a year of advanced coursework with the remainder The program in control and maintenance of time spent in research. Graduate education isrequires courses in mathematics and physics (20 organized along the lines of research projects. Apoints), automatic control and electro-technical student might work within a group on severalproblems, switches, control and maintenance, and departmental projects. The final dissertation mustareas of specialization. The program consists of be written and publicly defended. It might be aabout 20-30 hours per week of lectures and lab- summary of many papersthathave beenoratories. published or accepted for publication in interna- Fire Protection Engineering(BrandiingenjOrslinjen): tionally recognized scientific journals; fewer mono-The 2.5-year, 100-point program in fire protection graphs are being written. engineering, leading until July 1993 to Brand- 62 76 Specialized Education Programs ingenjorsexamen (University Certificate in Fire Pro-quires completion of the 2-year control and main- tection Engineering) and thereafter to Branding-tenance line in upper secondary school or the enjorslinjen (University Diploma in Fire Protectionequivalent. The program includes courses in Engineering), is offered at the University of Lund.marine engineering, chemistry, physics, mathe- Admission to the program requires 3 years of math-matics, materials, electronics, control and main- ematics, physics, and chemistry in upper sec-tenance, English, ship administration, ship tech- ondary school or the equivalent. nology, computer science, and the project work. Other Programs:A 1-year, 40-point and 2-year,Graduates of the program qualify for employment 80-point program, both leading to Ingenjorsexamenin marine engineering or further study in the pd (field), officially translated until July 1993 asmarine engineering program (sjoingenjor). University Certificate in (field) and thereafter as The 1-year, 40-point program in advanced University Diploma in (field), are offered in lowermarine engineering, leading to Sjoingenjorexamen level engineering fields. Beginning in 1993, 3-year,(translated until July 1993 as Bachelor of Science 120-point programs also leading to Ingenjorsexamenin Marine Engineering and thereafter as University pd (field) are also available. Programs are offered inDiploma in Marine Engineering), is offered at both chemical engineering (kemiingenjor), civil engi-institutions and consists of advanced coursework in neering (byggnadsingenjor), computer engineering/marine engineering. Admission requires comple- electronics (data- och elektronik), computer engi-tion of the 2-year Maskinteknikerexamen (university neering (dataingenjors),electrical engineeringmarine engineering program). The program con- (elektroingenjor), mechanical engineering (maskin-sists of courses in mathematics (3 points), English tekingenjor), production technology (verkstadsingen-(2), marine law (2), economics (2), environmental jar), and textile engineering (textilingenjor). engineering and fire protection (3), marine engineering (2), material (2), mechanical engineering Principal Credentials Credentials (5), automatic control (4), electrical engineering (5), Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 control engineering (3), project (4), and elective (3). Brandingenjorsexamen Brandingenjorslinjen There is also a 3-year, 120-point program for (University Certificate (University Diploma those who have not completed the marine technol- in Fire Protection in Fire Protection ogy program. The program is a combination of Engineering) 100 Engineering) 100 studies from the 2-year marine engineering program points points (Maskintekniker) and the 1-year advanced program (Sjoingenjor) and leads to the Sjoingenjorsexamen. Students are also able to enter this program directly DriftingenjOrsexamen Ingenjorsexamen pd from upper secondary school. (Bachelor of Science Driftingenjorslinjen Nautical Science/Mate and Master Levels (Styr- in Control and (University Diploma manandSjokapten) programs are offeredat Maintenance) 80 in Engineering/Lower Chalmers University of Technology and the Uni- points Level in Control and versity College of Kalmar. The 2-year, 80-point Maintenance) 120 program nautical science/mate level, leading to points Styrmansexamen (translated as University Certificate Ingenjorsexamen pd Ingenjorsexamen pd in Nautical Science until July 1993 and thereafter (field) (University (field) (University as University Diploma in Nautical Science/Mate Certificate in [field]) Diploma in Level), qualifies the graduate to work on all ships 40, 80 points Engineering/Lower of all speeds and be in command on ships of Level [field]) 80, 120 limited size and speed. The 2-year, 40-point points program in advanced nautical science/master level leading to Sjokaptensexamen(translated until July Nautical Programs 1993 as Bachelor of Science in Nautical Science and thereafter University Diploma in Nautical MarineEngineering(Maskinteknikerand Science/Master Mariner Level), qualifies the grad- SjOingenjor): The 2-year marine engineeringpro-uate to be the officer in command on all ships. gram, leading to the Maskinteknikerexamen (trans-The program requires completion of the styrmans- lated until July 1993 as University Certificate inlinjen and a long practical period. There is alsoa 3- Marine Engineering and thereafter University Di-year, 120-point program for those who have not ploma in Marine Engineering/Lower Level), iscompletedthe2-year programinnautical offered at Chalmers University of Technology andscience/mate level but entered directly fromupper the University College of Kalmar. Admission re-secondary school. The program is a combination of

77 63 Chapter 5 studies from the 2-year nautical science/mate level Styrmansexamen Styrmansexamen and 1-year master level studies and leads to the (University Certificate (University Diploma Sjokaptensexamen. in Nautical Science) in Nautical In addition to the general requirements, admis- 80 points Science/Mate Level) sion to the 2-year program requires 2 years of 80 points mathematics and either 2 years of mechanical engineering or the equivalent or completion of one Sjokaptensexamen Sjokaptensexamen of the following: physics from a 3-year line, tech- (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma nology, electronics, transportation, processing, in Nautical Science) in Nautical workshop, or natural science from a 2-year line in 40, 120 points Science/Master upper secondary school, or the equivalent. In ad- Mariner Level) dition, candidates must also have practical ex- 40, 120 points perience that includes being at sea on a ship of at least 20 tons for 24 months, including at least 9 Technician Level Programs months on a coastal ship, and on a commercial or The 1-year, 40-point to 2-year, 80-point tech- fishing ship of at least 200 tons, and being innician level programs are taught at all schools that certifiable good health. Applicants without theoffer engineering. There are two types of programs, required practical experience may be admitted tovocational and technical. Up until July 1993 the the 3-year program but are required to acquire anupper secondary schools offered 4-year programs in additional year of practical experience during thetechnical studies. Much of the material covered in program. the fourth year has been moved to the tertiary tech- The 2-year program consists of courses innology programs. Many students who terminated mathematics, Swedish, economics, physics, chem-their study with this fourth year in upper secondary istry, ship engineering, health and care, liaison ser-school are now required to complete a 2-year ter- vice, seamanship, navigation, docking, computertiary program in order to have the same compe- science, English, personnel administration, labortency. These new programs are intended to be law, engineering for nautical science, fire protec-more scientifically based. tion, environmental technology, transportation Technical(Teknikerutbildning): The 2-year, 80- engineering, nautical law, meteorology, and main-point technical programs leading to Hogskoleexamen tenance. Classes consist of working groups, labs,pd (field), translated until July 1993 as University exercises, navigation simulations, and practice onCertificate in (field) and thereafter as Diploma in equipment. (field), are more practical than theoretical. Admis- The 1-year advanced master level programsion requires completion of a 2-year technical consists of further studies in nautical science,program in upper secondary school. Students who additional command courses, economics, adminis-continue to study in the 4.5-year program will tration, and specialization courses. The classes in-virtually start from the beginning of that program clude group work, exercises, labs, and work on awith very little, if any, transfer credit. Programs are simulator in a computer lab. The 3-year programin the fields of control and maintenance (drift- combines the 1- and 2-year programs. tekniker), manufacturing/maintenance (produktions- tekniker), and textile and clothing technology-man- Principal Credentials Credentials ufacturing technology/product design/marketing Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 (textil- och konfektionsteknik-tillverkningstekniklproduk- Maskinteknikerexamen Maskinteknikerexamen tionsufformninglmerkantil) offered by the University (University Certificate (University Diploma College of Bor5s. in Marine in Marine Control and Maintenance(Driftteknikerlinjen): The Engineering) Engineering/Lower program, leading until July 1993 to Drifttekniker- 80 points Level) 80 points examen (University Certificate in Control and Maintenance); thereafter to Hogskoleexamen pd Sjoingenjorsexamen Sjoingenjorsexamen Driftteknik (Diploma in Control and Maintenance), (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma is offered at Chalmers University of Technology,* in Marine in Marine the Royal Institute of Technology University of Engineering) Engineering) Lund, and the University Colleges of Mid-Swe- 40, 120 points 40, 120 points den, Kalmar, Karlskrona,* Trollh5ttan, Malarda- len,* and Orebro (*program not offered after 1992). The technical certificate requires a 1-year internship with industry. Chalmers University of

64 78 Specialized Education Programs

Technology requiresthefollowing courses:sawmill industry (sdgverksindustri), steel industry mathematics (4 points), English (2),technical(stalindustri), textile/clothing manufacturing (textil- physics (4), automatic control (4), electrical en-och konfektionsindustri), vehicle industry (fordons- gineering and control of electrical devices (4),teknik), and wood industry (traindustri). environmental systems (2), economic and person- The programs had their beginnings in the nel administration (3), project (3), refrigeration andupper secondary schools as advanced vocational heat pump technology (1), switch theory (2),training courses. During the reform in 1977, the chemistry (2), maintenance technology (1), andprograms were moved into tertiary institutions power and heat technology (8). because the courses were postsecondary level. Principal Credentials Credentials Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Hogskoleexamen pd Hogskoleexamen pd Hogskoleexamen i/pd Yrkesteknisk (field) (University (field) (Diploma in (field) (University Hogskoleexamen (field) Certificate in [field]) [field]) Certificate in [field]) (University Diploma 80 points 80 points 60 points in Applied [field]) 60 points Dnftteknikerexamen Hogskoleexamen pa (University Certificate Driftteknik (Diploma in Control and in Control and Maintenance) Maintenance) Hotel and Restaurant 80 points 80 points Catering/Dietetics(Kostekonomi /Kostterapi):A3- year, 120-point program in catering, leading until July 1993 to Kostekonomexamen (Bachelor of Sci- Higher Technical Vocational Programs ence in Catering), and in dietetics, leading until Vocational Programs(Yrkesteknisk): The 1.5-July 1993 to Dietistexamen (Bachelor of Science in year, 60-point vocational programs, also known asDietetics) and afterwards both programs leading to Higher Technical Vocational Programs (YrkestekniskKandidatexamen i Hushdllsvetenskap (Dietist/Kosteko- Hogskoleutbildning /YTH), are the most practical innom) (Bachelor of Home Economics [Dietetics/ nature and provide training in a specific occu-Catering]), is offered at the Universities of Uppsala, pation. They led to the Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field)Goteborg, and Umea. Both programs involve the (University Certificate in [field]) until July 1993selection and planning of balanced meals that and thereafter to Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) promote proper health. The catering program (University Diploma in Applied [field]). Admissionfocuses on food management and production and to a program requires either completion of a 2-yearleads to administrative positions in institutional vocational upper secondary school program in theand commercial food service facilities. same field or 4 years of work experience in the The dietetics program examines the role of same field. Programs include some theoreticalnutrition in prevention, management, and treat- coursework but are mainly vocational in naturement of disease in hospitals. A 4-year, 160-point and normally do not transfer credit to the regularprogram, leading to Magisterexamen i Hushallsvet- programs. The programs are offered at Chalmersenskap (Dietist / Kostekonom) (Master of Home University of Technology, the Royal Institute ofEconomics [Dietetics /Catering]), has recently been Technology, Universities of Lund and Stockholm,added and will involve more specialization and in- Lulea University College and Institute of Tech-depth coursework. Until fall 1987, there had been nology, and the University Colleges of Falun/a 2.5-year program in food science and economics, Borlange, Jonkoping, Karlskrona/Ronneby, Karl-leading to Hogskoleexamen pd Linjen for Kost och stad, Malardalen, Mid Sweden, and Skovde. Naringsekonomi (University Certificate in Food Sci- A sample of vocational programs for industryence and Economics). It is now incorporated into includes: construction industry (byggnadsindustri), dietetics and catering. There was also a 1.5-year electronics(elektronikindustri), food industryvocational certificate program (YTH) for the catering (livsmedelsindustri), graphic industry (grafisk industri),industry. industrial control systems (styr- och reglerteknik), Beyond the general requirements for admis- plastics and rubber industry (plast-och gum-sion, both programs require a minimum of 1 year of miindustri), process industry (processindustri), main-mathematics, and 2 years of natural sciences in tenance technology (verkstadindustri), pulp andupper secondary school or the equivalent. The paper industry (pappers- och pappersmasseindustri),programs include the following: 79 65 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 5

Catering- introduction(3points), general80-point program, leading until July 1993 to chemistry and biochemistry (9), physiology (2),Hogskoleexamen ayseende grundlaggande Utbildning for meal preparation (3), nutrition (7), sociology ofPersonal- och Arbetslivsfrdgor (University Certificate nutrition (3), food science and microbiology (13),in Personnel Management) and thereafter to Hogs- production techniques (13), dietetics (7), foodkoleexamen (field) (Diploma in [field]); a 3-year, 120 and personnel administration (10), practice (10),point program and a 3.5-year, 140-point program, psychology (5), accounting and budgeting (5), profitability and financing (6), economic control Principal Credentials Credentials (6), statistics (3), administration and presentation Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 techniques (5), thesis project (10) Dietetics- introduction (3), general chemistry Hogskoleexamen ayseendeHogskoleexamen (field) and biochemistry (9),physiology (2), meal grundleiggande (Diploma in [field]) 80 preparation (6), food instruction (7), sociology of Utbildning for Personal- points foods (3), food science and microbiology (13), och Arbetslivsfrdgor physiology (8), dietetics (33), psychology and (University Certificate in Personnel teaching (11),hospital administration(2), Management) 80 practice (10), statistics (3), thesis project (10). points Principal Credentials Credentials Hogskoleexamen/ Kandidatexamen i Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Filosofie Personal- och Hogskoleexamen pd Bevis (Certificate) 60 Kandidatexamen i Arbetslivsfrdgor (field) (University points Personal- och (Bachelor of Human Certificate in [field]) Arbetslivsfrdgor Resource 60 points (Bachelor of Science Development and in Human Resource Labor Relations) 120, Hogskoleexamen pd Not offered Development and 140 points Linjen for Kost och Labor Relations) 120, .Naringsekonomi 140 points (University Certificate in Food Science and Not offered Magisterexamen i Economics) 100 points Personal- och Arbetslivsfrdgor (Master Dietistexamen (Bachelor Kandidatexamen i of Human Resource of Science in Hushdllsvetenskap Development and Dietetics) 120 points (Dietist /Kostekonom) Labor Relations) (Bachelor of Home 160 points Economics [Dietetics/Catering]) both leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen/ 120 points Filosofie Kandidatexamen i Personal- och Arbetslivs- frdgor (Bachelor of Science in Human Resource Development and Labor Relations) and afterward Kostekonomexamen to Kandidatexamen i Personal- och Arbetslivsfrdgor (Bachelor of Science (Bachelor of Human Resource Development and in Catering) 120 points Labor Relations); or a 4-year, 160-pointprogram, Not Offered Magisterexamen i available since July 1993 leading to Magisterexamen Hushdllsvetenskap i Personal- och Arbetslivsfrdgor (Master of Human (Dietist /Kostekonom) Resource Development and Labor Relations),are (Master of Home offered in human resource development and labor Economics relations. The Universities of Stockholm, Uppsala, [Dietetics/Catering]) Linkoping, Lund, Goteborg, and Umea and the 160 points University Colleges of Orebro, VaxjO, Karlstad, and Ostersund offer at least one of theseprograms. Available is specialization in general personnel Human Resources management (allmant personalarbete), general personnel management and education planning Human Resource Development andLabor (personalarbete med utbildningsplanering), applied Relations (Personal- och Arbetslivsfragor):A 2-year,sociological analysis (sociologiskt utredningsarbete),

66 R1 Specialized Education Programs management and organization (organisation), and casting (8), layout and editing (4), editorial employment law (arbetsratt). training (4) In addition to the general requirements, the Year 2- political science (3), roles within the special admission requirements are 1 year of math- profession (2), scientific methods (3), essay ematics, 2 years of social science in upper sec- writing (4), editorial training (3), mass media (4), ondary school or the equivalent, and 1 year of full- internship (20) time work experience or the equivalent. Year 3- roles within the profession and ethics (3), The program includes courses in labor law, economics (4), mass media (3), language and economics, organization theory, personnel adminis- style (3), English (5), and one of the following: tration, sociology of the workplace, psychology, press, radio, or television (5), legal science and society and behavior science, and methodology. law (4), scientific methods (3), and essay writing The 3- to 4-year programs offer the same type of or project work (10). program in the first 3 years with the fourth year Credentials allowing more specialization and electives. The 2- Principal Credentials year program is essentially the first 2 years of any of Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 the longer programs and offers the option to Hogskoleexamen pa Hogskoleexamen pd continue. Journalistlinjen Journalistlinjen (University Certificate (Diploma in Journalism in Journalism) 80 Journalism) 80 points points Journalism(Journalistik): A 3-year, 120-point program in journalism, leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd Kandidatexamen pd Journalistlinjen Journalistlinjen Hogskoleexamen pa Journalistlinjen (University Certif- icate in Journalism) and thereafter to Kandidat- (Bachelor of Arts in (Bachelor of Journalism) 120 pointsJournalism) 120 points examen pd Journalistlinjen (Diploma in Journalism), is offered at the Universities of Goteborg, Stock- Hogskoleexamen pd Magisterexamen pd holm, and Mid Sweden University. The program Journalistlinjen (MasterJournalistlinjen (Master had been a 2-year, 80-point program, leading to of Arts in Journalism) of Journalism) 40 Hogskoleexamen pd Journalistlinjen (translated until 40 points points July 1993 as University Certificate in Journalism, thereafter Diploma in Journalism), but was raised to 3 years to increase the depth of study. It providesLaw training in mass media, organizations, government, and business. There is also a1-year, 40-point Law(Juridik): There are two levels of degrees program, leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamenawarded in the area of law: a 2-year, 80-point basic pd Journalistlinjen (Master of Arts in Journalism)law program, until July 1993 Hogskoleexamen and thereafter to Magisterexamen pd Journalistlinjenayseende grundlaggande Rattsutbildning (University (Master of Journalism), for those who have com-Certificate in Law) and thereafter Hogskoleexamen pleted a 3-year general academic degree and wishpd Rattsutbildning (Diploma in Law), and a 4.5- to specialize in their major subject area. year, 180-point program, leading to Juris Kandi- Admission to the program requires meeting thedatexamen, translated until July 1993 as Master of general requirements and also completing 3 yearsLaws [LLM] and thereafter as University Diploma of Swedish, history, and mathematics, and 2 yearsinLaws. The degreesare awarded atthe of social sciences in upper secondary or the equiv-Universities of Goteborg, Lund, Stockholm, Umea, alent. A special writing test for admission is beingand Uppsala. developed. In addition to the general requirements for ad- The courses in the program consist of tutorials,mission, both programs require 3 years of Swedish lectures, seminars, practical exercises, and as-and 2 years of social sciences in upper secondary signments. The examination at the end of eachschool or the equivalent. course consists of both written tests and completed The 2-year program qualifies the students for assignments. A sample program from Mid Swedenemployment as paralegal assistants or employment University College follows: in business or financial institutions. The first 2 Year1-journalism and communication (5semesters follow the longer law program and the points), political science (6), journalistic meth-last semester consists of special or more advanced ods (3), language and style (4), editorial trainingcourses. After completion of the 2-year program, (2), mass media (5), radio and television broad-graduates may continue in the longer program.

67 81 Chapter 5

The 4.5-year law degree qualifies the graduate for entrance into occupations such as prosecutor, Principal Credentials Credentials police chief or commissioner, lawyer, and positions Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 in banks or corporations. The program consists of Hogskoleexamen ayseende Hogskoleexamen pa 140 points of compulsory courses and the remain- grundlaggande Rattsutbildning der specialization stressing case studies. A sample Rattsutbildning (Diploma in Law) 80 program from the University of Uppsala follows: (University Certificate points Semester 1- introduction to law and constitu- in Law) 80 points tional law, including practice in technique and methods in legal problems and arguments, and Juris Kandidatexamen Juris Kandidatexamen training in oral and written descriptions (18 (Master of Laws (University Diploma points) [LLM]) 180 points in Laws) 180 points Semester 2/3- first course in civil law, which Juris Licentiatexamen No change covers negotiation law, special and general (Licentiate in Laws) contract law, liability law, labor law, property 80 points law, bankruptcy law, copyright law, damage Juridisk Doktorsexamen No change law, business law, comparative studies, and (Doctor of Laws) international law (40) 160 points Semester 4- criminal law and procedure, including international and comparative perspectives (22) Semester 5- business economics, corporate andLibrary Science tax law including personal taxes, an intro- Library Science (Bibliotekarieutbildning):Several duction to corporate law, business economics,programs in the area of library and information and trade tariffs, with sections on comparativescience are offered at the University College of corporate law and international accounting (18) Boris and the University of Umea. A half-year, 20- Semester 6- last semester of required courses,point course, leading until July 1993 to Hogskole- including administrative law and internationalexamen pa Bibliotekarielinjen (Bachelor of Arts in law involving public, European Communities,Librarianship) and thereafter to Filosofie Kandidat- and international private law (22) examen pd Bibliotekarielinjen (Bachelor of Library Semesters 7 to 9- various advanced courses inand Information Science) at Boras, requirescom- areas covered during the first 6 semesters and apletion of a 3-year university degree and 2years of project. The last semester of this part of theworking experience in the field of information. program is composed of the thesis project andThe program consists of methods (3 points), methods studies (40). organization and management (7), and thesis project (10). A 3-year, 120-point program begun in Master's in Law (Juridisk-Samhalls-vetenskaplig1993, leading to the Filosofie Kandidatexamen pa examen)is a 3.5- to 4-year program that was lastBibliotekarielinjen (Bachelor of Library Science), awarded in 1974, containing an equal amount ofincludes these same library sciencecourses and law and social science. The Juristexamen (Master ofadds study of a major subject. The admission Laws) was awarded upon completion of the 4-yearrequirement is completion of upper secondary program offered until 1977, and was a program sim-school. ilar to the Juris Kandidatexamen. A 2-year, 80-point program at Boras and Umea Licentiate in Law (Juris Licentiatexamen)is a 2-requires completion of a2-year program and year, 80-point program beyond the Juris Kandi-qualifies the graduate to work in research, busi- datexamen and requires completion of the first de-ness, public, or school libraries. The program at gree. The program is the first 2 years of the doctoralBoras consists of courses in libraries and society (6 program and graduates may complete the remain-points), which include the structure of libraries, the der of the doctoral program. A thesis is required instate, society, and libraries, the history of public one law specialization, and it must be defended inand research libraries, the education and literary a seminar. systems, library research information markets; Doctor of Laws (Juridisk Doktorsexamen)is a 4-information recovery (20), which includes basic year, 160-point program that requires completion ofcataloging,classification,indexing,database the Juris Kandidatexamen. Thisprogram includesconstruction, general and bibliography reference, advanced coursework with a dissertation thatre-government publications, information resources, quires a public defense. information networks; and man and the library 68 82 Specialized Education Programs

(14), which consists of general information and cultural work, child and adult literature, referenceMedical Fields work, and searching methods. There is also a 4- year, 160-point program beginning in 1993, leading Professional Programs to a Filosofie Magisterexamen pd Bibliotekarielinjen Dentistry (Tandlakarutbildning):Training is (Master of Library Science and Informationoffered at Karolinska Institute School of Dentistry Science), that includes the same 80 points of(the oldest training center for dentists in the library science courses listed above but includescountry) and is located at Huddinge, a suburb of study in other areas. The admission requirement isStockholm, and also at the Universities of Gote- completion of upper secondary school. borg, Lund, and Umea. An optional year follows the 2-year, 80-point The program leading to the first professional program at Boras and consists of a methods coursedegree in dentistry, Tandleikerexamen (translated as (3), which includes advanced methods in libraryUniversity Dental Degree until July 1993 and research and information science; organization andthereafter as University Diploma in Dentistry), management (7), which consists of systems andrequires 9 semesters (180 points) of study followed organization theory, economics, management, marketing and personnel, evaluations, and devel- Principal Credentials Credentials opment; electives (10); and thesis project (20 points Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 or two 10-point projects including working within a Tandldkarexamen Tandliikarexamen library). A fifth semester will be added that will (University Dental (University Diploma contain more electives. Degree) 180 points in Dentistry) 180 There is a 1-year, 40-point program at Boras points that until July 1993 led to the Hogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen Dokumentalistutbildning (University Licentiatexamen i No change Supplementary Diploma in Librarianship [Infor- OdontologilOdontologisk mation Science]) and thereafter to Hogskoleexamen Vetenskap (Licentiate pd Bibliotekarielinjen (Diploma in Library and in Odontology/Dental Information Science), that requires a doctoral de- Science) 80 points gree for admission and provides intensive training Doktorsexamen i No change in the field of library and information science. OdontologilOdontologisk Vetenskap (Doctor of Principal Credentials Credentials Odontology/Dental Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Science) 160 points Hogskoleexamen pd Filosofie by a year of clinical duty at government dental Bibliotekarielinjen Kandidatexamen pd clinics, known as preregistration, before the stu- (Bachelor of Arts in Bibliotekarielinjen dent may practice. At the end of the year there is a Librarianship) (Bachelor of Library final written test. The curriculum is divided into 20 points and Information five parts: basic sciences such as anatomy, cell Science) biology, chemistry, general medicine, general 20, 120 points pathology, histology and physiology, preventive Hogskoleexamen pd Filosofie Magisterexamen dentistry, clinical diagnosis, clinical treatment, and Bibliotekarielinjen pd Bibliotekarielinjen community dentistry. Specialty training is offered (University Diploma (Master of Library and in all dental specialties outside the university in Librarianship) Information Science) system in the hospitalsetting. The training 80 points 80, 160 points includes oral radiology, oral surgery, etc. Certif- Hogskoleexamen pd Hogskoleexamen pd icates of completion with the name of the specialty Pdbyggnadslinjen Bibliotekarielinjen and the number of points are issued. Dokumentalistutbildning(Diploma in Library Graduate dentists interested in research may (University and Information undertake a 2-year, 80-point postgraduate training Supplementary Science) course leading to a LicentiatexameniOdontologi Diploma in 40 points (Licentiate in Odontology) program or study for a Librarianship Doktorsexamen i Odontologi (Doctor of Odontology). [Information Science]) The 4-year, 160-point doctoral program requires 40 points special courses, literature studies, and the preparation of a thesis. These studies are normally

83 69 Chapter 5

undertaken after the conferral of the dental degree;of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen). The certif- however, students who are still completing degreeicate of licensure can also be issued in Englishon studies may enter the research program. request. Other university medical degrees are the Licen- Medicine (Lakarutbildning):The 5.5-year, 220 -tiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in Med- point program for the first professional degree inical Science), which requires 80 points beyonda medicine, Lakarexamen (translated until July 1993120-point university degree, and the Dok-torsexamen as University Medical Degree and thereafter asi Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Medical Science/ University Diploma in Medicine), is offered at theDr. Med. Sc.), which requires a university degree Universities of Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund, Umea,or equivalent work in the medical degree for ad- and Uppsala and the Karolinska Institute inmission. The course of study and thesisprepara- Stockholm. Medical studies are subject to govern-tion requires 160 points. ment review and follow curricula guidelines laid Many short specialization courses are also of- down by the Swedish Parliament. The federalfered. A certificate of completion showing the guidelines give a certain amount of latitude to thesubject and the number of points will be issued. individual institutions in developing medical training programs and there is some variation in the Principal Credentials Credentials offerings of the six institutions. Linkoping has Prior to July 1993 As 'of July 1993 been a leader in the country in developing a Liikarexamen Lakarexamen different approach to medical studies builton (University Medical (University Diploma project groups, which more closely link patient Degree) in Medicine) care with the basic studies. Karolinska Institute 220 points 220 points and the University of Uppsala have emphasized exposure to research early in the curriculum. Licentiatexamen i No change Karolinska has also combined and developedan Medicinsk Vetenskap M.D./Ph.D. program. All programs, however,cover (Licentiate in Medical a standard medical curriculum. Science) 80 points Admission to medical studies requires upper Doktorsexamen i No change secondary school completion, which includes Medicinsk Vetenskap substantial course work at the higher levels in (Doctor of Medical Swedish, English, mathematics, physics, and Science) 160 points chemistry. The program at Karolinska Institute includes anatomy (14 points), general chemistry (2), cell Pharmacy (Apotekarare):Training is a 5-year, biology and genetics (6), histology (5), medical200-point program that includes a half-year of chemistry and nutrition (12), biophysics andpractical training leading to the first professional technology (2), nervous system (7), physiologydegree in pharmacy, Apotekarexamen (translated (9),endocrinology and nutrition(4),im-until July 1993 as Master of Science in Pharmacy munology (2), microbiology (5), psychology (5),and thereafter as University Diploma in Pharma- pharmacology (7), toxicology (1), preclinicalcy). The Filosofie Magisterexamen (Master of Science examinations (3), clinical course (14), statisticsin Pharmacy) may also be awarded if the degree (2), pathology (2.5), medical block, variousincludes 80 points in the major subject. The courses (24), clinical internal medicine (16),program had been 160 points but was changed to community health science (2), social medicine200 points beginning July 1992. (3), occupational medicine/hygiene (1), surgery/ The basic course includes a 10-week intro- disaster medicine (20), drug dependency (2),ductory course (introduction to the relations be- psychiatry (7.5), dermatology/venerology, infec-tween health, illness, and society), a pharma- tious diseases (9.5), forensic medicine/oncologyceutical chemistry block of 30 weeks (statistics, (3), ophthalmology/otorhinolaryngology (7),neu-physical and inorganic chemistry, analytical chem- rology (6), geriatrics (2), rehabilitation medicineistry, radio-pharmacy, and organic chemistry), and (1), pediatrics (10), and obstetrics and gynecol-a pharmaceutical biosciences block of 30 weeks ogy (10). including biochemistry, immunology, molecular The diploma can be issued in Englishonbiology, morphology and physiology, pharmacol- request. On conferral of this degree, graduates mustogy, microbiology, and biotechnology. The first 5 undertake an internship of 21 months in ordertosemesters conclude with a 20-week block on drugs receive license to practice from the National Boardin biological systems (pharmacokinetics,phar- 70 84 Specialized Education Programs

macodynamics, drug metabolism, toxicology, and Psychotherapy(Psykoterapi):This is an ad- medicinal chemistry). vanced course offered at Karolinska Institute and The second half of the program starts with a 2-the University of Lund for those holding degrees in semester block covering production, formulation,medicine, psychology, social work, and other and technical handling of drugs (pharmacognosy,psychotherapeutic work. The program requires 60 biopharmaceutics,pharmaceutics,analyticalpoints taken over a 3-year period and leads to the chemistry, biotechnological production includingPsykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psycho- microbiology, pharmacology and pharmaceutics,therapy) and specialist competence as an inde- physical chemistry, and inorganic chemistry). Thependently practicing, registered psychotherapist. last of the blocks, drugs, patients, and society, requires 20 weeks and includes courses in pa- Principal Credentials Credentials thology, pharmacotherapy, social pharmacy, and Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 pharmacognosy. These courses are followed by 10 Psykoterapeutexamen Psykoterapeutexamen weeks of optional courses and 20 weeks of spe- (University Diploma (University Diploma cialized courses. Before a graduate of this program in Psychotherapy) in Psychotherapy) can receive a licence to practice, it is required that 60 points 60 points they complete a six-month period of pharmacy practice. Studies beyond the first degree include research study towards a Licentiatexameni Farma- Public Health(Folkhalsovetenskap):A 2-year pro- ceutisk Vetenskap (Licentiate of Pharmaceutical Sci-gram begun in 1991-1992 at Karolinska Institute ence), a 2-year, 80-point program that includes arequires 80 points beyond a 120-point university half to 1 year of coursework. The remaining time isdegree and leads to Licentiatexameni Folkhdsls- spent in thesis preparation, which is defended at aovetenskap (Master of Public Health). The program public seminar. The Doktorsexamen i Farmaceutiskis, intended for doctors, nurses, natural scientists or Vetenskap (Doctor of Pharmaceutical Science) is a 4-sociologists, and others doing research or develop- year program that includes 1.5 years of course-ment work in one of the public health service work. The rest of the time is spent in researchareas. towards the dissertation, which must be defended Principal Credentials Credentials puniiciy. Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Principal Credentials Credentials Licentiatexamen i No change Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Folkhdlsovetenskap Apotekarexamen (MasterApotekarexamen (Master of Public of Science in (University Diploma Health) 80 points Pharmacy) in Pharmacy) 160, 200 points 200 points Filosofie Magisterexamen Speech Therapy(Logoped):Training is offered at (Master of Science in KarolinskaInstituteinStockholm andthe Pharmacy) 160 points Universities of Goteborg and Lund. The program Licentiatexamen i No change was formerly a 3-year, 120-point program but was Farmaceutisk Vetenskap changed toa 4-year, 160-point program. The (Licentiate in credential awarded was the Logopedexamen (trans- Pharmaceutical lated as Bachelor of Science in Speech Pathology Science) 80 points and Therapy until July 1993 and thereafter as Doktorsexamen i No change University Diploma in Speech Pathology and Farmaceutisk Vetenskap Therapy). Studies begin with psychology/linguis- (Doctor of tics, training of one's own voice and basic courses Pharmaceutical in anatomy and physiology, followed by speech Science) 160 points therapy and additional basic medical courses. The first 3 terms of the Karolinska program are taught in conjunction with Stockholm University; the remainder of the program is taught by Karolinska, which awards the degree. Students are admitted to the course at Karolinska only every fourth term. 85 71 Chapter 5

Principal Credentials Credentials structure. (See Appendix /3 for a list of health col- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 leges.) The 1993-1994 academic year was a time of Logopedexamen Logopedexamen transition for the paramedical fields. Some pro- (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma grams built on the upper secondary health care in Speech Pathology in Speech Pathology programs were expected to emerge as full 3-year and Therapy) and Therapy) tertiary programs based on ageneral upper 120, 140, 160 points 160 points secondary academic program. At most institutions, both programs will run concurrently until the Toxicology (Toxikologi):Both a 20-point courseenrolled cohort graduates. (Toxikologi 1) and a 60-point course (Toxikologi 2) Those who complete a120-point program are offered at Karolinska Institute as a professional either in the new curriculum or the former may course to provide industry, authorities, and uni-enter a 20-week, 20-point predoctoral course, versities with experts for the investigation andwhich includes a half-year of study of the scientific assessment of the effects of chemical substances onbasis, theories and research for physical therapy, human and other biological systems. The shorterresearch theory, ethics and methodology, and a course does not lead to a full credential. The 60-study of health and illness in the future from the point course led until July 1993 to the Toxikolog-physical therapy point of view. This is followed by examen(Master of Science in Toxicology) anda half-year of project work. After satisfactory com- thereafter to a Magisterexamen (Master of Toxi-pletion, students may enter graduate programs in cology), and is open to students holding a 120- Medical Science and complete these studies in 2 point university degree. additional years. Those who continue may complete coursework, literature studies, and prepare a Principal Credentials Credentials doctoral thesis to earn a Doctor of Medical Sci- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 ence/Dr.M.Sc. at the Karolinska Institute or at the Universities of Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund, Ume5, Utbildningsbevis Bevis (Certificate) or Uppsala. (Certificate) 20 points 20 points Toxikologexamen Magisterexamen (Master (Master of Science in of Toxicology) Audiology Assistant/Audiologist (HorselvArdsassis- Toxicology) 60 points 60 points tent/HOrselvard):The audiology assistant program is a 2-year, 80-point program, leading until July 1993 to the HOrselvdrdsassistentexamen (University Certif- Veterinary Medicine (Veterinarmedicin):(See Agri- icate in Diagnostic Audiology & Audio Therapy) cultural Sciences section.) and thereafter to Hogskoleexamen pd Horselvdrds- assistentlinjen (University Diploma in Diagnostic Paramedical Programs Audiology and Audio Therapy) with courses in Studies in the fields of audiology, dental hygiene, dental technology, laboratory technology, Principal Credentials Credentials nursing, occupational therapy, optical technology, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 and physical therapy are offered primarily in the Horselvdrdsassistent- Hogskoleexamen pd Colleges of Health (Vdrdhogskolan or Halsohog- examen (University Horselvdrdsassistentlinjen skolan), with some programs or portions of programs Certificate in (University Diploma offered by universities. There is no difference in Diagnostic Audiology in Diagnostic the level, degree, or program offered at either the and Audio Therapy) Audiology and Audio Vdrdhogskolan or the Hellsohogskolan. The colleges 80 points Therapy) 80 points of health report to the County Council of the county in which they are located but also follow Hogskoleexamen pd Hogskoleexamen pd the curriculum and degree guidelines issued by Pdbyggnadslinjen Horselvdrds (Diploma the Ministry of Education and Science. The Horselvdrds in Audiology) degrees are awarded in cooperation with the (Postgraduate 40 points county councils. The Ministry of Education and Certificate in Science has decreed that the 3-year degrees in Audiology) 40 points health study areas will lead to a professional Uni-audiology, diagnostics, rehabilitation, and audio versity Diploma. There is also a move to incor-aids. Admission requires completion ofa 2-year porate some of the colleges into the universityhealth-related program in upper secondary school.

72 86 Specialized Education Programs

The 1-year, 40-point advanced course in audiology,tion with work in Swedish, English, mathematics, leading until July 1993 to the Hogskoleexamen pdand science, including advanced level physics, Payggnadslinjen Horselvdrds (Postgraduate Certif-chemistry, and biology: stage (etapp) 3 level, and icate in Audiology) and thereafter to Hogskoleexamenstage 2 level in biology. pi Horselvdrds (Diploma in Audiology), requires completion of the Horselviirdsassistent program. Laboratory Assistant (Laboratorieassistent): Dental Hygienist (Tandhygienist): Training isUntil July 1993 training required 90 points and led available in an 80- to 120-point program offered into Laboratorieassistentexamen (University Certificate some of the colleges of health, leading to the Tand-in Medical Laboratory Technology) and thereafter hygienistexamen (translated until July 1993 aswas increased to 120 points and now leads to University Certificate in Dental Hygiene andHogskoleexamen pd Laboratorieassistentlinjen (Univer- thereafter as University Diploma in Dental Hy-sity Diploma in Biomedical Laboratory Science). giene). It includes studies in biomedical subjects,Admission requires upper secondary studies in covering anatomy and physiology, biochemistry,mathematics, science, physics, and chemistry. In cell biology, genetics, histology, microbiology,the 90-point program, students selected a specialty, nutrition, pathology, and pharmacology (16 points);such as clinical chemistry and morphological cell social and behavioral science (6); scientific meth-biology. The specialty is indicated on the degree odology, including library science, word process-certificate. In the 120-point program, a special- ing, project work, seminars, statistics, theory ofization is not required. The course contents require science (5); and substantial training in odonto-behavioral science (1point), natural scientific logical subjects (53). The program has requiredcourses including chemical engineering design, only 40 points but may be increased to 120 points. chemistry and biochemistry, and laboratory meth- Admission is open to graduates of the 1.5-yearods (11); scientific methodology, including statis- and 2-year upper secondary programs in dentaltical analysis, documentation with word process- technology, as well as gymnasium graduates whoing, and theory of science (3); medical course with have had advanced mathematics, physics, andanatomy and physiology, microbiology, pathology, chemistry. The new 120-point program will bepharmacology, and laboratory methodology (10); a open only to 3-year upper secondary schooltechnical course in computers in analytical instru- graduates who qualify for university matriculation. mentation, instrumental analysis, and radio-phys- Principal Credentials Credentials ics (10); nursing behavioral science, social science, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 nursing, and nursing practice (10); clinical physiology, including methodology (51); and manage- Tandhygienistexamen Tandhygienistexamen ment including information science, management, (University Certificate (University Diploma and seminars (3). There is required practical labor- in Dental Hygiene) in Dental Hygiene) 80 atory work (20) and project work (3). The program 40, 80 points points is considered one of the most difficult in the paramedical field. Graduates of this program may take short Dental Nurse (Tandskoterska):This program iscontinuation courses in specialties in the field such offered in the upper secondary schools (see Chap-as blood serology. They will receive a certificate ter 3). showing the name of the course and the number of points. For example the University Certificate in Laboratory Technology/Clinical Cytology (Cytolog- Dental Technician (Tandtekniker):Training wasassistentexamen) was a 24-point program offered until available until 1993 at the upper secondary level.July 1993. The program was elevated to the tertiary level with the first class in the autumn semester of 1993. Principal Credentials Credentials Tertiary training for the dental technician title Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 requires 6 semesters (120 points) and is offered at the Odontology Clinic of the University of Gote- Laboratorieassistent- Hogskoleexamen pd borg, the Tandvardshogskolan of Lund University examen (University Laboratorieassistentlinjen (located in Malmo), the Odontology Faculty of Certificate in Medical (University Diploma Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, and the Odon- Laboratory in Biomedical tology Faculty of Umea University. Admission Technology) Laboratory Science) requires a general upper secondary school educa- 90 points 120 points

87 73 Chapter 5

Nursing(Sjukskoterska): Training is offeredBachelor of Science in Nursing [Midwifery] and primarily in the Colleges of Health Sciencethereafter as University Diploma in Midwifery) is (Vdrdhogskolan /Hogskolans halso- och sjukveirds) pro- given. Admission requirements vary. Most require grams (see Appendix B for institutionallist).a state legitimized nursing certificate plus work Nursing education had been a 2-year, 80-point or aexperience in the field. Graduates may also com- 2.5-year, 100-point program, leading to Sjuks-plete the teacher education program to train as koterskeexamen (field) (University Certificate inteachers of nursing (see Chapter 6, nursing teacher Nursing [field]), which the student entered after aeducation). 2-year nurse assistant program in upper secondary school. Separate programs existed for training in Principal Credentials Credentials ophthalmology, or as operating room or radiology Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 assistant. During the 1980s the programs were Sjukskoterskeexamen Sjukskoterskeexamen incorporated into the nursing program as either (field) (University (University Diploma specialization or postgraduate training. On entry to Certificate in Nursing in Nursing) the tertiary program, the student chose either gen- [field]) 80, 100 points 120 points eral nursing or one of the nursing specializations such as nursing-diagnostic radiology, or nurs- Hogskoleexamen pd Bevis (Certificate) ing-oncology. The general nursing, operating room (field) (University 20 points nursing, and psychiatric nursing programs each Certificate in [field]) required 80 points; the specialty programs, which 20 points usually included an extra half-year, required 100 Hogskoleexamen pa HOgskoleexamen pa points. These programs will continue until the (field) (Bachelor of (field) (Diploma in currently enrolled cohort complete their programs. Science in [field]) [field]) A one-semester, 20-point course was available to 40 points 40 points graduates of 100-point programs to bring their qualifications in line with those of the 3-year degree Barnmorskeexamen Barnmorskeexamen holders. (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma In 1993 the nursing program was changed to a in Nursing in Midwifery) 3-year, 120-point program, also leading to Sjuks- [Midwifery]) 60 points 60 points koterskeexamen, but translated as University Diplo- ma in Nursing, concentrating on general nursing. Occupational Therapy(Arbetsterapeut): Training The program includes 70 points in nursing scienceis a 3-year, 120-point, program leading to Arbets- and 50 points in social-behavioral sciences andterapeutexamen (translated as University Certificate natural sciences. Courses may also include an ad-in Occupational Therapy until July 1993 and vanced course on research methods in nursing (10thereafter as University Diploma in Occupational points) and a research paper (10 points). Special-Therapy). Until 1993 it required only 100 points. izations in nursing will be taken in a subsequentThe course requirements include behavioral and year. Students no longer come primarily fromsocial sciences, human biology and medicine, sci- upper secondary school nursing preparatory lines,entific methodology, and substantial training in and this change has resulted ina completeoccupational therapy. Students may specialize ina restructuring of the general nursing program. Theparticular area such as rehabilitation. Applicants new program includes, in addition to nursingmust have completed either a health and nursing training, more emphasis on science, psychology,upper secondary course or an academic upper sociology, pedagogy, and medical science. The 3-secondary course that included advanced mathe- year program brings it up to the requirements formatics, science, physics, and chemistry. acceptance within the European Community. Following isa sample 3-year occupational Graduate nurses from either of the abovetherapy program where each semester consists of 20 programs may pursue supplemental courses in theweeks of classes: field offered at several of the colleges of health. Semester 1- occupational therapy (5 points), Among the specializations are anesthesiology and research methods (5), behavior sciences includ- intensive care, health and nursing of children and ing pedagogics, psychology, and sociology (10) youth, obstetrics and gynecological nursing, etc. Semester 2- human biology includinganatomy, The courses range from 40 to 60 points. Insome physiology, and medicine (10), occupational courses the additional year will lead to a special- therapy (9) ization such as Midwifery, where the credential of Semester 3- social science and behavior science Barnmorskeexamen (translated until July 1993as includingsocialscience,psychology, and 74 -6,) Specialized Education Programs

sociology (10), medicine including social medi-adjustment and repair of prosthetics and orthotics. cine and ergometric (5), occupational therapy (5)Admission requires completion of a 2-year tech- Semester 4- medicine (5), occupational therapynical program in upper secondary school. The 3- (15) year, 120-point program in orthopedic engineering Semester 5- gerontology (5), occupational ther-provides training in the design of prosthetics and apy (15) orthotics. Admission requires completion of a 3- Semester 6- occupational therapy (10), projectyear technical program and 3 years of mathematics, (10). physics, and chemistry and 2 years of technology in upper secondary school or the equivalent. In- Principal Credentials Credentials cluded are courses in anatomy and physiology, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 orthotics and prosthetics, biomechanics, psychol- Arbetsterapeutexamen Arbetsterapeutexamen ogy, medical science, social science, and 50 points (University Certificate (University Diploma of practical training. The program has recently in Occupational in Occupational undergone changes and will include less practical Therapy) 100 points Therapy) 120 points training and more theoretical coursework. Admis- sion to the 1-year advanced course in orthoptics, which led until July 1993 to Ortopistexamen (Univer- Optical Technician (Optiker):A new 3-year, 120 -sity Diploma in Orthoptics) and thereafter to a point program begun in 1994 qualifies graduates asBevis (Certificate), requires completion of a nursing Licensed Opticians. This program was formerlyor health-related degree. taught at the upper secondary level.

