41 2.5 アイルランド 2.5.1 概要 人口は 492 万人(2019 年)

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41 2.5 アイルランド 2.5.1 概要 人口は 492 万人(2019 年) 2.5 アイルランド 2.5.1 概要 人口は 492 万人(2019 年)、面積は 7 万 300 平方キロメートルで北海道の約 8 割強である。40 穏やかな南西風と温暖な北大西洋海流の影響を受 け、植物の生育に向いた気候に恵まれている。混合農 業が一般的で、中央西部では肉牛の生産、南部では 酪農、東部と南東部では穀物栽培が主に行われてい る。羊の飼育は、起伏のある丘陵地や山の斜面で全国 的に行われている。主要農産物は、牛肉、生乳、豚 肉、大麦、小麦、鶏肉、卵、羊、羊毛、菜種、てん菜、 じゃがいもを含む根菜類等である。41 農業生産額の約 7割を家畜と畜産物が占めている。血統馬(サラブレッド)産業が繁栄しており、アイルランドの馬の 生産額は EU 全加盟国の約 4 分の 1 を占めている。 1経営体当たりの平均経営面積は 35.5ha(2016 年)である。国内総生産に占める農林 水産業の比率は 0.9%(日本は 1.1%)である。42 農林水産業の地位(2019 年) 単位:億 US ドル、% アイルランド 日本 名目額 比率 名目額 比率 国内総生産(GDP) 3,827 100.0 49,713 100.0 うち農林水産業 35 0.9 564 1.1 資料:国連統計 日本との農林水産物貿易をみると、日本からアイルランドへの輸出額が 200 万 US ドルであるのに 対し、アイルランドから日本への輸入額は約 1 億 9,300 万 US ドルである(2019 年)。日本の輸 出上位品目は馬(生きているもの)、その他の調製食料品、飼料であり、アイルランドからの輸入上 位品目は豚肉、馬(生きているもの)、魚(フィレ)である。 40 外務省 「アイルランド(Ireland)基礎データ」 https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/ireland/data.html 41 Britannica「Ireland」 https://www.britannica.com/place/Ireland, 42 EU 「EU country factsheets, Statistical Factsheet Ireland」 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming- fisheries/farming/documents/agri-statistical-factsheet-ie_en.pdf, 41 農林水産物貿易概況(2019 年) 単位:百万 US ドル 輸出 輸入 日本の収支 (日本→アイルラン (アイルランド→日本) ド) 総額 904 6,829 ▲5,925 農林水産物 2 193 ▲191 農林水産物のシェア 0.2 2.8 - 資料:財務省貿易統計 農林水産物貿易上位 5 品目(2019 年) 輸出:日本→アイルランド(単位:万 US ドル%) 輸入:アイルランド→日本(単位:万 US ドル%) 品目名 輸出額 シェア 品目名 輸入額 シェア 馬(生きているもの) 121 58.8 豚肉 4,137 21.4 その他の調製食料品 55 26.7 馬(生きているもの) 1,706 8.8 飼料 7 3.5 魚(フィレ) 1,633 8.5 木製容器 6 2.8 魚(冷凍) 1,455 7.5 砂糖以外の糖類 5 2.5 ビール 950 4.9 総額 205 100.0 総額 19,285 100.0 資料:財務省貿易統計 原産地呼称保護(PDO)は、アイルランド語で Ainmniú tionscnaimh faoi chosaint (ATFC)、地理的表示保護(PGI)は Tásc geografach faoi chosaint(TGFC)と呼 ぶ。アイルランドの農産物・食品の GI 取得状況は、PDO 3 件、PGI 5 件、合計 8 件(2020 年 12 月末時点登録済)となっており、オランダに次ぐ第 16 位である。品目別にみると、PDO は 塩が多く、PGI は肉製品が多い。 品目別 GI 登録件数 品目 PDO PGI Class 1.1. 肉 - 1 Class 1.2. 肉製品 - 2 Class 1.3. チーズ 1 - Class 1.7. 水産物 - 1 Class 2.3. パン、菓子類 - 1 Class 2.6. 塩 2 - 総数 3 5 EU eAmbrosia データベース、2020 年 12 月末時点登録済 42 2.5.2 GI 監視スキーム アイルランドでは、農業食料海洋省(DAFM)の食品産業開発局が GI に関する政策を所掌す る。 中央政府及び GI 監視当局(EU 規則 No.1151/2012 第 38 条に基づく) 機関名 住所 連絡先 農業食料海洋省 6 West, Agriculture Tel. +35326072402 (Department of Agriculture, House, Kildare Street, Email: Food and the Marine:DAFM) Dublin 2 [email protected] 食品産業開発局 ov.ie (Food Industry Development Website: Division) http://www.agriculture.gov.ie EUIPO (2017) 43、欧州委員会ウェブサイト44 欧州委員会は、農産物・食品の GI 監視当局として上記の DAFM をあげている。欧州知的財産 庁によると、登録 GI 品ごとに担当課(DAFM、同省の酪農検査部、統合管理部、保健省の保健 サービス委員会 HSE 等)が割り当てられている。なお、蒸留酒についても登録 GI 品ごとに担当局 (歳入委員会、アイルランド食品安全局 FSAI、HSE、DAFM)が割り当てられている。 農産物・食品の GI 監視当局の詳細 機関名と担当品目 住所 連絡先 農業食料海洋省(DAFM) Agriculture Tel. +353 16072000 • Clare Island Salmon(PGI) House, Email: • Timoleague Brown Pudding(PGI) Kildare Street, geographicalindications 酪農検査部(Dairy Inspectorate) Dublin 2 @agriculture.gov.ie • Imokilly Regato(PDO) Website: 統合管理部(Integrated Controls Division) www.agriculture.gov.ie • Connemara Hill Lamb(PGI) 保健サービス委員会 N.A Tel. +041 6850300 (Health Service Executive:HSE): Email: [email protected] • Waterford Blaa(PGI) Website: • Oriel Sea Minerals(PDO) http://www.hse.ie • Oriel Sea Salt(PDO) EUIPO (2017) EU Food Fraud Network の担当窓口は、DAFM 及びアイルランド食品安全局(FSAI)で ある。