Physical Therapy (Sjukgymnast):Training is a 3- Orthopedic Technology and Engineering (Ortoped- year, 120-point program, which until 1983 had tekniskutbildning):The 1.5-year, 60-point program,been a 2.5-year, 100-point program. The credential leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pa Orto-awarded is Sjukgymnastexamen (translated until July pedtekniskalinjen, Ortopedtekniker (translated until1993 as University Certificate in Physical Therapy July 1993 as University Certificate in ProstheticsandthereafterasUniversityDiplomain and Orthotics-Orthopedic Technician in Ortho-Physiotherapy). Admission requires completion of pedic Technology, and thereafter as Diploma inthe 2-year upper secondary health line or the 3-year Prosthetics and Orthotics), provides training in theacademic upper secondary program with mathematics, science,physics, and chemistry.In Principal Credentials Credentials addition to substantial training in physiotherapy, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 there is limited coursework (a total of 20 points) in physics, chemistry and mathematics, anatomy, Hogskoleexamen pd Bevis (Certificate) and behavioral science. Theory alternates with Ortopedtekniskalinjen, 60 points practice throughout the studies, with practice Ortopedtekniker making up about 25% of the total time. The (University Certificate credential gives the full course description in in Prosthetics and Swedish and English on the reverse. Orthotics-Orthopedic Until the new 3-year, 120-point program was Technician) 60 points established, graduates of the physical therapy Hogskoleexamen pd Hogskoleexamen pd course could study for an additional 20 weeks for a Ortopedtekniska Linjen Ortopedtekniska Linjen bachelor's degree in physical therapy. The pro- (Ortopedingenjor) (Ortopedingenjor) gram included 2 weeks of public health admin- (Bachelor of Science (Diploma in istration, 5 weeks of project work, and 13 weeks of in Prosthetics and Prosthetics and courses in one of the following areas: primary Orthotics-Orthopedic Orthotics) health care/physical therapy; county and regional Engineer [Prosthetist 120 points medical care/physical therapy; psychiatric care/ and Orthotist]) physical therapy; rehabilitation/physical therapy; or 120 points occupational health service/physical therapy. Spe- Ortoptistexamen Bevis (Certificate) cialization courses are available to graduates and (University Diploma 40 points usually require 20 points. A certificate giving the in Orthotics) 40 specialization and the number of points is issued. points Following is a sample 3-year physical therapy program (see Table 5.3 for a sample of the 2.5-year 89 75 Chapter 5

Table 5.3 Physical Therapy Course List (2.5 years) Hours / Semester Subjects 1 2 3 4 5 Total Physical Therapy, Theory and Methods 280 167 180 135 762 Clinical Training 160 320 140 360 980 Human Biology, Anatomy 75 49 60 184 Physiology 60 36 96 Clinical Physiology 17 17 Medical Subjects, Geriatrics 10 10 Internal Medicine 24 24 Rehabilitation Medicine 38 37 20 45 140 Neurophysiology 6 6 Neurosurgery 4 4 Surgery 24 24 Neurology 45 45 Orthopedic Surgery 43 6 49 Obstetrics and Gynecology 10 10 Pathology 12 12 Pediatrics 25 25 Psychiatry 26 10 36 Rheumatology 13 13 Community and Environ. Health 10 10 Social and Behavioral Sciences Administration and Management 40 40 Research Methods 80 40 120 Pedagogics 24 10 10 44 Psychology 36 33 10 79 Social and Behavioral Sciences 170 170 Ergonomics 60 60 Degree Project 120 120 Natural Sciences (Alternative 1)* 175 175 Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics Natural Sciences (Alternative 2)* Microbiology and Hygiene 16 16 Patient Care 43 43 Clinical Training 140 140 Note: Each semester consists of 20 weeks of classes. * Alternative 1 or 2 depending on previous knowledge.

program). For both programs, each semester con- ical therapy and primary health (10) sists of 20 weeks of classes as follows: Semester 6- elective courses (10): either theory or Semester 1- introduction to physical therapy (5 clinical training and theory, degree project (9). points), anatomy (7), theory and methods in Principal Credentials Credentials physical therapy (8) Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Semester 2- physiology (10), psychological theory and social psychological theory (5), physical Sjukgymnastexamen Sjukgymnastexamen therapy/tone, respiration and circulation (5) (University Certificate (University Diploma Semester 3- physical therapy/respiration, circu- in Physical Therapy) in Physiotherapy) lation, stability, mobility, balance, clinical train- 100 points (Bachelor of120 points ing (15), sociology/man and society (5) Science in Physical Semester 4-physicaltherapy/rehabilitation Therapy) 20 points medicine, clinical training (15), work science/ ergometric, psycho/social work environment (5) Prescriptionist/Dispenser(Receptare): Two levels Semester 5- pedagogics (5), psychology (5), phys-of degrees in pharmacy are offered only at the

76 90 RFST COPY AVAILABLE Specialized Education Programs

University of Uppsala Faculty of Pharmacy. Thetronics or the electrotechnical program or the equiv- prescriptionist/dispenser program requires either 40alent, and 3 years of experience in the municipal points or 80 points, depending on student's back-music school, plus 2 years in ensemble playing. ground, and led to Receptarieexamen, (translated as A 2-year, 80-point program, leading until July University Certificate in Dispensing Pharmacy1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd Musikerlinjen (University until July 1993 and thereafter University DiplomaCertificate in Music) in directing, arranging, and in Dispensing Pharmacy). The 40-point programcomposition or individual study, is offered at the builds on the upper secondary school pharmacyUniversities of Goteborg and Lund, the Royal technician (apotekstekniker) program and includesUniversity College of Music in Stockholm, and pharmaceutical chemistry (14 points), pharma-Lulea University College and Institute of Tech- ceutical biochemistry (4), pharmaceutical micro-nology. biology, pharmaceutical pharmacology with mor- A 3-year, 120-point course, leading until July phology and physiology, medical chemistry, toxi- 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd Musikerlinjen (Bachelor of cology, and pharmacognosy, for a total of 13 points,Fine Arts in Music) offered at Lulea University social pharmacy (2), Galenic pharmacy and bio-College and Institute of Technology and the Royal pharmacy (3), and pharmatherapy (4). This pro-University College of Music inStockholm, gram is also offered as correspondence (distance)includestrainingineitherarrangingand training. The 80-point program includes all thecomposition or electronic music and composition. above, but in greater depth, plus medical scienceThe programs previously required completion of (15 points), social pharmacy (5), and morphologycompulsory education but have recently increased and physiology (4). Graduates of either programtheir standards to also require completion of the may continue into the pharmacy program after ageneral tertiary study eligibility requirements. This 20-point, 1-semester preparatory course are also of-program also requires a test of the applicant's skills fered at Uppsala. in voice, instrument, and music theory. Principal Credentials Credentials The 4-year, 160-point program in voice, instru- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 mental music, composition, arranging, and ensemble, leading until July 1993 to Hog-skoleexamen pd Receptarieexamen Receptarieexamen Musikerlinjen (Master of Fine Arts in Music), is (University Certificate (University Diploma offered at the Universities of Goteborg and Lund, in Dispensing in Dispensing and the Royal University College of Music in Pharmacy) Pharmacy) Stockholm. The 4-year,160-point program in 40, 80 points 40, 80 points church music, leading to Hogskoleexamen pd Kyr- komusikerlinjen (Master of Fine Arts in Church Music) offered at the Universities of Goteborg and Music Lund, the Royal University College of Music in Stockholm, and Lulea University College and In- Music (Musikerutbildningen):Programs rangestitute of Technology, includes coursework in from a 2-year technical program to the more theo-piano, chorus, leading a choir or instrumental retical and applied music programs. They areensemble, liturgical song and directing, history of offered at the Universities of Goteborg and Lund,music, organ, teaching and psychology, instru- Lulea University College and Institute of Tech-mental knowledge, singing, singing with children nology, and the Royal University College of Musicand youths, and methodology. Admission to the in Stockholm. All music programs since July 1993program requires meeting the general requirements lead to Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Musik (Univer-and also a test that includes voice, instrument, and sity Diploma in Music) with varying points. theory. The 2-year, 80-point sound engineering pro- There are advanced courses in music: a 2-year, gram, leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd80-point or 4-year, 160-point program, both leading Musikerlinjen (University Certificate in Music) atuntil July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen Lulea, provides basic study in sound engineeringUtbildning i Musik (PostgraduateDiplomain and radio broadcasting during the first year. AfterMusic) offered at the Universities of Goteborg and completion the student can work as a sound tech-Lund, the Royal University College of Music in nician or continue in the second year of studiesStockholm, and Lulea University College and consisting of courses in theatrical sound engi-Institute of Technology. These programs provide neering or music recording. Admission to the pro-training in directing, composition, voice, or in- gram requires completion of 2 years of upperstrument, and require completion of a program in secondary school, 2 years of English, basic elec-music, church music, or an equivalent music

77 91 Chapter 5 program. There are also two advanced courses inand practice teaching courses. The remainder of composition: a 3-year, 120-point program and a 4-the program is in the specialization. year, 160-point program, leading to the same Admission requires good performance in upper degree offered at Lula University College andsecondary school and entrance tests. The edu- Institute of Technology. They require completioncation courses are as follows: pedagogy (9 points), of a first music degree or the equivalent for ad-methodology (11-15 points), and practice teaching mission. (20 points). The remainder of the coursework is in music.

Psychology Music Education (Musiklararutbildning):The program for teachers is a 4-year, 160-point program Psychology (Psykologi):The 5-year program in with three specializations, leading to the Musik-psychology, leading to the Psykologexamen (trans- Mrarexamen (translated until July 1993 as Master oflated until July 1993 as Master of Science in Fine Arts in Music Education and thereafter asPsychology and thereafter University Diploma in UniversityDiplomainMusicEducation).Psychology), is offered at the Universities of Gote- Students are trained to teach at both the compul-borg, Linkoping, Lund, Stockholm, lima, and sory and upper secondary levels, or to teach in theUppsala. The program focuses on the behavioral areas of instrument and ensemble, or of rhythmicssciences with particular attention to psychology. and ensemble. Options have the same coreStudies include the theory of individual develop- program for the first 1.5 years, along with pedagogy ment and functioning within a group, organization, or society, and also training in psychotherapy, and Principal Credentials Credentials 15 weeks of practical experience in the workplace. Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 The program qualifies the graduate to work with Hogskoleexamen pd Konstneirlig individuals, groups, organizations, or social agen- Musikerlinjen Hogskoleexamen i Musik cies. There also was a 2-year, 80-point advanced (University Certificate (University Diploma program that required the first university degree, in Music) in Music) but it has been discontinued. In addition to the 80 points 80, 120, 160 points general requirements, the special requirements include 2 years of mathematics and social sciences in upper secondary school or the equivalent with 1 Hogskoleexamen pd year of fulltime work experience or the equivalent. Musikerlinjen (Bachelor The program includes an introduction (10 of Fine Arts in Music) points), society and social analysis (10), basic 120 points psychological functions (15), development (20), Hogskoleexamen pd personal psychology (15), groups and organizations Musikerlinjen (Master of (15), investigation and measure covering the indi- Fine Arts in Music) vidual (15), practicum (25), psychotherapy (25), 160 points organization and environment (20),output, methodology and research (10), and project (20). Hogskoleexamen pd The program also includes 50 hours of individual Pdbyggnadslinjen and 120 hours of group therapy, paid for by the Utbildning i Musik student. (Postgraduate Diploma in Music) Principal Credentials Credentials 80, 120, 160 points Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Musiklararexamen Musiklorarexamen Psykologexamen (MasterPsykologexamen (Master of Fine Arts in(University Diploma of Science in (University Diploma Music Education) in Music Education) Psychology) in Psychology) 160 points 160 points 80, 200 points 200 points Hogskoleexamen pd Organistexamen Kyrkomusikerlinjen (University Diploma Social Service (Master of Fine Arts inin Church Music) Church Music) 160 points Social Service (Social Omsorgsutbildning):The 160 points 2.5-year, 100-point program led until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd Sociala Omsorgslinjen (dldre- och

78 92 Specialized Education Programs handikapp omsorg / omsorg om psykiskt utvecklingsstordaprivate institution, and received funding from the och flerhandikappade (University Certificate in Socialgovernment beginning in 1938. During the 1940s, Service, Care of the Elderly and the Handicappedsocial work schools were founded in Goteborg and or care of the Mentally and Multi-handicapped)Lund. In 1963, all schools of social work and and thereafter to Social Omsorgexamen (Universitypublic administration were incorporated into the Diploma in Social Care) or a 3-year, 120-pointstate education system and the programs were program in social service/community service, alsoincreased to the present 3.5-year program that led leading to Social Omsorgsexamen (Universityto the Socionomexamen (translated as Bachelor of Diploma in Social Care), that had been a 2-year,Science inSocial Work until July 1993 and 80-point program. Both programs are offered atthereafter as University Diploma in Social Work). several of the Colleges of Health. There are twoSocial work isoffered at the Universities of options for this program: either social rehabilitation,Goteborg, Lund, Stockholm, and UmeA, the or the care of the elderly, handicapped, mentallyUniversity College of Orebro, and Mid Sweden handicapped, and multi-handicapped. AdmissionUniversity College. The Skondal Institute in to the program requires completion of upper sec-Stockholm also offersa 4-year program that ondary school in a health-related field or the equiv-includes a 20-point deacon program, which led alent. The socialrehabilitation option offersuntil July 1993 to the Social examen (Bachelor of courses insocial sciences (20 points),socialScience in Social Work) and thereafter to the rehabilitation (42), and psychiatry, law, super-Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social vising, and social rehabilitation practice (20). TheWork). The social work program provides a wide care of the elderly, handicapped, mentally handi-social science background with technical training capped, and multi-handicapped option offersin social work (see Chapter 7, Skondal). courses in social sciences (26), specialized courses In addition tothe general admission re- in the areas of the handicapped, the elderly, be-quirements, the 3.5-year and 4-year programs also havior analysis, psychiatry, supervising, law, ad-require 1 year of mathematics and 2 years of social vanced courses, and practical training (12). science in an upper secondary school or the equivalent. Principal Credentials Credentials The first year of the 3.5- or 4-year program Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 provides a 1-year basic course in social sciences Hogskoleexamen pd Social Omsorgsexamen that focuses on the social structure and method- Sociala Omsorgslinjen (University Diploma ology. The remainder of the program includes (cadre- och handikapp in Social Care) specialized courses in the theoretical and social omsorg/omsorg om 100, 120 points work areas.Field work integrates theoretical psykiskt utvecklingsstorda knowledge with practical work and provides train-

och flerhandikappade) .ing in working methodology. The program in- (University Certificate cludes introduction to social work (3), political in Social Service, Care science (5), social economics (6), sociology (6), of the Elderly and the social psychology (14), psychology (6), legal issues Handicapped or Care (15), methods in social work (17), field work (40), of the Mentally and social/behavioral science, theory, methods, and sta- Multi-handicapped) tistics (8), psycho-social work and planning (10), 80, 100 points and thesis project (10). A 1-year, 40-point or 1.5-year, 60-point ad- Hogskoleexamen pd vanced program, both leading leading until July Sociala Omsorgslinjen i 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pd Peibyyggnadslinjen i Socialt Socialpedagogiskt Abete and thereafter to Magisterexamen i Socialt Arbete Behandingsarbete (both translated as Master of Science in Social (University Certificate Work), are available at the Universities of Gote- in Social Service, borg, Stockholm, and UmeA, and the University Social Rehabilitation) Colleges of Orebro and Ostersund. Admission re- 100 points quires completion of the Socionomexamen or the Social Work equivalent and 2 years of professional experience after that degree. Social Work (SocialaLinjen):TheSchool of The program provides advanced knowledge Social Work and Public Administration (Social-and qualifies the graduate to practice social work. instituteti Stockholm) was created in 1921 as aIt provides training in either a theoretical per-

79 93 Chapter 5

spective concerning the relationship of the socialInstitute of Technology, and the University Col- structure and man, or psycho-social perspective onleges of Karlstad, Mid Sweden, Skovde, Vaxj6, the relationship between social work and theOrebro, and Ostersund. client. Both options include a 10-point thesis In addition to the general requirements, paper. special admission requirements include 3 years of mathematics and 2 years of social science in upper Principal Credentials Credentials secondary school or the equivalent. Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 The program includes a majority of coursework in Socionomexamen Socionomexamen administrative data processing and in mathe- (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma matics and business. The 4-year program includes in Social Work) in Social Work) an additional 10 points for thesis project, special- 140 points 140, 160 points ization, and electives. Program at Lulea University College and Institute of Technology follows: Year 1- introduction to computer science (5), Social examen* advanced computer science (5), database man- (Bachelor of Science agement systems (5), basic production tech- in Social Work) nology (5), mathematics (5), financial manage- 160 points ment and investment planning (8),statistics (7) Hogskoleexamen pa Magisterexamen i Socialt Year 2- software engineering (5), office au- Pelbyggnadslinjen i Arbete (Master of tomation (3), data of communication (3), systems Socialt Arbete (Master Science in Social development I (10), project and leadership (5), of Science in Social Work) principles of operating systems (4), organiza- Work) 40, 60 points 40, 60 points tional behavior (5),fourth generation programming language (5) * The Social examen was awarded at the Skondal Institute Year 3- production and inventory control (5), in Stockholm. The additional 20 points consisted of coursework in deacon studies. computer integrated manufacturing (5), systems development II(5),principles of artificial intelligence and expert systems (5), introduction Systems Analysis to object oriented systems development/software engineering (5), computer based systems for Systems Analysis (Systemvetenskaplig Utbild- business administration (5), project (10). ning):The 1-year, 40-point and 1.5-year, 60-point programs have been replaced by the 2-year, 80- Principal Credentials Credentials point program in administrative data processing Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 (ADP), all leading until July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen Hogskoleexamen pa Not offered pa ADB-linjen (University Certificate in Automatic ADB-linjen (University Data Processing and thereafter translatedas Certificate in Diploma in Automatic Data Processing), which Automatic Data constitutes the first part of the 3-year or 4-year pro- Processing) grams at many institutions. The 2-year program 40, 60 points includes a 10-point project. Several institutions also offer programs in administrative computer science, Hogskoleexamen pa Hogskoleexamen pd computer science, and computer science and ADB-linjen (University ADB-linjen (Diploma information systems. Certificate in in Automatic Data The 3-year, 120-point program, leading until Automatic Data Processing) July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen pa Systemvetenskapliga Processing) 80 points 80 points linjen (Bachelor of Science in Systems Analysis) Hogskoleexamen pa Kandidatexamen i and thereafter to Kandidatexamen i Systemvetenskaplig Systemvetenskapliga Systemvetenskaplig (Bachelor of Systems Analysis), or 4-year, 160-point linjen (Bachelor of (Bachelor of Systems programs, leading to Magisterexamen i Systemvetens- Science in Systems Analysis) kaplig (Master of Systems Analysis) in systems Analysis) 120 points 120 points analysis, qualify graduates to work as project managers, system developers, or programmers. One or Not offered Magisterexamen i both of these programs are offered at the Univer- Systemvetenskaplig sities of Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund, Stockholm, (Master of Systems lima, and Uppsala, Lulea University College and Analysis) 160 points

80 94 Specialized Education Programs

Theology tend 1 year of practical/theological training at a Theology (Teo logi):A 3.5-year, 140-point programpastoral institute before they can be ordained. and a 4-year, 160-point program, both leading until Licentiate in Theology (Teologie Licentiatexamen): July 1993 to Hogskoleexamen or Teologie Kandidat-This is a 2-year, 80-point program that requires examen pd Religionsvetenskapliga Linjen/ (translated ascompletion of the first degree for admission and a Bachelor of Divinity if 140 points and Master ofpublicly defended thesis. Divinity if 160 points) and thereafter to Teologie Doctor of Theology (Teologie Doktorsexamen): Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Divinity)This is a 4-year, 160-point program that requires for both programs, is offered at the Universities ofcompletion of the first degree for admission and the Uppsala and Lund. The Universities of Goteborg,pudic aerense or a aissertation. Stockholm, and Link6ping also offer some study Principal Credentials Credentials in the field. In addition to the general require- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 ments, the special admission requirements include 3 years of Swedish and history and 1 year of reli- Hogskoleexamen or Teologie gious studies in upper secondary school or the Teologie Kandidat- Kandidatexamen equivalent. examen pel (University Diploma The first year of study at Uppsala is a basic Religionsvetenskapliga- in Divinity) course in religious studies that includes religious Linjen (Bachelor of 140, 160 points history. In the second year, students choose be- Divinity) 140 points tween two options: a general option, comprising 80 (Master of Divinity) points and a 10-point thesis, or the specialized op- 160 points tion, which requires 100 points of study and a 20- Teologie Licentiatexamen No change point thesis. This last option is for those who wish (Licentiate in to enterthe Church of Sweden. Study includes Theology) 80 points coursework in the areas of religioushistory, sociology and psychology, Bible studies, and Teologie Doktorsexamen No change Christian history. Graduates of the 4-year program (Doctor of Theology) who wish to enter the Church of Sweden must at 160 points

95 81 Chapter 6 Teacher Education

Educational Reform tise in the area. Programs varied from 1 to 4 years and included classes in the main subject area and Prior to the reform of 1977, teachers were trained atpedagogical training. Unlike the class or subject one of several institutes, depending on the level atcurricula that allowed the study of two or three which they would teach. Institutes were indepen-main subject areas, the vocational programs pro- dent, and only a few had links to a university.vided training in a single subject only. Most Preschool teachers were trained at special institutesvocational and technical teacher training institutes where admission required completion of compul-were integrated into the schools of education sory school. The 2-year program consisted ofbeginning in 1972. coursework and practice teaching. Teachers for Prior to 1969, university students preparing for a grades 1 and 2 were trained at an institutecareer in teaching at the upper secondary level (smdskolseminarium) for primary school teachers. Ad-(gymnasium) could concentrate on one subject mission required completion of compulsory school.group such as geography, botany, or zoology. They The 2- or 3-year program consisted of courseworkwould work at their own pace and select a com- and practice teaching. Both of these institutionsbination of subjects for a total of seven units, were incorporated into the schools of education. which was usually completed in 3 or 4 years. The The schools of education (lararhogskolor) weredegree awarded was the Filosofisk Ambetsexamen established in 1956 and by 1968 included the insti-(Master of Philosophy). At the same time, the title tutes of education (folkskoleseminarium) for teacherFilosofie Magisterexamen was awarded. The program education in lower, middle, and upper compulsorywas restructured after the 1977 reform. Seventeen school. Students completed courses in pedagogics,university teacher training programs had fixed methodology, and practice teaching in addition tocombinations of courses. Two main subjects were courses in one or two main subject areas. Therequired for graduation. The first degree was the schools were on the tertiary level and had linksFilosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Sci- with the universities, but in the reform of 1977 theyences). In order to teach, 1 additional year of peda- were integrated into a university or university col-gogical training was required at a school of edu- lege. Initially, admission required the Lower Sec-cation. It consisted of courses in pedagogics and ondary Leaving Certificate (Realexamen) but wasmethodology and included 1 term of practice later raised to require the Upper Secondary Leav-teaching. Upon completion of the 1-year program, ing Certificate (Studentexamen). the Hogskoleexamen pd Amnesldrarlinjen was award- Teacher training was available in specializeded. Students became teachers (adjunkt) in upper subjects at various institutes, such as the art schoolsecondary school. (Konstfackskolan), Craft Training College (Slojd- seminariet) in Linkoping, physical education at the The Reform of 1977 Gymnastics and Sports Colleges (Gymnastik och While the compulsory education reforms were Idrottshogskolor) in Stockholm and Orebro, thetaking place, changes were also beginning to occur Royal College of Music (Musikhogskolan) in Stock-in teacher training schools. A shortage of teachers holm or conservatories in Goteborg and Malmo,occurred between 1950 and 1970 due to a rapid in- and the Schools for Home Economics (Seminariercrease in the birth rate, educational reforms that for Huslig Utbildning) in Goteborg, Stockholm,were taking place in compulsory schools, increased Lima, and Uppsala. Admission to these postsec-enrollment in upper secondary school, the raising ondary vocational training schools required exper-of minimum qualifications for employment dueto

82 96 Teacher Education advancesintechnology, and theincreasingbeing phased out at many institutions. The 100 - number of students aspiring to higher goals in edu-point program was increased to 3 years, 120 points cation. Teachers trained to teach at one of thebeginning fall 1993 at most institutions. The length many specialized types of schools prevalent at theof the program differs depending upon the qualifi- time now found themselves in a newly integratedcations of the student entering. Each of the varia- classroom with a full range of students. The struc-tions results in the same final qualification (see ture of teacher training did not actually changeTables 6.1 and 6.2). Both programs offer a special until 1988, some 11 years after the reform. Teachersbilingual option in the teaching of a second already in the system were given in-servicelanguage such as Finnish, Greek, Polish, Sami, training, especially in subject studies, to keep paceSpanish, etc. The exams are in both languages. with the recent graduates from the new curricu-There is also a special 1-year, 40-point course for lum. Between 1959 and 1970, the number of newthose who have a non-Scandinavian preschool teachers rose from 4,000 per year to around 10,000.degree. By the 1980s, shortages of teachers were found only For both the preschool teachers and recreation in sparsely populated areas, in certain subjectsinstructors, admission to the 100- or 120-point pro- such as languages and Swedish as a second lan-gram requires 2 years of Swedish and social sci- guage, in preschool, in adult education, and inence at the upper secondary level or the equiva- vocational areas in which special expertise in thelent; the 80-point program requires completion of field was required. the upper secondary school 2-year child or youth option in the health line or the equivalent. The 50- The Reform of 1993 point program requires completion of the upper With the 1993 reform the government reducedsecondary school 2-year child or youth option in the number of degrees awarded by combining andthe health line or the equivalent, or the 40-week renaming them. The educational system becamecourse in child care or youth care and 4 years of less centralized, with the government still author-experience as an administrator or head teacher, or 2 izing the granting of degrees and determiningyears of working in a nursery school. minimum length of study but the institutions now determining course content. There were only a few Compulsory School curriculum changes immediately, but in time indi- Since the reorganization of higher education in vidual programs are expected to be more reflective1977, nearly all teacher colleges and institutes have of the individual institutions. become part of either a university or university Programs are available at the Universities ofcollege, resulting in a more consistent curriculum Goteborg, Linkoping, Lund, lima, and Uppsala;at each level across the country. The only insti- the Stockholm Institute of Education; the Stock-tution to remain independent is the Stockholm holm University College of Physical EducationInstitute of Education. The government oversaw and Sports; the Royal University College of Music;the central curriculum for all levels, but since the The University College of Arts, Crafts, and Design;1993 reform, the government has provided the and the University Colleges of Boras, Falun/Bor-basic structure of the degree program and each lange, Gavle/Sandviken, Gotland, Halmstad, Jon -institution determines the content. koping, Kalmar, Karlstad, Kristianstad, Lulea, Mid Sweden, Malardalen, Orebro, Trollhattan/Ud- Principal Credentials Credentials devalla, and Vaxjo. No one institution offers all Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 teacher education programs. Forskollararexamen Barn- och (University Certificate ungdomspedagogisk Programs for Nursery and Infant examen (University Education) Diploma in Child and Preschool and Recreation 50, 80, 100 points Youth Training) 120 points Preschool teachers (Forskollarare) work with children up to 7 years of age in infant care and Fritidspedagogexamen nursery schools. Recreation instructors (Fritidspeda- (University Certificate gog) work with children and adults. The Preschool for Recreation and Teacher Education and Recreation Instructors Leisure Education) Education programs offer 50-week, 2-year, or 2.5- 50, 80, 100 points year (50-point, 80-point, or 100-point, respectively) variations. The 50-week and 2-year programs are 97 83 Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Preschool Teacher Edu- 1990 and for teachers of the lower level until June cation Course List (1992, with points) 1991. During this period, students in the lower level (leigstadieldrarlinjen) and intermediate level 100 8050 (mellanstadieldrarlinjen) teacher education programs Communication (Language could take one or two courses from the next higher and Literature, Voice and level to qualify to teach in those subjects at the Speech Care, Art and next higher level. Subject teachers received a Design, Craft, Music with degree in their major subject area and completed 1 Instrumental Music, 22 20 15 additional year of teacher education coursework. Education Drama, and Beginning in the late 1980s, teacher education Rhythmics) programs were lengthened and higher entrance Contemporary Social and qualifications became necessary. In 1988 teacher education for the 9-year compulsory school system Environmental Studies 12 10 10 (Social Science, Science with was reorganized into two programs: the 3.5-year, Medical Care) 140-point program for grades 1-7 and the 4-year or 4.5-year, 160- or 180-point program for grades 4-9. Pedagogy/Methodology The two programs overlap to give teachersa (Psychology/Pedagogics, 30 25 20 broader range of grades in which to teach. Prior to Pedagogics, Methodology) this time, teachers were trained to teach only 3 Practice Teaching (practical grades, for example, grades 1-3, which created a work with a tutor, society- severe limitation for both teacher and school. The 36 25 5 oriented practical work, programs are vocational and designed so that the practice teaching) subject courses alternate with periods of practice teaching. About 1.5 years of the program are the same for both options. The courses emphasize Table 6.2 Recreation and Leisure communication skills and language training. The Teacher Education Course List teacher training program for grades 1-7 followsa (1992, with points) general curriculum but includes 1 year of specialization. The program for grades 4-9 is more diver- 100 80 50 sified and allows greater study time in a special- Communication (Language ization. and Literature, Voice and Special admission requirements in addition to Speech Care, Art and Design, 22 20 15 the general requirements are 2 to 3 years of the Music, Educational Drama, chosen specializations in upper secondary or the and Rhythmics) equivalent, except in the area of religion, whichre- Contemporary Social and quires 1 year or the equivalent. Environmental Studies 17 15 10 The curriculum for grades 1-7 has the fol- (Social Science and Science) lowing concentrations: Swedish/social subjects, mathematics/science subjects, Swedish as a for- Pedagogics/Methodology eign language, home language/social subjects, (Psychology, Pedagogics, and 25 20 20 home language/mathematics and science subjects, Methodology) and adult education at the compulsory level. The Practical Work (practical work curriculum for grades 4-9 has concentrations in in children's leisure centers, Swedish and other languages; home language, preschool practice in 100 - Swedish as a foreign language, and English; social point program, special 36 25 5 subjects; mathematics and science subjects;natu- practical work in 100/80-point ral science; and art or physical educationor music program and school practice or home economics and one of either Swedish, in 100/80-point program) English, home language, or mathematics. The most recent curriculum changes for grades 1-7 call for more specialization at the loweror The tradition of training students as classroomintermediate levels and for a higher level and teachers for the lower and intermediate levelsor broader program for grades 4-9 (see Document 6.1 subject teachers for the higher level of compulsoryfor degree certificate). These changesare also re- school was maintained until 1988. Degreeswereflected in the revision of the teacher trainingpro- awarded for the intermediate level until Decembergrams (see Table 6.3 for course list). 84 98 Teacher Education Table 6.3Compulsory School Teacher Education Course List (1992) Subjects Grades 1-7 Grades 4-9 Sw/ Ma/ Sw/ Soc Sc Ma/ Arts PE Soc Sc Lang Sc Culture and Communication 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Electives/Specializations 40 45 40 40 40 70 50 45/65 Swedish/Home Language 20 Mathematics 5 10 5 20/65 Natural Sciences/Science* 15 20/65 Pedagogics/Methodology 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Practice Teaching 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Social Sciences* 25 85 Swedish/English 10 Swedish 15 15 15 Thesis 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 Visual Arts, PE, or Music 5 5 55 75 60 Total 140 140 140 180 180 180 180 160/180 Note: Concentrations are in the areas of Swedish/social subjects (Sw/Soc), mathematics/science subjects (Ma/Sc), Swedish as a foreign language/home language (Sw/Lang), social subjects (Soc), science (Sc), mathematics/science (Ma/Sc), arts (Arts), and physical education (PE). *Social Sciences include history, religious knowledge, social science, and geography. Science includes physics, chemistry, biology, and technology.

There is a 1-year program for those who wish tohave completed a 3.5-year university level program teach specific subjects in grades 4-9. Applicantswith 60 points in the major subject and 40 points must have degrees in engineering or architecture or in a second area, unless the second areais Principal Credentials Credentials Swedish, in which case 60 points are required. Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 The courses are in pedagogy, methodology, and practice teaching. Ldgstadielararexamen Not offered (University Certificate Upper Secondary School in Primary Education The teacher education program, previously 4 to [Junior Level]) 100 pts 5.5 years in length, was increased to 4.5 to 5.5 years MellanstadielararexamenNot offered beginning July 1993. The length of the program is (Bachelor of Edu- determined by the type of major subjects chosen. cation in Primary There is also a 1-year, 40-point program consisting Education of education courses for those who have already [Intermediate Level]) completed at least a 3.5-year program and met the 120 points minimum requirements in the field. Grundskollararexamen Grundskollararexamen Special admission requirements in addition to (Bachelor of Educa- (University Diploma the general requirements are 3 years of Swedish tion [Compulsory in Education for and English in upper secondary school or the Comprehensive Primary and Sec- equivalent, and 2 to 3 years of upper secondary School, grades 1-7]); ondary School, grades level courses in the major subjects. The 1-year 40, 140 points 1-7) 140 points program requires completion of a general, technical, or economics university program of at least 140 Grundskollararexamen Grundskollararexamen points with at least 80 points in the subject area. (Bachelor of Educa- (University Diploma The program consists generally of two subjects don [Compulsory in Edu. for Primary and includes 40 points of education courses. There Comprehensive and Secondary were set combinations of paired courses that could School, grades 4-9]) School, grades 4-9) be chosen for study, such as mathematics and 40, 160, 180 points 40, 160, 180 points biology, history and social science, or Swedish and

85 99 Chapter 6

English (see Document 6.2 for degree certificate). Table 6.4 Upper Secondary School After July 1993, students are required to complete aTeacher Education Course List 4.5- to 5.5-year program with 80 points in the first 4-Year 4.5-Year subject and 60 points in the second subject. 5-Year Term (160 Eighty points are required in the second subject for (180 (200 the areas of language, social sciences, art, music, Points) Points) Points) and physical education. Forty points of education 1 Subject 1 Subject 1 Subject 1 courses are also required. The new program under 2 1-40 points 1-40 points 1-40 points the 1993 reform legislation will allow more freedom 3 Subject 2 Subject 2 Subject 2 in the choice of teaching areas. Rather than a set 4 1-40 points 1-40 points 1-40 points combination list, students may choose two lan- 5 Education Education guages (Swedish, English, Finnish, French, Ger- Education 1-20 points 1-20 points man, Spanish, Greek, or Latin), two natural sci- 1-20 points ence subjects (biology, physics, chemistry, or 6 Subj. 1 or 2 Subj. 1 or 2 Subj. 1 or 2 mathematics), or two humanities/social science 7 41-80 points41-80 points41-80 points subjects (philosophy, geography, history/economic 8 Education Education Subj. 1 or 2 history, psychology, religion, or social science). 21-40 points 21-40 points41-80 points Education courses are usually sandwiched 9 Subj. 1 or 2 Subj. 1 or 2 between the subject courses during 2 semesters of 61-80 points41-80 points the program, usually the fifth and one of the last 2 semesters. Courses usually include 1 semester or 20 10 Education points of pedagogy and methodology and 1 semes- 21-40 points ter or 20 points of practice teaching, usually 8 Note: The level of the course is represented by course weeks during the fifth semester and 12 weeks dur- numbering in the form of 1-40 points or 1-20 points, ing one of the final semesters (see Table 6.4 for a which represents the first course in a sequence of courses in a department. For further information on course course list). numbering, see Chapter 4. There is a 1-year teaching program for those who have completed their 3.5-year degree or have degrees in such fields as engineering, architecture, or economics, or have vocational training and relevant experience or extensive vocational experience. The education courses cover the same material as the regular teaching degree. The certificate allowsSpecialized Programs students to teach in their field in upper secondary Art Teacher Education(Bildlararut-bildning): The school. 3-year, 120-point program includes 80 points of Principal Credentials Credentials theory/art coursework and 40 points of education Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 and practice teaching courses. Grauates may teach in the compulsory and upper secondary schools, Amneslararexamen pd Gymnasielararexamen adult education, folk high schools, and teacher (field) (Master of (University Diploma education programs. Art education is also included Arts/Science in [field] in Education for in the compulsory school teaching degree. Education or Master Upper Secondary In addition to the general admission re- of Arts/Science/Social School) 40, 180, 200, quirements, the special requirements call for 2 or 3 Sciences for Upper 220 points years (depending upon the program) of Swedish, Secondary and Adult social science, and history in upper secondary Education) 40, 160, school or the equivalent; at least 1 year of studies 180, 200, 220 points in two- and three-dimensional art, photography, and art history; and an acceptable portfolio. Courses include visual communication (4 points), two-dimensional art (17), three-dimensional art (10), graphic art (10), photography, film, television, and video (7), art history (14), politics of culture (6), physical environment (7), pedagogy (10), methodology (10), practice teaching (20), and the thesis project (5).

86 100 Teacher Education

Principal Credentials Credentials Special admission requirements in addition to Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 the general requirements are 3 years of Swedish and English, 2 years of psychology, and child Bildldrarexamen Bildldrarexamen knowledge (the latter two require passing of a test) (Bachelor of Arts in (University Diploma in upper secondary school or the equivalent. Art Education) in Art Education) Courses for teaching in the upper secondary 120 points 120 points school include psychology (20 points), health/social medicine (5), social science (15), child welfare (40), Careers Guidance Counseling(Studie-och pedagogy (8), methodology (12), practice teaching Yrkesorientering):The degree is a 3-year, 120-point(20), and additional courses in one area. program consisting of behavioral science (50 Principal Credentials Credentials points), practice teaching (20 points), and social Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 sciences (50 points). The program prepares students for study and vocational guidance, informa- Barnavdrdsldrarexamen Grundskolldraexamen tion, teaching, and administration activities within (Bachelor of Science (Bachelor of Educa- compulsory and upper secondary schools, adult in Child Welfare tion [Compulsory education, colleges of higher learning, and job Education) 120, 140 Comprehensive services. points School]) Special admission requirements in addition to 180, 200 points the general requirements are 2 years of Swedish, Grundskolldrarexamen English, and social science in upper secondary (Bachelor of school or the equivalent, and 3 years of work exper- Education ience. [Compulsory Year 1 requires social science and psychology Comprehensive (40 points including 3 points of practice teaching); School]) 140 points year 2 requires science, trade and work, education, information, and teaching (40 points including 10 points of practice teaching); and year 3 requires guidance and teaching (31 points including 10 points of practice teaching), administration, management, and organization of careers education (4 Commercial and Clerical Teacher Education points), and a specialization course (5 points). (Handels- och Kontorslararlinjen), Skilled Trades Teacher Education (Industri- och Hantverkslararlinjen): Principal Credentials Credentials Both programs consist of 1 year of education and Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 practice teaching courses. These courses include Hogskoleexamen pd Studie- och Yrkesvagled- pedagogy, methodology, and practice teaching. Studie- och arexamen (University Practice teaching during the first term is 5 weeks Yrkesotienteringslinjen Diploma in Career long and during the second term 10 weeks at either (Bachelor of Counseling) an upper secondary school or labor market training Education in Careers 120 points center. The content of the education courses is Guidance related to the area of specialization and the teach- Counseling) 120 ing position. In 1993 the curriculum for both pro- points grams was the same but separate curriculums are being developed. Admission to either program requires completion of a 2-year vocational program in upper Child Welfare Teacher Education (Bamavardslara-secondary school or the equivalent. The skilled rutbildning):Until 1988 the program was 3 years, 120trades program requires 5 years of working experi- points; between 1988 and 1993 it was offered as aence or the equivalent; the commercial and cleri- specialization in the 3.5-year, 140-point compul-cal program requires 4 years of working experience sory school program for grades 4-9; and beginningor the equivalent. in 1993 it became a 4.5-year, 180-point or 5-year, The Yrkespedagogisk examen (University Cer- 200-point program offered within the program fortificate in Vocational Teacher Education) was also upper secondary school teachers. The degreeawarded for these programs. The one-year, 40-point grants qualification to teachers of both the childprogram was also incorporated into the upper sec- and youth courses. ondary school program beginning July 1993.

87 I0 Chapter 6

Principal Credentials Credentials ical and psychological tests, anda wide range of Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 flying experience. Hogskoleexamen pd Gymnasie/ararexamen Principal Credentials Credentials Industri- och Hant- (University Diploma Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 verkskirarlinjen in Education for Flyg /ararexamen Flygldrarexamen (University Certificate Upper Secondary (University Certificate (University Diploma in Skilled Trades School) for Flight Instructors) in Aviation Educa- Education) 40 points 40 points 40 points tion) 40 points Hogskoleexamen pd Gymnasieldrarexamen Handels- och (University Diploma Folk High School Teacher Education Kontorslararlinjen in Education for (Folkhog- skollararlinjen): The 1-year, 40-point (University CertificateUpper Secondary program provides training for teachers in the folk in Commercial and School) high school programs or work/study associations. Clerical Education) 40 points 40 points Admission to the program requires completion of at least a 3-year tertiary levelprogram or the equivalent; or 5 years of fulltime experiencewithin Craft Teacher Education(SINdlararlinjen): The 3-a folk high school, youth organization, study circle, year, 120-point program has specializations in thepopular movement or educational association,or areas of wood and metal or textile crafts. The 1-within the Church of Swedenor the equivalent; or year, 40-pointprogramrequiredadvanced3 years of fulltime experience ina municipal rec- knowledgein thefieldand/orvocationalreation program and 2 years in popularmovements experience but was no longer offered beginninginand/or educational associations. 1993. Craft education is primarily taughtin com- The program includes social andgeneral edu- pulsory school but also in upper secondaryschools,cation (5 points), basic methods (5),learning and municipal adult programs, and folk high schools. creative activities (10), individualcourse (10), and In addition to general admission requirements,practice teaching (10). the specific requirements for theprogram are 3 years of history, 2 years of mathematics, art, natural Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 sciences, and crafts in upper secondary schoolor As of July 1993 the equivalent. The 1-yearprogram is for exper- FolkhogskolldrarexamenFolkhogskollararexamen ienced teachers with 4years of relevant subject (University Diploma (University Diploma studies. in Folk High School in Folk High School The 3-year program consists of 80 pointsof Education) 40 points Education) 40 points craft studies and 40 points of thepedagogical courses, which include practice teaching. Those who have craft experiencemay take the 1-year pro- Home Economics Teacher Education(Hushalls- gram, which consists of pedagogical courseworklararutbildning): Home economics teachereducation only. is a 3-year, 120-pointprogram that includes 80 points in home economics Principal Credentials courses and 40 points in Credentials education and practice teachingcourses. There Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 was a 4-year, 160-point program that combined Sloidldrarexamen Slojdleirarexamen teaching of home economics educationwith the (University Certificate (University Diploma fields of biology, chemistry, mathematics,or social in Craft Education) in Craft Education) science. Since 1988 the 4-yearprogram has been 40, 120 points 120 points incorporated into the compulsory schoolprogram, grades 4-9, as a specialization.Completion of either program qualifies students foremployment as teachers in comprehensive and upper secondary Flight Instructor Education (Flyglarar-linjen): Flightschools, adult educationprograms, or schools for instructor education is a 1-year, 40-pointprogramthe disabled, and as workers in industry. that includes a 14-pointcourse in education and 26 In addition to the general points of teaching skills and practice requirements, the teaching.special admission requirementsto the 3-year pro- Graduates may teach at aviation schoolsor clubs. gram are 3 years of Swedish, English, and social Admission requires a Swedish B-certificateforscience and 2 years of mathematics in pilots with 300 hours of flying time, the upper aviation phys-secondary school or the equivalent.Admission to 88 Teacher Education the 4-year program requires 3 years of social scienceintroduction to education (1), science methods (4), and 2 years of mathematics, social and familyschool/society (3), educational psychology (3), science, foods, home economics, and consumerteaching process, methods, and techniques (8), science in the upper secondary school or the equiv-special work (3), and practice teaching (18). The alent. new program includes courses in pedagogy (20 Courses in the program include home eco-points) and practice teaching (20). nomics technology (7 points), food and nutrition (45), home and environment (18), consumer eco- Principal Credentials Credentials nomics and management (9) individual, family, Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 co-habitation (8), home economics planning (3), Vdrdlararexamen Gymnasieliirarexamen global resources (4), special project (4), pedagogics (University Diploma (University Diploma and methodology (20), and practice teaching (20). in Nursing Edu- in Education for cation) Upper Secondary Principal Credentials Credentials 40, 60 points School) 40 points Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Hushdllslararexamen Hushdllslararexamen (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma in Home Economics in Home Economics Education) 120 points Education) 120 points Amneslararexamen pd Grundskollararexamen Hushdllslararlinjen och (University Diploma (field) (Master of in Education for Science in Home Primary and Second- Economics and ary School) [second field] Edu- 160, 180 points cation) 160, 180 points Physical Education Teacher Education (Idrotts- Music Teacher Education (Musiklarar-linjen):(see lararlinjen):The 3-year, 120-point degree program music section in Chapter 5). includes 80 points of area studies and 40 points of education and practice teaching courses. Com- Nursing Teacher Education (Vard larar-linjen): The pletion of the degree leads to a qualification to 1.5-year, 60-point program combined pedagogy andteach at compulsory and upper secondary schools, health-related courses. Beginning in 1993, a 1-year,and in special education programs, fitness pro- 40-point program replaces the 60-point program. Itgrams, and further studies. The 4-year upper is entirely made up of pedagogy courses, and has asecondary program that combined physical educa- separate bridge program for students who lack thetion with English, biology, chemistry, or mathe- health-related courses. The program preparesmatics education has been integrated as a special- students as teachers in the upper secondary school,ization into the compulsory school program for colleges of health, labor market training, and adultgrades 4-9. education. The courses build on knowledge and Admission requires completion of the 2-year experience from previous vo-cational educationline and 2 years of biology or natural science from and training. upper secondary school or the equivalent. Admis- Admission to the program requires completionsion to the 4- or 4.5-year program requires 3 years of of a first degree in a health-related field and 2 yearssports and 2 years of biology in an upper secondary of related work experience. school or the equivalent. The health courses focus on one of the fol- Courses in area studies for the 3-year program lowing areas: occupational therapy, nursing, audi-consist of physiology, anatomy, biomechanics, ology, laboratory methods, operating room nursing,introduction to medicine, sports, outdoor activities, radiotherapy/radiology, physiotherapy, or socialmovement, swimming, music, rhythm, and dance. welfare. Credit is evaluated on the basis of oral andMany of the courses include sections of method- written examinations, individual work, team work,ology. The education courses include pedagogy (20 and seminars. The former program includedpoints) including psychology and sociology and health-related courses: health and health care (10practice teaching (20 points) at the different levels points), social medicine and services (3), anatomyof education. The 4- or 4.5-year program requires and physiology (3), pharmacology (2), and micro-teaching of a second area and follows the curricu- biology and hygiene (2); and pedagogy courses:lum for upper secondary school teachers.

89 103 Chapter 6

Principal Credentials Credentials second, and 6 weeks during the third; students can Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 complete their practice teaching locally or in one of the other Nordic countries); and a special project Idrottsliirarexamen Idrottslararexamen (5-10 points in the specialization that forms part of (Bachelor of Educa- (University Diploma the final examination). Courses in special edu- tion in Physical in Physical Educa- cational needs can be added to the above programs Education Teaching) tion) for 20 to 40 points. Courses include specific courses 120 points 120 points and fieldwork within the specialization. Amneslararexamen pa Grundskollararexamen Principal Credentials Credentials Idrottslararlinjen och (University Diploma Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 (field) (Master of for Primary and Arts/Science in Phys- Secondary School) Specialpedagogexamen Specialpedagogexamen ical Education and 160, 180 points (Postgraduate (University Diploma [second field] Educa- Diploma in Special in Special Education) tion) 160, 180 points Education) 40 points Gymnasieldrarexamen 40, 60 points (University Diploma in Education for Upper Secondary Textile Craft Teacher Education (Textillararutbild- School) ning):The degree is a 3-year, 120-point program 180, 200 points that comprises 80 points of textile craft coursework and 40 points of education and practice teaching courses. There was also a 4-year, 160-point program that combined teaching of textile crafts with another field. Since 1988 the 4-year program has been incorporated into the compulsory school program, grades 4-9, as a specialization. Graduates Special Education Teacher Education (Special-are qualified to work in compulsory, upper sec- pedagogisk pabyggnadsutbildning):Training forondary, and folk high schools; in schools for the teaching in the compulsory school began in 1968,handicapped; in the labor market; and in adult replacing the short courses that had been used toeducation programs. In addition to the general train teachers. In 1990 a 1- to 1.5-year curriculum requirements, the special admission requirements was developed for special education. It is com-are 3 years of upper secondary school with course posed of four specializations: complicated learningwork in history, natural science, design, sewing, situations, 60-point program for teaching in theand weaving. compulsory school and among adults, 40-point Courses include yarn technology (20 points), program for child care and upper secondary schoolembroidery and sewing (20), form and function teaching; deafness and hearing impairment, 60-(20), design and sewing (20), degree project (5), point program; blindness and visual impairment,pedagogy/methodology (25), and practice teaching 60-point program; and mentally handicapped, 60- point program: specialization in child care and (10). school child care, compulsory-level school, school Principal Credentials Credentials for severely mentally handicapped children, voca- Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 tional school for the mentally handicapped, adult Textillararexamen Slojdlararexamen med education/adult rehabilitation. Beginning July 1993 (Bachelor of Arts in inriktning mot the programs were reduced to 1 year or 40 points. Textile Craft Educa- textilslojd (University The program requires qualification as a teacher tion) Diploma in Craft with 5 years of experience. 120 points Education-Textiles) Courses are offered in the following four areas: 120 points common specialization course (20 points includes study of individual development and special Amneslararexamen pd Grundskollararexamen education development in Sweden, teacher orien- Textillararlinjen (University Diploma tation); specialized courses in area of concentration (Master of Arts/Sci- in Education for (7-18 points); practice teaching (8-15 points; for a ence in Textile Craft Primary and Sec- 12-point program the placement is fulltime for 2 and [second field] ondary School) weeks during the first term, 4 weeks during the Education) 160 points 160, 180 points

90 Teacher Education

Advanced Courses (Pabyggnadsutbildningar):Ex- cept for the programs that have already been de- scribed above, most of the advanced courses required a first degree and provided specialization in the same field or in a second field. These courses last for 1 or more semesters, and were created and offered by the institution to meet a local need. In some cases, teachers take the program to qualify to teach in another area or at a different level or to become administrators. Pedagogy courses are also available to those who have experience as preschool or recreation teachers and wish to teach these courses at the university colleges. Principal Credentials Credentials Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 Hogskoleexamen pd Bevis (Certificate) Pdbyggnadslinjen Ut- points vary bildning i (field) (Postgraduate Diplo- ma in [field]) points vary

10 91 Chapter 6

UTBILD1NINGSBEVIS

bar i enlighet med bestammelserna i hogskoleforordningen(SFS 1977:263) uppfyllt fordringarna for erhillandeav bevis over GRUNDSKOLLARAREXAMEN, 180poing Inriktning mot undervisning i 3rskurserna4-9

Studieinriktning Specialiseting i matematik ochnaturorienterande amnen

Kars Ruing Beryg Att vary Lirare 5.0 Godkind Barns och ungdomars utveckling och 5.0 Godkand Sprikfarmiga och sprikurvedsling 5.0 Godkind Kunskapens ratter 2.0 Godkin d Frin Ltiroplansteori till klassrumsvere.ghet 10.0 Godkind Firdighetcraning med inriktningmot grundskolans ligre 5.0 Godkand Grupprocesser 2.0 Godkind Elever med sarskikla behov, specialpedagogiska metoder 3.0 Godkind Matematik 1 3.0 Godkand Matematik 2 18.0 Godkand" Matematik 3 8.0 Godkind Datakunskap 2.0 Godkind Data 5.0 Godkind Kenti: allmin kemi, oorganisk kemi, fysikaliskkemi 12.0 och kemisk jimvikt Godkind Kemi: organisk kemi och biokemi 5.0 Godkind Fysik: mekanik och optik 6.0 Godkand Fysik: energi 5.0 Godkind Fysik: astronomi och geofysik 5.0 Godkind

(signatur) For att utbildniipbevis skall udirdas krivs godkikt baysi alla kurser Baty' saps advert mod 'rodeo god kind

Document 6.1A Degree Certificate; Grundskollararexamen (Bachelorof Education, Compulsory Comprehensive School Teacher Education, grades 4to 9)

92 I. 0 3 Teacher Education

UTBILDNINGSBEVIS

Kurt Poing Betyg Teknik: materialkunskap och verkstadsteknik 3.0 Godkand Teknik: elektronik och mitdatorteknik 6.0 Godkind Teknik: kemi- och biologiteknik 3.0 Godkand Teknik elektricitet i hemmet 2.0 Godkand Bio logi: systematik och ekologi 5.0 Godkand Bio logi: cellbiologi, humanbiologi och ekologi 12.0 Godkand Praktisk biologi f.;:t 10.0 Godkand Akvatisk ekologi ''',, 10.0 Godkand Barn och naturvetensliap 5.0 Godkand Tematiska studier, iaturorientexande buten 5.0 Godkind Tematiska Aud4er, miljarlgor 3.0 Godkand PraktikanttNstgOring 10.0 Godkind Bern i lararskicldighet efter fullgjord praktikutbildning Godkand

Obligatoriska moment Seminarier kring overgripande kunskapsomtiden Specialarbete i ansluuung till praktikanttjanstgoring Rost- och tabard Mediekunskap

Utbildningen slutford 1992-12-18.

Gunnelorrby Avdelnings tor

Utbildningsbeviset utfardat 1993-0401

For as usbarkingsboris dull utrarcks icrivs godkiot bays i ells lamer Bays anger cabin med olden godkind

Document 6.1B Transcript; Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of Education for Compulsory Comprehensive School Teacher Education, grades 4 to 9)

93 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 10 7 Chapter 6

UTBILDNINGSBEVIS

har i enlighet med bestimmelserna i hogskoleforordningen (SFS 1977:263) uppfyllt fordringarna for erhallande av bevis Over ANINESLXRAREXAMEN pi HISTORISK-SAMHALLSVETENSKAPLIGA A.MNES *LAMMMAN,160 poing Studieinriktning: Matematik/Samhallskunskap/G

K101 Poing Ben Matematik 1 20.0 Godkand Matematik 2 20.0 Samhillskunskap 1-2 40.0 Samhillskunskap 3 20.0 Geografi 1 20.0 1") Pedagogik 8.0 Godkind 1) Metodik 8.0 Godkind 1) Praktik 18.0 Godkand 1) Specialpedagogik 3.0 Godkand 1) Skolan i samhillet 3.0 Godkand 1) Lararskicklighet 0.0 Godkand 1) *) Kursen tillgodoriknad Erin Universitetet i Stockholm. **) Kursen targodoriknad &in Universitetet i Uppsala.

Utbiklningen slutford 1993-03-19.

Mona Thornell FOrste byrisekreterare

Utbildningsbeviset utfardat 1993-03-23

Betypinsiernait:GolandeaVII goclawl 1) W an begypt Gocilciocl

Document 6.2 Degree Certificate and Transcript for Amneslararexamen pa Historisk- Samhallsvetenskapliga Aamneslararlingen (Master of Social Sciences in History-SocialSciences for Upper Secondary and Adult Teacher Education)

94 100 Chapter 7 Non-Traditional Education: Adult and Postsecondary Programs

Adult Education the establishment of programs in all geographic areas of Sweden, including more than 20 programs It has been estimated that half of the adult popu-of fulltime and part-time schools for its nomadic lation of Sweden is involved in some form of adultpopulation. education (folkbildningsarbete). This is probably an In 1981 employers were required to make a overestimation since the figures used are thespecial payroll deduction to fund the study allow- number of participants in all of the courses and notances, native language programs, study circles for the number of individuals. But even accounting forthe disabled, and outreach programs for adults some duplication, it is still a very high number.with less than 9 years of education. All employees The Folk High Schools (Folkhogskolor) were firsthad the right to take an unpaid leave of absence begun in Sweden in 1868 and were soon followedduring working hours for any type of study for any in 1902 by study circles (studiecirklar), groups thatlength of time. As a result, a greater percentage of form to study a particular topic. During the 1960sparticipants taking adult education courses contin- and 1970s, the municipal and state governmentsued on to complete upper secondary courses and began programs for adults and the Labor Marketeven higher education courses. With 10% of the Board, unions, associations, companies, and pub-national budget earmarked for education, the gov- lic agencies sponsored job training programs.ernment has continued to increase subsidies to pro- Although each of the programs focused on a spe-grams for this group. Since 1973 immigrants may cific segment of the population, the goals weretake up to 240 hours of Swedish lessons during basically the same: lifelong learning. working hours, with full pay, and more recently One major change attributable to the Reformthe number of hours has increased. of 1977 was the increase in compulsory schooling More specifically, the goals of the adult pro- from 7 years of education to 9. This change causedgrams have been to raise the level of general repercussions in the working population as theknowledge, to increase the participation in cul- majority of adults lacked these 2 years of requiredtural,social, and politicalactivities,further education and additional vocational training. Indemocratization, broaden skills, and serve the 1973, 70% of the 20-65 age group had no more thanneeds of the individual. Guidelines have been set 7 years of education. An additional 20% had 9by Parliament and the central government for study years of education and less than 10% had com-circles, Municipal Adult Education, and Folk pleted the equivalent of upper secondary educa-High Schools. The National Board of Education is tion. Around 3% had the equivalent of a universityresponsible for supervision of these programs. The education. The upper secondary school was nowBoard, along with the Labor Market Board, admin- comprehensive and open to all who finished com-isters Labor Market training programs. pulsory school. More young adults would be entering the job market with greater skills and Basic Education education than the previous generation. In fairness Basic education (Grundvux) has been in exist- to the adult population and with the knowledgeence since the ordinance of 1977. The function of that further education and training would increasethe school is to educate adults whose reading and productivity, additional programs were initiated towriting skills are below the fifth grade level, but meet these needs. The central government subsi-the majority of 25,600 (1991-1992) participantsare dizes most of the programs and has also givenimmigrants who cannot read or write in theirown many of the participants grants or loans to helplanguage or have had less than 5 years of equiv- cover costs. The government has also encouragedalent education in their native country. Since 1992

95 100 Chapter 7 all programs have been incorporated into the mu- The county councils and municipal authorities nicipal adult education programs. have organized 48 out of a total of 132 schools and the remainder are run by thetrade unions, National School for Adults churches, temperance societies, or other nonprofit The two national schools for adults (Statensorganizations. The schools are subsidized by the Skolor for Vuxna) are located at Norrkoping andgovernment and are free except for room and HarnOsand. They are administered by the centralboard, which in many cases is covered by govern- government and are primarily correspondencement grants. Students must be at least 18 years old schools for students who do not have adultin order to be admitted. By 1989 there were 250,000 education programs in their vicinity or are not ableparticipants. Instructors are specially trained at the to attend one. The courses are either strictly cor-University of Linkoping in a 1-year folk high respondence or correspondence with short inten-school teacher education program (folkhogskol- sive sections taken on-site. lararlinjen). Instructors for the schools are required to have completed a university degree and have Study Circles some experience or knowledge of adult education. Study circles (Studiecirklar) began in 1902 as Some schools specialize in one area of study part of the temperance movement. The Workers'such as music, theater, or media, while others are Educational Association (ABF), which grew out ofbroader in scope. The curriculum, which must the labor movement, began its own study circle instay within the code for Folk High Schools, has no 1912 to prepare its workers for new technologies.standard syllabus or specifically required subjects. Since that time, the number of adult educationEach school is free to develop the focus and con- associations (studieforbund) that administer thetent of each course. The courses tend to be topic study circles has increased to 11. The governmentoriented rather than subject oriented. In the begin- funds about 40% of the costs and the remainderning, courses met for 20 weeks during the winter comes from fees and municipal grants. The num-months to accommodate the rural participants. ber of individual circles and enrollments has grownThe courses, which now vary from 2 to 30 weeks, dramatically since 1912. By 1991, 2.8 million par-are offered year-round and appeal to the general ticipants were enrolled in 323,000 circles. population. Ninety percent of the students take The subject and content of the courses is de-short-term courses, usually 2 to 8 weeks, in such termined by the group and is under the generalsubjects as music, sports, labor problems, religion, direction of a group leader who coordinates butand scientific or practical areas. The long-term does not teach. Approximately two-thirds of thecourses include both continuing education and classes are focused on arts and civics; the re-leadership training. mainder are courses in such areas as languages, There are 1- to 3-year programs for adults who literature, and handicrafts. The average length ofhave not completed a formal education. The the study circle is about 8 to 10 meetings for aboutcourses cover a broad range of subjects. For exam- 30 hours total. ple, in Document 7.1 at the end of this chapter, Study circles devoted to higher education ac-the student has completed general coursework in count for about 1% of the total course offerings.Swedish, English, leadership, public adminis- Students who complete an approved course maytration,sports, anatomy and physiology, and take an examination at the university to earnhealth. A certificate/transcript (intyg) from the credit. school indicates the total amount of study was 34 weeks; the number of hours or weeks for each Folk High Schools course is also indicated. The student has com- The tradition of Folk High Schools (Folk-pleted the equivalent of a 2-year line in upper hogskolor) was begun by the church in Denmarksecondary school and alsofulfills the general and soon spread throughout the Scandinavianrequirements for admission to university study. A region. Sweden began its first school in 1868 tocertificate may also be issued for the completion of educate the rural adult population and by 1918each course (Intyg om sOrskild behorighet) or general there were 51 schools. During the educational re-program (Intyg om allman behorighet). form of the 1960s, there was a rapid increase in the number of schools whose focus was on helping adults meet the new standards of education that Municipal Adult Education were now required. Specific courses for immigrantsThe Municipal Adult Education (Kommunal and the disabled were also established to meetVuxenutbildningjKomvux) programs, established in their special needs. 1968, are patterned after the study circle. They

96 1 lu Non-Traditional Education offer courses to complete upper secondary school or prepare students for higher education. The mu- Employment Training nicipal programs are both academic and vocational The county labor boards and employment of- and in the beginning were referred to as Eveningfices provide Employment Training (Arbetsmark- Schools (Kvallsgymnasium). Schools are now locatednadsutbildning) to adults who are unemployed, in most municipalities and are usually housed inabout to be unemployed, or difficult to place. Dur- the compulsory and upper secondary schooling 1992 approximately one-third of the work force buildings, with a few of the larger programs locatedwas involved in some form of training that was in their own structures. In large cities, courses arepaid for by the employer. Employer federations, offered both in the mornings and evenings. Teach-trade associations, and government agencies also ers from regular schools are employed by theoffer courses for their own members or employees. municipal program to teach part-time in the evening programs. Folk University Of the 309,400 participants (1991), 50% were The Folk University (Folkuniversitetet) began in taking upper secondary courses, 25% were takingthe 1930s and 1940s and became a national organ- vocational courses in order to improve their pro-ization in 1942. At present, there are five main fessional qualifications, and the remainder werecenters (Stockholm, Uppsala, Goteborg, Lund, taking compulsory level courses. Many of the indi-and UmeA) with 45 local offices. There are 350 viduals enroll in upper secondary courses to com-fulltime and 5,000 to 6,000 part-time teachers or plete special requirements for entrance to tertiaryleaders, and about 200,000 participants in courses. institutions. Folk universities have no official affiliation with The courses follow the regular school cur-the universities, but courses may be taught by uni- riculum for grades 7 through 9 and various studyversity professors and university representatives lines and courses in upper secondary school. Themay sit on the board. Most universities do not curriculum is more concentrated (half the numberaccept their courses for transfer credit but some of contact hours as regular school) and in modulesuniversity colleges might. Courses in law, eco- that allow more flexibility to fit student schedules.nomics,computerscience,marketing and The vocational courses can be short, entry level orinformation, languages, and other subjects are fulltime, advanced training. Students normallyoffered. There are also cultural activities and take one to three courses per semester, with daystudies in art, music, and drama. Unlike the other students usually fulltime and evening studentsforms of adult education, there is a fee for each part-time. The certificate of completion (Avgdngs-course and a certificate is awarded. betyg efter Fullstandig Studiekurs i Kommunal eller Statlig Vuxenutbildning) was awarded until 1983 and after that time a new certificate (Betyg KommunalPostsecondary Programs Vuxenutbildning) has been awarded. Both are equiv- City-Universitetet(City University of alent to those in the regular school system. Stockholm), Box 5234, S-102 45 Stockholm, Tel: 46 8 670 35 00. Est. in 1988 by Timbro Corporation, a pub- Radio, TV, and Correspondence Schools lishing company, offers short courses in the area of The radio and TV educational programs (Ut-politicalscience. Admission tothe program bildningsradion and Brevskolor) are produced by arequires completion of at least 2 years of university corporation funded by the government. The pro-level coursework. There are no degrees, the insti- grams are aired within the school system and alsotution receives no government funds, and the publicly. The course is supplemented with printedcourses are not recognized by the Swedish uni- materials. versity system. There are two types of correspondence schools: Hermods (compulsory, upper secondary school and Edsbergs Musikinstitut (Edsberg Institute university level courses) and Brevskolan (courses forof Music), Landsnoravagen 10, S-191 51 special interest organizations). The correspond-Sollentuna. ence schools have recently started to combine their Est. in 1958 by the Swedish Broadcasting study programs with study circles or broadcastCorporation, formerly known as Stiftelsen Edsbergs education. There are 6,000 students enrolled inMusikskola. It provides training to musically gifted courses. Some tertiary institutions also offer cor-performers aged 16 to 24. Admission is by audition respondence courses, which usually require someand is very competitive. Enrollment is only 25 work on the campus. students. 111 97 Chapter 7

Ingesunds Musikhogskolan (Ingesund Col-of Rudolf Steiner. The seminary is run by a private lege of Music), S-671 91 Arvika. Tel: 46 570foundation, receives no government funding, and 146 00, Fax: 46 570 804 38. may not issue government degrees. The seminary, Est. in 1905 by the municipality. The collegeunder the supervision of the government, meets the is organized into divisions of voice, ensemble,official standards for courses. Students may receive instruments, theory, musical drama, and musicfinancial aid and are qualified for teaching posi- education. The institution awards the MusikMrar-tions within the public schools. examen for the 4-year, 160-point program in music education. The degree is officially recognized by Militarjanst (Military Programs), Armed the government. There is a joint program for musicForces Staff and War College, Valhallav- teachers that is given with the University Collegeagen 117, Box 27805, S-115 93 Stockholm. of Karlstad. Students complete their music trainingAir Force/Army/Marine Information, S-107 at the music college; the remainder of their pro-82 Stockholm, Tel: 46 08 788 75 00. gram is taken at Karlstad, which awards the Each branch of military service offers advanced degree. officer training courses. After reaching a certain rank, officers are selected to further their education Institutet for Hogre Marknadsforingsut- at the Armed Forces Staff and War College. The bildning/IHM (IHM Business School), War-college provides training for professional and re- fvinges Vag 21, Box 30163, S-104 25, Stock-serve officers for senior positions. The college car- holm. Tel: 46 08 13 07 85, Fax: 46 08 656 90ries out investigations and studies in military 44. history, military/political and military/organization- Est. in Goteborg in 1966 to meet the demandal issues, and modern warfare. There are five lines for a special training program in marketing man-of study: tactical, staff, technical, operational, and agement. It is a private school that receives nomilitary history. The highest level of training is government funding and its courses are not recog-offered at the Military College, which provides nized by the Swedish university system. At presentgeneral instruction and specialized instruction in the school has branches in Stockholm, Goteborg,communication and medicine. Malmo, Helsingborg, Orebro, Linkoping, Norrkop- ing, Karlstad, and Oslo. Nordiska Halsovdrdshogskolan (The Nord- Programs are offered in business field spe-ic College of Health), Box 12133, S-402 42 cialties such as purchasing management, manage-Goteborg. Tel: 46 31 69 17 77. ment control, public relations, and copywriting. Est. and administered in Goteborg by the The school offers a diploma program, specialpro-Nordic Council. Courses provide further training grams for companies (e.g., Volvo), and an IHMfor Nordic medical personnel. The College awards Executive Program designed to meet traininga Master of Public Health, which has no official requests from the top management levels. Therecognition within the Swedish university system. diploma program, which includes several specialties, requires 2 years of study and involves practical NordiskaJournalisthogskolan iMullsjo problems and practical experience. It leads to the(Nordic College of Journalism), Box 84, S- DIHM Diploma. The diplomaindicates a 565 00 Mullsjo. Tel: 46 392 115 00. specialty (e.g., Marknadsekonom DIHM, Informator Est. in Mullsjo, receives no government sup- DIHM, Copywriter DIHM, Controller DIHM). At theport and does not award degrees; has been unsuc- end of 1992, 7,500 students had received thecessful in attempts to receive official recognition. DIHM. IHM has a joint international educationpro- Polishogskolan (Swedish National Police gram with Johnson & Wales University in theCollege), Polishogskolan, Sorentorp, S-171 United States. Students can study for a Bachelo'r92 Solna. Tel: 46 08 769 80 00, Fax: 46 08 769 degree at both of the programs in Sweden and the95 13. United States. Training for the Swedish police force is provided in Solna. The programs are open to both JarnaseminarietIStiftelsen Rudolf Steiner-men and women. Admission requires one of the seminariet i Jarna (Jarna Teacher Trainingfollowing: a 3-year gymnasium program withan Seminary), S-153 91 Jarna. Tel: 46 8 551 503average grade of at least 3.0; a certificate from a 2- 25. year or more gymnasium program with grades of at The course of study at Jarna Teacher Trainingleast3.0in Swedish, English, and social studies; Seminary is based on the pedagogical philosophyage 25 with 4 years of work experience and 3 years 98 112 Non-Traditional Education of Swedish, English, and social studies from upperfirst school for the education of deacons and wel- secondary school or the equivalent; or folkhogskolefare workers. In 1948 the social sciences program training with studies in Swedish, English, andwas opened to females. In 1959 the first courses for social studies verified by the school's rector.church musicians began and is currently super- Further requirements include Swedish citizenship,vised by the Royal Academy of Music. It started at least 20 years of age, at least1 year of workreceiving state funding in 1964. The Institution inexperience, suitable physical skills,a drivingcludes the departments of deacons (diakon), church license, satisfactory eyesight, good physical condi-music (kyrkomusiker), and social work (socionom). tion, and the ability to swim. The basic course is(See Chapter 5, Social Work.) divided into three parts: Principal Credentials Credentials 1. a 40-week, 40-point, introductory course that Prior to July 1993 As of July 1993 includes methods of police activity (8), traffic police duties (6.5), technique of queuing cars Kantorexamen (Cantor) Kantorexamen (Cantor) (1.5), criminal policy activity (5), criminal tech- 80 points, not recog- 80 points, not niques (1.5), law including general, civil, pun- nized by the recognized by the ishment, and special law (5), psychology with government government psychiatry (2.5), social and criminal politics (2), Social examen Socionomexamen physical training (4), methods, analysis, and (Bachelor of Science (University Diploma problem solving (.5), Swedish (20). in Social Work) 160 in Social Work) 2. 18 weeks of practical training of which at least points, including a 20-160 points, including 6 months is in criminal police activities and 6 point deacon course. a 20-point deacon months in general police activities, including Same as the course traffic control. Socionomexamen but 3. a 20-week, 20-point continuing course that degree title was includes further studies in methods of police changed to reflect the activity (3.5), traffic police duties (1), criminal additional course policy activities (3), criminal techniques (1.5), Not offered Diakoni - Pdbyggnad pd further studies in civil, general, and special Socionomexamen law (3),introduction to management (1), (Deacon) 20 points psychology with psychiatry (1.5), social and beyond the criminal politics (1.5), physical training (2), Socionomexamen, not special project (1). recognized by the A certificate is issued after each of the three government sections of the program. On completion students are given the title of Polis. The studies are not recognized in Sweden toward university degrees. The World Maritime University/WMU, Advanced specialization training is also available,Box 500, S-201 24 Malmo. Tel: 46 40 35 63 00, with a 15-week course preparing students for policeFax: 46 8 670 35 00. management roles. Est. and administered in Malmo by the United Nations. The university offers Master's Skandinaviska Flygakademien Akademidegrees in nautical studies, which receive no of- (Scandinavian Flight Academy), Bellman-ficial recognition from the Swedish university sgatan 10, S-411 28 Goteborg. Tel: 46 31 11system, and has no connection with state univer- 17 78, Fax: 46 31 11 52 11. sities. Est. in Goteborg, offers technical courses for engineers. It offers no degrees and receives no government funding or recognition. The Academy has been seeking official recognition for the courses so that they may be transferred to degree granting programs.

Skondalsinstitutet(SlcondalInstitute), Skondalsvagen 115, S-128 85 Farsta. Tel: 46 08 605 06 00, Fax: 46 08 605 09 16. Est. in 1898 as the Swedish Society of Dea- cons and Church Welfare Workers and was the

99 Chapter 7

1 NTYG

over genomgangen kursvtd

KATRINEBERGS FOLKHOGSKOLA

personnummer.... hargenorngitt corn pitgatt veckor). ,

Amnen och undervisningstimmar idessa: . - Svenska 136 Le/2/-:;a/al/ Engelska 136 Ledarskap 1.1 //(1-11,0/Z7)%1GOf 102 lh Ftirmings och farvaltningslcunskap 1

Idrott 4 Idrott, praktiska ledari3vningar 136 Idrottspsykologi 68 Anatani/fysiolcgi 136 Friskvird 68 Aktuell. orientering 34

Praktik 2 veckor

Genomsnitalgt veckotimtal 34 vtr Stucheomdome: visat fOrmaga att bedriva stuffier. Studiernas kompet de: ....3,7rc*ry.ispinseri bygt3er pli...2.7.1trigt..gymnasium..eller..motsvarande.

Katrineberg. Vessigebro

GICTC:11", test tot Cy:ism Hassel .mtiamesgralat och ungelatiqa utdoiningsproportIcher Utmand t 3 %. Mycket god 45%. Gm 35%. MmdtegoO 5".. Behertenet for nerve studter uttnrdas oa stimuli-la .ntyi.

Document 7.1 Leaving Certificate and Course Listfrom a Folk High School Indicating Completion of a 2-Year Upper Secondary SchoolSports Line

100 114 Chapter 8 Internationalization and Study Abroad

Sweden has been fully committed to increasingof university students carrying out an integrated international opportunities in academic programsand fully recognized period of study in another since 1974. The country has been involved inNordic country, and to encourage the increased Nordic cooperation activities for many years and ismobility of teaching staff. NORDPLUS provides at present a full partner in ERASMUS and othergrants for fulltime studies on the undergraduate European student mobility programs. There islevel for up to one full academic year with full great interest in developing programs in Englishcredit given at the student's home university. The and in increasing the number of students studyinggrants supplement the regular study grants pro- under bilateral agreements. The goal is to sendvided in each country. every Swedish student to another country for a half- year of study. Programs for U.S. Students Nordic Cooperation An increasing number of courses and full programs are being offered in English. Students who The Nordic Council, with representatives fromare interested in study in Sweden should write di- Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Swe-rectly to the university offering the program in den, was founded in 1947, and the Nordic Councilwhich they are interested and inquire about the of Ministers in 1971. Because of agreements madeofferings in English. In many advanced courses if by these bodies, citizens can travel freely betweenthere are students in the class who prefer instruc- the five Nordic countries without passports. Trans-tion in English, the whole course will be taught in port and communication links are being developedEnglish. Information on universities in Sweden is among the countries, cooperative research is under-available through The Swedish Institute, Box taken in many fields, and a number of other ar-7434, S-103 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Tel: +46 8 789 rangements exist in the education field. Examples 20 00; Fax: +46 8 20 72 48. of the latter are the Nordic Institute for Studies in Many folk high schools and folk universities Urban and Regional Planning, located in Stock-offer instruction in the Swedish language, and their holm, and the Nordic School of Public Health inaddresses can be obtained from the Swedish Goteborg, Sweden. Specialized courses are open toInstitute, above. The Swedish Information Service citizens of any of the countries and Nordicalso publishes a comprehensive listing of summer students may enroll freely in universities within thecourses in Sweden. For information, contact the Nordic area. There isnot, however, generalservice at One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New recognition of academic qualifications by theYork, NY 10017-2201; Tel: (212) 751-5900; Fax: educational institutions within the area. Each(212) 752-4789. secondary school, university, and college in each country decides whether credit will be given for The following programs are listed according to study, certificates, or degrees awarded in one of thecity in which they are located. other Nordic countries. The NORDPLUS (Nordic Programme for the Boras Mobility of University Students and Teachers) Gustavus Adolphus College offers a fall semes- program begun in 1988 was developed by theter program at the University College of Boils in Nordic Council of Ministers. The goals are tobusiness/management and computer science, con- promote wide ranging and intensive cooperationducted inEnglish, and a Swedish language among the universities of the Nordic countries withcourse. It also includes excursions and field trips. a view toestablishing a Nordic educationalThe program is open to sophomores and juniors community, to substantially increase the numberwith a grade point average of 2.75. Formore 1i 101 Chapter 8 information, contact:International Education,For more information on either of these two Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN 56082;programs, contact: International Secretariat, Uni- Tel: (507) 933-7545; Fax: (507) 933-7041. versity of Linkoping, S-518 83 Linkoping, Swe- den; Tel: +46 13 281000; Fax: +46 13 282822. Goteborg Chalmers University of Technology offers a Lulea year-long program in engineering; materials sci- The Lulea University College and Institute of ence/technology; Swedish studies, which is con-Technology offers many degree courses in English. ducted in English; and beginning Swedish lang-The Institute of Technology offers courses in civil, uage. The program is open to graduates in chem-electrical, environmental, mechanical, and mining ical or mechanical engineering. For more infor-engineering as well as computer science, materials mation, contact: Mechanical and Vehicular Engi-science, mathematics, and physics. The School of neering, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412Business offers primarily courses in marketing and 96, Goteborg, Sweden; Tel: +46 31 721179; Fax:economics; and the School of Music offers church +46 31 721192. music (organ). An intensive Swedish course is offered 2 weeks before the start of the fall semester. Karlstad For more information, contact: International Office, Gustavus Adolphus College offers a semester orUniversity College of Lulea, S-971 87 Lulea, year program at the University College of KarlstadSweden; Tel: +46 920 91600; Fax: +46 920 91263. in business/management computer science; eth- nology; political science/politics; religion/theology; Lund Swedish studies in English; and beginning, inter- International Swedish University/ISU Programs mediate, or advanced Swedish language. The pro-at the Folk University, Lund. Both semester and 4- gram also includes excursions and field trips. It isweek Swedish language summer sessions are open to juniors and seniors who have completed 2offered. The semester program requires at least years of Swedish with a grade point average ofsophomore standing and a grade point average of 2.75. For more information, contact: International2.67. The summer sessions are open to college and Education, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter,university students, and provide 8 semester hours MN 56082; Tel: (507) 933-7545; Fax: (507) 933-of credit. Instruction isin English. For more 7041. information, contact: International Swedish Uni- University College of Karlstad offers a semesterversity,Skomakaregatan8,S-223 50 Lund, or year program. Students may choose from a largeSweden; Tel: +46 46 117 020; +Fax: 46 46 97 008. selection of courses taught in English. ProgramU.S. representative: International Swedish Uni- includes a 1-week intensive Swedish languageversity Representative, 645 Lincoln Drive, Idaho course. For information, contact: University Col-Falls, ID 83401; Tel and Fax: (208) 523-1039. lege of Karlstad, Box 9501, S-650 09 Karlstad, Swe- Packaging in Sweden is a course offered at den; Tel: +46 54 83 80 00; Fax: +46 54 83 36 91. Lund University by Michigan State University and covers topics in economic and cultural differences Link6ping in markets and packaging in Sweden, packaging Scandinavian Area Studies offers a semester ofsystems, graphic design, corrugated board and fulltime study with credit courses in Swedishdesign, and environmental considerations. Itis language (oral and written) and three courses inopen to college students from Michigan State and Scandinavian history,politics, and literature.other institutions enrolled in packaging and related There is also a noncredit supplementary Swedishdisciplines. For more information, contact: Office language course that emphasizes grammar and pro-of Overseas Study, 108 International Center, nunciation. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI Several semester courses are available in En-48824-1035; Tel: (517) 353-8920; Fax: (517) 336- glish that have been developed for the study 2082. abroad student. During 1993-1994 the courses of- College Consortium for International Studies/ fered were Sweden and the Swedes, The SwedishCCIS offers a semester program at the University of Model, Political Economy of Innovation, Environ-Lund. Program includes courses in civilization/ mental History, Stewardship and Management,culture, ecology/environmental studies, education, Human Resources Development, and Scandi-history, international marketing, political science/ navian Management. A Swedish language coursepolitics, recreation, and rehabilitation, which are is also offered at the beginning of the fall semestertaught in English, and a course in Swedish in conjunction with the same courses. language. It also includes excursions. The program

102 11, Internationalization and Study Abroad is open to college students with a 2.75 grade pointence, Swedish studies, and water management, average. For information, contact: CCIS, 301 Ox-and a course in Swedish language. The program ford Valley Road, Ste 203B, Yardley, PA 19067;requires at least sophomore standing and 1 year of Tel: (215) 493-4224. biology. For more information, contact: Scan- University of Lund offers a semester or yeardinavian Seminar, 24 Dickinson St., Amherst, MA program in art history, business/management,01002; Tel: (800) 828-3343; Fax: (413) 253-5282. drama/theater, ecology/environmental studies, economics, film studies, history, literature, political Stockholm science/politics, and social welfare/services, all of International Graduate School/IGS, Stockholm which are taught in English, and a course inUniversity offers graduate study in social science Swedish language. This program also includesleading to a Diploma (one-year course) or a Master excursions. The program requires at least juniorof Social Science (one additional year for those standing with a 2.5 grade point average. For morewho have the IGS Diploma). The program in- information, contact: University of Lund, Sko-cludes courses in English in international rela- makaregatan 8, S-223 50 Lund, Sweden; Tel: +46tions, political science/politics, social sciences, 46 117720 or the U.S. representative: Mrs. Joannsocialwelfare/services, and beginning,inter- Wallin, ISU, 645 Lincoln Drive, Idaho Falls, IDmediate, or advanced Swedish language (see 83401; Tel: (208) 523-1039. Appendix A on Stockholm University). For more information, contact the International Graduate Mora School, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stock- Gustavus Adolphus College offers a springholm, Sweden; Tel: +46 8 155508, or the Swedish program at Mora Folkhogskola in dyeing, ecology/Information Service, One Dag Hammarskjold environmental studies, energy science, health sci-Plaza, New York, NY 10017-2201; Tel: (212) 751- ences, political science/politics, spinning, textiles,5900; Fax: (212) 752-4789. and weaving, which are taught in English, and A semester or academic year program is offered beginning, intermediate, or advanced Swedish lan-atStockholm University through Hamilton guage. The program requires at least sophomoreCollege. Course offerings are interdisciplinary and standing with a 2.75 grade point average. For moreinclude democracy and women's organizations, information, contact:International Education,international relations, public policy, European Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN 56082;history, economics, the revolution in Eastern Tel: (507) 933-7545; Fax: (507) 933-7041. Europe,Scandinavianliterature,film,and environmental law. The program requires at least Mullsjo sophomore standing. Instruction is in English and Philipps University offers a spring semester pro-Swedish. Students take four courses each semester gram in Mullsjo in history, humanities, and soci-and receive a Stockholm University transcript spec- ology, all in English, and a course in Swedishifying 4 semester hours of credit for each course. language. It requires at least sophomore standing.For more information, contact: Director, The For more information, contact: Swedish StudentSwedish Program, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY Advisor, Phillips University, 1406 S. Hayes, Enid,13323; Tel: (315) 859-4404; Fax: (315) 859-4632. OK 73703; Tel: (405) 237-4433. Uppsala Sigtuna American Summer Institute in Uppsala: a 3- University of Wisconsin Eau Claire offers aweek academic, residential study program for semester or year program at Sigtuna Folkhogskola.North American clergy and laity with an interest in The program includes courses in independentnew developments on the religious scene. The study, Scandinavian studies, and intermediate orprogram focuses on the life of the church and advanced Swedish. For more information, contact:society in East and West as reflected in the Baltic. Center for International Education, University ofInstruction is in English. For more information, Wisconsin, Scholfield Hall 111, Eau Claire, WIcontact: American Summer Institute, P.O. Box 40, 54701; Tel: (715) 836-4411. Princeton Junction, NJ 08550; Tel: (609) 799-5349; Fax: (609) 799-7459. Stensund Study Abroad at Uppsala University through Scandinavian Seminar offers a program in thethe University of Miami: a 1-semester or fullaca- spring semester at Stensund Hogskola. The pro-demic year, as well as two 4-week sessions,are gram consists of courses in English in ecology/offered for college students with a minimum grade environmental studies, engineering, marine sci-point average of 3.0. Courses in the history of

103

BEST COPY AVAILABLE Chapter 8 modern Sweden, modern Swedish social institutions, Swedish art and folk, and intensive Swed- Vaxjo ish are offered. Credit for the program consists of The University of Wisconsin Eau Claire offers 12-18 credits for undergraduates or 9-12 graduatea program at the University College of Vaxjo in credits per semester for the academic year program.international economics, comparative politics, Six credits are offered for each summer session. Forinternational teacher training, computer science, more information, contact: University of Miamiand mathematics. Admission requires at least jun- Office of International Programs, P.O. Box 248072,ior standing with a grade point average of 2.8 and Coral Gables, FL 33124-3300; Tel: (800) 831-1390;fluency in Swedish to enroll for 1 or 2 semesters as Fax: (305) 284-6629. regular students. Those without knowledge of The Uppsala Summer Program in Compar-Swedish may enroll for 1 semester in one of the ative Legal Studies is sponsored jointly by theprograms taught in English. For more information, University of Minnesota Law program and thecontact the Center for International Education, Faculty of Law at the University of Uppsala. TheSchofield111,University of Wisconsin, Eau courses are 5 weeks in duration. Four courses areClaire, WI 54702-4004; Tel: (715) 836-4411; Fax: offered to provide a broad overview of European (715) 836-4948. law and a focused examination of specific areas of A 10-week spring quarter program in Swedish comparative law. The program is open to studentslanguage, culture, and exploration of the roots of who have completed at least 1 year in an ac-Swedish emigration is offered through the Univer- credited law school program and also to law schoolsity of Minnesota, Duluth. A special course in the graduates. The instruction is in English. For moreSwedish educational system is offered for educa- information, contact the Coordinator, Internationaltion majors. Admission requires at least sophomore Programs, Room 381 Law Center, University ofstanding and a 2.4 grade point average. Instruction Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Tel: (612)is in English. For more information, contact: Inter- 625-4544; Fax: (612) 625-2019. national Education Office, University of Minne- University of Uppsala, International Summersota, 108 Cina Hall, 10 University Drive, Duluth, Session, offers 2- to 8-week courses open to stu-MN 55812-2496; Tel: (218) 726-8229; Fax: (218) dents from other countries who are at least 18 and 726-6386. have completed secondary school. The program Gustavus Adolphus College offers a program at offers instruction in Swedish language, and inthe University College of Vaxjo in international Swedish cultural, political, and social life. Onebusiness, political science/politics, and social sci- credit per week is offered. For more information,ences. Admission requires at least junior standing contact the University of Uppsala Internationaland a 2.75 grade point average. For more infor- Summer Session, Box 513, S-751 20 Uppsala,mation, contact the Office of International Educa- Sweden; Tel: +46 18 55 22 88. tion, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN The University of Uppsala also offers a spring 56082; Tel: (507) 933-7545; Fax: (507) 933-7041. semester program in English in accounting, East The University College of Vaxjo offers a spring European studies, economics, marketing, organ-semester program in English in intercultural izational behavior, and a course in beginningstudies and a course in beginning Swedish. The Swedish. For more information, contact the Uni-program requires sophomore standing. For more versity of Uppsala, Box 513, S-751 20 Uppsala,information, contact the International Secretariat, Sweden; Tel: +46 18 55 22 88. University College of Vaxjo, S-351 95 Vaxjo, Gustavus Adolphus College Exchange Pro-Sweden; Tel: +46 470 685 00; Fax: +46 470 832 17. grams offers several semester and academic year programs in conjunction with the University of General Courses in Swedish Language and Uppsala and Mora Folkhogskola. These programs Culture are open to students of Swedish who have at least The Swedish Institute International Summer a 3.3 grade point average. However, the academicCourses: The Swedish Institute, in cooperation year course is open only to students with juniorwith the University of Stockholm and Swedish folk standing. This course includes topics in Swedishhigh schools, offers summer courses in Swedish language and culture, as well as current politics.language training and studies of Swedish literature, The instruction is in Swedish or English. For moreculture, and society. Instruction is in Swedish. For information, contact the Office of Internationalmore information, contact the Course Director, Education, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter,The Swedish Institute, Box 7434, S-103 91 Stock- MN 56082; Tel: (507) 933-7545; Fax: (507) 933-holm, Sweden; Tel: +46 8 789 20 00; Fax: +46 8 20 7041. 72 48.