45 43 EUIPO (2017) Protection and control of geographical indications for agricultural products in the EU member states. Annex, Guide for public authorities and economic operators. 44 https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/food-farming-fisheries/food_safety_and_quality /documents/national-competent-authorities-food-sector_en.pdf 45 2020 年 9 月現在 https://ec.europa.eu/food/sites/food/files/safety/docs/food- fraud_contact_points.pdf 43 2.5.3 GI 侵害の事例 アイルランドでは、GI の侵害訴訟等の事例は見当たらなかった。しかし、アイリッシュ・ウィスキーの 偽物が出回っており、アイリッシュ・ウィスキー協会では注意勧告に取り組んでいる。46 具体的には、 アイルランド政府のサポートのもと、世界中のアイリッシュ・ウィスキーを販売する店舗やパブ等にアイリ ッシュ・ウィスキーという名称の使用はアイルランド産限定である旨告知し、違反を見つけたら通報す るよう啓発活動を展開している。 2.5.4 対抗手段 GI の侵害の疑いがある場合、DAFM の食品産業局のメールアドレスへ通報することができる。 検査や上記の通報を通じて GI 侵害が明らかになった場合、各監視当局は、事業者に対して、 改善指導通知(Compliance Notice)を発行する。改善が認められない場合、監視当局は GI 違反品の押収、販売、破壊等の措置を講じることができる。 事業者が改善指導通知に従わなかった場合や監視当局に対する妨害や虚偽を陳述した場合、 製品仕様の不遵守、GI マークの悪用等の Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012 の規定違反等 の行為は犯罪(Offence)とみなされる。これに対して監視当局は罰金の支払いを求める「確定 支払通知書」を発行する。支払いが行われた場合、違反行為に関する訴追は行われない。 ~GI を守るために~ 侵害の通報窓口 アイルランドにおける GI 侵害の通報窓口は、農業食料海洋省(DAFM)食品産業開発局 連絡方法 農業食料海洋省(DAFM)の食品産業開発局に対して電子メールによる申立てが可能。 蒸留酒:[email protected] 食品、農産物:[email protected] 保護のしくみ GI 侵害が 明 ら か に な っ た 場合、 各 監 視 当 局 は 、 事業者に 対 して改善指導通知 (Compliance Notice)を発行する。改善されなければ GI 違反品の押収、販売、破壊 等の措置を講じることができる他、罰金や刑事訴追の対象となる場合がある。 46 https://www.drinksindustryireland.ie/iwa-gets-tough-in-fight-against-fakes/ 44 2.5.5 関連法令 アイルランドには GI の根拠法令となる国内法はなく、EU 規則が直接適用される。国内 GI 関連 法令は以下の通りである。なお法令の英語名称は、欧州知的財産庁の報告書47 に基づいている。 行政手続きを規定する法律 Statutory Instruments No 296 of 2015, European Union (Quality Schemes for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs) Regulations 2015 (食品規則) Statutory Instruments No 507 of 2010, European Communities (Labeling, Presentation and Marketing of Wines) Regulations 2010 (ワイン規則) Statutory Instruments No 468 of 2015, European Communities (Spirits Drinks)(Amendment) Regulations 2015 (蒸留酒改訂規則) 民事手続きを規定する法律 法令上の明文規定はないが、コモンロー上の不法行為とされる Passing Off(詐称通用) を通じて保護される。 刑事手続きを規定する法律 上記の食品規則、ワイン規則、蒸留酒規則において規定される。 2.5.6 その他の関連制度 EU の伝統的特産物(Traditional Speciality Guaranteed:TSG)の登録はない。 食品の品質を認証する制度としては、Bord Bia(アイルランド食品委員会)品質保証制度があ る。481994 年に制定された製品基準法のもとで、アイルランドの国産の生鮮食品を対象に、高品質 な基準で生産され、産地が確実な国産食品に品質マークを付与するものである。農場や家畜の管 理の仕方、環境問題への対策、安全確認、すべての生産過程においてロゴを表示すること、完全に 追跡可能であることが義務付けられており、品質基準を満たすもののみマーク掲示が許可される。ロゴ の不正使用や品質条件に満たないものが見つかった場合、当該商品の販売は中止となる。 47 EUIPO (2017)Protection and control of geographical indications for agricultural products in the EU member states 及び Annex, Guide for public authorities and economic operators. 48 https://www.bordbia.ie/bord-bia-quality-mark/ 45 .
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