104 Internationalization and Study Abroad

Michigan State University program on Socialothers concerned with handicrafts. A half-year Science in Scandinavia: Summer course takescourse is also offered in organic horticulture. In the place for 15 days in Helsinki and 3 weeks in2-year course and the half-year horticulture course, Stockholm and is open to any college student. In-instruction is in Swedish. In the summer course, formation: Office of Overseas Study, 108 Interna-instruction is in Swedish and English. For more tional Center, Michigan State University, Eastinformation, contact: Stiftelsen Capellagarden, Vic- Lansing, MI 44824-1035; Tel: (517) 353-8920; Fax:kleby, S-386 00 Farjestaden, Sweden; Tel: +46 485 (517) 336-2082. 361 32. The Saterglantan Crafts Center offers courses in Courses in Handicraft Swedish handicrafts (weaving, dyeing, textile Capellagdrden Foundation and School of Handi-design, spinning, and woodworking). One-week to craft offers 2-year courses in woodwork, textiles, or1-semester courses are open to students, 16 years or ceramics and 1- to 3-week summer courses inolder. For some programs, a basic background in woodwork, textiles, pottery, and aquarelle paint-weaving is required. The instruction is in Swedish. ing. The 2-year course is open to those 17 years ofFor more information, contact Saterglantan Hems- age or older, with preference given to those withlijodens Gard, Box 87, S-780 30, Insjon, Sweden; related vocational experience. The summer courseTel: +46 147 410 45; Fax: +46 247 408 30. is open to teachers, school administrators, and

119 105 Chapter 9 Guidelines for Admissions Officers

General Advice flexibility in structuringtheir programs, deciding on funding priorities, and determining the admis- The process of reviewing Swedish academic cre-sion standards. dentials with the aid of this volume and the Coun- Official transcripts with English translations cil approved recommendations at the end of thisare available at most institutions. Computerized chapter is complicated by the many major reformstranscripts, which are considered unofficial, show a the educational system has undergone. In attempt-breakdown of the courses into subcourses, listing ing to evaluate these credentials, the followingthe credit and grade for each. These are available points should be considered: from many institutions. An initial step is to determine the reform under Many courses are graded pass/fail with the which the degree was awarded and the number offailure never being recorded. Students may retake points required for the degree, as indicated on thean exam until it is passed or they are dropped. The diploma. This information is necessary in order tocomputerized transcript will indicate the date each determine the level of the program. subcourse was passed. A grade of "Pass with The Hogskoleexamen may be awarded for manydistinction" may be given but is reserved for the types of programs. If the degree was awarded un-top 10-15% of students. der the Reform of 1977, determine the number of Admission to licentiate and doctoral programs points awarded, what was required to gain en-is based on recommendations of faculty members trance to the program, and what types of diplomasand the advisor. Students normally attend graduate had already been received. This degree was re-school at the same institution as their first uni- ceived upon completion of a course or program thatversity degree. Graduate schools outside Sweden was either vocational or academic at the under-that base admission on a grade point average will graduate or advanced level. If the degree washave a problem with many students whose grades awarded under the Reform of 1993, there is onlyare mainly "Pass" as the only grade given. Other one type of degree. indicators of performance should be used. The number of years required to complete a program was based on the ratio of 40 points beingEvaluation of Foreign Educational equal to1 year of fulitime study. The length ofCredentials study will more likely be longer than the points The National Council on the Evaluation of indicate. A 160-point program might take longer toForeign Educational Credentials (the Council) is complete than the calculated 4 years. an interassociational group that provides guidelines The diploma usually includes an official Eng-for interpreting foreign educational credentials for lish translation of the degree title that has beenthe placement of holders of these credentials in determined by the government. The EnglishU.S. educational institutions. Its main purpose is translations of all degrees form a hierarchy withinto review, modify, and approve placement recom- the Swedish system. For example, a Certificatemendations drafted for publications used by the and the Bachelor's and Master's degrees showU.S. admissions community. The Council also three levels of education within the Swedishhelps establish priorities, research guidelines, and system. review procedure for international admissions pub- With the Reform of 1977, institutions followedlications. The Council participates in international a national curriculum. A program offered at onemeetings that involve foreign educational creden- institution was considered equivalent to thesametials for the purpose of international exchanges of program offered at any other institution. With thestudents and scholars. The membership of the Reform of 1993, institutions are allowedmoreCouncil reflects the diversity of U.S. educational

106 Guidelines for Admissions Officers institutions for which recommendations are maderecommendations depends on careful review of the (see page 166 for a listing of Council membersupporting text in the publication and considera- organizations and their representatives). tion of individual institutional placement policies The placement recommendations approved byand practices. the Council identify the level or stage of education The Council suggests that institutions apply represented by an educational credential and thusthe same standardsinevaluatingaforeign the appropriate placement of the holder of the cre-applicant as in evaluating a U.S. applicant with a dential in U.S. educational institutions. Councilsimilar educational background. Recommenda- recommendations are not directives, nor do theytions reflect U.S. philosophy and structure of make judgments about the quality of programs andeducation and may differ from the practices of the schools. Quality indicators may be provided by theeducational system being reviewed. author in the text. The effective use of placement

Guide to the Understanding of Placement Recommendations

Secondary May be considered for freshman admission. May be placed in grade... This recommendation is for graduates of aca- This recommendation is used if freshman ad-demic, university-preparatory secondary school mission cannot be recommended, but specific sec-programs and other programs that can be consid- ondary school placement is suggested by the totalered for freshman admission without reservations or years of primary and secondary school studies rep-qualifiers. resented by the credential. May be considered for freshman admission; May be placed in grade 10 or 11, depending may receive advanced placement or transfer on coursework completed in the tenth-year credit based on AP, CLEP, or equivalent program. U.S. examination. This recommendation warns the evaluator that This recommendation suggests that any ad- the tenth-year program represented by this creden-vanced placement or transfer credit awarded for the tial is either at the level of ninth or tenth grade. Acredential should be validated by nationally stan- review of the syllabus will assist in determiningdardized examinations for which U.S. institutions appropriate placement. have already established policies. Primarily a vocational qualification. Admission and placement should be based on This statement is used for credentials awardedother credentials. for secondary nonacademic training programs in This recommendation suggests that U.S. eval- specific job-related fields (e.g., apprenticeships).uators base their admissions decisions on secon- Admission does not usually require a specificdary credentials earned in the country of origin. background. The credentials do not give access to higher education. Undergraduate May be considered for freshman admission if a vocational (technical, specialized) pro- Primarily a vocational qualification; admis- gram is appropriate preparation. sion and placement should be based on other This recommendation suggests the specializedcredentials. nature of the curriculum followed. The wording This recommendation is used for credentials further suggests that within the foreign educational awarded for postsecondary nonacademic training system the educational opportunities open to hold-programs in specific job-related fields. The creden- ers of the credential in question may be limited totial does not give access to further study in the some postsecondary, usually nonuniversity, op-home country; admissions decisions should be tions. based on other credentials.

107 Chapter 9

A professional qualification; admission and Represents the completion of a specializa- placement should be based on other creden- tion in...(e.g., military science, nursing, tials. graphic arts, the field). This recommendation is used for specific stud- By utilizing this statement, the Council is pro- ies in professional fields. The credential, by itself,viding descriptive information only, not a place- does not give access to further study in the homement recommendation. Evaluators should follow country; admissions decisions should be based onthe practice employed at their institutions for simi- other credentials. lar undergraduate study. May be considered for undergraduate admission with up to... year(s) of transfer credit, determined through a course-by-course analysis. Graduate or Advanced Professional Admission This recommendation setsthe maximum amount of credit, depending on the length ofMay be considered for graduate admission. study, for a university program. The phrasing This recommendation is used if the program of "course-by-course analysis" asks the evaluator tostudy is considered to provide adequate prepara- look carefully at course contents, such as coursetion for graduate study, without reservation or qual- descriptions from catalogues, in order to determineifiers.Normally such a program represents a total the appropriateness of transfer credit. of 16 years of education and gives access to graduate education within the foreign system. This rec- May be considered for undergraduate admis- ommendation may be used for programs requiring sion with up to... year(s) of transfer credit more than 16 years of study if no graduate transfer determined through a course-by-course anal-credit is recommended. ysis. Because of the specialized nature of the program, the syllabus should be reviewed May be considered for graduate admission in carefully. a closely related field if the specialized na- This recommendation asks the evaluator toture of the program followed is appropriate look very closely at the course contents because ofpreparation. the specialized nature of this nonuniversity pro- This recommendation is used for programs that gram. Given this precautionary statement, theare generally comparable to U.S. bachelor's de- evaluator should try to obtain additional informa-grees but the curriculum is specialized in nature tion about the program: e.g., course content, pro-and provides limited or no access to more ad- gram requirements, time allocated for practicalvanced study in the home country. training, and profile of the school attended. May be considered for graduate transfer credit May be considered for undergraduate admis-(determined through a course-by-course sion with transfer credit awarded on theanalysis). same basis as for students of... (U.S. hospital In this recommendation, the phrasing "course- schools of nursing, U.S. schools of art, U.S.by-course analysis" asks the evaluator to look care- seminaries, U.S. schools of music andper-fully at course contents, such as course descriptions forming arts, U.S. schools of music). from catalogues, to determine the appropriateness This recommendation can be used for hospi-of graduate transfer credit. tal-based nursing; art schools; music or performing arts schools; and seminaries that are comparable toMay be considered for graduate admissionas these categories of schools in the U.S. for whichare graduates of ... (U.S. schools of art, U.S. specific admissions policies are used. schools of music). This recommendation is used for art and mu- Represents completion of undergraduate sic credentials that are awarded for the completion teacher education courses. of programs of sufficient intensity to be considered By utilizing this statement, the Council ispro- comparable to what is required for the completion viding descriptive information only, nota place-of a degree program at an American artor music ment recommendation. Evaluators should followschool. The evaluator is directed to look at thecre- the practice employed at their institutions for simi-dentials in terms of institutional policy for the ad- lar undergraduate teacher education courses. mission of graduates from analogous schools in the U.S.

108 12,E Guidelines for Admissions Officers

May be considered comparable to a U.S. tion, following the first professional degree in the master's degree. field. This recommendation is used if the program of study is considered comparable to that of a U.S.Represents advanced graduate achievement master's program. This recommendation is usuallyin the field of specialization. not used for first degrees that may represent a level This statement is used for credentials that rep- of academic attainment comparable to that of aresent advanced, specialized studies that do not master's degree but that are different in programyield academic credit. structure.

May be considered for admission to a doctoral program, with transfer credit determined through a course-by-course analysis. This recommendation is used for credentials that may lead to admission into graduate study, including doctoral programs. It does not preclude admission into master's or other postbaccalaureate study. May be considered comparable to an earned U.S. doctorate. This recommendation is used if the program of study is considered comparable to a U.S. doctoral program. There may be differences in the structure and requirements of the program, but the credential represents advanced research and dissertation work of a sufficiently high level to recommend doctoral comparability. Represents recognition of published postdoc- toral scholarly research. This statement is used if the holder of the credential has completed scholarly research that has been published as a condition of the credential. In some cases such as the German Habilitation and the French Habilitation a diriger des recherches, the credential is an entitlement to the highest university positions.

A first professional degree in... (medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, law, architecture). May be considered for graduate admission. This statement is used to point out the first professional degrees awarded in a particular field. No graduate transfer credit is awarded. While preparation for the profession occurs at the graduate level in the U.S., it occurs at the undergraduate level in many foreign educational systems. Represents the completion of a specialization in... (medicine, dentistry, psychotherapy, veterinary medicine). This statement is used for credentials awarded for completion of a medical or dental specializa-

123 109 PlacementNote: English translations Recommendations of Swedish credential names are the official government versions, not those of the Council or author. CompulsoryName1. Avgdngsbetyg of Credential Education from grundskola AgeRequirementEntrance 6 or 7 9of years LengthStudy inGives UpperSweden Access to MayPlacement be placed Recommendation in grade 10. 2.Uppercompulsory(Leaving Avgdngsbetyg Secondary certificate school) from fromgymnasieskola(p.Education 6) schoolsecondary undersecondary(Leaving 1970 certificate school law]) from:[awarded from (p. upper 8,a. 13) 2-year lines Avgdngsbetyg from 2 years Employment or May be considered for freshman admission if a b. 3-year lines or third year grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg from 3 years programsUniversityrelatedtertiary-level fieldsin Maypreparation.vocational be considered or specialized for freshman program admission; is appropriate may receive c.of 4-yeartechnology technology line line grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg from 4 years matriculationUniversity course-by-coursetransferMayCLEP,advanced be or creditconsidered placementequivalent for analysis. the for orU.S.fourth freshmantransfer institutional year credit admissiondetermined based examination. with onthrough AP, possible a undersecondary(Leaving3. Avgdngsbetyg 1992 certificate school law]) from (p.[awarded gymnasieskolafrom8, 19) upper grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg from 3 years educationTertiary CLEP,advancedMay be or considered placementequivalent for orU.S. freshman transfer institutional credit admission; based examination. mayon AP, receive 12q Komvux)(Leaving4. Avgdngsbetyg certificatein: (p. from19) fromKomvuxa. Vocational studies grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg from Variable educationTertiary vocationalMay be consideredprogram is forappropriate freshman preparation. admission if a b. General studies grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg from Variable educationTertiacy, advancedMay be considered placement for or freshmantransfer credit admission; based onmay AP, receive (Certificate5a. Intyg om ofsarskild course behorighet com- grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg and fromage 18 Variable "*; . educationFurther credentials.AdmissionCLEP, or equivalent and placement U.S. examination.should be based on other generalfrom5b.Highpletion) Intyg folkhogskolaSchool) program)from om allmdn Folkhogskola(p. 96)(p. (Certificate behorighet 96) (Folk of grundskolaAvgdngsbetyg and from age 18 Variable educationTertiary specializedMay be considered program for is appropriatefreshman admission preparation. if a University and College Credentials Note: "University matriculation" means that the requirements for entry into a university have been satisfied at the upper secondary level (see Chapter 5). Bevis6.GeneralunderName Utbildningsbevis (Certificate) 1977of Credential Law or (Certificate)UtbildningsbevisunderName 1993of Credential Law or Bevis UniversityRequirementEntrance VariableLengthStudy of FurtherinGives Sweden Access tertiary to MayPlacement be considered Recommendation for undergraduate Certificate(field)7.(p. Hogskoleexamen 29-30) (University in [field]) i /pd Not offered matriculationUniversitymatriculation points)(401 oror 802 years educationFurthereducation tertiary by-coursetransferMay be creditconsidered analysis. determined for undergraduate through a course- Certificate(field)ilayseende8.(p. Hogskoleexamen 29-30) (University grundlaggande in [field]) [field])(field)Hogskoleexamen (Diploma i in/pd matriculationUniversity (802 points)years educationFurther tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay analysis.be determined considered with up throughto for 2 undergraduateyears a course-by- of transfer subject)ofEnstaka(p. [field]30)9. Kurser(p. Hogskoleexamentaken 30) (Bachelorby single pd 126 (BachelorKandidatexamen of [field]) matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) Doctoral studies May be considered for graduate admission. 127 Length of Gives Access INName Kandidatexamenunder10. Filosofie 1977 Law of Credential Name(BachelorKandidatexamenunder 1993of of Credential [field]) Law matriculationUniversityRequirementEntrance years3Study or 3.5 (120 or in DoctoralSweden studies to MayPlacement be considered Recommendation for graduate admission. P (field)(p.(Bachelor11. 30) Hogskoleexamen (Bachelor of [field]) of i /pd (BachelorKandidatexamen of [field]) matriculationUniversity years3 or140 (120 3.5 points) or Doctoral studies inMay a closely be considered related fieldfor graduate if the specialized admission Kandidatexamen,[field])12 a. (p.Filosofie 30) Magisterexamenof [field]) (Master matriculationUniversity 4 yearspoints)140 (160 points) Doctoral studies doctoralMayappropriatenature be considered program.of thepreparation. program for admission followed isto a Hogskoleexamen(p.(field) 30) (Master i /pdof [field]) b. not offered Magisterexamen (Master 3- or 3.5-year 1 year (40 pdbyggnadslinjen13. Hogskoleexamen (field) pd Notof [field]) offered degree3-equivalent degreeor 3.5-year or or (20points).5 or or 40 1 year Employment fieldRepresents of specialization. graduate achievement in the (p.(Diploma 30) in [field]) equivalent apoints, total1.5160 years points) offor Doctoral studies May be considered for admission to a (LicentiateScience15.14. LicentiatexamenMaster in [field] in of [field]) Arts (p. or31) Licentiatexamen(LicentiateScienceMaster of in Arts [field]in [field])or degreeAmatriculationNon-Swedish degreeuniversity in or (80(602 points)years studiesFurther doctoral doctoralMay be consideredprogram.program with for transferadmission credit to a (Doctor16.(p. 28,Doktorsexamen of 31) [field]) Doktorsexamen[field]) (Doctor of A university degreerelated infield points,4 years or(160 80 Employment earnedMayanalysis.determined be U.S. considered throughdoctorate. comparablea course-by-course to an 1 8 (p. 28, 31) related field examen)Licentiat-beyondpoints the Agriculture Nursing)Certificateexamen17. (UniversityDjursjukvdrdar- (p. in 50) Veterinary Nursing])(CertificateUtbildningsbevis [Veterinary plusorfrommatriculationUniversity 3-year 2related years line 2-of (401 points)year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. Certificateamen18. Tradgdrdsteknikerex-(University in Park and Not offered relatedmatriculationUniversityfieldexperience 2-year in in (401 points)year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 19.Management)Market Not offeredGarden (p. 49-50) Tradgdrdsingenjorsexamen Universityfieldexperienceline plus 6 mos.in 2 years Further tertiary May be considered for undergraduate Management)Horticultural(University Diploma (p. 49-50) in horticulturalhusbandryanimalfrommatriculation land and line line or (80 points) employmenteducation, coursebenaturecreditadmission reviewed analysis. determinedof the with carefully. program, Because up throughto 2 yearstheof the asyllabus course-by- of specialized transfer should 20. Skogsteknikerexamen Skogsteknikerexamen Universityorworkplus equivalent 18 experience months' 2 years Further tertiary May be considered for undergraduate Forest(University Studies) Certificate (p. 49) in Forest(University Management) Diploma in bandryanimalfrommatriculation land hus-line and (80 points) employmenteducation, benaturecoursecreditadmission reviewed determined ofanalysis. the with carefully. program, up Because throughto 2 yearsthe of asyllabus course-by-the of transferspecialized should (p.Forest(University21. 49)Skogsmastarexamen Management) Certificate in 130 Forest(UniversitySkogsmostarexamen Engineering) Diploma in examenSkogstekniker- (401 points)year employmenteducation,Further tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1 determined year of 131 22.underName Lantmostarexamen 1977of Credential Law LantmastarexamenunderName 1993of Credential Law RequirementUniversityEntrance SinceStudyLength 1993, of FurtherinGives Sweden Access tertiary to MayPlacement be considered Recommendation for undergraduate (p.(UniversityFarm 49) Management) Certificate in Management)Agricultural(University Diploma and Rural in husbandryanimalfrommatriculation land and line (40previously(802 years1 points)points),year employmenteducation, carefully.program,Becausethroughadmission a of thecourse-by-course with the syllabus specializedtransfer should credit natureanalysis. be determined reviewed of the 23. Not offered Management)ConstructionLandskapsingenjorsexamenLandscape(University andDiploma(p. 49) in matriculationUniversity (802 years points) employmenteducation,Further tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay determined analysis.be consideredwith up throughto 2for years undergraduate a course-by- of transfer 25.Agriculture)(Master24. AgronomexamenHortonomexamen of Science (p. 42-43) in AgronomexamenHortonomexamenAgriculture)(University Diploma in Universitymatriculation 4.5200years4.5 to to 5points) (1805 to Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a (Master26.Horticulture) Jagmastarexamen of Science (p. 46) in Jagmastarexamen(UniversityHorticulture) Diploma inin matriculationUniversity (2005years years200 points) (180 points) to DoctoralDoctoral studies studies doctoralMayMay be be consideredprogram. considered for for admission admission to toa a Architecture)Scienceexamen27.Forestry) Landskapsarkitekt- (Master in (p.Landscape (p. 44-45) of46, 47) Architecture)Landscape(UniversityLandskapsarkitektexamenForestry) Diploma in matriculationUniversity (2005 years points) Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a Architecture(p.Veterinary(Master28. 47)Veterindrexamen of ScienceMedicine) in DVM)Veterinary(UniversityVeterindrexamen Medicine/ Diploma in matriculationUniversity (2205.5 years points) doctoralofNationalLicense Agriculture, from studiesBoard admission.medicine;A first professional may be considered degree in veterinary for graduate 132 (p.(Master29. 50, Arkitektexamen 51) of Architecture) Architecture)Master(UniversityArkitektexamen of Science Diploma in or matriculationUniversity points)(1604 to 4.5 to 180 yrs. Doctoral studies mayA first be professional considered fordegree graduate in architecture; admission. 1 30.Art Hogskoleexamen and Applied Arti /pd Utbildningsbevis Portfolio or work 1 year Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. 31.(p.Certificate(field) 51-52)Hogskoleexamen (University in [field]) Konstnarlig(Certificate) Universityexperience 2(40 years points) Employment May be considered for undergraduate (p.Certificate(field) 51-52) (University in [field]) ochHogskoleexamen[field])Fine(University Design Arts i /pd and Diploma(field) i DesignKonst in in workandmatriculation portfolio experience or (80 points) coursecreditadmission determined analysis. with up throughto 2 years a course-by- of transfer (field)32 inHogskoleexamen [field]) (Bachelor (p. 51-52) of iArts /pd HogskoleexamenKonstnarligFine(Universityoch Design Arts and Diploma i DesignKonst in in (field) workandmatriculationUniversity portfolio experience or (1203 years points) Employment appropriatenatureinMay a closely be of considered the preparation.related program fieldfor followed graduate if the specialized is admission Arts(field)33. Hogskoleexamen in (Master [field]) (p.of Fine51-52) i /pd ochHogskoleexamenKonstnarlig[field]) Design ilpd (field) i Konst andmatriculationUniversity portfolio or 200years4.5 or points) (1705 or Employment asMay are be graduates considered of U.S. for graduate schools ofadmission art. Business Administration [field])Fine(University Arts and Diploma Designand Relatedin in Fields work experience (For business-related studies in Hotel and Restaurant fields, see separate section below.) and(Bachelor34.Business Ekonomexamen Economics) of Administration Science (p. 55) in and(BachelorKandidatexamenEkonomieBusiness Economics) of Administration Science in matriculationUniversity points)(120years3 or 3.5or 140 Doctoral studies appropriatenatureinMay a closely be of considered the preparation.related program fieldfor followed graduate if the specializedis admission (p.Public(Bachelor35. 53)Forvaltningsexamen Administration) of Science in /34 Administration)(BachelorPolitices Kandidatexamen of Public matriculationUniversity points)(120years3 or 3.5or 140 Doctoral studies appropriatenatureinMay a closely be of considered the preparation.related program fieldfor followed graduate if the specializedis admission 135 Name of Credential Name of Credential Entrance Length of Gives Access launder 1977 Law (MasterCivilekonomexamen36. Ekonomexamen of Science inor Ekonomie(Masterorunder Civilekonomexamen 1993 of Magisterexamen Business Law matriculationUniversityRequirement (1604Study years points) Doctoralin Sweden studies to doctoralMayPlacement be consideredprogram. Recommendation for admission to a (Master37.andBusiness Forvaltningsexamen Economics) of Science Administration (p. in 55) (MasterPoliticesEconomics)Administration Magisterexamenof Public and matriculationUniversity (1604 years points) Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a Pdbyggnadslinjen38.(p.Public 53)Hogskoleexamen Administration) (field) pd NotAdministration) offered degree3-year university years1.5 or 2 Doctoral studies May be considered for admission to a Ekonomexamen39.in(Postgraduate [field]) Internationell (p. 53, (MasterDiploma 55-56) medEkonomie Internationell Magisterexamen matriculationUniversity (1604 yearspoints)(60 points) or 80 Doctoral studies doctoralMaydoctoral be consideredprogram. program. for admission to a (p.55)alAdministration Economics-Internation-ofBusiness Science Program) in andBusiness tionalandInriktningBusiness Economics-Interna- Business (Master Administration Program) of 40.(Certificate)Dance Utbildningsbevis (p. 56, 57) (Certificate)Utbildningsbevis Audition points)1 year (40 Employment theadmissionMay same be considered basis with as transfer for for students undergraduate credit ofawarded U.S. on (p.Certificate(field)41. 56,Hogskoleexamen (University57) in [field]) pd Dance)(UniversityHogskoleexamenKonstnarlig Diploma i Dans in Audition points)(802 oror 1203 years Employment theadmissionMayschools same be ofconsidered basis performingwith as transfer for for students arts. undergraduate credit ofawarded U.S. on 1 3 6 (p. 56, 57) Choreography)ArtsDans42. Hogskoleexamen in (Bachelor Dance Ed./ of Finei Dance)(UniversityHogskoleexamenKonstnarlig Diploma i Dans in Audition points)3 years (120 Employment schoolstheadmissionMayschools same beof ofperformingconsidered basis performingwith as transfer for arts.for studentsarts. undergraduate credit ofawarded U.S. on (Certificate)43.Dramatic Utbildningsbevis Arts,(p. 57-58) Opera, and Theater (Certificate)Utbildningsbevis Audition points)(40years1 oror 601.5 Employment schoolstheadmissionMay same be ofconsidered basis performingwith as transfer for for studentsarts. undergraduate credit ofawarded U.S. on Certificate(field)44.(p. Hogskoleexamen 57) (University in [field]) i /pd ArtsMedierHogskoleexamenKonstnarligDiploma and (University Media) in Performing i Scen och andmatriculationUniversity audition points)(802 or or 3 years120 Employment schoolstheadmissionMay same be ofconsidered basis performingwith as transfer for for studentsarts. undergraduate credit ofawarded U.S. on Arts(field)45. Hogskoleexamen in (Bachelor [field]) (p. of 57) Finepd MedierHogskoleexamenKonstnarligArtsDiploma and(University Media)in Performing i Scen (p. och 57) Audition years3 or140 3.5 (120 points) or Employment performingasMay are be graduates considered arts. of U.S.for graduate schools ofadmission (Certificate46.EngineeringTekniskt Utbildningsbevis Basdr from Basic from (CertificateTeknisktUtbildningsbevis Basdr from Basic from frommatriculationUniversity (no1.5 points) years programsscienceEngineering tertiary or admission.May be considered for freshman 47.(p.Technical 59)Hogskoleexamen Program) i /pd YrkestekniskTechnical Program) lineUniversitynaturalnon-technical/ science 1.5 years Employment Primarily a vocational qualification. Hogskoleexamen(p.referredCertificate(field) 65) (University to as in Yrkesteknisk /YTH[field]), HogskoleexamenApplied(University [field]) Diploma in ienceyearsorfrommatriculation 3-yr. related ofin line exper-field or2- 4 (60 points) 139 op underName 1977of Credential Law underName 1993of Credential Law RequirementEntrance StudyLength of inGives Sweden Access to Placement Recommendation Certificate(field)48.(p. Ingenjorsexamen 63) (University in [field]) pd Level)Engineering/Lower(UniversityIngenjorsexamen Diploma pd (field) in orfrommatriculation Universitynatural technical points)(802 or or 3 years120 educationFurther tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay determined analysis.be consideredwith up throughto 3for years undergraduate a course-by- of transfer Maintenance)Control(University49. Driftteknikerexamen and Certificate (p. 63) in DnftteknikHogskoleexamenMaintenance)Control and (Diploma pd in orfrommatriculationUniversityscience 3-year related line line 2- points)(802 or or 3 years120 Driftingenjoremploymentstudies, throughadmissionMay be considereda course-by-course with transfer for undergraduate credit analysis. determined Engineering)(University50.Fire Brandingenjorsexamen Protection Certificate (p. 63) in BrandingenjorsexamenEngineering)Fire(University Protection Diploma in matriculationUniversity (1002.5 years points) Employment naturecoursecreditadmissionMay be determined ofanalysis. considered the with program, up Because throughto for 2.5 theundergraduate yearsof asyllabus thecourse-by- of specialized transfer should Maintenance)Control(Bachelor51. Driftingenjiirsexamen and of Science (p. 63) in DriftingenjorslinjenIngenjorsexamenEngineering/Lower(University Diploma pd in examenDrifttekniker- points)(802 or or 3 years120 Employment Maybe reviewed be considered carefully. for graduate admission. 52. Maskinteknikerexamen MaskinteknikerexamenMaintenance)Level in Control and University 2 or 3 years Sjoingenjor May be considered for undergraduate (p.Marine(University 64) Engineering) Certificate in (UniversityLowerMarine Level) Engineering/ Diploma in orfrommatriculation 3-year related line 2- points)(80 or 120 employmentstudies or carefully.program,Becausethroughadmission a of thecourse-by-course with the syllabus specializedtransfer should credit natureanalysis. be determined reviewed of the 140 (p.Marine(Bachelor53. 64)Sjoingenjorsexamen Engineering) of Science in Marine(UniversitySjoingenjorsexamen Engineering) Diploma in matriculationequivalentnikerexamenb.a. Maskintek-University or (120(40a. b.1 points)year 3points) years employmenteducation,Further tertiary appropriatenatureinMay a closely be of considered the preparation.related program fieldfor followed graduate if the specialized is admission 141 54. Styrmansexamen Styrmansexamen University 2 years Sjokapten May be considered for undergraduate (p.Nautical(University 64) Science) Certificate in Level)Nautical(University Science/Mate Diploma in orfrommatriculation 3-year related line 2- (80 points) employmentstudies or carefully.program,Becausethroughadmission a of thecourse-by-course with the syllabus specializedtransfer should credit natureanalysis. be determined reviewed of the (p.Nautical(Bachelor55. 64)Sjokaptensexamen Science) of Science in MasterNautical(UniversitySjokaptensexamen Level) Science/ Diploma in examenmatriculationb.a. Styrmans-University (120b.(40a. 13 points)yearyears points) employmenteducation,Further tertiary preparation.ofinMay athe related be program considered field followed if thefor specializedgraduate is appropriate admission nature pd (field)inScience56. [field]) Civilingenjorsexamen (Master in (p. Engineering 62)of Engineering)Master(UniversityCivilingenjorsexamen of Science Diploma in or matriculationUniversity 4formerly(1804.5 years years points), Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a Geotechnology)(Master57. Bergsingenjorsexamen of Science (p. in62) Not offered matriculationUniversity formerly(1804.5(160 years points)points), Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a 58.Hotel Hogskoleexamen and Restaurant pa Not offered University 2.5(1604 years years points) Further tertiary May be considered for undergraduate LinjenEconomics)Food(UniversityNaringsekonomi for Science Kost Certificateoch(p. and 66) in matriculation (100 points) education coursecreditadmission analysis. determined with up throughto 2.5 years a course-by- of transfer Dietetics)(Bachelor59. Dietistexamen (p.of Science65-66) in 142 (Bachelor(DietistHushallsvetenskapKandidatexamenEconomics /Kostekonom) of Home [Dietetics]) i matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) employmenteducation,Further tertiary appropriatenatureinMay a closely be of considered the preparation.related program fieldfor followed graduate if the specialized is admission 143 IN 60.underName Kostekonomexamen 1977of Credential Law KandidatexamenunderName 1993of Credential Law i RequirementEntrance 3StudyLength years of FurtherinGives Sweden Access tertiary to MayPlacement be considered Recommendation for graduate admission LawCatering)(Bachelor (p.of Science66) in Hushdllsvetenskap[Catering])of[Kostekonom)] Home Economics (Bachelor matriculationUniversity (120 points) employmenteducation, appropriatenaturein a closely of the preparation.related program field followed if the specializedis Medicalofor61. JuristexamenLaws Juris Kandidatexamen[LLM]) Fields (Master (p. 68) JurisLaws)(University Kandidatexamen Diploma in matriculationUniversity (1804.5 years points) Doctoral studies consideredA first professional for graduate degree admission. in law; may be Degree/UMD)(University62. Lokarexamen Medical (P. 70) LiikarexamenTandliikarexamenDiploma in (University Medicine) Universitymatriculation 4.5(2205.5 years years points) Doctoral studies Amay first be professional considered fordegree graduate in dentistry;medicine; admission. may (Master64.(University63.Degree) ApotekarexamenTandlakarexamen of (p.Science Dental 69) in (UniversityApotekarexamenDentistry) Diploma in matriculationUniversity (2005(180 years points), points) Doctoral studies mayAbe firstbeconsidered considered professional for for graduate degree graduate inadmission. pharmacy; admission. 65.Pharmacy) Logopedexamen (p. 71) LogopedexamenPharmacy) University a.4 years(160formerlyUntil points) 1985, a. Doctoral a. May be considered for graduate Therapy)Speech(Bachelor Pathology (p. of 72)Science and in Therapy)Speech(University Pathology Diploma and in matriculation 3 or1985,b.points)(120 3.5Since or years4 140years studiesb.employmentstudies, Doctoral admissiondoctoralb.isspecialized appropriateMay be program.in considered anature closely preparation. of relatedthe for program admission field if followed the to a 144 Toxicology)(Master66. Toxikologexamen of Science (p. 72) in ofMagisterexamen [field]) (Master degreeuniversity120-point (60(1601.5 points) points) years Doctoral studies credit.May be considered for graduate transfer 67.Psychotherapy)(University Psykoterapeutexamen Diploma (p. 71) in PsykoterapeutexamenPsychotherapy)(University Diploma in e.g.,relateddegreeUniversity medicine infield, (60part-time3 years points) competencefieldSpecialist in specializationRepresents thein psychotherapy. completion of a 68.Dental(University Tandhygienistexamen Hygiene) Certificate (p. 73) in Dental(UniversityTandhygienistexamen Hygiene) Diploma in matriculationor Universitypsychology formerly(802 years points); Employment creditadmissionMay be determined considered with up through to for 2 undergraduateyears course-by-course of transfer 69.Sjukskoterskeexamen Sjukskoterskeexamen University 3(40 years1 points)year Employment Mayreviewedofanalysis. the be program, considered Becausecarefully. the of forsyllabus the undergraduate specialized should be nature Nursing)(University (p. Certificate 74) in Nursing)(University Diploma in matriculation points)(80/1002.5formerly(120 years points), 2 or educationandtertiary further carefully.program,throughadmissionBecause a thecourse-by-course withof syllabusthe transfer specialized should credit analysis. naturebe determined reviewed of the (p.(University(health-related70.[health-related 73-75)Hogskoleexamen Certificate field) field]) pd in related(Diploma(health-relatedHogskoleexamen field]) in [health-field) pd fieldhealth-relatedDegree in Variable Employment syllabusspecializedby-coursetransferMay be creditconsideredshould analysis. nature determined be ofreviewed Becausefor the undergraduate program, through ofcarefully. the course-the (p.Nursing(Bachelor71. 74) Barnmorskeexamen [Midwifery]) of Science in Midwifery)(UniversityBarnmorskeexamen Diploma in examenSjukskoterske-nurselicensing and as (601.5 points) years midwifePractice as a specializedby-coursetransferMay be creditconsidered analysis. nature determined of Becausefor the undergraduate program, through of the course-the Physical(University72. Sjukgymnastexamen Therapy) Certificate in Physiotherapy)(UniversitySjukgymnastexamen Diploma in matriculationUniversity from(1203 years points),1983 to educationfieldFurther in the creditadmissionMaysyllabus be determined consideredshould with upbe through toreviewed for 3 undergraduateyears a course-by- carefully.of transfer ti (p. 75-76) 146 (100years1993, points) 2.5 benaturecourse reviewed ofanalysis. the carefully. program, Because the of syllabus the specialized should 147 Name of Credential Name of Credential Entrance StudyLength of Gives Access Occupational(Universityunder73. Arbetsterapeutexamen 1977 Certificate Law Therapy) in OccupationalArbetsterapeutexamen(Universityunder 1993 Therapy)Diploma Law in matriculationRequirementUniversity formerlypoints),3 years (120 fieldeducationFurtherin Sweden in tothe creditadmissionMayPlacement determined be consideredwith Recommendationup through to 3for years undergraduate a course-by- of transfer 74.(p. 75)Laboratorieassistent- Hogskoleexamen pd University 3(1002.5 years years points) Further tertiary Maybenaturecourse reviewed be ofanalysis. considered the carefully. program, Because for theundergraduate of syllabus the specialized should (p.LaboratoryCertificateexamen 73) (University inTechnology) Medical (p.Science)Biomedical(UniversityLaboratorieassistentlinjen 73-75) DiplomaLaboratory in matriculation (902.5formerly(120 points) years points), education benaturecoursecreditadmission reviewed determined ofanalysis. the with carefully. program, up Because through to 3 theyears of asyllabus course-by-the of transferspecialized should Therapy)examenAudiologyCertificate75. Horselvdrdsassistent- (University (p. 72)andin Diagnostic Audio Therapy)Audiology(DiplomaHogskoleexamen (p. in and 73-75)Diagnostic Audiopd (field) matriculationUniversity (802 years points) theFurther field study in creditadmissionnaturecourseMay determined be ofanalysis. consideredwith the program,up through Becauseto 2for years theundergraduate a ofcourse-by- syllabusof the transfer specialized should MrselvdrdsPdbyggnadslinjen76. Hogskoleexamen pd HorselvdrdsHogskoleexamen(Diploma (field) in [field]) pd assistentexamenHiiaelvdrds- (401 points)year Employment creditadmissionMaybe reviewedbe determined considered with carefully. up through to for 1 undergraduateyear a course-by-of transfer in(Postgraduate 77.Audiology) Receptarieexamen Certificate(p. 72) a. (p.not 73-75) offered a. University (40a. 1 points)year coursePreparation for Maybenaturecourse reviewed be ofanalysis. considered the carefully. program, Because for theundergraduate of syllabus the specialized should (p.(UniversityDispensing 77) Certificate Pharmacy) in b. Receptarieexamen b.technicianyearfrommatriculation University pharmacy2- or 3- line b. 2 or 3 Apotekarexamen benaturecoursecreditadmission reviewed determined ofanalysis. the with carefully. program, up Because throughto 1 yearthe of asyllabus ofcourse-by-the transfer specialized should Ortopedtekniskalinj78. Hogskoleexamen en: pd (UniversityDispensing Diploma Pharmacy) in frommatriculation other lines BEST COPY AVAILABLE years120 (80 points) or Orthotics-OrthopedicProsthetics(Universitya. Ortopedtekniker andCertificate in (Certificate)Utbildningsbevis matriculationUniversity (601.5 points) years employmenteducationFurther tertiaryor coursecreditadmissionMay be determined analysis. considered with up Because throughto for 1.5 undergraduate yearsof a course-by-the of specialized transfer Technician)Prosthetics(Bachelorb. Ortopedingenjor of(p. and Science 75) in and(DiplomaHogskoleexamen Orthotics in Prosthetics [Ortho- pd (field) matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) employmenteducationFurther tertiary or creditadmissionMaybenature reviewed determined be of consideredwith the carefully. program,up through to 3for years theundergraduate a course-by- syllabusof transfer should 79.andEngineerOrthotics-Orthopedic Ortoptistexamen Orthotist]) [Prosthetist (p. 75) Utbildningsbevispedic Engineer]) Degree in 1 year Employment Maybenaturecourse reviewed be ofanalysis. considered the carefully. program, Because for theundergraduate of syllabus the specialized should Orthoptics)(University (p.Diploma 75) in (Certificate) fieldhealth-related (40 points) benaturecoursecreditadmission reviewed determined ofanalysis. the with carefully. program, up Because through to 1 theyear of asyllabus course-by-ofthe transfer specialized should (p.CertificateMusikerlinjen80.Music 78)Hogskoleexamen in Music)(University pd HogskoleexamenKonstnarligMusic)(University Diploma i Musik in andmatriculationUniversity audition (802 years points) musiceducationFurther tertiaryin studentscreditadmissionMay be awarded consideredof with U.S. onup schools theto for 2 same yearsundergraduate of music. basis of transfer as for (p.ofMusikerlinjen81. Fine78)Hogskoleexamen Arts in (Bachelor Music) pd Music)HogskoleexamenKonstnarlig(University Diploma i Musik in andmatriculationUniversity audition (1203 years points) educationFurther tertiary natureinMay a closelyof be the considered program related fieldforfollowed graduate if the is specialized admission Musikerlinjen(p.Fine82. 78)Hogskoleexamen Arts in (Master Music) pdof Music)(UniversityHogskoleexamenKonstnarlig Diploma i Musik in andmatriculationUniversity audition 4 years(160 points) Employment asMayappropriate are be graduates considered preparation. of U.S. for graduate schools ofadmission music. (p.Music(Master83. 78)Musiklararexamen Education) of Fine Arts in 150 Music(UniversityMusiklararexamen Education) Diploma in andmatriculationUniversity audition (1604 years points) educationFurther tertiary May be considered for graduate admission. 151 IN Name of Credential Name of Credential Entrance Length of Gives Access Kyrkomusikerlinjen(Master84.under Hogskoleexamen 1977 of Fine Law Arts pa in Church(UniversityOrganistexamenunder Music) 1993 Diploma Law in andmatriculationUniversityRequirement audition points)4 yearsStudy (160 Employmentin Sweden to asMayPlacement are be graduates considered Recommendation of U.S.for graduate schools ofadmission music. (PostgraduatePdbyggnadslinjenUtbildning85.Church Hogskoleexamen Music) i MusikDiploma (p. 78)pa Music)(UniversityHogskoleexamenKonstnarlig Diploma i Musik in musicA degree in points)(802 to to4 years160 Employment coursecreditMay determined analysis.be considered through for graduate a course-by- transfer (Master86.Psychologyin Music) Psykologexamen of (p. Science 78) in (UniversityPsykologexamen Diploma in matriculationa. University a. 5(200 years points) Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a Psychology) (p. 78) Psychology) alentfield.degreeb. 3- orin or3.5-year related equiv- (80b. points) 2 years [specialization]Sociala87.Social Hogskoleexamen Omsorgslinjen Service pa Social(University Omsorgsexamen Care) Diploma in matriculationUniversity formerly(1002.5 years points), employmentstudies,Doctoral creditadmissionMay determined be considered with upthrough to for 2.5 undergraduate a years course-by- of transfer 88.[specialization])Social(University Socionomexamen/ Service Certificate in (p. 79) in Socionomexamen University 3.5(802 years orpoints) 4 Doctoral Maycourse be analysis. considered for graduate admission. Work)Socialof Science examen(p. 80) in (Bachelor Social Social(University Work) Diploma in matriculation points)(140years or 160 employmentstudies, 153 Teacher Education Nursery(UniversityEducation)89. Forskollararexamen and Certificate Infant(p. 83) in examenYouthDiplomaBarn-Ungdomspedagogisk och(University Training) in Child and matriculationUniversity yearsformerly1.25/2/2.5points),3 years (50/80/ (120 employmenteducation,Further tertiary throughadmissionMay be considereda course-by-course with transfer for undergraduate credit analysis. determined experienceed.ondepending100 previous and points) Leisurefor(University90. FritidspedagogexamenRecreation Education) Certificate and examenBarn-DiplomaUngdomspedagogisk och (University in Child and matriculationUniversity 1.25/2/2.5formerly(1203 years points) employmenteducation,Further tertiary throughadmissionMay be aconsidered course-by-course with transfer for undergraduate credit analysis. determined (p. 83) Youth Training) ed.ondepending100years previous and points) (50/80/ WelfareScienceexamen91. Barnavdrdslarar- (BachelorinEducation) Child of hensive[Compulsory(BachelorGrundskollararexamen School]) of EducationCompre- matriculationUniversity (1203experience years points) educationFurther tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay be determined analysis. considered with up through to for 3 undergraduateyears a course-by- of transfer gradesPrimary(University92.(p. 87)Ldgstadieldrarexamen 1-3) Education, (p.Certificate 85) in Not(p. 87) offered matriculationUniversity (1002.5 years points) educationFurther tertiary creditadmissionMay determined be consideredwith up throughto 2.5 for years undergraduate a course-by- of transfer examenEducation)Education93. Mellanstadieldrar- (Bachelor in (p. Primary 85) of 154 Not offered matriculationUniversity points)3 years (120 educationFurther tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay be determined analysis. considered with up through to for 3 undergraduateyears a course-by- of transfer 155 Nameunder of 1977 Credential Law underName 1993of Credential Law RequirementEntrance LengthStudy of inGives Sweden Access to Placement Recommendation ComprehensiveexamenGradesEducation,94. Grundskolliirar- (Bachelor 1-7) Compulsory School, of Gradesand(UniversityGrundskollorarexamenEducation Secondary 1-7) Diploma for School, Primary in matriculationUniversity points)b.(140a. 3.51 year points) years (40 Employment May be considered for graduate admission. ComprehensiveCompulsory(Bachelor95.(p. 85,Grundskolliirarexamen 87-90) of Education, School, and(UniversityGrundskollararexamenEducation Secondary Diploma for School, Primary in matriculationUniversity points)(140years3.5 or to 4.5 180 Employment May be considered for graduate admission. (BachelorStudie-96.YrkesorienteringslinjenGrades Hogskoleexamen och 4-9) of Education (p. 87-90) pd Career(UniversityStudie-GradesYrkesvagledarexamen och4-9)Counseling) Diploma in matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) educationFurther tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay determined analysis.be consideredwith up through to 3for years undergraduate a course-by- of transfer HantverkslararlinjenIndustri-97.Counseling)in Hogskoleexamen Careers och (p.Guidance 87) pd Education(UniversityGymnasielorarexamen for Diploma Upper in andmatriculationUniversity 4 or 5 years (401 points)year Employment undergraduateMay be considered transfer for credit.up to 1 year of 98.(p.Skilled(University 87-88)Hogskoleexamen Trades Certificate Ed.) pd in GymnasielararexamenSecondary School) Universityexperienceof work 1 year Employment May be considered for up to 1 year of ClericalCommercial(UniversityKontorslararlinjenHandels- ochEducation) Certificate and in SecondaryEducation(University forSchool) Diploma Upper in experienceofandmatriculation work 4 or 5 years (40 points) undergraduate transfer credit. 15E8 (p. 87-88) (field)99. Amnesldrarexamen (Master of pd (UniversityGymnasieldrarexamen Diploma in matriculationa. University yearsa. 4.5 (180 or or5.5 Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a (p.ScienceArts/Social 86-90) in [(field]) Science/ SecondaryEducation forSchool) Upper points)(1605.5formerly220 years points),or 220 4 or (Bachelor100. Bildlararexamen of Arts in Art (UniversityBildleirarexamen Diploma in matriculationUniversityuniversityb. 3.5-year degree (1203(40 yearsb. points) 1points) year educationFurther tertiary admissionMay be considered with up to for 3 undergraduateyears of transfer examenDiplomaEducation)101. (University Folkhogskollarar- in (p. Folk 86-87) High (UniversityFolkhogskolldrarexamenArtFolk Education) High Diploma School in of degree3-yearandrelated portfolio universityor work 5 years (401 points)year employmentFurther studies, teacherRepresentscoursecredit determined analysis. education completion courses.through of undergraduatea course-by- for(University(p.School102. 88)Flight Flyglararexamen Education) Instructors) Certificate Aviation(UniversityFlygldrarexamenEducation) Education) Diploma in experiencePilot's license (401 points)year Employment teacherRepresents education completion courses. of undergraduate Home(Bachelor(p.103. 88) HushdlIsldrarexamenEconomics of Science in (UniversityHusheillsldrarexamenHome Economics Diploma in matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) employmentFurther studies, creditadmissionMay determined be consideredwith up through to 3for years undergraduate a course-by- of transfer Teaching)in(BachelorEducation) 104.Physical Idrottslararexamen (p. of (p.90)Education Education 89) Physical(UniversityIdrottsldrarexamenEducation) Education) Diploma in matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) employmentFurther studies, coursecreditadmissionMay be determined analysis. considered with up through to for 3 undergraduateyears a course-by- of transfer ti 158 15 ( .) Nameunder 1977 Lawame of Credential underName 1993of Credential Law RequirementEntrance StudyLength of inGives Sweden Access to Placement Recommendation (p.in(Postgraduate105. Special90) Specialpedagogexamen Education) Diploma Special(UniversitySpecialpedagogexamen Education) Diploma in andleastdegreeTeaching 5 100 years with points ofat points)(40years1 oror 601.5 Doctoral studies May be considered for graduate admission. :0: (University106. Slojdldrarexamen Certificate in (Universitya. Slojdlararexamen Diploma in matriculationa.experienceteaching University (120a. 3 years points) a. Employment admissiona. May be consideredwith up to 3 for years undergraduate of transfer (p.Craft 88, Education) 90) b.Craft Not Education) offered teachersb. Experienced (40b. 1 points)year employmentstudies,b. Further undergraduateb.coursecredit May determined analysis. be considered transfer through for credit. 1 a year course-by- of Textile(Bachelor107. Textrildrarexamen Craft of Arts in (UniversityinriktningSlbjdlorarexamen mot Diploma textilslojd med in matriculationUniversity (1203 years points) educationFurther tertiary coursecreditadmissionMay be determined analysis. considered with up through to for 3 undergraduateyears a course-by- of transfer (p.Nursing(University108.Education) 89) Vdrdliirarexamen Education) Diploma (p. 90) in SecondaryEducation(UniversityGymnasieldrarexamenCraft Education) School)for Diploma Upper in fieldhealth-relateddegreeA university and in 2a years points)(40years1 oror 601.5 educationFurther tertiary throughundergraduateMay be considereda course-by-course transfer for upcredit to analysis. 1.5 determined years of Theology109. Hogskoleexamen or (p. 86-90) experienceof related work Linjen:pd ReligionsvetenskapligaTeologie (p. 81) Kandidatexamena. Bachelor of Divinity Teologie Kandidatexamen matriculationUniversity (1403.5 years points) Doctoral studies May be considered for graduate admission. 169 b. Master of Divinity (UniversityDivinity)Teologie(University Kandidatexamen (p.Diploma Diploma 81) in in matriculationUniversity points)4 years (160 Doctoral studies doctoralMay be consideredprogram. for admission to a 161 Appendix A Tertiary Institution Profiles

Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Chalmers Uni-Credentials Awarded: versity of Technology), Svens Hultins Gata,Arkitektexamen (Master of Architecture) 160, 180 S-412 96 Goteborg, Sweden, Tel: 46 31 772 10 points. 00, Fax: 46 31 772 38 72. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Est. as School of Industry in 1829 by busi-Civilingenjorsexamenpa(field) (Master of Science in nessman of Scottish descent. In 1899 the School of [field]) 160, 180 points. Ship Building was established, followed by Elec-Driftingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Control trical Engineering and Architecture. In 1937 it be- and Maintenance) 80 points. came Chalmers University of Technology, one ofDriftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- leading technological universities in Sweden, with trol and Maintenance) 80 points. numerous research projects. Joint activities withHogskoleexamen Avseende Grundleiggande(field) the University of Goteborg in environmental sci- (University Certificate in [field]) 60 points. ence, mathematics, physics, chemistry, and geol-Hogskoleexamen i/pa(field) (University Certificate for ogy. The College of Navigation, Marine Engi- [field]) 60, 80 points. neering and Plant Operations trains ships officers Hogskoleexamen i/pa(field) (Bachelor of Science in and nautical engineers. National Observatory, On- [field]) at least 120 points. sala, is engaged in advanced radio astronomy re-Ingenjorsexamenpa(field) (University Certificate in search. Chalmers Science Park on campus houses [field]) 80 points. research departments of major private enterprises. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in [field]) at Academic Staff: (1993) 1,100 least 120 points. Enrollment: (1993) 5,460 (900 doctoral Maskinteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Ma- students) rine Engineering) 80 points. Library: (1993) 540,000 volumes Master of Science 60 points, for students with for- Organization: Schools of architecture (arkitek- eign first degrees. Awarded in English only. tur),electrical and computer engineeringSjoingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Marine (elektro- och datorteknik), physics and engi- Engineering) 40 points beyond the Maskin- neering physics(fysik och teknisk fysik), in- teknikerexamen or equivalent. dustrial engineering and management (indus-Sjokaptensexamen (Bachelor of Science in Nautical triell produktion och ekonomi), chemical engi- Science) 40 points beyond the Styrmansexamen. neering (kemiteknik), mechanical engineeringStyrmansexamen (University Certificate in Nautical and naval architecture (maskin- och skeppsteknik), Science) 80 points. civil engineering (vag- och vattenbyggnadsteknik),Credentials Awarded After July 1993: mathematical sciences (matematiska avdelningen)Arkitektexamen (University Diploma in Architecture) and the College of Applied Engineering and 180 points, also referred to as Master of Science Maritime Studies (ingenjors- och sjobefalsskolan). in Architecture if the degree includes 80 points Center for Bio-mechanics, Center of Bio-tech- in the major subject. nology, Center for Building Environment inBevis (Certificate) points vary. Western Sweden, Center for Computer En-Civilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- gineering, Center for Computer Calculations, neering [field]) 180 points, also referred to as Monitoring Center for Energy Research, Ener- Master of Science in Engineering (field) if de- gy Technology Center, Center for Combustion gree includes at least 80 points in major sub- Research, Center for Semiconductor and ject. Microelectronics, Center for Fusion Science,Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at Urban Geohydrology Research Group, Center least 80 points. for Information Technology in Construction,Ingenjorsexamenpa(field) (University Diploma in Center for Industrial Engineering and Manage- Engineering/Lower Level [field]) at least 80 ment, Chalmers Innovation Center, Center for points. Marine Research and Technology, Center forKandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 Materials Science, Center for Man, Tech- points with 60 points in the major subject. nology and Society, Powder Technology Cen-Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points ter, Center for Forest Products Research, Cen- with 80 points in the major subject. ter for the History of Technology and Industry,Maskinteknikerexamen (University Diploma in Ma- Center for Applied Artificial Intelligence, Cen- rine Engineering/Lower Level) 80 points. ter for Applied Mathematics, and the CenterMaster of Science 60 points, for students with a for- for Transport and Traffic. eign first degree. Issued in English only.

129 162 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Appendix A

Sjoingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Marine Diploma in Dance) at least 80 points. Engineering) 40 points beyond the Maskin- Internationalization: NORDPLUS and teknikerexamen or equivalent. ERASMUS. Sjokaptensexamen (University Diploma in Nautical Science/Master Mariner Level) 40 points be-Dramatiska Institutet (University College of yond the Styrmansexamen. Film, Radio, Television and Theater), Box Styrmansexamen (University Diploma in Nautical27090, S-102 51 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 Science/Mate Level) 80 points. 8 665 13 00, Fax: 46 8 662 14 84. Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- Est. 1970, concentrates on practical work but ma in Applied [field]) 60 points. includes theoretical studies. Professional education Advanced Degrees (no change after Julyaimed at a career directly after studies. 1993): Academic staff: (1993) 3 Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Enrollment: (1993) 90 points beyond the first degree. Organization: Departments of theater (teater), Teknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Engineer- film, television, and video (film, iv och video), ing) 80 points beyond the first degree. and radio (radio). Special Programs: Continuing educationCredentials Awarded: short courses (fortbildning) in science, engi-Hogskoleexamen pd Medielinjen (field) (University Cer- neering, and architecture for upper secondary tificate in Broadcasting Production [field]) 40, school teachers; specialization courses of one- 80, 100 points. half to a year for Civilingenjor graduates (seeHogskoleexamen pd Medielinjen (field) (Bachelor of Chapter 8,"Internationalization and Study Fine Arts in [field]) 120 points. Abroad"). Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Internationalization: Extensive cooperationBevis (Certificate) points vary. in research with universities, institutes ofKonstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Scen och Medier (Univer- technology, and, other research centers; a sity Diploma in Performing Arts and Media) at partner in 80 projects within European least 80 points. Community's industrial scientific framework; Internationalization: NORDPLUS and actively encourages international student ex- ERASMUS. changes. U.S. Exchanges: University of California atGrafiska Institutet- GI Institutet for Hogre Berkeley. Kommunikations- och Reklamutbildningl IHR (UniversityCollegeof Managementin Dansh ogsk ola n(UniversityCollegeofGraphic Production Marketing and Public Dance),P.O.Box27043,S-102 51Relations), Box 27094, S-102 51 Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 666 36 00,Sweden, Tel: 46 8 783 27 20, Fax: 46 8 783 27 Fax: 46 8 667 49 63. 21. Est. 1963 as Choreographic Institute, in 1964 Est. 1943 private institution for printing man- the pedagogy program added, in 1966 mimeagement, training, and education of future manag- programbegun, in 1970 became a state collegeers in graphic industry. In 1953, Graduate School (Statens Dansskola). In 1978 granted university levelof Communications was founded as a private insti- status. Only free-standing college for dance intution for management of marketing, advertising, Sweden. and public relations. In 1977, the two institutions Academic Staff: (1993) 7 full-/39 part-time became an independent university college with Enrollment: (1993) 162 (90 part-time) government funding, had been previously funded Library: 700 volumes by industry. Organization: Programs in choreography Academic Staff: 3 full-/60 part-time (koreografi), dance education (danspedagogik), Enrollment: (1993) 180 full-/150 part-time mime (mim), folk dance (folkdans), and labano- Library: Reference and study library tation/dance notation (datorstiidd rbrelsenota- Organization: No formal departments. Pro- tion). grams in printing management and design and Credentials Awarded: management in marketing, advertising, and Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in public relations. [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. Grades: Veil godkond 1.5 Pass with Honors Hogskoleexamen pd Mim /Danslinjen (field) (Bachelor Godkiind 1.0 Pass of Fine Arts in Mime/Dance [field]) 120 points. Underkiind 0.0 Fail Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Credentials Awarded: Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Hogskoleexamen pd Grafiska Linjen (University Cer- Hogskoleexamen pd (field) (Diploma in [field])at least tificate in Graphic Management and Design) 80 points. 80 points. Konstniirlig Hogskoleexameni Dans (UniversityHogskoleexamen pd Marknadsforings- och Reklamlinjen

130 163 Tertiary Institution Profiles

(Postgraduate Certificate in Marketing andCivilekonomexamen (Master of Science in Eco- Public Relations Management) 60 points. nomics and Business Administration)160 Credentials Awarded After July 1993: points. Bevis (Certificate) 20 points beyond the Hogskoleex-Credentials Awarded After July 1993: amen pd Marknadsforings- och Reklamlinjen or Civilekonomexamen /Ekonomie Magisterexamen (Master other 120-point degree. of Science in Economics and Business) 160 Hogskoleexamen pd Grafiska Linjen (Diploma in points. Graphic Management and Design) 80 points. Master of Business Administration (degree awarded Hogskoleexamen pd Marknadsforings- och Reklamlinjen only in English) points vary. (Diploma in Marketing and Public RelationsAdvanced Degrees (no change after July Management) 60 points beyond 80 points. 1993): Special Programs: Specialized part-timeEkonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 courses for professionals. points beyond the Civilekonomexamen or equiv- Internationalization: Bilateral agreements alent. with European universities. Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business Administration and Economics) 80 points be- HandelshogskolaniStockholm (Stockholm yond the Civilekonomexamen or equivalent. School of Economics), Box 6501, Sveavagen Special Programs: Community of European 65, S-113 83 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 Management Schools (CEMS) program offers 736 90 00, Fax: 46 8 31 81 86. GEMS Master's degree with Swedish degree. Est.1909, the oldest Swedish institution Requires completion of first degree, fluency in offering education in business administration and three languages, two of which must be Euro- economics, only private university in Sweden. pean. Several courses are offered at all partici- Emphasizes research as basis of education. Close pating institutions; 1 semester must be at one contacts with Swedish business community pro- of the other member institutions outside the mote grounding of theory with practice. Business country, and students must complete a 10- people take part in seminars, give lectures, and week internship abroad. Courses offered in support activities organized by school and student executive development training for managers association. Ten to 15 percent of funding comes and engineers in industry, including master's from Swedish government, the remainder from degree in Business Administration. Recently private and executive development programs. has allowed some students who have com- Academic Staff: (1993) 115 pleted 5 semesters of economics at other insti- Enrollment: (1993) 1,600 tutions to transfer with full credit. Courses are Library: 210,000 volumes also exchanged with the Royal Institute of Organization: Departments of economics, Technology. international economics and geography, eco- Internationalization: Numerous agreements. nomic statistics, finance, law, management About one-third of students in 4-year program and organization, accounting and managerial and 75 percent of the doctoral students spend 1 finance, managerial economics, marketing dis- term at a foreign university. Currently develop- tribution and industry dynamics, public man- ing business school in Riga, Latvia, offering 2- agement, information management, economic year program for Baltic students, courses given psychology; Centers for Risk Research and in English. Health Economics, Foundation for Distri- U.S. Exchanges: University of Pennsylvania bution Research. Executive Education Pro- Wharton School, New York University Leon- gram organized into division for executive ard N. Stern School of Business, University of education, professional communication skills, California John E. Anderson Graduate School business partner, executive seminars, and East of Management, University of Michigan European program. Research institutes con- School of Business Administration, University nected to school: The Economic Research of Minnesota Curtis L. Carlson School of Institute, Institute of International Business, Management, University of Chicago Graduate Institute for Research in Economic History, School of Business, Columbia University, The European Institute of Japanese Studies, Columbia Business School. Swedish students The Stockholm Institute of East European in their sixth, seventh, or eighth semester Economics. participate in the M.B.A. program. Grading Scale: 0-200, with 200 highest and 100 = pass, also "highly commended," "approved,"Hogskolan for LararutbildningiStockholm and "fail." (Stockholm Instituteof Education), Box Credentials Awarded: 34103, S-100 26 Stockholm, SWeden, Tel: 46 Civilekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Eco-8 737 55 00, Fax: 46 8 737 55 01. nomics and Business Administration) 140 Est. 1977 through merger of several teacher points. training schools. Programs in conjunction with

131 164 Appendix A

Stockholm University, University College of Arts, grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180 Crafts and Design, Royal University College of points. Music. Only institute specializing in teacherGymnasielararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- education at all levels. Offers specialized topic in- cation for Upper Secondary School) subject service teacher training. teacher 40,180, 200, 220 points; nursing Academic staff: (1993) 403 teacher or vocational teacher 40 points. Enrollment: (1993) 6,000 Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Educational Library: 250,000 volumes Science [field]) at least 120 points with 60 Organization: Departments of educational points in the major subject. research (education, careers counselor educa-Magisterexamen i Pedagogik (Master of Arts in Peda- tion, and nursing education); child and youth gogy) at least 160 points with 80 points in the studies (recreation and leisure education and major subject. early childhood education); mathematics andSpecialpedagogexamen (University Diploma in Spe- science; humanistic and social sciences; art, cial Education) 40 points beyond first teaching drama, physical education, and music; lan- degree. guage and literature; vocational teacher educa-Studie- och Yrkesvagledarexamen (University Diploma tion (includes flight instructors education); and in Career Counseling) 120 points. special education. Subject courses are taken at Special Programs: Students are ableto do Stockholm University, art and design courses their practice teaching abroad, including in the at University College of Arts, Crafts and De- United States. sign, music courses at Royal University Col- Internationalization: ERASMUS, NORD- lege of Music, physical education courses at PLUS, and bilateral agreements. Stockholm University College of Physical Edu- cation and Sports. Language studies 10 to 20Hogskolani Boras (UniversityCollegeof weeks abroad. Boras), Box 874, S-501 15 Boras, Sweden, Credentials Awarded: Tel: 46 33 16 40 00, Fax: 46 33 11 95 98. Amnesldrarexamen pd (field) (Master of Arts/Science Est. 1977 with merger of Preschool Teachers in [field] Education) 40, 160, 180, 200, 220Seminary and the School of Library and In- points. formation Science with branch of Goteborg Uni- Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Education)atversity, established in the 1970s. Known for least 120 points. programs in library and information science, and Flygldrarexamen (University Certificate for Flighttextile and clothing (engineering, marketing, and Instructors) 40 points. design). The School of Weaving Technology,est. Forskollararexamen (University Certificate in Nur-1866, includes advanced textile machinery, labor- sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. atories, workshops, and studios equipped with Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec-computer aided design. reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 Academic staff: (1993) 99 points. Enrollment: (1993) 3,200 Grundskolldrarexamen (Bachelor of Education Library: 140,000 volumes [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades Organization: Departments of business ad- 1-7, 40, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180 ministration and computer science, education, points. engineering sciences, engineering sciences, Hogskoleexamen pd Studie- och Yrkesvdgledarlinjen textile and clothing, and the School of Library (Bachelor of Education in Career Counseling) and Information Science. 120 points. Credentials Awarded: Specialpedagogexamen (Postgraduate Diploma inBevis (Certificate) points vary. Special Education) 60 points beyond firstEkonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business teaching degree. Administration and Economics) 140 points. Vdrdlararexamen (University Diploma in NursingFilosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field])at Education) 60 points beyond nursing degreeor least 120 points. equivalent. Forskollararexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Yrkespedegogisk examen (University Certificate in Vo- sery and Infant Education) 100 points. cational Teacher Education) 40 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in Credentials Awarded After July 1993: [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. Barn- och ungdomspedagogiskexamen (UniversityHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Science Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 [field]) at least 120 points. points. Hogskoleexamen pd Bibliotekarielinjen (Bachelor of Flyglorarexamen (University Diploma in Aviation Arts in Librarianship) 20 points beyond 120- Education) 40 points. point degree; (University Diploma in Librar- Grundskolldrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- ianship) 80 points beyond any university 80- cation for Primary and Secondary School) point studies. 132 185 Tertiary Institution Profiles

Hogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen Dokumentatistut-Forskolleirarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- bilding (University Supplementary Diploma in sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Librarianship [Information Science]) 40 pointsFritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in beyond the Doktorsexamen. Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in points. [field]) 80, 120 points. Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of Education Credentials Awarded After July 1993: [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University 1-7, 140 points. Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in points. [field]) 60, 80, 120 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Science Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at in [field]) at least 120 points. least 80 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in [field]) 80 points. Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120Bevis (Certificate) points vary. points with 60 points in the major subject. Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Di- cation for Primary and Secondary School) ploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. grades 1-7, 140 points. Special Programs: (see Chapter 8, "Inter-Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at nationalization and Study Abroad"). least 80 points. Internationalization: ERASMUS, TEMP-Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in US, COMETT, NORDPLUS, and agree- Engineering/Lower Level [field])80,120 ments with institutions in Europe in many points. fields. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 U.S. Exchanges: Florida International Uni- points with 60 points in major subject. versity, Gustavus Adolphus College, MankatoTeknisk Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in En- State University, Minnesota State University, gineering [field]) at least 120 points with 60 St. Paul, and Winona State University, Minn. points in major subject. Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Di- Hogskolan i EskilstunalViisterds (University ploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. College of EskilstunaNnsteras) Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- (See Malardalens Hogskola) MUS, NORDPLUS, and TEMPUS. U.S. Exchanges: University of Central Flor- HogskolaniFalun /Borlange(University ida, University of Colorado, University of College of Falun /Borlange), Box 1992, S-791 Southern Illinois, Rochester Institute of Tech- 19 Falun, Sweden, Tel: 46 23 545 00, Fax: 46 nology. 23 545 50. Est. 1977, arts, computer science, economics,HogskolaniGavle /Sandviken (University education engineering, sports, and tourism. TopCollege of Gavle/Sandviken), Box 6052, S- level athletes combine training with studies. 800 06 Gavle, Sweden, Tel: 46 26 64 85 00, Academic Staff: (1993) 140 Fax: 46 26 64 86 86. Enrollment: (1993) 3,500 Est. 1977 incorporating National School of Library: (1993) 50,000 Teacher Training founded 1946 in Gavle. Special Organization: Courses in following areas: ad-programs in health promotion, real estate and ministration, economics, and social science,property management, mapping and surveying, technology and natural sciences, and teaching.and engineering and industrial economics. Research is also carried out by the Solar Ener- Academic Staff: (1993) 200 gy Research Center, the Material Research Enrollment: (1993) 2,000 full-/1,600 part-time Center, College of School Leadership, Lugnet Library: 60,000 volumes Institute of Sports Sciences, Institute for Tour- Organization: Departments of technology, ism and Travel Research, Center for Research mathematics,naturalsciences, computer in Transportation and Society, Center for science, business administration, humanities Process Technology Research, and Labor and and social sciences, and teacher education. Industry Research Center. Credentials Awarded: Credentials Awarded: Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Economics) 140 points. Administration and Economics) 140 points. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) at Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Science least 120 points. in [field]) at least 120 points. Forskolliirarexamen (University Certificate in Nur-

133 166 Appendix A

sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Credentials Awarded: Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec-Bevis (Certificate) points vary. reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Social points. Science in [field]) at least 120 points. Grundskolliirarexamen (Bachelor of EducationForskolliirarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. 1-7, 140 points. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec- Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. points. Hogskoleexameni /pd(field) (Bachelor of Arts/Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in Science/Social Science in [field]) at least 120 [field]) 80, 100 points. points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in 120 points. [field]) 80, 120 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Credentials Awarded After July 1993: [field]) 80 points. Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (UniversityCredentials Awarded After July 1993: Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University Di- points. ploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Bevis (Certificate) points vary. points. Ekonomie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science inBevis (Certificate) points vary. Business Studies and Economics) 120 pointsEkonomie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in with at least 60 points in major subject. Business Administration and Economics) at Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- least 120 points with 60 of those points in the cation for Primary and Secondary School) major subject area. grades 1-7, 140 points. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Science/ Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at Social Science) at least 120 points with 60 least 80 points. points in the major subject. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma inHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at Engineering/Lower Level[field])80,120 least 80 points. points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 Engineering/Lower Level[field])80,120 points with 60 points in major subject. points. Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 pointsKandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 with 80 points in the major subject. After July points with 60 points in the major subject. 1993, this degree given in business adminis-Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points tration. with 80 points in the major subject. After July Teknologie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in 1993, degree given in computer engineering, Engineering [field]) 120 points with at least 60 electrical engineering, business administration, points in the major subject. industrial management, and economics with a Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen(field)(University specialization in innovative management sys- Diploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. tems. Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS-Teknisk Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in En- MUS, and NORDPLUS, exchanges with gineering [field]) 120 points with 60 points in many European universities. the major subject. U.S. Exchanges: University of Idaho andYrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Di- Gustavus Adolphus College. ploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- Hogskolan i Halmstad (University College of MUS, and NORDPLUS. Halmstad), Box 823, S-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden, Tel: 46 35 15 31 00, Fax: 46 35 14Hogskolan i Jonkoping (University College of 85 33. Jonkoping), Box 1026, S-551 11 Jonkoping, Est. 1983, the institution offers first degreeSweden, Tel: 46 36 15 77 00, Fax: 46 36 15 77 programs in education, sports, economics, engi-18. neering, humanities, and social sciences. Est. 1977 when Training Colleges for Teachers Academic staff: (1993) 100 and Nursery School Teachers combined with Enrollment: (1993) 3,000 institutions of technical and vocational higher edu- Library: 20,000 volumes cation. In July 1994 the University College became Organization: Departments of economicsan independent private foundation. Programs and (ekonomi), humanities (humaniora), and socialcourses in education, business administration, law sciences and behavior sciences (samhalls-ochand economics, engineering/technology, andcom- beteendevetenskap). munication. Jonkoping International Business

134 167 Tertiary Institution Profiles

School/JIBS has been recently added. level, and a knowledge of business adminis- Academic Staff: 135 tration and economics equivalent to 1 year of Enrollment: (1993) 3,700 fulltime study. The third and fourth years of Library: (1993) 77,000 volumes the program are taught in English. Organization: Departments of business management and economics, culture and commu-Hogskolan i Kalmar (University College of nication, education, and technology. In JulyKalmar), Box 905, S-391 29 Kalmar, Sweden, 1994 Department of Business ManagementTel: 46 480 975 00, Fax: 46 480 182 98. and Economics became Jonkoping Inter- Est. middle of the nineteenth century as national Business School (see Special Pro-maritime academy and seminary for teachers and grams). integrated into the University College when it was Credentials Awarded: established in 1977. Specializations include envi- Bevis (Certificate) points vary. ronmental studies, tourism studies, and media and Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Businesscommunication. Administration and Economics) 140 points. Academic staff: (1993) 200 Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) at Enrollment: (1993) 3,000 least 120 points. Library: 5,000 volumes Forskollararexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Organization: Departments of social science sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. and economics (samhallsvetenskap och ekonomi), Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec- teacher education (ldrarutbildning), science reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 (naturvetenskap), merchant marine (sjobefals- points. utbildning), media and communication (medie- Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of Education och kommunikationsutbildning), and technology [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades (teknik). 1-7, 140 points. Credentials Awarded: Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inBevis (Certificate) points vary. [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. Driftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- Hogskoleexamen i/pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) trol and Maintenance) 80 points. at least 120 points. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) at Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in least 120 points. [field]) 80, 120 points. Forskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Credentials Awarded After July 1993: sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (UniversityFritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 points. points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of Education Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades cation for Primary and Secondary School) 1-7, 140 points. grades 1-7, 140 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. least 80 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in at least 120 points. Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 [field]) 80, 120 points. points with 60 points in major subject. Maskinteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Ma- Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points rine Engineering) 80 points. with 80 points in major subject. After JulySjoingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Marine 1993, given in the fields of business adminis- Engineering) 40 points beyond the Maskin- tration and teacher education. teknikerexamen or the equivalent. Special Programs: Jonkoping InternationalSjokaptensexamen (Bachelor of Science in Nautical Business School/JIBS conducts research and Science) 40 points beyond the Styrmansexamen. provides business education with specializa-Styrmansexamen (University Certificate in Nautical tion in small and medium-sized companies. Science) 80 points. Courses taught in Swedish/English, allow forCredentials Awarded After July 1993: specialization in accounting, marketing, entre-Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University preneurship, European business management, Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 and service management. Since July 1994 has points. offered a 4-year program leading to Master ofBevis (Certificate) points vary. Science in Business Administration/Econom-Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- ics. Admission requires prior completion of at cationfor Primary School and Secondary least 2 years of fulltime study at the university School) grades 1-7, 140 points.

135 Appendix A

Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen(field)(University least 80 points. Diploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in Internationalization: COMETTand Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. ERASMUS. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 points with 60 points in the major subject. Hogskolani Karlstad (University College of Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 pointsKarlstad), Box 9501, S-650 09 Karlstad, with 80 points in the major subject. After JulySweden, Tel: 46 54 83 80 00, Fax: 46 54 83 84 1993 the degree may be given in the fields of50. biology and chemistry. Est. as amalgamation of Teacher Training Maskinteknikerexamen (University Diploma in Ma-College, founded 1843, and Universitetsfilialen, a rine Engineering/Lower Level) 80 points. branch of Goteborg University, founded in 1967; Sjoingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Marinebecame an independent institutionin1977. Engineering) 40 points beyond Maskintekniker-Attached science park provides industry, com- examen or the equivalent. merce, and education a place for exchange of Sjokaptensexamen (University Diploma in Nauticalideas. Research conducted in variety of fields. Science/Master Mariner Level) 40 points Academic staff: (1993) 342 (84 part-time) beyond Styrmansexamen. Enrollment: (1993) 6,500 Styrmansexamen (University Diploma in Nautical Library: 120,000 volumes Science/Mate Level) 80 points. Organization: Departments of languages, lit- Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- erature, and art (humaniora); economics and MUS, and NORDPLUS. business studies (ekonomi); teaching methods (metodik); natural sciences (naturvetenskap); edu- Hogskolan i Karlskrona /Ronneby (University cation and psychology (utbildningsvetens-kaperna College of Karlskrona/Ronneby), S-371 79 och psykologi); social sciences (samhdllsvetens- Karlskrona, Sweden, Tel: 46 455 780 00, Fax: kap); computer science, statistics, and math- 46 455 780 97. ematics (ADB, statistik och matematik); and Est. 1989, courses and programs in a variety of engineering and technology (teknik). There are fields at three sites: Grasvik, Karlskrona, Ronneby. 11 research groups focusing on service research, Academic Staff: (1993) 100 historical and philosophical research, speech Enrollment: (1993) 1,500 and language, regional development, school Library: Karlskrona, Ronneby and children, labor relations, computer educa- Organization: Branches of mechanical engi- tion, technical chemistry, technical research, neering (maskinteknik), physical planning and scientific research, and public health. construction (fysisk planering och byggteknik),Credentials Awarded: computer science and economics (datavetenskapAmnesldrarexamen (Master of Arts/Science in [field] och ekonomi), languages (sprdk), signal process- Education) 180 points. ing (signalbehandling), and telecommunicationsBevis (Certificate) points vary. and mathematics (telekommunikation och mate-Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business matik). Administration and Economics) 140 points. Credentials Awarded: Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) at Bevis (Certificate) points vary. least 120 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inForskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. sery and Infant Education) 80, 100 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field])Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec- at least 120 points. reation and Leisure Education) 80, 100 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate inGrundskollorarexamen (Bachelor of Education [field]) 80, 120 points. [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades Credentials Awarded After July 1993: 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 160 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. least 80 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in at least 120 points. Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 [field]) 80, 120 points. points with 60 points in the major subject. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 pointsBarn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University with 80 points in major subject. After July Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 1993,degree given in the fields of electrical points. engineering, programming engineering, andBevis (Certificate) points vary. business administration. Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu-

136 1.6`) Tertiary Institution Profiles

cation for Primary and Secondary School) 1-7, 140 points. grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 160, 180Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in points. [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. Gymnasielararexamen (University Diploma in Edu-Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) cation for Upper Secondary School) 180 points. at least 120 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) atCredentials Awarded AfterJuly 1993: least 80 points. Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. points. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120Bevis (Certificate) points vary. points with 60 points in the major subject. Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points cation for Primary and Secondary School) with 80 points in major subject. After July 1993 grades 1-7, 140 points. the degree given in business studies, chem-Hogskoleexamen i/pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at istry, comparative literature, computer science, least 80 points. economics, education, English, French, his-Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in tory, human and social geography, political Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. science, religion, and sociology. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- points with 60 points in the major subject. ma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Internationalization: European exchange Special Programs: (see Chapter 8, "Inter- agreements with 12 countries. nationalization and Study Abroad"). U.S. Exchanges: University of Southern Internationalization: Extensive European Maine (1985). agreements. U.S. Exchanges: Arizona State University,Hogskolan i Lulea (Lulea University College Augustana College, Gustavus Adolphus Col-and Instituteof Technology),S-951 87 lege, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Uni-Lulea, Sweden, Tel:46 920 910 00,Fax:46 versity of Louisville, and the University of 920 972 88. Akron. Est. 1971,itisthe most northern tertiary institution in Sweden with branch campuses in Hogskolan i Kristianstad (University CollegeSkelleftek Pita, and Kiruna, and was created by ofKristianstad),Box 59, S-291 21 merging the Institute of Technology, the Pedagogy Kristianstad, Sweden, Tel:46 44 18 30 00, Institute, and the School of Music. Special em- Fax:46 44 12 96 51. phasis is on research in civil and environmental Est. 1977, 12 first degree programs, courses inengineering. One of 12 Swedish tertiary institutions many fields, Centers for Polymer and Moldingoffering graduate programs, only University College Technology, Food Quality, and In-Service Train-empowered to confer doctoral degrees. Schools of ing. Courses offered at various sites in KristianstadBusiness Administration and Music were estab- and Hassleholm but in 1994-1995 all sites will belished in the 1980s. School of Music, located in contained in new facility outside Kristianstad. Pita, has one of the finest organ collections in Academic Staff: (1993) 150 Sweden. Enrollment: (1993) 3,500 Academic Staff: (90-91) 314 fulltime/70 part- Library: 35,000 volumes time Organization: Departments of technology Enrollment: (92/93) 5,600 with 300 doctoral (teknik), mathematics and natural science students (matematik ochnaturvetenskap),economics Library: 180,000 volumes (ekonomi), pedagogy and methods (pedagogik och Organization: Schools of engineering (tek- metodik), and humanities and social science nisk), business administration and social sci- (humaniora och samhollsvetenskap). ences (administrativ, ekonomisk och social), edu- Credentials Awarded: cation (lararhogskolan), and music (musikhogs- Bevis (Certificate) points vary. kolan). Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in BusinessCredentials Awarded: Administration and Economics) 120 points. Bergsingenjorsexamen (Master of Science in Geotech- Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) at nology) 160, 180 points. least 120 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. FOrskollararexamen (University Certificate in Nur-Civilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (Master of Science in sery and Infant Education) 100 points. [field]) 160, 180 points. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate inEkonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Recreation and Leisure Education) 100 points. Administration and Economics) 140 points. Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of EducationFilosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades 120, 140 points.

137 r. 170 Appendix A

Forskollorarexamen (University Certificate in Nur-Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen(field)(University sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Diploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in PublicAdvanced Degrees (no change after July Administration) 140 points. 1993): Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec-Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 points beyond the first degree. points. Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of Education Administration and Economics) 80 points [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades beyond the first degree. 1-7, 140 points. Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Hogskoleexamen Avseende Grundlaggande(field) points beyond the first degree. (University Certificate in [field]) 80 points. Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso- Hogskoleexamen Avseende Pdbyggnadsutbildning i (field) phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. (University Diploma in [field]) 40 points. Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Hogskoleexamen ilpel (field) (University Certificate in points beyond the first degree. [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100 points. Teknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Engineer- Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) ing) 80 points beyond first degree. at least 120, 140 points. Specialprograms: A1-year,40-point Hogskoleexamen pd Musikerlinjen (Master of Fine Arts "bridge" program for graduates of 2-year Uni- in Music) 170 points. versity Certificate programs who wish to enter Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Master of Science program. Content provides [field]) 80, 120 points. additional studies in mathematics and science. Internationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Science in Points earned do not count towards the higher Business Administration and Economics) 160 degree (see Chapter 8, "Internationalization points. and Study Abroad"). Musiklararexamen (Master of Fine Arts in Music Internationalization: ERASMUS and Eu- Education) 160 points. ropahogskolan (a double degree program in Credentials Awarded After July 1993: materials engineering in conjunction with Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University engineering schools in France, Germany, and Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Spain) andisactively seeking exchange points. programs. Many courses offered in English. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. U.S. Exchanges: Colorado School of Mines, Civilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- Golden, Clarkson University, Potsdam, N.Y., neering [field]) 180 points, may also be referred University of Alaska, Fairbanks, member of to as the Master of Science in Engineering if International Student Exchange Program the degree includes 80 points in the major (ISEP). subject. Ekonomie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science inHogskolaniOrebro (University College of Business Administration and Economics) 140Orebro), Box 923, S-701 30 Orebro, Sweden, points including 60 pointsin the majorTel: 46 19 30 10 00, Fax: 46 19 33 01 30. subject. Est. 1977 through merger of former branch of Ekonomie Magisterexamen (Master of Science inUppsala University, the School of Social Work and Business Administration and Economics) 160Public Administration, Training College of Nur- points including 80 points in the major sub-sery-School Teachers, College of Physical Educa- ject. tion, and College for the Training of Music Grundskolliirarexamen (University Diploma in Edu-Teachers. Close collaboration with industry, trade, cation for Primary and Secondary School)and public sector. grades 1 to 7, 140 points; grades 4 to 9, 180 Academic Staff: (1993) 400 points. Enrollment: (1993) 7,000 Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field])at Library: 165,000 volumes least 80 points. Organization:Departmentsof ADP, Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in economics, business administration,systems Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. analysis,local government administration, Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 nursing and healthcareadministration, points with 60 points in the major subject. personnel management, social science, social Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) 160 points with 80 work, school administration, public relations, points in the major subject. cultural science, law, international law, control Musiklararexamen (University Diploma in Music and maintenance, electronics, electricalen- Education) 160 points. gineering, mechanical engineering, structural Organistexamen (University Diploma in Church engineering, nursery and infant education, Music) 160 points. music, physical education, andrestaurant 138 171 Tertiary Institution Profiles

trade. Research groups: Orebro History, Forum social science, social work, and statistics. for Research on Working Life, Center forMusiklararexamen (University Diploma in Music Housing and Urban Research, Center for Education) 160 points. Public Administration, Center for Studies ofSocionomexamen (University Diploma in Social Women and Equality, Novemus (School of Work) 140 points. Public Affairs), Social Work Research Group, Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- Center for School and Child-Care Research, MUS, NORDPLUS, and student exchanges Quality Study Project, ADP Technology, in Europe and Canada. Forum for Immigration and Culture, and U.S. Exchanges: Central Missouri State School Management. University, Indiana University, Southeast Credentials Awarded: Missouri State University, and Washburn Bevis (Certificate) points vary. University. Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Economics) 140 points. Hogskolan i Ostersund (University College of Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Science/Ostersund), Box 373, S-831 25 Ostersund, Social Science [field]) at least 120 points. Sweden, Tel: 46 63 16 53 00, Fax: 46 63 16 54 IdrottsMrarexamen (Bachelor of Education in Physi- 54. cal Education Teaching) 120 points. In 1993 was incorporated with the University Forskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur-College of Sundsvall/Harnosand and renamed sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Mitthogskolan (Mid Sweden University). (See Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in PublicMitthogskolan.) Administration) 140 points. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec-HogskolaniSkovde (University College of reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100Skovde), Box 408, S-541 28 Skovde, Sweden, points. Tel: 46 500 46 46 00, Fax: 46 500 41 63 25. Hogskoleexamen Avseende Grundlaggande (field) (Uni- Est. 1977, one of the smallest and newest of versity Certificate in [field]) 80 points. university colleges, all programs linked to industry, Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inoriented towards research and case studies. Primary [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. areas of research are artificial neural networks, Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Science/database theory, effect electronics, and languages. Social Science [field]) at least 120 points. Academic staff: 60 fulltime and 20 part-time Hogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen (field) (Master of Enrollment: (1993) 2,000 Science in [field]) 40, 60 points beyond the first Library: 80,000 volumes degree. Organization: Departments of engineering Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in (ingenjorsvetenskap), computer science (data- [field]) 80, 120 points. vetenskap), business administration and eco- MusikMrarexamen (Master of Fine Arts in Music nomics (ekonomi), fine arts and media (konst och Education) 160 points. media), modern languages (moderna sprdk), and Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Social behavioral sciences (beteendevetenskap). Center Work) 140 points. for Austrian Studies. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Credentials Awarded: Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University Di-Bevis (Certificate) points vary. ploma in Child and Youth Training) 120Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business points. Administration and Economics) 140 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Science Grundskolldrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- in [field]) at least 120 points. cation for Primary and Secondary School)Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Science [field]) grades 1-7, 180 points. at least 160 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) atflogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (University Certificate in least 80 points. [field]) 80 points. IdrottsMrarexamen (University Diploma in PhysicalHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Science Education) 120 points. in [field]) at least 120 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma inHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Master of Arts/Science in Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. [field]) at least 160 points. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in points with 60 points in the major subject. [field]) 80 points. Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 pointsCredentials Awarded After July 1993: with 80 points in the major subject. After JulyBevis (Certificate) points vary. 1993 degree given in business administration,Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at comparative literature, economics, education, least 80 points. English, history, political science, psychology,Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in

139 172 Appendix A

Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. points with 60 points in major subject. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at points with 60 points in major subject. least 80 points. Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 pointsIngenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in with 80 points in major subject. After July 1993 Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. the degree given in the field of computerYrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University science. Diploma in Applied [field]) 80 points. Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- Special Programs: Work placements with ma in Applied [field]) points vary. General Motors, Michigan. Special Programs: Many courses ineco- Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- nomics, system analysis, and computer science MUS, and TEMPUS. are in English. Internationalization: Exchanges with Euro-HogskolaniVdocjo (University College of pean universities. Viixj6), S-351 95 Vaxjii, Sweden, Tel: 46 470 U.S. Exchanges: Yes. 685 00, Fax: 46 470 832 17. Est. 1967 as branch of Lund University. In Hogskolan i Sundsvall1Harnosand (University1977 merged withVaxjii Teacher Training College of Sundsvall/Harnosand), Box 860,College; in 1987 school of engineering was added S-851 24 Sundsvall, Sweden, Tel: 46 60 18 86to the University College, a major regional uni- 00, Fax: 46 60 18 87 00. versity college in southeast. Research is conducted In July 1993 was renamed Mitthogskolan (Midin managerial science, social sciences,computer Sweden University). (See Mitthogskolan [Midand information sciences, engineering, humanities, Sweden University College]) and teacher education. Academic Staff: (1993) 300 Hogskolan i Trollhattan /Uddevalla (University Enrollment: (1993) 6,200 College of Trollhattan/Uddevalla), Box 936, Organization: Schools of engineering (teknik), S-461 29 Trollhattan, Sweden, Tel: 46 520 47 economics (ekonomi), humanities (humaniora), 50 00, Fax: 46 520 47 51 99. education (Mrarutbildning), mathematics and Est. 1990. Courses offered in the towns of systems (matematiska, data- och systemvetenskap), Trollhattan (administrative center and technology and social science (samhallsvetenskap). courses), Uddevalla (economics and ADB courses),Credentials Awarded: and Vanersborg (education and humanitiesBevis (Certificate) points vary. courses). Single subjects in marine biologyareEkonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business taught in Lysekil. Administration and Economics) 140 points. Academic Staff: (1993) 100 Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field])at Enrollment: (1993) 2,000 least 120 points. Library: 7,300 ForskolMrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Organization: Departments of technology sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. (teknik), economics and computer scienceForvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public (ekonomiochADB), and education and Administration) 140 points. humanities (undervisning och humaniora). Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Credentials Awarded: Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 Bevis (Certificate) points vary points. Driftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con-GrundskolMrarexamen (Bachelor of Education trol and Maintenance) 80 points. [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field])at 1-7, 140 points. least 120 points. Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (University Certificate in Forskollorarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- [field]) 40, 60, 80 points. sery and Infant Education) 50, 100 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts [field]) Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in at least 120 points. Recreation and Leisure Education) 100 points.Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in [field]) 80 points. [field]) 80 points. Internationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Science in Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Business Administration and Economics- [field]) 80 points. International Business Program) 160 points. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (UniversityBarn- och ungdomspedagogiskexamen (University Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 points points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field])at least 120Grundskolldrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- 140 173 Tertiary Institution Profiles cation for Primary and Secondary School)Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute), grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 180 points. S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 728 Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at64 00, Fax: 46 8 31 84 06. least 80 points. Est. 1810 by war surgeons, in 1861 was granted Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma inauthority to give degrees. It is the largest institution Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. in Sweden for medical education and research; Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120trains athird of Sweden's physicians, half its points with 60 points in the major subject. dentists, a quarter of its physiotherapists. Nobel Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points prize in physiology or medicine is decided by the with 80 points in major subject. After July 1993Nobel Assembly of the Karolinska Institute. The degree given in economics, education, En-World Health Organization has five collaborating glish, French, history, literature, mathematics,research and education centers at the institute. political science, and sociology. Main part offunding allocated to research. The Special Programs: (see Chapter 8, "Inter-institute maintains the primary Swedish medical nationalization and Study Abroad"). library. Internationalization: Extensive worldwide Academic Staff: (1993) 1,245 international agreements; seeks exchange. Enrollment: (1993) 2,500 (1,400 doctoral stu- U.S. Exchanges: Gustavus Adolphus Col- dents) lege, Augustana College, University of Minne- Library: 566,000 volumes sota, Duluth, Bemidji State University, Uni- Organization: Faculties of Medicine (Medi- versity of Wisconsin at Eau Claire, Central cinska) and Dentistry (Odontologiska). Until July Missouri State University, and ISEP. 1993 there were 140 departments but after that date reorganized to 35 departments. The Hogskoleutbildning paGotland (Gotland medical and physical therapy programs are CollegeofHigherEducation),Norra taught at a central campus in Stockholm with Hansegatan 16a, S-621 42 Visby, Sweden, clinical portion located at five area hospitals. Tel: 46 498 29 99 00, Fax: 46 498 21 96 65. Dentistry is taught at Huddinge. Est. in 1988, an educational center for coursesCredentials Awarded: taught in cooperation with the Royal Institute ofLakarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 Technology and Stockholm University. Univer- points. sities of Umea and Goteborg, University CollegesLogopedexamen (Bachelor of Science in Speech of Ostersund and Vaxj6, and the Stockholm Pathology and Therapy) 120, 140, 160 points. Institute of Education also offer courses at this Since 1991, taught in conjunction with Stock- center, with cooperative degrees awarded. holm University. The first 2 years are at Stock- holm with the remainder of the program and Idrottshogskolan (Stockholm University Col- degree awarded at Karolinska Institute. lege of Physical Education and Sports), BoxPsykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- 5626, S-114 86, Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 chotherapy) 60 points. 23 37 20, Fax: 46 8 24 99 33 Sjukgymnastexamen (University Certificate in Physi- Est. 1813, it is the oldest university college for cal Therapy) 100 points; (Bachelor of Science physical education in the world, with programs in in Physical Therapy) 20 points beyond first sports coaching, physical education teaching, and degree in field. sports and health education. Tandlakarexamen (University Dental Degree) 180 Academic Staff: (1993) 45 points. Enrollment: (1993) 520 Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Library: (1993) 40,000 volumes Hogskoleexamen (Diploma in [field]) at least 80 Organization: Departments of sports and points. health sciences (idrotts-och halsovetenskap) andKandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 sports and healthdidactics(idrotts-och points with 60 points in major subject. halsodidaktik). Lakarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 Credentials Awarded: points Idrottslararexamen (Bachelor of Education in Physi-Logopedexamen (University Diploma in Speech cal Education Teaching) 120 points. Pathology and Therapy) 160 points. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points Halsopedagogexamen (Diploma in Sports Science with 80 points in the major subject. and Health Education) 80 points. Psykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- Idrottslararexamen (University Diploma in Physical chotherapy) 60 points. Education) 120 points. Sjukgymnastexamen (University Diploma in Physio- Specialidrottstranarexamen (Diploma in Sports Sci- therapy) 120 points. ence and Coaching) 80 points. Tandlakarexamen (University Diploma in Dentistry) Internationalization: NO RDP L US. 180 points.

141 174 Appendix A

Advanced Degrees (no change after JulyHogskoleexamen pd Linjen for Bild och Miljo (Master 1993): of Fine Arts in Environmental Art) 200 points. Doktorsexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Med-Hogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen (field) (Postgrad- ical Science) 160 points beyond the first de- uate Diploma in [field]) 80 points beyond first gree. degree in field or equivalent experience. Doktorsexamen i Odontologi (Doctor of Odontology)Credentials Awarded After July 1993: 160 points beyond the first degree. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Licentiatexamen i Folkhiilsovetenskap (Master of Pub-Bildldrarexamen (University Diploma in Art Educa- lic Health) 80 points beyond a 120-point uni- tion) 120 points. versity degree. Hogskoleexamen (field) (Diploma in [field]) at least 80 Licentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/of points. Medical Science) 80 points beyondfirstKonstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Konst och Design (Uni- degree. versity Diploma in Fine Arts and Design) 170, Licentiatexamen i Odontologi (Licentiate in/of Odon- 200 points. tology) 80 points beyond first degree. Hogskoleexamen pd PdbyggnadslinjenFotografi Special Programs: Karolinska International (Postgraduate Diploma in Photography) 80 Research and Training (KIRT) provides points beyond the first degree in photography. opportunities in research and higher education Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- to students from third world countries. Train- MUS, NORDPLUS, and TEMPUS. ing is offered in "sandwich" programs. Stu- U.S. Exchanges: Parsons School of Design, dents spend part-time at Karolinska and rest in New York, Otis/Parsons School of Design, Los home country. Studies may lead to a Master of Angeles. Science or Ph.D. awarded by Karolinska Insti- tute. Offers free-standing courses in the med-Kungliga Konsthogskolan (Royal University ical field for broadening or upgrading training;CollegeofFineArtsandSchoolof open to doctors and nurses, also to medicalArchitecture), Box 163 17, S-103 26 Stock- journalists, health care teachers, preschoolholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 614 40 00, Fax: 46 8 teachers, psychologists, lawyers, etc. 21 13 39. Internationalization: Active exchange pro- Est. as The Royal Academy of Painters and grams with institutions worldwide. Sculptors, 1735. In 1773 the School of Architecture U.S. Exchanges: Harvard Medical Schoolwas established within the Academy, in 1810 (1986), Vanderbilt School of Medicine (1986),renamed Royal Academy of Fine Arts, in the early UCLA School of Medicine (1986), Tulanetwentieth century renamed Royal College of Fine School of Medicine (1986), Brown University,Arts. Focus of the School of Architecture changed Division of Biology and Medicine (1986), Mt.to postgraduate training. In 1978, school became Sinai, Albert Einstein, and Mayo. independent of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, a free-standing college. Konstfack (University College of Arts, Crafts Academic Staff: (1993) 27 and Design), Box 27 116, S-102 52 Stock- Enrollment: (1993) 240 holm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 667 95 50, Fax: 46 8 Library: 12,000 volumes 667 84 37. Organization: University College consists of Est. 1844, offers a variety of arts, crafts and autonomous schools: painting (mdleri), murals design programs. and monumental art (monumentalkonst), sculp- Academic Staff: (1993) 170 ture (skulptur), print-making (grafik), architec- Enrollment: (1993) 550 ture (arkitektur), and architectural restoration Library: (1993) 100,000 volumes (restaureringskonst). There are also departments Organization: Departments of painting for drawing, art history and theory, materials (mdleri), graphic design and illustration (grafisk science, and video and intermedia. design och illustration), industrial design (industri-Credentials Awarded: design), interior architecture (inredningsarkitekturHogskoleexamen pd Linjen for Fri Konst (field) (Master och mobeldesign), textile art and design (textil of Fine Arts in [field]) 200 points. konst och formgivning), ceramics and glassHogskoleexamen pd Pdbyggnadslinjen (field) (Post- (keramik och glas), metal crafts (metallkons- graduate Diploma in [field]) 40 points. thantverk), sculpture (skulptur), and photo-Credentials Awarded After July 1993: graphy (akademin for fotografi). Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Konst (University Credentials Awarded: Diploma in Fine Arts) 200 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inUtbildningsbevis for Arkitektur (Byggnadskonst/ [field]) 40 points. Restaureringskonst) (Postgraduate Diploma in Hogskoleexamen pd Konsthantverkslinjen (field) (Master Architecture Conservation) 40 points. of Fine Arts in Applied Arts and Crafts [field]) Special Programs: Students are required to 170 points. participate in study abroad trip during year 3. 142 1 75 Tertiary Institution Profiles Internationalization: ERASMUS andthe oldest and largest Swedish institution for NORDPLUS. engineering education and technical research. About 30% of all engineering undergraduate Kungliga Musikhogskolani Stockholm (Royalstudies in Sweden are undertaken here. The University College of Music in Stockholm),institutionisin Group One of the FEANI Box 27711, S 115 91 Stockholm, Sweden,(European Federation of National Associations of Tel: 46 8 16 18 00, Fax: 46 8 664 14 24. Engineers). Est.1771,largest and only free-standing Academic Staff: (1993) 800 College of Music. Included opera until became Enrollment: (1993) 8,000 (800 doctoral stu- separate institutions in 1968. dents) Academic Staff: (1993) 42 fulltime/185 part- Library: 600,000 volumes time Organization: divided into five schools and Enrollment: (1993) 670 the College of Applied Engineering. Schools Library: 20,000 volumes of architecture, surveying, and civilengi- Organization: four faculties: music (musiker), neering (arkitektur, lantmateri ochviig-och church musician (kyrkomusiker), music edu- vattenbyggnad), chemistry and chemical engi- cation (musiklarare), and music education neering (kemiteknik), engineering physics research (forskarutbildning samt konstndrligtl- (teknisk fysik),electricalengineering and pedagogiskt utvecklingsarbete). information technology,(elektro- och infor- Credentials Awarded: mationsteknik), and mechanical and materials Bevis (Certificate) points vary. engineering (maskin- och materialteknik). Col- Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in lege of Applied Engineering consists of 2-year [field]) 60, 80 points. programs in chemical engineering, electrical Hogskoleexamen pd Musikerlinjen (Bachelor of Fine engineering, mechanical engineering, and con- Arts in Music) 120, 140 points. struction engineering, also optional third year Hogskoleexamen pd Musikerlinjen (Master of Fine Arts in some applied engineering fields. in Music) 160 points. Credentials Awarded: Hogskoleexamen pd Kyrkomusikerlinjen (Master ofBevis (Certificate) points vary. Fine Arts in Church Music) 160 points. Arkitektexamen (Master of Architecture) 160, 180 Musiklararexamen (Master of Fine Arts in Music points. Education) 160 points. Civilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (Master of Science in Pelbygnadsutbildnings i Musik (field) (Postgraduate [field]) 160, 180 points. Diploma in Music [field]) 80, 120 points. Driftingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Control Credentials Awarded After July 1993: and Maintenance) 80 points after completion Bevis (Certificate) points vary. of the Driftteknikerexamen or equivalent. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) atDriftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- least 80 points. trol and Maintenance) 80 points. Konstnarlig Hogskoleexameni Musik (UniversityHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in Diploma in Music) 80 to 160 points. [field]) 60, 80 points. Musiklararexamen (University Diploma in MusicHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Science in Education) 160 points. [field]) at least 120 points. Organistexamen (University Diploma in ChurchIngenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Music) 160 points. [field]) 40, 80 points. Utbildningsbevis i Musik (Postgraduate Diploma inCredentials Awarded After July 1993: Music) 80, 120 points. Arkitektexamen (University Diploma in Architecture) Advanced Degrees (no change after July 180 points, also Master of Architecture if the 1993): degree includes at least 80 points in the major Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160- subject. point program after first degree. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Internationalization: ERASMUS andCivilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma NORDPLUS. in [field]) 180 points, also Master of Science in (field) if it includes at least 80 points in the major subject. KungligaTekniskaHogskolanl K T H (TheHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at Royal Institute of Technology), S-100 44 least 80 points. Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 790 60 00, Fax:Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in 46 8 790 65 00. Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Est. as the School of Mechanics in 1798, andKandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 renamed the Technological Institute in 1827, in points with 60 points in the major subject. 1876it was renamed the Royal Institute ofYrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- Technology. Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan /KTH is ma in Applied [field]) 60 points.

143 173 Appendix A Advanced Degrees (no change after July vironmental Studies Center, The Center for 1993): Surface and Colloid Science, The Center for Teknologie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 North American Studies, The Institute of Eco- points beyond the first degree. nomics Research, The Center for Women's Teknologie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Engi- Studies, The MAX Laboratory, The Lund neering) 80 points beyond the first degree. Center for Habitat Studies, East and South- Internationalization: Numerous exchange East Asian Studies, Middle East and North agreements with European and Australian uni- Africa Studies, and The Raul Wallenberg versities. Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian U.S.Exchanges: University of Florida, Law. University of Houston, Worcester PolytechnicCredentials Awarded: Institute, Thayer School, Dartmouth College,Amnesl/irarexamen pa (field) (Master of Arts in [field] Purdue University, Stanford University, and Education) 40, 160, 180, 200, 220 points. the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Arkitektexamen (Master of Architecture) 160, 180 points. Lunds Universitet (Lund University), BoxBevis (Certificate) points vary. 117, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Tel: 46 46 10 70Brandingenjorsexamen (University Certificate in Fire 00, Fax: 46 46 10 47 20. Protection Engineering) 100 points. Tandvdrdshogskolan (Malmo Center for Civilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (Master of Science in Oral Health Sciences), Carl Gustafs [field]) 160, 180 points. Vag 34, S-214 21 Malmo, Sweden, Tel: Driftingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Control 46 40 32 20 00, Fax: 46 40 92 53 59. and Maintenance) 80 points. Musikhogskolan i Malmo (Malmo School Driftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- of Music), Box 135 15, S-200 44 Malmo, trol and Maintenance) 80 points. Sweden, Tel: 46 40 32 54 40, Fax: 46 40 Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business 32 54 60. Administration and Economics)120,140 Lararhogskolan i Malmo (Malmo School points. of Education), Box 23 501, S-200 45 Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Social Malmo, Sweden, Tel: 46 40 32 50 00, Science/Science in [field]) at least 120 points. Fax: 46 40 32 52 25. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Arts/Social Sci- Teaterhogskolan i Malmo (Malmo School ence/Science) at least 160 points. of Theater), Box 4276, S-203 14 Malmo, Forskolleirarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Sweden, Tel: 46 40 32 55 65, Fax: 46 40 sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. 32 55 70. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Est. 1666, in 1946 the Dental School in Malmo Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 became the Faculty of Odontology, and in 1969 points. the Lund Institute of Technology became theGrundskolliirarexamen (Bachelor of Education Faculty of Technology. In 1977 the Malmo [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades Teachers Training College and the Malmo Music 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180 points. College were affiliated.ThisisthelargestHogskoleexamen Avseende Payggnadsutbildning i (field) institution for research and higher education in (University Diploma in [field]) 40 points. Scandinavia. Main campusinLund, buta Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (University Certificate in number of departments of research and education [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100 points. in Malmo. The IDEON, one of largest scienceHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Fine parks in Europe, is located close to the main Arts/Social Science/Science in [field]) at least campus. Also on campus is MAX-lab, a Swedish 120 points. National Research Laboratory using syncotronHogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (Master of Arts/Fine Arts/ radiation. Social Science/Science [field]) at least 160 Academic Staff: 2,650 points. Enrollment: 31,000 (3,000 doctoral students) Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Library: 4,000,000 volumes [field]) 80 points. Organization: Lund Institute of TechnologyLakarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 (Lunds Tekniska Hogskola /LTH); faculties of sci- points. ence (matematisk-naturvetenskaplig); law (juridik);Logopedexamen (Bachelor of Science in Speech social science (samhallsvetenskap); medicine Pathology and Therapy) 120, 160 points. (medicin); dentistry (tandvdrdshogskolan); schoolMusikl/irarexamen (Master of Fine Arts in Music of education (lararhogskolan); liberal arts and Education) 160 points. theology (humaniora och teologi); college ofPsykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- music and drama (musikhogskolan och teater- chotherapy) 60 points. hogskolan). Institutes for interdisciplinary re-Sjukgymnastexamen (University Certificate in Physi- search: The Work Science Center, The En- cal Therapy) 100 points.

144 177 Tertiary Institution Profiles

Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Social therapy) 120 points. Work) 140 points. Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social Specialpedagogexamen (Postgraduate Diploma in Work) 140 points. Special Education) 60 points. Specialpedagogexamen (University Diploma in Spe- Tandlakarexamen (University Dental Degree) 180 cial Education) 40 points. points. Studie- och yrkesvagledarexamen (University Diploma Teologie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Divinity) 140 in Career Counseling) 120 points. points; (Master of Divinity) 160 points. Tandlakarexamen (University Diploma in Dentistry) Vardlararexamen (University Diploma in Nursing 180 points. Education) 60 points beyond a nursing degree. Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- Credentials Awarded After July 1993: ma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Arkitektexamen (University Diploma in Architecture)Advanced Degrees (no change after July 180 points, also Master of Architecture if degree 1993): includes 80 points in major subject. Doktorsexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Med- Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University ical Science) 160 points beyond the first de- Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 gree. points. Doktorsexamen i Odontologisk Vetenskap (Doctor of Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Dental Science) 160 points beyond the first Brandingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Fire degree. Protection Engineering) 100 points. Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Civilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- points beyond the first degree. neering [field]) 180 points, also Master of Sci-Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business ence in Engineering if the degree includes 80 Administration and Economics) 80 points points in major subject. beyond the first degree. Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu-Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 cation for Primary and Secondary School) points beyond the first degree. grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 160 points. Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso- GymnasieMrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. cation for Upper Secondary School) 40, 180,Juris Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Laws) 160 points 200, 220 points. beyond the first degree. Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (Diploma in [field]) atJuris Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Laws) 80 least 80 points. points beyond the first degree. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma inLicentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/of Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Medical Science) 80 points beyond the first Juris Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Laws) degree. 180 points. Licentiatexamen i Odontologisk Vetenskap (Licentiate Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 in/of Dental Science) 80 points beyond the first points with 60 points in major subject. degree. Konstnarlig Hogskoleexameni Musik (UniversityTeknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Diploma in Music) at least 80 points. points beyond the first degree. Konstnarlig HogskoleexameniSeenoch MedierTeknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate of Engineering) (University Diploma in Performing Arts and 80 points beyond the first degree. Media) at least 80 points. Teologie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Theology) 160 takarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 points beyond the first degree. points. Teologie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Theology) Lognpedexamen (University Diploma in Speech 80 points beyond the first degree. Pathology and Therapy) 160 points. Special Programs: Approximately 200 cours- Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points es are in English, spanning all the faculties, with 80 points in major subject. but largest number in engineering, science, Master of Science (awarded in English only) for and social science. Three international mas- students who have completed their first degree ter's programs are offered in law, dentistry, sci- at a non-Swedish institution. ence and technology policy, and history. Also Musiklararexamen (University Diploma in Music offeredis an International Environmental Education) 160 points. Summer program. In 1994 summer school Organistexamen (University Diploma in Church began offering courses in technology, medi- Music) 160 points. cine, environment, and ecology. Also offers a 1- Psykologexamen (University Diploma in Psychology) term course in Swedish Society in the Euro- 200 points. pean Context, open to students who have Psykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- completed at least 1 year of university studies chotherapy) 60 points. (see Chapter 8,"Internationalization and Sjukgymnastexamen (University Diploma in Physio- Study Abroad").

145 178 Appendix A

Internationalization: Many exchange agree- points with 60 in the major subject. ments throughout the world: COMETT,Magisterexamen (Master of Arts/Social Science ERASMUS, NORDPLUS, and TEMPUS. [field]) at least 160 points with 80 points in the U.S. Exchanges: University of California (ex- major subject. After July 1993 the degree may change program since 1965, 40 students an- be given in the area of English. nually), University of Minnesota, University ofYrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- Oklahoma, Kent State, Graduate School, City ma in Applied [field]) 60 points. University, New York, The School of Man- Special programs: The first 2 years of the agement, University of Massachusetts, Univ- Royal Institute of Technology's civilingenjor ersity of Rhode Island, and University of program may be completed at this institution. Central Florida. Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- MUS, NORDPLUS, and TEMPUS. Malardalens Hogskola (University College of U.S. Exchanges: The University of Texas at Malardalen), Box 883, S-721 23 Vasteras, Austin, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Sweden, Tel: 46 21 10 13 00, Fax: 46 21 10 North Park College, Chicago. 13 20. Est. 1977 as the Hogskolan i EskilstunalViisterdsMitthogskolan (Mid Sweden University Col- (University College of Eskilstuna/Vaster5s), 30 firstlege), S-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden, Tel: 46 degree programs in engineering, business admin-60 18 86 00, Fax: 46 60 18 87 83. istration and economics, and humanities. Vasteris Est. 1977 as the HogskolaniSundsvall/ - is administrative center of the institution butHarnosand (University College of Sundsvall/- courses and programs are offered there and atHarnosand), an integration of the Teacher Train- Eskilstuna, Katrineholm, Ludvika, and Nykop-ing Institute and the Institute of Navigation, both ing. Beginning July 1993 the institution'snamefounded in the 1840s. Studies in three locations: was changed to Malardalens Hogskola (UniversitySundsvall, Harnosand, and Ornskoldsvik. As of College of Malardalen). In 1994 the institution willJuly 1993 renamed the Mitthogskolan (Mid Sweden add a college of nursing, and attached scienceUniversity), also incorporated .the Hogskolani park. Ostersund (University College of Ostersund), which Academic Staff: (1993) 190 was founded in 1971 as a school of social studies, Enrollment: (1993) 4,500 became a university college in 1977, active in Library: (1993) 50,000 volumes distance (correspondence) education. Organization: Departments of business ad- Academic Staff: (1993) 322 ministration, economics and automatic data Enrollment: (1993) 7,200 processing, energy technology, humanities, Library: 250,000 volumes mechanical engineering, systems engineering Organization: Schools of culture and human- and electrotechnology, and real-time computer ities (kultur- och humaniora), social science and systems. behavioral science (samhiills- och beteendeveten- Credentials Awarded: skap), business administration andsystems Bevis (Certificate) points vary. analysis, education (Mrarutbildning), science Driftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- and engineering (teknisk), and journalism and trol and Maintenance) 80 points. communication (medie- och kommunikation). Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in BusinessCredentials Awarded: Administration and Economics) 140 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Forskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur-Driftingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Control sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. and Maintenance) 80 points. Fritidspedegogexamen (University Certificate inDriftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 trol and Maintenance) 80 points. points. Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate in Administration and Economics) 140 points. [field]) 60, 80, 120 points. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field])at Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Science in least 120 points. [field]) at least 120 points. Forskollararexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. [field]) 80, 120 points. Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Administration) 140 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec- Hogskoleexamen i/pd (field) (Diploma in [field])at reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 least 80 points. points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma inGrundskolliirarexamen (Bachelor of Education Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. (Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field])at least 120 1-7, 140 points.

146 172 Tertiary Institution Profiles

Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inBevis (Certificate) points vary. [field]) 60, 80 points. Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Scen och Medier (Uni- Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Science/Arts versity Diploma in Performing Arts and Media) [field]) at least 120 points. at least 80 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Master of Science in Internationalization:ERASMUSand [field]) at least 160 points. NORDPLUS. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in [field]) 80 points. Stockholms Universitet (Stockholm Univer- Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Socialsity), S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 Work) 140 points. 16 20 00, Fax: 46 8 15 36 93. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Est. 1878 when lectures were given in physics Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (Universityand chemistry, known as College of Stockholm. In Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 1201904 granted the right to award degrees. In 1960 points. became a state university, one of the largest in Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Sweden with some 90 departments offering courses Grundskolldrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu-and research. cation for Primary and Secondary School) Academic staff: (1993) 3,000 grades 1-7, 140 points. Enrollment: (1993) 30,000 fulltime/8,000 part- Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at time (1,300 doctoral students) least 80 points. Library: 23,000,000 volumes (national deposi- Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in tory of all Swedish publications) Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Organization: Faculties of humanities (hu- Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 manistiska), law (juridiska), social science (sam- points with 60 points in the major subject. hdllsvetenskapliga), and mathematics and Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points natural sciences (matematisk-naturvetenskapliga). with 80 points in major subject. As of July 1993 Center for Baltic Studies, Center for the Study authorized to grant degrees in business eco- of Child Culture, Center for Research in Inter- nomics, media and communication, psychol- national Migration and Ethnic Relations, ogy, social work, sociology, systems analysis, Center for Women's Studies, Center for Pacific chemistry, and political science. Asian Studies, Center for Research on Biling- Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social ualism, Stockholm University Institute for Work) 140 points. English Speaking Students, Institute for Latin Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo- American Studies, Stockholm Center for ma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Marine Research, Swedish Institute for Social Special Programs: Distance programs of- Research, Unit for Sign Language Interpre- fered mainly for teachers, nearly 1,000 enrolled. tation, Institute for Interpretation and Trans- Internationalization: COMETT, ERAS- lation Studies, and the Wallenberg Laboratory MUS, and NORDPLUS. at Stockholm University (Environmental U.S. Exchanges: Augusta College, Georgia. Chemistry, Genetics, Biochemical Toxi., etc.). Credentials Awarded: Operahogskolan i Stockholm (Stockholm Uni-Bevis (Certificate) points vary. versity College of Opera), Strandvagen 82, S-Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business 115 27 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 14 47 Administration and Economics)120,140 85, Fax: 46 8 667 00 50. points. Est. 1772 asa school of Royal Opera inFilosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Social Stockholm, continued strong ties with Royal Opera Science/Science [field]) at least 120 points. and Royal University College of Music. In 1968Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Arts/Social Sci- became independent college, only free-standing ence/Science [field]) at least 160 points. college for opera. Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public Academic Staff: (1993) 8 fulltime/8 part-time Administration) 140 points. Enrollment: (1993) 38 Hogskoleexamen Avseende Grundliiggande(field) Library: 1,000 volumes (mainly music scores) (University Certificate in [field]) 80 points. Organization: Areas of voice (operasdngarut-Hogskoleexamen pd Enstaka kurser med inriktning pd bildning), coaching (operarepetitorutbildning), di- (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Science/Social Science recting (opera-regiutbildning). in [field]) at least 120 points. Credentials Awarded: Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (University Certificate in Bevis (Certificate) points vary. [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100 points. Hogskoleexamen pd Musikdramatiska linjen (BachelorHogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (BachelOr of Arts/Social of Fine Arts in Opera) 140 points, formerly 120 Science/Science [field]) at least 120 points. points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Master of Arts/Social Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Science/Science [field])at least 160 points.

147 130 Appendix A

Juris Kandidatexamen (Master of Laws/LLM) 180and veterinary medicine. Increasing emphasis points. placed on environmental studies. Psykologexamen (Master of Science in Psychology) Academic Staff: (1993) 300 200 points, 80 more points beyond first degree. Enrollment: (1993) 2,700 (700 doctoral stu- Samhdllsplanerarexamen (Bachelor of Science in Ur- dents) ban and Regional Planning) 140 points. Library: 583,800 volumes Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Social Organization: Three faculties: agriculture Work) 140 points. (agronom), incl. horticulture (hortonom) and Credentials Awarded After July 1993: landscape architecture (landskapsarkitekt); fores- Bevis (Certificate) points vary. try (jeigmdstare); and veterinary medicine Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at (veterindr). least 80 points. Credentials Awarded: furls Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Laws)Agronomexamen (Master of Science in Agriculture) 180 points. 180, 200 points. Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120Bevis (Certificate) points vary. points with 60 points in major subject. Djursjukvdrdarexamen (University Certificate in Vet- Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points erinary Nursing) 40 points. with 80 points in major subject. Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (University Certificate in Psykologexamen (University Diploma in Psychology) [field]) 40 points. 200 points or 80 points beyond the first degree. Hortonomexamen (Master of Science in Horticul- Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social ture) 180, 200 points. Work) 140 points. Jdgmeistarexamen (Master of Science in Forestry) 200 Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (University Diploma in points. Applied [field]) 60 points. Landskapsarkitektexamen (Master of Science in Advanced Degrees (no change after July Landscape Architecture) 200 points. 1993) Lantmdstarexamen (University Certificate in Farm Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Management) 40 points. points beyond the first degree. Skogsmiistarexamen (University Certificate in Forest Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business Management) 80 points. Administration and Economics) 80 pointsSkogsteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Forest beyond the first degree. Studies) 80 points. Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160Tradgdrdsteknikerexamen (University Certificate in points beyond the first degree. Park and Market Garden Management) 40 Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso- points. phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. Veterindrexamen (Master of Science in Veterinary Juris Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Laws) 160 points Medicine) 220 points. beyond the first degree. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Juris Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Laws) 80Agronomexamen (University Diploma in Agriculture) points beyond the first degree. 180 points. Special Programs: (see Chapter 8, "Inter-Bevis (Certificate) points vary. nationalization and Study Abroad"). Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field])at Internationalization: Exchange agreements least 80 points. worldwide. Hortonomexamen (University Diploma in Horticul- U.S. Exchanges: University of Oklahoma ture) 180 points. and many departmental exchange programs. Jagmastarexamen (University Diploma in Forestry) 200 points. Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (Swedish Uni-Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 versity of AgriculturalSciences/S UA S), points with 60 points in major subject. S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden, Tel: 46 18 67 10Landskapsarkitektexamen (University Diploma in 00, Fax: 46 18 30 03 37. Landscape Architecture) 200 points. Est. 1977 with merger of the Colleges of Agri-Landskapsingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in culture, Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, and Landscape Construction and Management) 80 School of Forest Engineers, with the Veterinary points. Institute in Skara, founded in 1775. OperatesLantmeistarexamen (University Diploma in Agricul- under Ministry of Agriculture, maincampus locat- tural and Farm Management) 80 points. ed in Uppsala, with branches in Alnarp, Bisp-Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points garden, Garpenberg, Jadraas, Lund, Robacks- with 80 points in major subject. dalen, Skara, Skinnskatteberg, Stockholm, Sva-Skogsmiistarexamen (University Diploma in Forest lov, Lima and Varna mo. Conducts research Engineering) 40 points. projects in education and development, forestry,Skogsteknikerexamen (University Diploma in Forest horticulture, aquaculture, landscape architecture, Management) 80 points. 148 181 Tertiary Institution Profiles

Trodgdrdsingenjorsexamen (University Diploma inUniversitetetiGoteborg(Universityof Horticultural Management) 80 points. Goteborg), Vasaparken, S-411 24 Goteborg, Veterindrexamen (University Diploma in VeterinarySweden, Tel: 46 31 77 31 000, Fax: 46 31 77 Medicine) 220 points. 34 660. Advanced Degrees (no change after July Est. 1887 as Goteborgs Hogskola, teaching seven 1993): subjects, all within the Arts Faculty. In 1907 was Agronomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Agriculture) 160granted equal status with other state universities. points beyond the first degree. In 1954 officially established as University of Agronomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Agricul-Goteborg with the merger of the Goteborgs Hogskola ture) 80 points beyond the first degree. and Goteborg Medical College. In1971the Doktorsexamen i Veterineirmedicin (Doctor of Veteri-Goteborg School of Economics was merged with nary Medicine) 160 points beyond the firstthe University. In 1977 11 previously independent degree. educational institutions incorporated into the Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160University: School of Preschool Education, School points beyond the first degree. of Home Economics Education,Schoolof Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso-Journalism, College of Applied Arts, School of phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. Education, College of Music, School of Social Licentiatexamen i Veterindrmedicin (Licentiate in/ofWork and Public Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine) 80 points beyond the firstSpeech and Drama, School of Music Education, degree. and Valand College of Arts. One of most extensive Skoglig Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Forestry) 160range of courses in Sweden; instruction in all sub- points beyond the first degree. jects except engineering/technical fields. Skoglig Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Forestry) 80 Academicstaff: (1993) 1,350 and 700 re- points beyond the first degree. searchers Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Enrollment: (1993) 20,100 with 2,600 doctoral points beyond the first degree. students Teknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Engineer- Library: 2,300,000 volumes ing) 80 points beyond the first degree. Organization: Faculties of medicine (medic- Special programs: Short non-credit courses inska), odontology (odontologiska), humanities offered throughout the country. including fine arts (humanistiska), social sci- Internationalization: COMETT, E RAS- ences (samhollsvetenskapliga), mathematics, and MUS, NORDPLUS, TEMPUS, and many natural sciences (matematisk-naturvetens-kapliga). exchanges with European universities. Houses Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of U.S. Exchanges: Cornell University, Purdue the Human Condition and other similar. University, University of North Carolina atCredentials Awarded: Raleigh, and Texas A&M. Amnesldrarexamen pd (field) (Master of Arts in [field] Education) 40, 160, 180, 200, 220 points. Teaterhogskolan i Stockholm (Stockholm Uni-Barnavdrdsldrarexamen (Bachelor of Science in versity College of Acting), Box 20044, S-104 Child Welfare Education) 120 points. 60 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 641 21 60,Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Fax: 46 8 702 95 80. Dietistexamen (Bachelor of Science in Dietetics) 120 Training in elementary acting began at this points. institution established in 1787 as the school ofFilosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts [field]) at Royal Dramatic Theater. In 1964 the teaching least 120 points. program was separated from the theater, and be-Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business came an independent University College. Administration and Economics)120,140 Academic Staff: (1993) 16 full-/20 part-time points. Enrollment: (1993) 56 full-/100 part-time Ekonomexamen pd Hotell och Restaurangekonomlinjen Library: 2,000 volumes (Bachelor of Science in Business Adminis- Organization: No formal departments. Pro- tration and Economics-Hotel and Restaurant grams in acting, mime acting, sign-language Administration) 140 points. acting, and continuation courses. Forskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Credentials Awarded: sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Fine Arts in Administration) 140 points. [field]) at least 120 points. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec- Credentials Awarded After July 1993: reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 Bevis (Certificate) points vary. points. Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Seen och Medier (Uni-Grundskollararexamen (Bachelor of Education versity Diploma in Performing Arts and Media (Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades [field]) 120, 160 points. 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180 points.

149

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 182 Appendix A

Hogskoleexamen Avseende Grundlaggande(field) (University Diploma in Fine Arts and Design) (University Certificate in [field]) 80 points. 170, 200 points. Hogskoleexamen Avseende Pdbyggnadsutbildning i (field)Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen in Musik (University (University Diploma in [field]) 40 points. Diploma in Music) 160 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inKonstnarlig HogskoleexameniScenoch Medier [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100 points. (University Diploma in Performing Arts and Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Fine Media) 140 points. Arts/Science/Social Science) 120, 140 points. Liikarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Master of Arts/Fine Arts/ points. Science/Social Science in [field]) at least 160Logopedexamen (University Diploma in Speech points. Pathology and Therapy) 120 points. Hushdllskirarexamen (Bachelor of Science in HomeMagisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points Economics Education) 120 points. with 80 points in the major subject. Internationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Science inMusikMrarexamen (University Diploma in Music Business Administration and Economics- Education) 160 points. International Business Program) 160 points. Organistexamen (University Diploma in Church Juris Kandidatexamen (Master of Laws [LLM]) 180 Music) 160 points. points. Psykologexamen (University Diploma in Psychology) Kostekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Catering) 200 points. 120 points. Slojdlararexamen (University Diploma in Craft Ed- Lakarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 ucation) 120 points. points. Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social Logopedexamen (Bachelor of Science in Speech Work) 140 points. Pathology and Therapy) 120, 160 points. Tandlakarexamen (University Diploma in Dentistry) Musiklararexamen (Master of Fine Arts in Music 180 points. Education) 160 points. Teologie Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Di- Psykologexamen (Master of Science in Psychology) vinity) 140, 160 points. 80, 200 points. Advanced Degrees (no change after July Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Social1993): Work) 140 points. Doktorsexameni Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Specialpedagogexamen (Postgraduate Diploma in Medical Science) 160 points beyond the first Special Education) 60 points. degree. Tandliikarexamen (University Dental Degree) 180Doktorsexamen i Odontologisk Vetenskap (Doctor of points. Dental Science) 160 points beyond the first Teologie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Divinity) 140 degree. points; (Master of Divinity) 160 points. Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Textilldrarexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Textile Craft points beyond the first degree. Education) 120 points. Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business VeIrdlararexamen (University Diploma in Nursing Administration and Economics) 80 points Education) 60 points beyond a nursing degree. beyond the first degree. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University points beyond the first degree. Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso- points. phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Juris Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Laws) 80 Grundskollorarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- points beyond the first degree. cation for Primary and Secondary School)Licentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/of grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180, Medical Science) 80 points beyond the first 200 points. degree. Gymnasielararexamen (University Diploma in Edu-Licentiatexamen i Odontologisk Vetenskap (Licentiate cation for Upper Secondary School) 40, 160, in/of Dental Science) 80 points beyond the first 180, 200, 220 points. degree. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) atTeologie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Theology) 160 least 80 points. points beyond the first degree. HushdlIslararexamen (University Diploma in HomeTeologie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Theology) Economics Education) 120 points. 80 points beyond the first degree. Juris Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Laws) Special Programs: The Summer Academy 180 points. is a series of 2-week courses offered at both the Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 undergraduate and graduate levels, primarily points with 60 points in the major subject. for international students. Konstnarlig HogskoleexameniKonst och Design Internationalization: Numerous exchange

150 183 Tertiary Institution Profiles

agreements throughout the world. credit courses. U.S.Exchanges: Concordia University,Credentials Awarded: California (1989), University of North FloridaAmnesliirarexamen pd (field) (Master of Arts in [field] (1990), University of North Texas (1975), Education) 160, 180, 200, 220 points. University of Nebraska (1986), AppalachianArbetsterapeutexamen (University Certificate in Oc- State University (1989), New York University cupational Therapy) 100 points. (1989), Rochester Institute of TechnologyBevis (Certificate) points vary. (1986), The Julliard School (1987), Ohio StateCivilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (Master of Science in University (1982), and School of Visual Art, [field]) 160, 180 points. New York. Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Economics) 120,140 UniversitetetiLinkoping (University of points. Linkoping), S-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden,FilosofieKandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/ Tel: 46 13 28 10 00, Fax: 46 13 28 28 25. Science/Social Science in [field]) at least 120 Est. 1969 with Faculty of Engineering, Faculty points. of Medicine. In 1970 merged with Faculty of ArtsFolkhogskollorarexamen (University Diploma in and Science, previously branch of Stockholm Uni- Folk High School Education) 40 points. versity, to become Linkoping University College.Forskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Received university status in 1975, in 1977 the sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Lararhogskolan Linkoping (Teacher Training Col-Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public lege) established middle of nineteenth century, Administration) 140 points. was assimilated into the university. In 1980 theFritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Department of Theme Research created, in 1986 Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 Faculty of Health Sciences was established. points. Faculty of Engineering known as LinkopingGrundskolliirarexamen (Bachelor of Education Institute of Technology. Computer Science De- (Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades partment is largest in Sweden. First to offer pro- 1-7, 100, 140 points; grades 4-9, 160, 180 points. grams in Industrial Engineering and ManagementHogskoleexamen (University Certificate in [field]) 20, (1969). Some areas of study offered in Norrkoping. 40, 60, 80 points. Faculty of Health Sciences is cooperative ventureHogskoleexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Science/Social between the University and Ostergotland County Science in [field]) at least 120 points. Council. All medical degrees awarded by FacultyHogskoleexamen Pdbyggnadsutbildning i (field) (Univer- of Health Sciences in cooperation with the County sity Diploma in [field]) 40 points. Council. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in Academic Staff: (1993) 1,000 [field]) 80 points. Enrollment: (1993) 12,000 (800 doctoral) Internationell Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Library: 340,000 volumes Business Administration and Economics- Organization: Institute of Technology (Tek- International Business Program) 160 points. niska flogskolan), aka Faculty of Engineering;Laboratorieassistentexamen (University Certificate in Faculty of Arts and Social Science (Filosofiska Medical Laboratory Technology) 90 points. Fakulteten) includes interdisciplinary InstituteLakarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 of Theme Research, training doctoral students points. in five broad areas: Child Studies, Health andSjukgymnastexamen (University Certificate in Physi- Society, Communication Studies, Water and cal Therapy) 100 points. Environmental Studies, Technology and So-Sjukskoterskeexamen (field) (University Certificate in cial Change; Faculty of Health Sciences Nursing [field]) 80 points. (Halsouniversitetet), and School of EducationSlojdlararexamen (University Certificate in Craft (Lararutbildning). The University has numerous Education) 40, 120 points. research centers: Center for Distance Educa-Vdrdlararexamen (University Diploma in Nursing tion Technology (U-Link), Linkoping Collabor- Education) 60 points beyond a nursing degree. ating Center, Center for Industrial InformationCredentials Awarded After July 1993: Technology, Center for Women's Studies,Arbetsterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Occu- National Supercomputer Center, Forensic Sci- pational Therapy) 120 points. ence Center, Department of In-Service Edu-Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University cation of School Staff,Industrial Liaison Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Office, Management Development Center, points. Center for Medical Technology Assessment,Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Center for Professional Development, CenterCivilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- for Industrial Microelectronics and Material neering [field]) 180 points; also referredto as Technology, Center for Industrial Technology the Master of Science in Engineering if degree and Work Organization. Some centers offer includes 80 points in major subject.

151 184 Appendix A

Folkhogskolldrarexamen (University Diploma in Japan, and France; also an 180-point program Folk High School Education) 40 points. in InternationalBusiness, including both Grundskolldrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- practical experience and study abroad. cation for Primary and Secondary School) U.S. Exchanges: University of Massachu- grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 140, 180 setts, Amherst; University of Colorado, Boul- points. der; University of Oregon; University of Gymnasielararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- Wisconsin, Madison; University of Oklahoma; cation for Upper Secondary School) 40, 160, University of Washington; Pacific Lutheran 180, 200, 220 points. University; Stanford University; Case Western Hogskoleexamen (Diploma in [field]) at least 80 Reserve University. points. Ingenjorsexamen pei (field) (University Diploma in Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Universitetet Umed (University of Umea), S- Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 901 87limed., Sweden, Tel:46 90 165000, points with 60 points in major subject. Fax:4690165488. Liikarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 Est. 1965, incorporating the Institute of Dent- points. istry and the Institute of Medicine, to create a Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 pointsuniversity in northern Sweden. This is the only with 80 points in the major subject. university offering programs in public health and Sjukgymnastexamen (University Diploma in Physio-environmental protection, energy resources and therapy) 120 points. use, and arts administration. Sjukskoterskeexamen (University Diploma in Nurs- Academic Staff: (1993) 1,640 ing) 120 points. Enrollment: 11,000 (1,400 doctoral students) Slojdldrarexamen (University Diploma in Craft Ed- Library: 700,000 volumes ucation) 120 points. Organization: Faculties of dentistry (odontol- Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen(field)(University ogiska), medicine (medicinsk), engineering (tek- Diploma in Applied [field]) 60 points. nisk), mathematics and natural sciences (mate- Advanced Degrees (no change after July matikochnaturvetenskap),socialsciences 1993): (samhallsvetenskap), and humanities and edu- Doktorsexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Med- cation (humaniora och leirarutbildning). ical Science) 160 points beyond the firstCredentials Awarded: degree. After July 1993 the program requiredAmnesMrarexamen (Master of Art/Science in [field]) completion of the Medicin Doktorsexamen. 40, 160, 180, 200, 220 points. Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160BarnaveIrdsliirarexamen (Bachelor of Science in points beyond the first degree. Child Welfare Education) 120 points. Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of BusinessBevis (Certificate) points vary. Administration and Economics) 80 pointsBildldrarexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Art Education) beyond the first degree. 120 points. Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160Civilingenjorsexamen pa (field) (Master of Science in points beyond the first degree. [field]) 160, 180 points. Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso-Dietistexamen (Bachelor of Science in Dietetics) 120 phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. points. Licentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/ofEkonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Medical Science) 80 points beyond the first Administration and Economics)120,140 degree. points. Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Social points beyond the first degree. Science/Science [field]) at least 120 points. Teknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate of Engineering)Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Arts/Social Sci- 80 points beyond the first degree. ence/Science) requires at least 160 points. Special Programs: The Scandinavian AreaForskolliirarexamen (University Certificate in Nur- Studies program offers 1-term courses in Swed- sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. ish language, Scandinavian history, politics,Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public and literature. There are also courses in many Administration) 140 points. areas that are offered in English (see ChapterFritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in Rec- 8, "Internationalization and Study Abroad"). reation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 Internationalization: COMETT, E RAS- points. MUS, NORDPLUS, NORDTEK, TEMP-GrundskolMrarexamen (Bachelor of Education US, and technical student program with [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) grades CERN. A 180-point program in Industrial 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180 points. Engineering and Management is taught inHogskoleexamen Avseende Grundlaggande (field) (Uni- conjunction with institutions in Germany, versity Certificate in [field]) 80 points.

152 185 Tertiary Institution Profiles

Hogskoleexamen Avseende Pdbyggnadsutbildning i (field)Juris Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Laws) (University Diploma in [field]) 40 points. 180 points. Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (University Certificate inKandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100 points. points with 60 points in major subject. Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/SocialKonstnarlig HogskoleexameniKonst och Design Science/Science [field]) requires at least 120 (University Diploma in Fine Arts and Design) points. 170, 200 points. Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (Master of Arts/FineLdkarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 Arts/Social Science/Science) requires at least points. 160 points. Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points Hushdllslararexamen (Bachelor of Science in Home with 80 points in the major subject. Economics Education) 120 points. Psykologexamen (University Diploma in Psychology) Ingenjorsexamen pd [field]) (University Certificate in 200 points. [field]) 80 points. Psykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- Internationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Science in chotherapy) 60 points beyond a degree in Business Administration and Economics- medicine, psychology, or social work. International Business Program) 160 points. Slojdldrarexamen (University Diploma in Craft Ed- Juris Kandidatexamen (Master of Laws [LLM]) 180 ucation) 120 points. points. Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social Kostekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Catering) Work) 140 points. 120 points. Studie- och yrkesvagledarexamen (University Diploma Ldkarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 in Career Counseling) 120 points. points. Tandliikarexamen (University Diploma in Dentistry) Psykologexamen (Master of Science in Psychology) 180 points. 80, 200 points. Advanced Degrees (no changes after July Psykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy-1993): chotherapy) 30, 60 points. Doktorsexameni Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Social Medicine) 160 points. Work) 140 points. Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Specialpedagogexamen (Postgraduate Diploma in points beyond the first degree. Special Education) 60 points. Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business Tandldkarexamen (University Dental Degree) 180 Administration and Economics) 80 points points. beyond the first degree. Textilldrarexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Textile CraftFilosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 Education) 120 points. points beyond the first degree. Vdrdleirarexamen (University Diploma in NursingFilosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso- Education) requires 60 points beyond a nurs- phy) 80 points beyond the first degree. ing degree. Licentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/of Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Medicine) 80 points beyond the first degree. Barn- och ungdomspedagogiskexamen (University Special Programs: Short courses are offered Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 in a special summer session held in June and points. August. The courses may be either degree Bildlararexamen (University Diploma in Art Educa- courses or non-degree courses that give no tion) 120 points. points. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Internationalization: ERASMUS and many Civilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- international exchanges. neering [field]) 180 points, but a Master of U.S. Exchanges: University of Minnesota, Science in Engineering if the degree includes Duluth. 80 points in the major subject. Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu-Uppsala Universitet (Uppsala University), cation for Primary and Secondary School)Box 256, S-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden, Tel: 46 grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 160 points. 18 18 25 00, Fax: 46 18 18 20 00. Gymnasielararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- Est.1477, oldest university in Scandinavia cation for Upper Secondary School) 40, 160,and a leading research university. Famous persons 180, 200, 220 points. of earlier centuries such as Carl Von Linne Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) at(Linniaus), Anders Celsius, and Olof Rudbeck least 80 points. were professors here. Five Uppsala scientists have HushdllsMrarexamen (University Diploma in Homereceived Nobel prize. Sweden's only pharma- Economics Education) 120 points. ceutical faculty is located at Uppsala. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in Academic staff: 2,800 Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points. Enrollment: 17,000/3,000 doctoral students

153 186 Appendix A

Library: 450,000 volumes Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Master of Arts/Social Organization: Faculties of theology (teolog- Science/Science) at least 160 points. iska), law (juridiska), medicine (medicinska),Hushdllslararexamen (Bachelor of Science in Home pharmacy (farmaceutiska), arts (humanistiska), Economics Education) 120 points. social sciences (samhallsvetenskapliga), andIngenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate in technology and natural sciences (teknisknatur- [field]) 80 points. vetenskapliga). Also a division for education andInternationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Science in teaching (ldrarutbildning). Facilities connected Business Administration and Economics with the university include the Swedish Insti- International Business Program) 160 points. tute of International Law, the University Hos-Juris Kandidatexamen (Master of Laws [LLM]) 180 pital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, points. the Swedish Institute for North AmericanKostekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Catering) Studies, the Institute of Dialect and Folklore 120 points. Research, the Swedish Dialect Dictionary, theLakarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 Institute of Place-Name Research, the Scan- points. dinavian Institute of African Studies, theMaster of Arts/Social Science/Science, 60 points, Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies in for students with foreign secondary schooling the Social Sciences, the Talloires Secretariat, and first degree, always awarded in English. the Institute of Space Physics, and the Sved-Psykologexamen (Master of Science in Psychology) berg Laboratory with the Celsius Ring. 80, 200 points. Credentials Awarded: Receptarieexamen (University Certificate in Dispens- Amneslararexamen pd (field) (Master of Arts/Science ing Pharmacy) 40, 80 points. in [field] Education) 160 points; (Master ofSlojdldrarexamen (University Certificate in Craft Arts/Social Science/Science for Upper Secon- Education) 120 points. dary and Adult Education) 40, 160, 180, 200,Teologie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Divinity) 140 220 points. points; (Master of Divinity) 160 points. Apotekarexamen (Master of Science in Pharmacy)Textilldrarexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Textile Craft 160, 200 points. Education) 120 points. Barnavdrdsldrarexamen (Bachelor of Science inToxikologexamen (Master of Science in Toxicology) Child Welfare) 120 points. 60 points beyond a first degree. Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Vdrdlararexamen (University Diploma in Nursing Civilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (Master of Science in Education) 60 points beyond a nursing degree. Engineering [field]) 160, 180 points. Credentials Awarded After July 1993: Dietistexamen (Bachelor of Science in Dietetics) 120Apotekarexamen (University Diploma in Pharmacy) points. 200 points. Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in BusinessBarn- och ungdomspedagogiskexamen (University Administration and Economics) 120,140 Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 points. points. FilosofieKandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Bevis (Certificate) points vary. Science/Social Science [field]) at least 120Civilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- points. neering [field]) 180 points, Master of Science in Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Arts/Social Sci- Engineering if the degree includes 80 points in ence/Science) at least 160 points. major subject. Forskolldrarexamen (University Certificate in Nur-Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu- sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. cation for Primary and Secondary School) Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public grades 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 160, 180 Administration) 140 points. points. Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate inGymnasieldrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 cation for Upper Secondary School) 40, 180pts. points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field])at GrundskolMrarexamen (Bachelor of Education least 80 points. (Compulsory Comprehensive School]) gradesHushdllsldrarexamen (University Diploma in Home 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, 180 points. Economics Education) 120 points. Hogskoleexamen Avseende Grundlikgande(field)Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in (University Certificate in [field]) 80 points. Engineering/Lower Level [field]) 80 points Hogskoleexamen Avseende Pdbyggnadsutbildning i (field)Juris Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Laws) (University Diploma in [field]) 40 points. 180 points. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate inKandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field])at least 120 [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100 points. points with 60 points in major subject. Hogskoleexamen i/pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/SocialLdkarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 Science/Science [field]) at least 120 points. points. 154 187 Tertiary Institution Profiles

Magisterexamen (Master of Science in Arts/Social points beyond the first degree. Science/Science [field]) at least 160 points withLicentiatexamen i Farmaceutisk Vetenskap (Licentiate 80 points in major subject. of Pharmaceutical Medicine) 80 points beyond Psykologexamen (University Diploma in Psychology) the first degree. 200 points. Licentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/of Receptarieexamen (University Diploma in Dispensing Medical Science) 80 points beyond the first Pharmacy) 80 points. degree. Slajdlararexamen (University Diploma in Craft Ed-Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 ucation) 120 points. points beyond the first degree. Teologie Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Di-Teknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate of Engineering) vinity) 140, 160 points. 80 points beyond the first degree. Advanced Degrees (no change after JulyTeologie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Theology) 1993): 80 points beyond the first degree. Doktorsexamen i Farmaceutisk Vetenskap (Doctor ofTeologie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Theology) 160 Pharmaceutical Medicine) 160 points beyond points beyond the first degree. the first degree. Special Programs: (see Chapter 8, "Inter- Doktorsexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Med- nationalization and Study Abroad"). ical Science) 160 points beyond the first Internationalization: Extensive international degree. contacts in both research and education. Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 U.S. Exchanges: Augustana College,Illi- points beyond the first degree. nois; University of Colorado; Illinois State Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business University; University of Miami; University of Administration and Economics) 80 points Oregon; Purdue University; University of South beyond the first degree. Florida; Ohio State University; California State Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 University; Gustavus Adolphus College; Uni- points beyond the first degree. versity of Michigan; University of Houston; FilosofieLicentiatexamen(Licentiatein/of Southern Connecticut State University; the Philosophy) 80 points beyond the first degree. Lutheran School of Divinity, Chicago; and Juris Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Laws) 80 Uppsala College, New York.

155 188 Appendix B Health College Institutional Profiles

Blekinge Internationella Halsohogskola (Inter-Credentials awarded- University Diploma: medi- national Health College of Blekinge) for-cine, nursing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, merly VdrdhogskolaniKarlskrona (Karls-and social care. Diploma: biomedical laboratory krona College of Health and Caring Sci-science. Specialization after first degree is offered ences), S-371 85 Karlskrona, Sweden, Tel:in a variety of subjects. 46 455 892 80, Fax: 46 455 893 77. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: mid-Kalmar Liins Vdrdhogskola (Kalmar College wifery, nursing, and social care. Diploma: medicalof Health Sciences), Stathallaregatan 50, S- laboratory science. Specializations after first degree392 44 Kalmar, Sweden, Tel: 46 480 844 10, in nursing: anesthetics, intensive care, midwifery,Fax: 46 480 844 03. and public health; in social care: social care. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing, social care, physiotherapy, and midwifery. Special- Ersta Diakonisallskaps Sjukskoterskehogskolaizations after the first degree in nursing:anes- (Ersta Diakonisallskap College of Healththetics, intensive care, midwifery, operatingroom Sciences), Box 4619, S-116 91 Stockholm,nursing, psychiatry, and public health; in social Tel: 46 8 714 61 00, Fax: 46 8 714 93 27. care: social care. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: midwifery and nursing. Landstingets Hogskola i Kristianstad (Kristian- stad College for Health Professions), Las- Halsohogskolan i Jonkoping (Jonkoping Col-arettsboulevarden 18 A, S-291 33 Kristian- lege of Health Sciences), Box 1038, S-551stad, Sweden, Tel: 46 44 13 10 00, Fax: 46 44 11 Jonkoping, Sweden, Tel: 46 36 10 48 00,13 28 30. Fax: 46 36 10 48 48. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: social Credentials awarded- University Diploma: mid-care (applied social studies), dental hygiene, and wifery, nursing, occupational therapy, and socialnursing. Specializations after the first degree in care. Diploma: orthopedic engineering and dentalnursing: anesthetics and public health/district hygiene. Specialization after first degree is offerednursing. in a variety of subjects. Roda Korsets Sjukskoterskeskola (The Red Halsohogskolani Umed formerly Vardhogs-CrossCollegeof Nursing,Stockholm), kolan i Umed (limed. College of Health andDalagatan 9-11, S-113 24 Stockholm, Swe- Caring Sciences), Bid. vagen 301, S-907 42den, Tel: 46 8 690 01 00, Fax: 46 8 690 01 90. Umed, Sweden, Tel: 46 90 15 86 00, Fax: 46Credentials awarded- Bachelor of Science: inter- 90 13 74 77. national nursing. Master of Science: nursing inco- Credentials awarded- University Diploma: dentaloperation with Cardiff University. University hygiene, nursing, occupational therapy, physio-Diploma: nursing. therapy, and social care. Diploma: biomedical laboratory science. Specializations after first degree:Skaraborgs Vardhogskola (Skaraborgs College biomedical laboratory science, nursing,occupa-of Health Sciences, Skovde), Karnsjukhuset, tional therapy, physical therapy, and socialcare. S-541 85 Skovde, Sweden, Tel: 46 500 43 19 20, Fax: 46 500 43 56 25. Halsohogskolan i Varmland (Varmland Col-Credentials awarded- University Diploma: mid- lege of Health and Caring Sciences, Karl-wifery, nursing, and social care. Specializations af- stad), Box 8, S-651 02 Karlstad, Sweden, Tel:ter first degree in nursing: anesthetics, intensive 46 54 10 65 00, Fax: 46 54 18 37 45. care, pediatrics, and public health/district nursing. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: dental hygiene, nursing, and socialcare.Diploma:Sopiahemmets Sjukskoterskeskola (Sopiahem- biomedical laboratory science. Specializations aftermet College of Health Sciences), Box 5605, the first degree in nursing: anesthetics, intensiveS-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel: 46 8 796 care, and public health/district nursing. 08 78, Fax: 46 8 10 29 09. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: mid- Halsouniversitetet(Linkoping Faculty ofwifery and nursing. Health Sciences), S-581 05 Linkoping, Swe- den, Tel: 46 13 22 37 37, Fax: 46 13 10 4495.

156 185 Health College Institutional Profiles

Vdrdhogskolani Boden (Boden College ofCredentials awarded- Bachelor of Science: clinical Health and Caring Sciences), Hedenbrova-diagnostic physiology and biomedical laboratory gen, S-961 44 Boden, Sweden, Tel: 46 921science. University Diploma: dental hygiene, nurs- 678 13, Fax: 46 921 678 50. ing, occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing,social care. Diploma: audio technology. Special- occupational therapy, physiotherapy, and socialization after first degree in nursing is offered in a care. Specializations after first degree in nursing:wide variety of subjects. anesthetics, public health/district nursing, intensive care, pediatrics, psychiatry, and operatingVdrdhogskolan i Hal land (Hal land College of room nursing. Health and Caring Sciences, Halmstad), Box 816, S-301 18 Halmstad, Sweden, Tel: Vdrdhogskolan i Bohuslan (College of Health46 35 18 21 40, Fax: 46 35 18 21 41. and Caring Sciences), Vintergatan 8, S-451Credentials awarded- University Diploma: dental 51 Uddevalla, Sweden, Tel: 46 522 929 00,hygiene and nursing. Specializations after first de- Fax: 46 522 347 94. gree in nursing: anesthetics, intensive care, psychi- Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursingatry, and public health/district nursing. and social care. Specialization after first degree in nursing: public health. VdrdhogskolaniLund / Helsingborg (Lund- Helsingborg College for the Health Profes- VdrdhogskolaniBoras (Boras College ofsions) formerly known as Skane Colleges of Health and Caring Sciences), Box 55140, S-Health incl. Malmo College of Health Sci- 500 05 Boras, Sweden, Tel: 46 33 16 16 00,ences, Box 157, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden, Tel: Fax: 46 33 14 44 16. 46 46 15 30 00 (Lund), Fax: 46 46 15 85 35. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursingCredentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing and midwifery. Diploma: biomedical laboratoryand occupational therapy. Diploma: audio tech- science. Specializations after first degree in nurs-nologyandbiomedicallaboratoryscience. ing: anesthetics, intensive care, public health/Specializations after the first degree in nursing: district nursing, and midwifery. anesthetics, midwifery, oncology, and public health/district nursing. Vdrdhogskolan i Eskilstuna (Eskilstuna Col- legeof Health Sciences), DrottninggatanVdrdhogskolani Malmo (Malmo College of 16, S-632 20 Eskilstuna, Sweden, Tel: 46 16Health Sciences) formerly known as Skane 12 51 00, Fax: 46 16 14 18 32. Colleges of Health that included Lund- Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursingHelsingborg College for Health Professions, and social care. Specializations after first degree inSparvagsgatan 9, S-214 27 Malmo, Sweden, nursing: anesthetics, intensive care, and publicTel: 46 40 34 10 00, Fax: 46 40 92 15 20. health. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: social care (applied social studies). Diploma: biomedical VdrdhogskolaniFalun (Falun Collegeoflaboratory science. Specializations after first degree: Health Sciences), Box 741, S-791 29 Falun,anesthetics and public health/district nursing. Sweden, Tel: 46 23 860 00, Fax: 46 23 863 36. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing,Vdrdhogskolan i Orebro (Orebro College of midwifery,socialcare,and dental hygiene.Health and Caring Sciences), Box 1323, S- Specializationsafterfirst degree innursing:701 13 Orebro, Sweden, Tel: 46 19 15 75 66, anesthetics, intensive care, pediatrics, and publicFax: 46 19 32 23 52. health/district nursing. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: dental hygiene, midwifery, nursing, occupational therapy, VdrdhogskolaniGavle (Gavle College ofand social 'care. Diploma: audio technology and Health and Caring Sciences), Box 6160, S-biomedical laboratory science. Specializations after 800 06 Gavle, Sweden, Tel: 46 26 60 72 30,first degree in nursing: anesthetics, diagnostics ra- Fax: 46 26 65 14 50. diology, intensive care, oncology, operating room Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing,nursing, ophthalmology, psychiatry, and public social care, and dental hygiene. Specializationshealth/district nursing. after first degree in nursing: intensive care and public health/district nursing. Vdrdhogskolan i Ostersund (Ostersund College of Health and Caring Sciences), Box 356, S- 831 25 Ostersund, Sweden, Tel: 46 63 14 79 Vdrdhogskolan i Goteborg (Goteborg College of50, Fax: 46 63 14 79 54. Health Sciences), Box 19095, S-400 12 Gote-Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing borg, Sweden, Tel: 46 31 778 64 00, Fax: 46and social care. Specialization after the first degree 31 16 72 52. is offered in a variety of subjects.

157 190 Api'endix B

Vdrdhogskolan iStockholm(StockholmCredentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing College of Health and Caring Sciences),and physiotherapy. Diploma: medical laboratory Box 9099, S-112 51 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel:science. Specialization after the first degree in a va- 46 8 737 40 46. riety of subjects. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: dental hygiene, midwifery, nursing, occupational therapy, and social care. Diploma: audio technology andVdrdhogskolan i Vanersborg (Vanersborg Col- biomedical laboratory science. Specializations afterlege of Health Sciences), Box 236, S-462 23 first degree in audio therapy: molecular biologyVanersborg, Sweden, Tel: 46 521 27 50 00, and biotechnology; in nursing: anesthetics, inten-Fax: 46 521 605 69. sive care, midwifery, oncology, operating roomCredentials awarded- University Diploma: dental nursing, pediatrics, and public health/district nurs-hygiene, nursing, and social care. Specializations ing; in occupational therapy: primary health care;after first degree in nursing: anesthetics, intensive in orthoptics. Postgraduate education and researchcare, and public health/district nursing. is carried out in cooperation with the Karolinska Institute and Stockholm University. Vdrdhogskolan iViisterds (Vasteras College of Vdrdhogskolan i Sundsvall /OrnskoldsvikHealth Sciences), S-721 89 Vasteras, Swe- (Sundsvall/OrnskoldsvikCollegefortheden, Tel: 46 21 17 30 00, Fax: 46 21 17 49 16. Health Professions), S-851 86 Sundsvall,Credentials awarded- University Diploma: mid- Sweden, Tel: 46 60 18 27 00, Fax: 46 60 15 12wifery and nursing. Specializations after first de- 09. gree in nursing: anesthetics, intensive care, mid- Credentials Awarded- University Diploma: mid-wifery, pediatrics, and psychiatry. wifery, nursing, and social care. Diploma: biomedical laboratory science. Specializations after firstVdrdhogskolan i Viixjo (Vaxjii College for the degree in nursing: anesthetics, intensive care, mid-Health Professions), Box 1210, S-351 12 wifery, psychiatry, and public health/district nurs-Viixj el, Sweden, Tel: 46 470 858 04, Fax: 46 ing; and in social care. 470 398 58. Credentials awarded- University Diploma: nursing Vdrdhogskolan i Uppsala (Uppsala College ofand social care. Specializations in nursing: anes- Health and Caring Sciences), Dobelnsgatanthetics, care of the elderly, diagnostic radiology, in- 2, S-752 37 Uppsala, Sweden, Tel: 46 18 17tensive care, psychiatry, and surgical care; and in 66 10, Fax: 46 18 53 58 08. social care.

158 19i Appendix C

Tertiary Credentials

Credentials Awarded Prior to July 1993 Driftingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Control and Maintenance) 80 points. Agronomexamen (Master of Science in Agriculture) 180, 200 points. Driftteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Con- trol and Maintenance) 80 points. Amneslararexamen pd (field) (Master of Arts/Science in [field] Education or Master of Arts/Science/Ekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Social Sciences for Upper Secondary and Adult Administration and Economics) 120, 140 points; Education) 40, 160, 180, 200, 220 points. (Master of Science in Business Administration and Economics) 160 points. Apotekarexamen (Master of Science in Pharmacy) 160, 200 points. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Arts/Science/ Social Sciences [field]) at least 120 points. Arbetsterapeutexamen (University Certificate in Oc- cupational Therapy) 100 points. Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Master of Arts/Social Sci- ences/Science) at least 160 points. Arkitektexamen (Master of Architecture) 160, 180 points. Flygldrarexamen (University Certificate for Flight Instructors) 40 points. BarnavdrdsMrarexamen (Bachelor of Science in Child Welfare Education) 120, 140 points. Folkhogskollararexamen (University Diploma in Folk High School Education) 40 points. Barnmorskeexamen (Bachelor of Science in Nursing [Midwifery]) 60 points beyond nursing degree. Forskollararexamen (University Certificate in Nur- sery and Infant Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Bergsingenjorsexamen (Master of Science in Geotech- nology) 160, 180 points. Forvaltningsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Public Administration) 120, 140 points; (Master of Sci- Bevis (Certificate) points vary. ence in Public Administration) 160 points.

Bildlararexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Art Education)Fritidspedagogexamen (University Certificate in 120 points. Recreation and Leisure Education) 50, 80, 100 points. Brandingenjorsexamen (University Certificate in Fire Protection Engineering) 100 points. Grundskolldrarexamen(Bachelor of Education [Compulsory Comprehensive School]) for grades Civilekonomexamen (Bachelor of Economics and 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 140, 160, 180 points. Business Administration) 140 points; (Master of Economics and Business Administration) 160Hogskoleexameni /ayseende grundlaggande (field) points. Degree awarded at Stockholm School of (University Certificate in [field]) 60, 80 points. Economics. Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (University Certificate/ Civilingenjorsexamen pd (field) (Master of Science in Diploma in [field]) 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 points. [field]) 160, 180 points. Hogskoleexamen pd Enstaka Kurser (Bachelor of Dietistexamen (Bachelor of Science in Dietetics) 120 Arts/Science/Social Sciences) at least 120 points points. with 60 points in the major subject, for single- subject courses. Djursjukvdrdarexamen (University Certificate in Vet- erinary Nursing) 40 points.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 159 192 Appendix C

Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Bachelor of Arts/Edu-Lantmiistarexamen (University Certificate in Farm cation/Fine Arts/Science/Social Sciences [field]) Management) 40 points. 40, 120 points. Logopedexamen (Bachelor of Science in Speech Hogskoleexamen ilpd (field) (Master of Arts/Fine Arts/ Pathology and Therapy) 120, 140, 160 points. Science/Social Sciences [field]) 40, 60, 80, 160, 170, 200 points. Maskinteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Ma- rine Engineering) 80 points. Hogskoleexamen ayseendelpd Pdbyggnadslinjen (field) (Postgraduate Diploma/Certificate in[field],Master of Arts/Science, 60 points, for students with Bachelor of Science [field], Master of Science a foreign first degree. Issued in English only. [field], University [Supplementary] Diploma in [field]) points vary. Mellanstadieldrarexamen (Bachelor of Education in Primary Education [Intermediate Level]) grades Horselvdrdsassistentexamen (University Certificate in 4-6, 120 points. Last admission in 1988; degree Diagnostic Audiology, Audio Therapy) 80 pts. awarded until December 31, 1990.

Hortonomexamen (Master of Science in Horticul-Musiklararexamen (Master of Fine Arts in Music ture) 180, 200 points. Education) 160 points.

HushdllsIdrarexamen (Bachelor of Science in HomeOrtoptistexamen (University Diploma in Orthoptics) Economics Education) 120 points. 40 points.

Idrottslararexamen (Bachelor of Education in Physi-Psykologexamen (Master of Science in Psychology) cal Education Teaching) 120 points. 80, 200 points.

Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Certificate inPsykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- [field]) 40, 80 points. chotherapy) 60 points beyond a degree in medicine, psychology, social work, or equiva- Internationell Ekonomexamen (Master of Science in lent. Business Administration and Economics-Inter- national Business Program) 160 points. Receptarieexamen (University Certificate in Dispens- ing Pharmacy) 40, 80 points. Jagmastarexamen (Master of Science in Forestry) 200 points. Sjoingenjorsexamen (Bachelor of Science in Marine Engineering) 40 points beyond the Maskin- Juris Kandidatexamen (Master of Laws [LLM]) 180 teknikerexamen or equivalent; or 120 points. points. Sjokaptensexamen (Bachelor of Science in Nautical Kostekonomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Catering) Science) 40 points beyond the Styrmansexamen. 120 points. Sjukgymnastexamen(University Certificatein Laboratorieassistentexamen (University Certificate in Physical Therapy) 100 points; (Bachelor of Sci- Medical Laboratory Technology) 90 points. ence in Physical Therapy) 20 points beyond the first degree in the field. Ldgstadielararexamen (University Certificate in Pri- mary Education [Junior Level]) grades 1-3, 100Sjukskoterskeexamen (field) (University Certificate in points. Last admission 1988; degree awarded Nursing [field]) 80, 100 points. until June 30, 1991. Skogsmastarexamen (University Certificate in Forest Lakarexamen (University Medical Degree) 220 Management) 40 points beyond the Skog- points. steknikerexamen.

Lands kapsarkitektexamen(Master of Science inSkogsteknikerexamen (University Certificate in Forest Landscape Architecture) 200 points. Studies) 80 points.

160 193 Tertiary Credentials

Slojdldrarexamen (University Certificate in CraftArkitektexamen (University Diploma in Architecture) Education) 40, 120 points. 180 points, may also be referred to as Master of Architecture if the degree includes 80 points in Social Examen (Bachelor of Science in Social Work) the major subject. 160 points. Degree is awarded at the Skondal Institute. Barnmorskeexamen (University Diploma in Mid- wifery) 60 points beyond first degree in nursing. Socionomexamen (Bachelor of Science in Social Work) 140 points. Barn- och ungdomspedagogisk examen (University Diploma in Child and Youth Training) 120 Specialpedagogexamen (Postgraduate Diploma in points. Special Education) 40, 60 points beyond the first teaching degree. Bevis: kursbevis, examenbevis (Certificate) points vary. Bevis or kursbevis is awarded upon completion of Styrmansexamen (University Certificate in Nautical course or short programs. The exmanbevis is Science) 80 points. awarded upon completion of degree requirements. Tandhygienistexamen (University Certificate in Den- tal Hygiene) 40, 80 points. Bildldrarexamen (University Diploma in Art Educa- tion) 120 points. Tandldkarexamen (University Dental Degree) 180 points. Brandingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Fire Protection Engineering) 100 points. Teologie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Divinity) 140 points; (Master of Divinity) 160 points. Civilekonomexamen (Master of Economics and Business Administration) 160 points. Offered at Textillararexamen (Bachelor of Arts in Textile Craft the Stockholm School of Economics. Education) 120 points. Civilingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Engi- Toxikologexamen (Master of Science in Toxicology) neering [field]) 180 points, may also be referred 60 points beyond a 120-point university degree. to as Master of Science in (field) if the degree includes at least 60 points in the major subject Tradgdrdsteknikerexamen (University Certificate in area. Park and Market Garden Management) 40 points. Ekonomie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in Business Administration and Economics) at Utbildningsbevis (Certificate) points vary. least 120 points with 60 points in the major subject. Veirdlararexamen (University Diploma in Nursing Education) 40, 60 points beyond the nursingEkonomie Magisterexamen (Master of Science in degree. Business Administration and Economics) at least 160 points with 80 points in the major Veterinarexamen (Master of Science in Veterinary subject. Medicine) 220 points. Farmacie Magisterexamen (Master of Science in Pharmacy) at least 160 points with 60 points in Credentials Awarded After July 1993 the major subject.

Agronomexamen (University Diploma in Agriculture)Filosofie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 180 points. 120 points with 60 points in the major subject.

Apotekarexamen (University Diploma in Pharmacy)Filosofie Magisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 200 points. 160 points with 80 points in the major subject.

Arbetsterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Occu-Flyglararexamen (University Diploma in Aviation pational Therapy) 120 points. Education) 40 points.

161 194 Appendix C

FolkhogskolMrarexamen (University Diploma inLakarexamen (University Diploma in Medicine) 220 Folk High School Education) 40 points. points.

Grundskollararexamen (University Diploma in Edu-Lands kapsingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in cation for Primary and Secondary School) grades Landscape Construction and Management) 80 1-7, 140 points; grades 4-9, 40, 160, and 180 points. points. Landskapsarkitektexamen (University Diploma in GymnasieMrarexamen (University Diploma in Edu- Landscape Architecture) 200 points. cation for Upper Secondary School) subject teacher 40, 180, 200, 220 points; nursing teacherLantmlistarexamen (University Diploma in Agricul- or vocational teacher 40 points. tural and Rural Management) 80 points.

Hogskoleexamen ilayseende grundlaggande (field) (Diplo-Logopedexamen (University Diploma in Speech ma in [field]) 80 points Pathology and Therapy) 160 points.

Hogskoleexamen i /pd (field) (Diploma in [field]) atMagisterexamen (Master of [field]) at least 160 points least 80 points; (University Certificate in [field]) with 80 points in the major subject. in medical fields, the number of points required vary. Maskinteknikerexamen (University Diploma in Ma- rine Engineering/Lower Level) 80 points. Hortonomexamen (University Diploma in Horticul- ture) 180 points. Master of Arts/Science, 60 points, for students with foreign first degrees. Issued in English only. Hushdllsldrarexamen (University Diploma in Home Economics Education) 120 points. MusikMrarexamen (University Diploma in Music Education) 160 points. Idrottsldrarexamen (University Diploma in Physical Education) 120 points. Organistexamen (University Diploma in Church Music) 160 points. Ingenjorsexamen pd (field) (University Diploma in Engineering/Lower Level [field]) requires atPo litices Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Public Admin- least 80 points. istration) at least 120, 140 points with 60 points in the major subject. Jdgmastarexamen (University Diploma in Forestry) 200 points. Politices Magisterexamen (Master of Public Adminis- tration) at ,least 160 points with 80 points in the Juris Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Laws) major subject. 180 points. Psykologexamen (University Diploma in Psychology) Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of [field]) at least 120 200 points. points with 60 points in the major subject area. Psykoterapeutexamen (University Diploma in Psy- Konstndrlig Hogskoleexamen i Dans (University Diplo- chotherapy) 60 points beyond degree in medi- ma in Dance) at least 80 points. cine, psychology, social work, or equivalent.

Konstndrlig Hogskoleexamen i Konst och Design (Uni-Receptarieexamen (University Diploma in Dispensing versity Diploma in Fine Arts and Design) at Pharmacy) 40, 80 points. least 80 points. Sjoingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in Marine Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen i Musik (University Engineering) 40 points beyond the Maskin- Diploma in Music) requires at least 80 points. teknikerexamen or equivalent; 120 points.

Konstadrlig Hogskoleexamen i Seen och Medier (Univer-Sjokaptensexamen (University Diploma in Nautical sity Diploma in Performing Arts and Media) at Science/Master Mariner Level) 40 points be- least 80 points. yond the Styrmansexamen.

162 195 Tertiary Credentials

Sjukgymnastexamen (University Diploma in Physio- Advanced Degrees (no change after July therapy) 120 points. 1993)

Sjukskoterskeexamen (University Diploma in Nurs-Agronomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Agriculture) 160 ing) 120 points. points beyond the Agronomexamen.

Skogsmastarexamen (University Diploma in ForestAgronomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Agricul- Engineering) 40 points beyond the Skog- ture) 80 point beyond the Agronomexamen. steknikerexamen.

Skogsteknikerexamen (University Diploma in ForestDoktorsexamen i Farmaceutisk Vetenskap (Doctor of Management) 80 points. Pharmaceutical Science) 160 points.

Slojdlararexamen (University Diploma in Craft Ed-Doktorsexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Doctor of Med- ucation) 120 points. ical Science) 160 points.

Social Omsorgsexamen (University Diploma in SocialDoktorsexamen i Odontologi /Odontologisk Vetenskap Care) 100, 120 points. (Doctor of Odontology/Dental Science) 160 pts. Socionomexamen (University Diploma in Social Work) 140, 160 points. Doktorsexamen i Veterinarmedicin (Doctor of Veteri- nary Medicine) 160 points beyond the Veter- Specialpedagogexamen (University Diploma in Spe- iniirexamen. cial Education) 40 points beyond first teaching degree. Ekonomie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 points. Studie- och Yrkesvagledarexamen (University Diploma in Career Counseling) 120 points. Ekonomie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Business Administration and Economics) 80 points. Styrmansexamen (University Diploma in Nautical Science/Mate Level) 80 points. Filosofie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160 points. Tandhygienistexamen (University Diploma in Dental Hygiene) 80 points. Filosofie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Philoso- phy) 80 points. Tandliikarexamen (University Diploma in Dentistry) 180 points. Juris Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Laws) 80 points. Teknologie Kandidatexamen (Bachelor of Science in [field]) at least 120 points with 60 points in theJuridisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Laws) 160 points. major subject. Licentiatexamen i Farmaceutisk Vetenskap (Licentiate Teknologie Magisterexamen (Master of Science in in/of Pharmaceutical Science) 80 points. [field]) at least 160 points with 80 points in the major subject. Licentiatexamen i Medicinsk Vetenskap (Licentiate in/of Medical Science) 80 points. Teologie Kandidatexamen (University Diploma in Di- vinity) 140, 160 points. Licentiatexamen i Folkhalsovetenskap (Master in/of Public Health) 80 points beyond a 120-point Treidgdrdsingenjorsexamen (University Diploma in university degree. Horticultural Management) 80 points. Licentiatexamen i OdontologylOdontologisk Vetenskap Veteriniirexamen (University Diploma in Veterinary (Licentiate in/of Odontology/Dental Science) 80 Medicine [DVM]) 220 points. points.

Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen (field) (University Diplo-Licentiatexamen i Veterinarmedicin (Licentiate in/of ma in Applied [field]) 60 points. Veterinary Medicine) 80 points beyond the Veter- in/irexamen.

163 196 BEST COPY AVAILABLE Appendix C

Skoglig Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Forestry) 160Teknisk Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Engineer- points beyond the Jagmostarexamen. ing) 80 points.

Skoglig Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Forestry) 80Teologie Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Theology) 160 points beyond the Jdgmostarexamen. points.

Teknisk Doktorsexamen (Doctor of Philosophy) 160Teologie Licentiatexamen (Licentiate in/of Theology) points. 80 points.

164 197 Appendix D Swedish National Agencies

The National Agency for Higher Educationand/or provides financial support for seminars and (Verket for HogskoleserviceIVHS), Birgerjar-courses both in Sweden and abroad that contribute lsgatan 43, Stockholm, Box 7851, S-103 99to the exchange of professional knowledge be- Stockholm. Tel: 46 8 453 50 00, Fax: 46 8 453tween Swedish and foreign experts; promotes 51 40. Swedish documentary films; and awards scholar- The National Agency for Higher Education isships and grants for short- or long-term study and successor to the National Board of Universities andresearch visits to Sweden or abroad. Formerly Colleges, it is mainly financed by the Ministry ofoperated the National Academic Mobility Infor- Education, and serves universities and highermation Center/NAMIC, which had provided infor- education in Sweden. The agency's five depart-mation on education and research to foreigners ments are: Student Affairs, International Affairs,and Swedes. Information and Statistics, Purchasing, and Legal Advisory. There is also a Division of Finance andOffice of the University Chancellor (Kans- Internal Services. The Student Affairs Departmentlersambetete), Birgerjarlsgatan 37, S-103 99 serves as the admissions office for applicants to fullStockholm. programs in most tertiary institutions (see Chapter The Chancellor's Office was established in 4, Admission). International Affairs includes the 1992 by the government to assist in the implemen- National Academic Recognition Information Cen-tation of the new educational directives put in ter/NARIC and an international programs office,placein1993. This office determines which which handles requests for recognition of academicnational evaluations will be implemented, com- credentials from individuals, employers, univer-missions the evaluations, and summarizes and sities, and colleges. The office also offers informa-publishes the results. It also stimulates universities tion to Swedish students about study abroad pro-and colleges to do their own evaluations, and grams. judges the quality assurance of the systems developed. The Chancellor's office also follows up The SwedishInstitute(Sverigehuset,measures taken as a consequence of evaluation, Hamngatan, Stockholm), Box 7434, S-103 91definesanddevelopsvarious methodsfor Stockholm. Tel: 46 8 789 20 00, Fax: 46 8 20evaluation, takes part in the development of 72 48. quality indicators to be used as a basis for funding, The Swedish Institute disseminates knowl-and tests the examination standards at different edge abroad about Swedish society and culture bylevels. New master level programs to be offered at means of informational activities; promotes cul-University Colleges are reviewed by the Chan- tural, professional, educational, and scholarly ex-cellor's Office and forwarded to the government for change between Sweden and other countries; final approval. supports the teaching of Swedish as a foreign language; and is responsible for the operations ofThe Swedish Information Service, One Dag the Swedish Cultural Center in Paris. The agency,Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY 10017- which is under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,2201, Tel: (212) 751-5900, Fax: (212) 752-4789. publishes a wide range of informational material, The Information Serviceisa part of the including fact sheets, articles on current topics,Swedish Consulate that provides information booklets, etc. The Institute answers inquiries fromconcerning education and employment in Swed- abroad about Swedish society and cultural life anden. It publishes a wide variety of pamphlets on assists specialists from other countries by arrangingdifferent aspects of the economy, educational study visits to Sweden. The Institute organizessystem, and employment.

198 165 National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials, and the Placement Recommendations in This Full Country Study

The placement recommendations publishedciation of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions in this PIER full country study have been ap-Officers (AACRAO), the American Council on proved by the National Council on the EvaluationEducation (ACE), The College Board, the Coun- of Foreign Educational Credentials (the Council)cil of Graduate Schools (CGS), the Institute of in consultation with the authors. The Council wasInternational Education (IIE), and NAFSA: Asso- established to provide guidance concerning foreignciation of International Educators. Observers from educational credentials to U.S. institutions of high-U.S. organizations interested in international edu- er education. It is the only inter-associational bodycation include the United States Information in the United States specifically organized to per-Agency (USIA), the Agency for International form this role. Development (AACRAO-AID), and the New York The membership of the Council reflects theState Education Department. diversity of U.S. educational institutions for which Their representatives for 1993-1994 are listed placement recommendations are made. The mem-below. See page 106 for a description of the ber organizations are the American Association ofCouncil's role, and a guide to the understanding of Community Colleges (AACC), the American Asso-its placement recommendations for this volume.

Members of the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials:

Chair: Karen Lukas, Assistant Director of CGS-James Siddens, Assistant Dean, Graduate Admissions, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, School, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Minneapolis, MN (AACRAO) IIE-Nicole Morgenstern, Director, Placement and Special Services Division, IIE, New York, NY Past Chair: Caroline Aldrich-Langen, Associate NAFSA-Margarita Sianou, World Education Director, Admissions and Records, California State Services, Inc., New York, NY; Ellen University-Chico, Chico, CA (AACRAO) Silverman, University Admissions Processing Center/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY; Robert Watkins, AACC-James Mahoney, Director, Administration, Assistant Director of Admissions, University of AACC, Washington, DC Texas at Austin, Austin, TX AACRAO-William H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Representatives from Observer Organizations: OR (Chair of PIER) ACE-Barbara Turlington, Director, International AACRAO-AID-Dale Gough, Director, AACRAO- Education, ACE, Washington, DC AID/Office of International Education The College Board-Marcelle Heerschap, Director, Services, Washington, DC Office of Admissions, The American NY State Education Department-Susan Fuller, University, Washington, DC Credentials Assessment, State Education Department, Albany, NY

166 1.9:0 G lossary of Swedish Terms

Note: Alphabetization is without regard to diacritical marks. A avldgga examen. graduate, take a degree adjunkt. teacher at the senior level ayskilja. suspend administrativ. administrative ayskrift. transcript agronom. agronomist aysluta. complete akademiker. graduate aystanga. suspend dldersgrans. age limit oilmen behorighet. general eligibility B allman kurs. general course allmdnbildande. general education B-sprelk. second foreign language allmanpraktiska medie. media studies bageri och konditori. bakery and confectionery amanuens. assistant lecturer, assistant barn. child/children amneslarare. subject teacher barnaveIrdsMrarlinje. child welfare line analfabet. illiterate barnmorska. midwife anl/iggning. construction barnomsorg. day/child care anlagstest. aptitude test barnstuga. children's center anmarkningar. teacher's comments bastimne. basic subject anpassad studiegdng. adjusted study program bedomning. assessment ansokan. application behorig om liirare. certified, qualified ansokningsavgift. application fee behorig om myndighet. competent antal liirotimmar i veckan (medeltal). average behorig om studerande. eligible hours of instruction per week behorighet. eligibility antagning. admission bekleidnadsteknisk. clothing manufacturing antagningskray. admission requirement bemyndigande. authorization antagningsprov. admission test bergsingenjor mining/metallurgy engineer apotekare. pharmacist beromlig. excellent, with distinction drldrig. year beteendevetenskap. behavior sciences drskurs. grade betyg amne /slutbetyg. mark (grade)/certificate arbetslivserfarenhet. work experience betyg over avlagd. leaving certificate arbetslivsfrdgor labor relations betygsdokument. report card/transcript arbetslivsorientering. working life orientation, betygssattning. marking/grading guidance period betygsskala. marking/grading scale Arbetsmarknadsstyrelsen. Labor Market Board bevis. certificate/transcript arbetsplan. work plan bibliotek. library arbetsplatsforlagd utbildning. workplace training bibliotekarie. librarian arbetsterapeut. occupational therapy bild. art/picture arkitekt. architect brandingenjor fire protection engineer dterkommande utbildning. recurrent education brevskola. correspondence school run by a avdelning. section, division cooperative movement avgdngsbetyg. leaving certificate byggnad. building, construction avgift. fee C avhandling. thesis/dissertation avhoppare. drop-out C-sprdk. third foreign language

167 202 Glossary central prov.national achievement test for upper examensnamnd.board of examiners secondary school examensordning.degree system civiNigmeistare. forester examination.examination civilingenjor.engineer, highest level examinerad.graduate

D daghem (dagis).day nursery datateknik.computer engineering fackhogskola.former specialized higher datatekniker /ingenjor.computer education institution technician/engineer fackskola.continuation school established in datakunskap /datavetenskap.computer science 1964 and merged into the integrated delkurs.sub-course upper secondary school in 1971 delrapport.progress report fakultet.faculty deltagande.participation/attendance fdrdighet.skill, proficiency deltidstudier.part-time study ferie.holiday diagnostiskt prov.diagnostic test filosofi. philosophy didaktik.didactics fiskevdrd.fishing science and management dirigering.conducting fackskola.private community school for girls that dispens.exemption later became part of the comprehensive disputation.public defense of dissertation school system distansutbildning.distance study/correspondence flyglarar.aviation education djursjukvdrde.animal nurse flygunderhdl.aircraft engineering and docent.senior lecturer maintenance dokterand.doctoral student folkbildning.adult education dokumentalist.document librarian folkbokford.registered drift- och underhdllsteknik.control (operations) folkhalsoarbete.public health work and maintenance folkhogskolor.folk high school folkhogskollararlinje.folk high school teacher E education folkskola.primary school eftergymnasiatpostsecondary folkskoleseminarium.teacher training program efterobligatorisk.postcompulsory for folk schools ekvivalering.credential evaluation, equivalence forberedande.preparatory ekonomiutbildning.business administration fordon.vehicle elev.pupil foreldsningar.lectures el.electrical fordjupade studier.in-depth study enhet.unit fdreldsning.lecture enhetsskola.common school for grades 1-9 during foretagsekonomi.business economy 1960s, later referred to as compulsory forkunskapskray.entrance qualifications school formefl behorighet.formal enstaka kurser.single-subject university courses eligibility/competence/qualification erkiinnande.recognition/acknowledgment formgivning.design estetiskt-praktiskt &tine.artistic and practical forskarassistent.research assistant subject forskarutbildning.graduate study examen.degree forskning (grund /tilldmpad).research examensbevis.degree certificate, diploma, (basic/applied) certification forskola.preschool, nursery school

168 201 Glossary fortbildning.continuing education courses gymnasieingenjor.certified upper secondary fortlopande utvardering.continuous assessment school engineer fortsattningskurs.continuation course gymnasiekompetens.upper secondary school forvaltning.public administration leaving certificate Franska.French gymnasieskolan.upper secondary school frdnvaro.absence gymnasium.classical upper secondary school, frier aktiviteter.extra-curricular activities incorporated into theGymnasieskolain fri konst.fine arts 1971 fristdende kurs.separate/single-subject university course H fristdende skola.private/independent school fristdende universitet /hogskola.independent halsa.health university/university college halso och sjukvdrds.nursing (general) fritidshem.after school center handel.business fritidspedagog.recreation, leisuretime teacher handelsgymnasium.commercial gymnasium frivillig.voluntary, optional handelshogskola.university college for business frivilliga skolan.noncompulsory school, post- administration and economics compulsory school handledd praktik.supervised training/practice fullfolja.complete hantverk.handicrafts fullsteindig.complete, full standing heldrsprestation.annual performance fyllnadsprovning.supplementary examination heltidsstudier.fulltime study hemkunskap.home economics G hemsprdkslarare.immigrant languages education hemstallan.request gd om (en drskurs).retake a year hogpresterande.above average garantitid.minimum instruction time hogre flickskola.municipal general secondary gaststuderande.visiting student, foreign student school for girls gemensamma obligatoriska amnen.common core hogre folkskola.lower general secondary schools curriculum Hogre Tekniska Laroverk.technical school genomsnitt.average hogre utbildning.higher education godkand.pass hogskola.university college, higher education godkannande.approval, acceptance hogskoleadjunkt.lecturer graderad betygsskala.graded marking scale hogskoleexaminerad.graduate gren.branch hogskolelektor.senior lecturer grund.basic hogskoldr.academic year grundloggande hogskoleutbildning.undergraduate hogskoleprov.university aptitude test education hogstadiet.higher compulsory, grades 7-9 grundlaggande vuxenutbildning.basic adult horselvdrd.audiology/audio therapy education hortonom.horticulture grundskolan.compulsory school host.autumn grundskolekompetens.compulsory school leaving hus- och anlaggningsbyggnad.building and certificate construction grundskolenivd.compulsory school level hushdllslarare.home economics teacher gnindskollarare (tidigare /senare).compulsory school teacher (grades 1-7/4-9) I grundutbildning.basic education gymnasial vuxenutbildning.former upper icke godkand.failed secondary adult education idrottslarareltriinare.physical ed. teacher/trainer 202 169 Glossary ingenjor. title received from technical konsthogskola. professional training school of gymnasium and later from tertiary fine arts education konstskola. art school ingenjorsexamen. lower engineering degree from kontor. office/clerical technical gymnasium and later from kontorskunskap. office science/skills tertiary programs korrespondensundervisning. correspondence study innehdll. content kostekonomi. catering inriktning. focus, emphasis, orientation kostterapi. dietetics inskolning. preparatory training for school, initial kott och charkuteri. fresh and cured meats training kultur. culture inskrivning. enrollment/registered kunskaper och fardigheter. knowledge and skills intagning. admission, intake kunskapsinnehdll academic content internatskola. boarding/residential school kurs. course internutbildning. in-service training, on-the-job kursbetyg. mark training kursplan. syllabus intradeskray. entrance/admission requirement kvallsgymnasium. evening school intyg. certificate kvot. quota invandrare. immigrant kyrkomusiker. church music

laborationer. laboratory work jagmastare. forester jamforbarhet. comparability ldgpresterande. below average jiimlikhet. equality leigre tekniska laroanstalter. former technical jordbruk. agriculture, farming lower secondary juridik. law Idgstadieldrare. teacher at the primary junior level jurist. lawyer ldgstadiet. junior compulsory, grades 1-3 Itikare. doctor, physician lamplighet. qualification K Ian. county karosseri. coachwork lantbruk. agriculture kemi. chemistry landskapsarkitekt. landscape architect kinesiska. Chinese lantmostare. farm management kommunal vuxenutbildning /komvux. municipal larande. learning adult education larare. school teacher kommunala flickskola. former girls' municipal lararinna. school teacher middle school lararhogskola. teacher training institute/college kommunala mellanskola. former municipal between 1956 and 1968 middle school lararutbildning. teacher training/education kompetensbevis. certificate of competence liirling. apprentice kompetensnivd. competence level leirocimne. subject kompletteringskurs. supplementary/make-up Mroplan. curriculum course Mroverk. secondary academic school combining koncentrationslasning. intensive study realskola and the gymnasium; phased konfessionell skola. denominational school out in early 1970s kondurrens. competition Iiisdr. academic year konst. art latinlinje. Latin line in upper secondary school, konsthantverk. applied arts and crafts phased out 170 2(J3 Glossary

lekskola. preschool omfattande. comprehensive lektion. lesson omskolning. retraining lektionsundervisning. classwork omviirdsorientering. contemporary social and lektor. upper secondary teacher environmental studies likvdrdig. equivalent omvelrdnad. nursing/health care litteraturlista. reading list onkologi. oncology livsldngt krande. life-long learning, continuing orienteringsdmne. general subject education ortopedteknisk. prosthetics/orthotics livsmedelsteknisk. food preparation overgripande. comprehensive logoped. speech pathology/therapy ovningar. practical work/tutorials ovningsldrare. practical subjects teacher M P mit goal, objective melleri. painting pdbyggnadslinje. supplementary/advanced mdngsidig. comprehensive professional course program marknadsforing. marketing pappers och pappersmasseindustri. paper & pulp maskinteknikerlingenjor. marine industry technician/mechanical engineer personal och arbetslivsfrdgor. personnel (lower level) management mellanstadieldrare. teacher at the middle level poang. points mellanstadiet. middle compulsory, grades 4-6 praktisk realexamen. practical final examination meritvarde. qualification, merit rating praktiska mellanskolor. former practical middle miljoundervisning. environmental studies school musikhogskolan. music university college praktical realexamen. practical exam in lower secondary school N prao. practical working life orientation privallaroverk. private secondary school niirvaro. attendance privatist. student taking special exams; not nationella prov. national tests enrolled in school naturbruk. land and animal husbandry profi/skola. specialized school (ecological) prov. test naturkunskap. natural sciences numerus clausus (Latin). limited admission to R program nyborjare. beginner rdtt. law nybiirjarundervisning. course for beginners ragnar. resourceful realexamen. lower secondary school leaving 0 certificate reallinje. former sciences line in upper secondary obehdrig ldrarelstuderande. unqualified, non- school certified teacher, ineligible student realskola. former lower secondary school obligatorisk. compulsory receptarie. pharmaceutical technician, obligatoriska skolan. compulsory school prescriptionist, dispenser offent/ig. national/public school system redovisning. accounting ofornaga. inability register. index ogonsjukvdrd. ophthalmic care rehabiliteringslinje. occupational therapy program 204 171 Glossary

reklam. advertising primary teacher training program rektor. head of tertiary level institution smdskola. primary, grades 1-2 from 1962 to 1971 revision. auditing smdskolseminarium. former teacher training riksdag. legislature schools for primary grades rorelsehindrad. physically handicapped Socialstyrelsen. National Board of Health and rymdingenjorslinje. space technology program Welfare ryska. Russian socionom. social worker social omsorg. social welfare/service S sokande. applicant spanska. Spanish sameskola. Samic school specialarbete. special project samhallsbyggnadsteknik. environmental planning specialpedagoglinje. special education program and design sprdk. language samhdllskunskap. social studies/political science standard prov. national achievement test in samhd/lsplanerarlinjen. urban and regional compulsory school planning statens skolor for vuxna /SSV. national school for samhallsvetenskap. social sciences adults sarskild behorighet. specific eligibility Statens Skolverk. National Agency for Education sdrskild provning. special examination storhusheill. catering sarskolan. compulsory school for mentally studentexamen. leaving certificate for upper handicapped secondary until 1968 that qualified the slirvux. adult education for mentally student for university entrance handicapped studieavbrott. interruption of studies schema. timetable/schedule studiecirk/ar. study circle scen och medier. performing arts and media studiekurs. study courses sekundiirskola. grades 7-9 studieledighet. educational leave of absence sektion. section, division studieomdome. progress report sjedvstudier. self-instruction/learning studiemedel. loan or study loan sjalvstandighet. independence/autonomy Studiemedelsnamnder. district student aid office sjoingenjor. marine engineer studie- och yrkesorienterings /SYO. career and sjokapten. master mariner guidance counseling sjukdom. illness, disease studieplan. syllabus sjukgymnast. physical therapist studiepoang. credit points sjukskoterskeskola. school of nursing studierektor. director of studies skadad. impaired styrmanslinje. nautical science skddespelare. actor summa ob. timmar. total number of required skeppsbyggnad. shipbuilding hours skicklighet. skill Svenska. Swedish skogsmiistarltekniker. forestry management/ technician T skola. school skoldr. school year tandhygienist. dental hygienist skolgdng. schooling, attendance tandldkare. dentist skolvasendet. general education system tandskiiterska. dental nurse Skolverket. National Agency for Education tandvdrd. dental care slutbetyg. school leaving certificate teckning. drawing slutbetankande. final report teknikerexamen. former technical/vocational smdskolldrarexamen. former final examination for degree

172 2 0

RPCT PADv AMU Ant lc Glossary

teknisk fackskola. former technical vocational utlandsk studerande. foreign student secondary school utlandsskola. school abroad, Swedish school teknisk gymnasium. former technical upper abroad secondary school utldtande. statement/opinion/report teknisk hOgskola. former institute of technology utokad studiekurs. extra subjects or courses temastudier. thematic studies utskrivningsbetyg. former teacher leaving tentamen. formal test at university/college, certificate for noncompletion examination tentamensbok. grade book V termin. term/semester terminsbetyg. term report vag- och vattenbyggnads. civil engineering tillgodorakna. credit, transfer credit val godkand. pass with distinction tillvalsamne. optional subject valfri. optional timlarare. part-time teacher vdr. spring timplan. time schedule/table vdrd. health occupations tjansteman. official vardering. assessment tradgdrdsteknikslinje. park and market garden vtIrdlarare. nursing education teacher management program veckotimmar. hours per week trd. wood Verket for HogskoleserviceIVHS. National Agency traningsskola. training school for Higher Education tryckmedier. graphic media verkstad. workshop tvdsprdkig. bilingual verkstadsteknisk. production technology/workshop tvarvetenskaplig. interdisciplinary verkstadskolor. former vocational schools offering Tyska. German practical courses for different occupations and trades U vetenskap. science veterinar. veterinary underkand. fail vidareutbildning. further/supplementary undersokning. survey training/education undervisning. teaching viktning av betyg. weighing of marks/grades ungdom. youth vuxenutbildning. adult education univ.ersitet. university Universitets- och Hogskoleambetet. National Board Y of Universities and Colleges universitetsnivd. university level uppfajning. follow-up yrkes. professional/vocational yrkeskvalifikation. professional qualification utbildningsbevis. certification of completion, certificate yrkeslegitimation. certification yrkesskola. vocational school, incorporated into Utbildningsdepartmentet. Ministry of Education and Science upper secondary school in 1971 utbildningslinje. study program yrkesteknisk hogskoleutbildning. vocational education program utbytesprogram. exchange program uffall. outcome/result yrkesutbildning. vocational programs ufforda examina. award, degree utjamningsbidrag. compensatory transfer grant

20E 173 I x n de Central prov 7-8 Certificate (see Appendix C) 159 A Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (Chalmers University of Academic year 26 Technology) 27, 29, 50, 58-65, 102, 129-130 Achievement test 6, 7-8, 25-26 Child welfare teacher education 87, 125 Admission requirements: higher education 24-28; City-Universitetet (City University of Stockholm) 97 upper secondary school 7 Civilekonomexamen 55, 116, 159, 161 Adult education: basic education 95-96; employ- Civilingenjorsexamen 62, 119, 159, 161 ment training 97; folk high schools 96; Folk Colleges (see Higher education or Health colleges) University 97; municipal adult education 19, Commercial and clerical teacher edu. 87-88, 126 96-97; National School for Adults 96; other Commercial school 7 postsecondary programs 97-99; primary and Compulsory school: adult education 95-96; course secondary studies 96-97; radio, TV, and list 6; goals 5; grading 5; leaving certificate 6, correspondence schools 97; study circles 96 110; level 5 Advanced course: higher education 26-31; teacher Compulsory school teacher education 83-85, 126 education 91; upper secondary school 19, 96 Computer science 80-81; engineering 62 (see also specific field) Continuation school 5 Agricultural: biotechnology 43; economics 43; Correspondence schools 97 engineering 43-44 Course level 27, 29-31, 106 Agriculture 42, 114; degrees 113-114; licentiate and Craft teacher education 88, 127 doctoral programs 47; paraprofessional Credit: higher education 27, 106 programs 49-50; professional programs 42-49; upper secondary 9-10, 20 D Agronomexamen 42-43, 114, 159, 161 Dance 56-57, 116 Amnesldrarexamen 86, 89-90, 127, 159 Danshogskolan 56-57, 130 Animal science 42-43 Degrees (see Appendix C) 159 Apotekarexamen 71, 120, 159, 161 Diakoni Pdbyggnad pd Socionomexamen 99 Arbetsterapeutexamen 75, 121, 159, 161 Dietetics 65-66, 119 Architecture 50-51, 114 Dietistexamen 66, 119, 159 Arkitektexamen 51, 114, 159, 161 Dissertation 28 Armed Forces Staff and War College 98 Distance education 97 Art and applied art 20, 51-52, 115; fine art 52 Djursjukvdrdarexamen 50, 113, 159 Art teacher education 86-87, 127 Doctoral study 8, 26-28, 31, 47, 106, 112 (see also Avgdngsbetyg: compulsory school 6, 110; municipal specific field) adult education 19, 97, 110-111; upper Doktorsexamen 31, 112, 163-164; business 55; engi- secondary school 8, 110 neering 62; law 68; medical fields 70-71; theology/divinity 81 B Dramatic arts: opera 57-58, 117; theater/media 57- Barnmorskeexamen 74, 121, 159, 161 58, 117 Barn- och Ungdomspedagogisk examen 83, 125, 161 Dramatiska Institutet 57-58, 130 Barnavdrdsliirarexamen 87, 125, 159 Driftingenjorsexamen 63, 118, 159 Basic education for adults 19, 95-96 Driftteknikerexamen 65, 118, 159 Bevis (see Utbildningsbevis) Bergsingenjorsexamen 62, 119, 159 E Bildleirarexamen 87, 126, 159, 161 Economics 53-55, 115-116 Brandingenjorsexamen 63, 118, 159, 161 Edsberg Institute of Music (Edsbergs Musikinstitut) Business: accounting and auditing 53; adminis- 97 tration 53-54; business administration and Education levels; compulsory school 5-6; higher economics 53-54, 115; international business education 24-25; postsecondary programs 97-99; 55, 116; licentiate and doctoral programs 55; preschool 5; upper secondary school 7-24 other business 55-56, 116; public adminis- Education reform: compulsory school 5-6; higher tration 53, 116; upper secondary 8, 13, 14, 20 education 24-25; overview 2-3; teacher education 82; upper secondary sch. 7, 8, 19-21 C Ekonomexamen 55, 115-116, 159 Careers guidance counseling 87, 126 Ekonomie Kandidatexamen /Magisterexamen 55, 115,. Catering 65-66, 119 161

174 0 Index

Employment training 97 H Engineering: basic technical program 59, 117; Halsohogskola (see Health colleges) chemical 59, 119; civil 59-60, 119; control and Handelshogskolan i Stockholm 131 maintenance 64-65, 118; electrical 60, 119; fire Health colleges: Nordic College of Health 98; protection 62-63, 118; geotechnology 60, 119; paramedical programs 72-77 (see Appendix B industrial 60-61, 119; industrial chemistry 60, for list of colleges) 119; licentiate and doctorate programs 62; Higher education: academic year 26; admission lower level 62, 117-118; marine 63, 118; requirements 25-26, 28; advanced study mechanical 61-62, 119; nautical 63-64, 118-119; programs 26-27, 29, 30-31; class structure 27; other professional programs 63, 119; technical course level 27, 106; credentials awarded 28-31, level programs 64; upper secondary 9, 17-18, 106; credit 27, 106; doctoral study 26-28, 31, 20; vocational programs 65, 117 106; examinations 27; financing of studies 25; English: admission to higher education 25; general study 26; grading 28-29, 106; compulsory school 5-6; language of instruction internationalization 25, 101-105; licentiate 27; Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test 25-26; study 26-28, 31, 106; local study programs 26; upper secondary school 8, 20 professional 31; reforms 24-25, 106; Enstaka kurser 26, 30 single-subject courses 26, 30; study abroad 101- Examenbevis (see Utbildningsbevis) 105; Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test 25-26; Examinations 6-8, 27 teaching ranks 27; transcripts 28, 106 History: education 2-3; Sweden 1 F Hogskolan for Lararutbildning i Stockholm 27, 83, Farm management 49, 114 131-132 Filosofie Kandidatexamen /Magisterexamen 30, 112, Hogskolan i Bords 64, 68-69, 83, 101, 132-133 159, 161; journalism 67; library science 69; Hogskolan i Eskilstuna/Vdsterds 133 pharmacy 71 Hogskolan i Falun /Borlange 65, 83, 133 Flight instructor education 88, 127 Hogskolan i GdvIelSandviken 83, 133-134 Flyglararexamen 88, 127, 159, 161 Hogskolan i Halmstad 83, 134 Folk High School teacher education 88, 127 Hogskolan i fonkoping 55, 65, 83, 134-135 Folk High Schools 95-96, 101-104 Hogskolan i Kalmar 57, 63-64, 83, 135-136 Folkhogskollararexamen 88, 125, 159 Hogskolan i KarlskronalRonneby 64-65, 136 Folk University 97, 102 Hogskolan i Karlstad 53, 65-66, 80-81, 83, 102, 136- Food science 43 137 Forest technician/engineer 49, 113 Hogskolan i Kristianstad 83, 137 Forestry 15, 20, 44 Hogskolan i Luled 27, 50, 53, 58-61, 65, 77-78, 80-81, FOrskolldrarexamen 83, 124, 159 83, 102, 137-138 Forvaltningsexamen 53, 115, 116, 159 Hogskolan i Orebro 53, 64, 66, 79-81, 83, 138-139 Fritidspedagogexamen 83, 125, 159 Hogskolan i Ostersund 53, 66, 80-81, 139 Hogskolan i Skovde 58, 65, 80-81, 139-140 G Hogskolan i Sundsvall1Hdrnosand 140 Grading: compulsory school 6; higher education Hogskolan i TrollhattanlUddevalla 64, 83, 140 28-29, 106; upper secondary school 7-8, 106 Hogskolan i Viixjii 53, 55, 58, 83, 104, 140-141 Graduate education 26-28, 31 (see also Licentiate Hogskoleexamen i /ayseende gnindldggande 30, 111; and Doctoral study, and individual fields) business 53, 55; human resources 67; law 68 Graphic design 51-52, 115 Hogskoleexamen i /pd 29-30, 111-112, 159, 162; arts 51, Grafiska Institutet / Institutet for Hogre 52, 115; business 53, 55-56; dance 57, 116; Kommunikations- och Reklamutbildning 51, 130- dramatic arts 57, 117; engineering 65, 117, 118; 131 health field 73-75, 121-123; hotel and restaurant Grundskola (see Compulsory school) 66, 119; human resources 67; journalism 67; Grundskolldrarexamen 85, 87, 89-90, 126, 159, 162 laboratory science 74, 122; law 68; library Grundvux 95 science 69; music 78, 123; social service 79, Gymnasieldrarexamen 86-90, 126-128, 162 124; systems analysis 81; teacher education 87, Gymnasieskola (see Upper secondary school) 88, 126; theology/divinity 81 Gymnasium 7, 82 Hogskoleexamen pd Enstaka Kurser 30, 111 Hogskoleexamen pd pdbyggnadslinjen 112, 116, 160; audiology 73, 122; library science 69; music 78, 124; social work 80, 124; teacher education 91

175 2O Index

Hogskoleprovet 25-26 Language: higher education 25-27; Swedish for Hogskoleutbildning pd Gotland 83, 141 U.S. students 105; upper secondary sch. 8, 20 Home economics teacher education 88-89, 127 Lantmostarexamen 49, 114, 160, 162 Horselvdrdassistentexamen 73, 122, 160 Law 67-68, 120 Horticulture 15, 20, 45, 114 Leaving certificate: adult education 19, 97, 110- Hortonomexamen 46, 114, 160, 162 111; compulsory school 6, 110; upper Hotel and rest.: catering/dietetics 15, 20, 65-66, 119 secondary school 7, 8, 110 Human resource dev. and labor relations 66-67 Library science 68-69 HushellIslararexamen 89, 127, 160, 162 Licentiate study 8, 26-28, 31, 47, 106, 112 (see also specific field) I Licentiatexamen 31, 112, 164; agriculture 47; business Idrottshogskolan i Stockholm 83, 141 55; engineering 62; law 68; medical fields 70, Idrottsliirarexamen 90, 127, 160, 162 71; theology/divinity 81 IHM Business School 98 Logopedexamen 72, 120, 160, 162 Information science 68-69 Lower secondary education (see Compulsory Ingenjorsexamen 63, 118, 160, 162 school) Ingesund College of Music (Ingesunds Lulea University College and Institute of Musikhogskolan) 98 Technology 27, 50, 53, 58-61, 65, 137-138 Institutet for Hogre Marknadsforingsutbildning 98 Lunds Universitet 27, 50, 53, 55, 58-62, 64-66, 68-73, Internationalization 25, 101-105 (see Appendix A) 78-81, 83, 102, 144-146 Internationell Ekonomexamen 55, 116, 160 Intyg 96, 111 M Magisterexamen 31, 112; agriculture 42; engineering J 59; human resources 67; journalism 67; social Jagmastarexamen 44-45, 114, 160, 162 work 80, 124; systems analysis 81; toxicology Jornaseminariet (Jarna Teacher Training Seminary) 72, 120 98 Meilardalens Hogskola 64-65, 83, 146 Journalism 98 Maskinteknikerexamen 64, 118, 160, 162 Juris Kandidatexamen /Juristexamen 68, 120, 160, 162 Master of Arts/Science 31, 112, 160, 162 Medical fields: audiology assistant/audiologist 72- K 73, 122; dental hygienist 73, 120; dental nurse Kandidatexamen 31, 111, 112, 162; agriculture 42; 20, 73; dental technical 16, 73; dentistry 69-70, engineering 59; hotel and restaurant 66, 119; 120; laboratory assistant 73-74, 122; licentiate human resources 67; journalism 67; systems and doctoral programs 69-70, 112; medicine 70, analysis 81; theology 81, 128 62; nursing 16, 20, 74, 121; occupational Kantorexamen 99 therapy 74-75, 121; optical technician 75; Karolinska Institutet 27, 69-73, 141-142 orthopedic technology and engineering 75, 122- Komvux (see Municipal adult education) 123; paramedical programs 72-77; pharmacy Konse.ack 51-52, 142 70-71, 120; physical therapy 75-77, 121; Konstnarlig Hogskoleexamen 162; dance 57, 116; prescriptionist/dispenser 77, 122; dramatic arts 57, 117; fine arts and design 52, psychotherapy 71, 120; public health 71, 112; 162, 115; music 78, 123 speech therapy 71-72, 120; toxicology 72, 120; Kostekonomexamen 66, 119 upper secondary 16, 20 (see also Health Kungliga Konsthogskolan 52, 142-143 colleges) Kungliga Musikhogskolan i Stockholm 77-78, 83, 143 Mellanstadieleirarexamen 85, 125, 160 Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan 27, 50, 58-65, 143-144 Mid Sweden University College 64-65, 67, 79-81, Kursbevis (see Utbildningsbevis) 83, 146-147 MilittitydastIMilitary programs 98 L Ministry of Agriculture 24, 27 Laboratorieassistentexamen 74, 122, 160 Ministry of Education/Science 19, 24, 27 Ldgstadieldrarexamen 85, 125, 160 Mitthogskolan 64, 65, 67, 79-81, 146-147 Liikarexamen 70, 120, 160, 162 Municipal adult education 19, 96-97 Landscape architecture 46, 114; construction 46, Music 16, 20, 77-78, 97-98, 123-124 113 Musikleirarexamen 78, 123, 160, 162 Landskaparkitektexamen 47, 114, 160, 162 Landskapingenjorsexamen 49, 114, 162 176 209 Index

N Sjokaptensexamen 64, 119, 160, 162 NationalAgency for Education 5 Sjukgymnastexamen 77, 121, 160, 163 NationalAgency for Higher Education 25, 42, 165 Sjukskoterskeexamen 74, 121, 160, 163 NationalBoard of Education 5, 20 Sjukskoterskeskola (see Health colleges) NationalBoard of Health and Welfare 17 Skandinaviska Flygakademien 99 NationalBoard of Student Aid 25 Skilled trades teacher education 90, 126 NationalBoard of Universities and Colleges 26 Skogsmostarexamen 49, 113, 160, 163 NationalSchool for Adults 96 Skogsteknikerexamen 49, 113, 160, 163 Nauticalprograms 24, 118-119 Skondalsinstitutet (Skondal Institute) 79-80, 99 Nordic College of Health 98 Slofdldrarexamen 88, 90, 128, 161, 163 Nordic College of Journalism 98 Social Examen 80, 124, 161 Nordic cooperation 1, 101 Social Omsorgsexamen 79, 124, 163 Nordiska Hdlsovdrdshogskolan 98 Social Service 79, 124 Nordiska Journalisthogskolan 98 Social Work 79-80, 124 NORDPLUS 1, 25, 101 Socionomexamen 80, 124, 161, 163 Nursing teacher education 89, 128 Soil/plant science 43 Special education teacher education 90, 128 0 Specialized courses 19 Opera 57, 117 Specialpedagogexamen 90, 128, 161, 163 Operahogskolan i Stockholm 57, 147 Standard prov 6 Organistexamen 78, 123, 162 Stockholm Institute of Education 27, 83, 131-132 Ortoptistexamen 75, 123, 160 Stockholm School of Economics 27, 53-55, 131 Stockholm University College of Acting 57, 149 P Stockholm University College of Opera 57, 147 Pdbyggnadslinjer (see Advanced study programs) Stockholm University College of Physical Park and market garden man. tech. 49-50, 113 Education and Sports 83, 141 Photography 52, 115 Stockholms Universitet (Stockholm University) 27, Physical education teacher education 89-90, 127 53, 65-67, 69-71, 73, 78-81, 103, 104, 147-148 Polishogskolan (Police College) 98-99 Studentexamen 7, 82 Politices Kandidatexamen /Magisterexamen 53, 115, 162 Studie- och Yrkesvdgledarexamen 87, 126, 163 Postsecondary programs 9, 17, 95-99 Study abroad: for Swedish students 101; general Preschool 5; preschool teacher education 83, 125 programs for U.S. students 101-104; handicraft Primary school 5 105; Nordic cooperation 101; Swedish Professional degrees 30, 142 language and culture 104-105; U.S. exchanges Psychology 78-79, 124 (see Appendix A under specific school) Psychotherapy 71, 120 Study circles 95-96 Psykologexamen 79, 124, 160, 162 Styrmansexamen 64, 119, 161, 163 Psykoterapeutexamen 71, 120, 160, 162 Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet 24, 27, 42, 148-149 Swedish Information Service 101, 165 R Swedish Institute 104, 165 Receptarieexamen 77, 122, 160, 162 Swedish language courses 101-105 Recreation 16, 20; instructors education 83, 125 Swedish National Police College 98-99 Religion 81, 128 Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test 25-26 Reserve period 7 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences/SUAS Royal Institute of Technology 27, 50, 58-65, 143- 24, 27, 42, 148-149 144 Systems analysis 80 Royal University College of Fine Arts 52, 142-143 Royal University College of Music in Stockholm T 77-78, 143 Tandhygienistexamen 73, 121, 161-163 Tandldkarexamen 70, 120, 161, 163 S Teacher education: advanced courses 91, 112; art Scandinavian Flight Academy 99 86-87, 127; careers guidance counseling 87, Scholastic Aptitude Test 25 126; child welfare 87, 125; commercial and Secondary education (see Upper secondary school) clerical 87-88, 126; compulsory sch. 83-85, 126; Single-subject courses 26, 30, 111 craft 88, 127; education reform 82-83; flight Sjoingenjorsexamen 64, 118, 160, 162 instructor 88, 127; folk high school 88, 127;

177 210 Index

home economics 88-89, 127; Jarna Teacher University College of Management in Graphic Training Seminary 98; nursing 89, 128; phys- Production, Marketing, and Public Relations ical education 89-90, 127; preschool 83, 125; 51, 130-131 recreation 83, 125; reforms 82; skilled trades 87- University College of Orebro 53, 64, 66, 79-81, 83, 88, 126; special education 90, 127; textile craft 138-139 90-91, 128; upper secondary school 85-86, 126 University College of Ostersund 53, 66, 80-81, 139 Teaterhogskolan i Stockholm 57-58, 149 University College of Skevde 58, 65, 80-81, 139-140 Technical school 7 University College of Sundsvall/Harnosand 140 Tekniskt Basdr 59, 117 University College of Trollhattan/Uddevalla 64, 83, Teknologie Kandidatexamen /Magisterexamen 59, 163 140 Teologie Kandidatexamen 81, 128 University College of Vaxja 53, 55, 58, 83, 104, 140- Tertiary level education (see Higher education) 141 Textile craft teacher education 90-91, 128 University of Goteborg 27, 51-53, 55, 57, 65-73, 77- Textilliirarexamen 90, 128, 161 81, 83, 149-151 Theater 57-58, 117 University of Linkoping 27, 53, 55, 58, 60, 61, 66, Theology 81, 128 70, 72, 78, 80-81, 83, 102, 151-152 Thesis 26-28, 30-31 University of Lund 27, 50, 53, 55, 58-62, 64-66, 68- Toxikologexamen 72, 120, 161 73, 78-81, 83, 102-103, 144-145 Tradgdrdsingenjorsexamen 50, 113, 163 University of Umea 27, 51-53, 55, 58-59, 65-66, 68- Trddgdrdsteknikerexamen 50, 113, 161 70, 72-73, 78-80, 83, 152-154 Transcripts 28, 106 University of Uppsala 27, 53, 55, 58, 65-67, 70, 72, 77-78, 80-81, 83, 103-104, 153-155 U Upper secondary sch.: academic programs 8-9, 19- Universitetet i Goteborg 27, 55, 57, 65-73, 77-81, 83, 20; achievement test 7; degrees 110; grading 7- 149-151 8; leaving certificate 8; specializedcourses 19; Universitetet i Linkoping 27, 53, 55, 58, 60-61, 66, 70, study lines from 1970 to 1993 7-8; studypro- 72, 78, 80-81, 83, 151-152 grams as of July 1992 19-21; vocational pro- Universitetet i Umed 27, 51-53, 55, 58-59, 65-66, 68- grams 9-20 70, 72-73, 78-80, 83, 152-154 Upper secondary school teacher education 85-86, Universities and University Colleges (see Appendix 126 A) Uppsala Universitet 27, 83, 103-104, 153-155 University Chancellor 24, 64, 165 Utbildningsbevis 29, 30, 111, 113, 115-117, 122-123, University College of Arts, Crafts and Design 51, 159, 161; arts 52; business 56; dance 57; 52, 83, 142 dramatic arts 57, 58; hotel and restaurant 66; University College of Boras 64, 68-69, 83, 101, 132- health 72, 74-75; teacher education 91 133 University College of Dance 56-57, 130 V University College of Eskilstuna/Vasteras 133 Vdrdhogskola (see Health colleges) University College of Falun/Borlange 65, 83, 133 Vdrdleirarexamen 89, 127, 161 University College of Film, Radio, Television, and Veterindrexamen 47, 114, 161, 163 Theater 57, 130 Veterinary medicine 47, 114; nursing 50, 113 University College of Gavle/Sandviken 83, 133-134 Vocational education: engineering 65, 117; teacher University College of Gotland 83, 141 education 82-84, 87-88, 126; upper secondary University College of Halmstad 83, 134 school 9-20 University College of Jonkoping 55, 65, 83, 134-135Vocational school 7 University College of Kalmar 57, 63-64, 83, 135-136 University College of Karlskrona/Ronneby 64, 65, 136 Working life orientation 6 University College of Karlstad 53, 65-66, 80-81, 83, World Maritime University 99 102, 136-137 University College of Kristianstad 83, 137 Y University College of Malardalen 64, 65, 146 Yrkesteknisk Hogskoleexamen 65, 117, 163

178 World Education Series (WES) Publications(member /non- member price)

Full Country Studies Desmond Bevis (eds.). 112pp. $15 Argentina (1993) by Liz Reisberg. 248pp. $30/$45 The Educational System of the United Kingdom: Australia (1983) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 276pp. The Admission and Placement of Students $8/$12 from the United Kingdom and Study Abroad Opportunities (1990). Sylvia Higashi and Alan Belgium (1985) by Ann Fletcher. 192pp. $8/$12 Margolis (eds.). 240pp. $25/$40 Colombia (1984) by Stanley Wellington. 144pp. $8/$12 Special Reports Education on the Island of Cyprus (1990) by Margit Denmark (1995) by Valerie A. Woolston and Karlene N. Schatzman. 65pp. $10 Dickey. 162pp. $35/$50 The Educational System of Australia: An Update Dominican Republic (1987) by Kathleen Sellew. 136pp. of the 1983 World Education Series Volume $8/$12 (1990) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 74pp. $12 Egypt (1988) by Lee Wilcox. 112pp. $15/$20 Higher Education in Israel (1993) by Ann Fletcher. Federal Republic of Germany (1986) by Georgeanne 56pp. $15/$25 Porter. 192pp. $15/$20 The Educational System of the Former German France (1988) by Mariam Assefa. 252pp. $15/$20 Democratic Republic (1991) by Karen Lukas. 8Opp. $15/$20 Indonesia (1993) by Karin Johnson, Gerald Chamberland, and Wendy Gaylor. 192pp. $40/$60 Postsecondary Institutions of the People's Republic of China: A Comprehensive Guide to Iraq (1988) by James Frey. 192pp. $15/$20 Institutions of Higher Education (1992) by Japan (1989) by Ellen Mashiko. 176pp. $20/$25 William Paver and Yipin Wan. 625pp. $35/$50 Malaysia (1986) by Joann Stedman. 184pp. $15/$20 The Soviet System of Education (1992) by Erika Popovych and Brian Levin-Stankevich. 144pp. Norway (1994) by Shelley M. Feagles and Karlene N. $25/$40 Dickey. 176pp. $35/$50 New Independent States & The Baltic Republics: A The Netherlands (1984) by Peter Schuler. 208pp. $8/$12 Directory of Institutions of Higher Education New Zealand (1981) by Patrick Kennedy. 96pp. $8/$12 in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Peru (1983) by Colleen Gray. 132pp. $8/$12 Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Sweden (1995) by Kathleen T. Zanotti and Karlene M. Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Dickey. 192pp. $351$50 (1995) by Erika Popovych. 458pp. $35/$50. Workshop Reports Swiss Higher Schools of Engineering and Swiss The Admission and Placement of Students from Higher Schools of Economics and Business Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Administration (1991) by Karlene N. Dickey and Emirates, and Yemen Arab Republic (1984). Karen Lukas. 68pp. $15/$20 J.K. Johnson (ed.). 114pp. $7.95 Working Papers The Admission and Placement of Students from Guide to Placement Recommendations (1992) by the Canada (1989) James S. Frey (ed.). 560pp. $35 National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. 12pp. $6 The Admission and Placement of Students from Central America (1988). Caroline Aldrich-Langen The Kuwait System of Education (1993) by Ismail and Kathleen Sellew (eds.). 236pp. $12 Safwat. 36pp. $15/$25 The Admission and Placement of Students from theA Study of the Educational System of the Republic Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1992). of Slovenia (1995) by Karlene N. Dickey. 127pp. Edward Devlin (ed.). 142pp. $25/$40 $15/25 The Admission and Placement of Students from theMethods and Skills for Research in Foreign Educa- Republic of Hungary (1990) Karlene N. Dickey tional Systems: A Report on the NAFSA/ and Desmond Bevis (eds.). 128pp. $15 EAIE 1994 Seminars (1995) by Caroline The Admission and Placement of Students from the Aldrich-Langen. 6Opp. $10/15 Republic of Poland (1992). Edward Devlin (ed.). Other Publications 176pp. $30/$45 For information about out-of-print WES publications The Admission and Placement of Students from and other international resources contact AACRAO at Yugoslavia (1990). Karlene N. Dickey and (202) 293-9161 or NAFSA at (202) 462-4811.

179 212 Publications Order Form

Sweden 1st: 8/95 Indispensable foranyone interested in international education or the evaluation of foreigncredentials Take advantage of these special prices while supplieslast. Just call 301 317 6588 or mail this order formto: PIER Publications P.O. Box 231 Annapolis Junction, MD 20701 TEL: 301 317 6588 FAX: 301 206 9789

Send Invoice To Ship To (if different from invoice): Name Name Institution Institution Address Address City City State Zip State Zip Phone Number Phone Number

NEWT #5345 New Independent States#5325 Central America#5343 Republic of Slovenia #5344 Researching Foreign Educational Systems#5338 Ed. System of Bulgaria 1995 SCANDINAVIAN SERIES (regularly $35each, all 3 for $90) #5335 Norway #5337 Sweden #5336 Denmark Other Publications Included In this specialoffer: (only $25 each for any 4 or more)* #5309 Indonesia #5319 China (a directory of institutions) #5301 Argentina #5327 Hungary #5328 Poland #5333 Canada #5334 Mexico #5326 Czech & Slovak Republics #5320 Soviet System #5331 United Kingdom #5329 (former) Yugoslavia (use "I" for choices, "e for alternates) Please send me the above marked items,or other (from preceding page)

TOTAL ORDER (items x $=) $ Plus Shipping $ = $ Shipping Rate Information: AMOUNT U.S., CANADA OTHER COUNTRIES Under $25 $3.50 $5.00 $25-$50 $5.00 $7.5 Over $50 10% 15% Federal Express Account # for quick delivery:

AACRAO Member NAFSA Member Other MasterCard VISA American Express Check or money order enclosed Credit card number # expiration date (Signature) 180 *Ratesoffered in this special promotion are fora limited time only 213 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement(OERI) Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) ERIC

NOTICE

REPRODUCTION BASIS

This document is covered by a signed"Reproduction Release (Blanket)" form (on file within the ERICsystem), encompassing all or classes of documents fromits source organization and,therefore, does not require a "Specific Document"Release form.

This document is Federally-funded, orcarries its own permission to reproduce, or is otherwise in the publicdomain and, therefore, may be reproduced by ERIC without asigned Reproduction Release form (either "Specific Document" or"Blanket").