PLAN for 2012-13 for Implementation of COMPREHENSIVE PROJECT PROPOSAL (2011-12 to 2013-14)

PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, PEOPLES LIVELIHOODS AND EMPOWERMENT OF GRAM SABHA: JAL, JANGLE, JAMEEN, KHANEEJ AND BEEJA (Water, Forest, Land, Minerals and Seed)

Prepared For IFA AID-H AID-C AID-A AID-AZ AID-BAY AREA

BY SAMAJ PARIVARTANA SAMUDAYA (SPS) DHARWAD, ,

PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES, PEOPLES LIVELIHOODS AND EMPOWERMENT OF GRAM SABHA: (JAL, JANGLE, JAMEEN, KHANEEJ AND BEEJA : Water, Forest, Land, Minerals and Seed ) (A three year programme 2011-12 to 2013-14)

Profile of SPS NGOs Information NGO Samaj Parivartana Samudaya (SPS) Contact “ASHADEEP’ JAYANAGAR CROSS, information SAPTAPUR, DHARWAD- 580001, KARNATAKA email: [email protected] email: [email protected] email: [email protected] Telephone: 0836- 2444742, Cell:9448145930, 9449865021

Contact Dr.T.R.Chandrashekar. President persons S.R.Hiremath. Sr.Advisor I.G.Pulli. P.O. Registration 162/1983-84 Number : dated 06-03-1984 FCRA, FCRA No: 094420006 Bank, A/c Bank: Canara Bank, Main Branch, P.B Road, Dharwad – 580001 Bank a/c No : 10000031071 Tax Exemption No. Trust/718/10A/VOL.XII-T.173 u/s 80G dt.19.09.1984

1. Introduction and Objectives

Samaj Parivartana Samudaya (SPS) is a voluntary organization working in rural and Tribal areas of India for over 25 years, focusing on empowerment of the rural poor. Community Control over Natural Resources: Jal, Jangle, Jameen, Khaneej and Beeja (water, forest, land, minerals and seed) for protection, development and judicious utilization of these natural resources with focus on meeting livelihood needs of the marginalized sections and for self – rule (empowerment of Gram Sabha and Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) have been the focus of the activities of SPS. SPS has already started working in BHS region and it planned to enter another 2 districts Viz, Tumakur and Chitradurga. The main intention of the project is to curb illegal Mining.

The main objective of this three year programme is to build on the significant achievements made during recent one year in terms of bringing the illegal mining in to a grinding halt, thanks to the excellent report of the CEC and the resulting orders of the Supreme Court of India in the SPS-PIL : WP 562 of 2011. this has created unprecedented opportunity for SPS to plan and expand its work to meet the further challenges in the coming years the focus of this program is to enhance the capacity of the grass root level peoples organizations by forming and strengthening existing local people organization(LPOs) like Self Help Groups(SHG), Krishi Karmikar Sanghas(KKS), Parisar Sanghas (Environmental Groups) and developing vertical linkages called Village Development Sanghas (VDS). It is village level of SHGs, KKS and Environmental Sanghas For eg. Once the village level SHGs , KKS and environment Sanghas formed and strengthened. We will bring them into one platform called Village Development Sangha(VDS). We will cover 3 district of Karnatak and one district of Andra Pradesh. The programme focuses on up rooting wide-spread illegal mining in recent years and its adverse consequence on the people and environment In Bellary, Andra Pradesh, Tumukur and Chitradurga.

The challenging problem of “Illegal Mining and Land Acquisition” is being tackled by a multi prolonged approach like organizing training programs like Non Violent Direct Actions (NVDA) to grass root level organizations. Awareness building among the people against the ill effects of exploitative illegal mining, follows up of public Interest Litigation (PIL), media Campaign to mobilize public opinion against the irregularities and illegalities to take measures for protecting the livelihood of local people, the ecology and environment of the region.

SPS has already established base in Bellary district and . Now this year SPS will enter in to Tumakur and .

In a short period of two years SPS mobilized people in Bellary and Ananthpur district. SPS mobilized Media and filed public Interest Litigation(PIL) in Supreme Court W.P.No 562/2009. SPS succeeded to impress on Supreme Court. S C ordered Central Empowered Committee (CEC) to investigate the irregularities happened in Bellary, Hospeth and Sandur (BHS) region. As a result 19 Mining leases were suspended and Supreme Court ordered to investigate another 99 companies. It is a big scandal SPS has taken Challenge to mobilize the people in 4 districts.

The ultimate goal is Common property resources are belonging to community. Developing peoples capacity to own it and manage it.

i) Empowering grass root level Organizations, Village level Federation called Village Development Sanghas (VDS) and State level federation called Action Committee for Protection of Natural Resources- Karnataka (ACPNR-K) ii) Building capacity of people by providing Non Violent Direct Action (NVDA) trainings, media campaigning, organizing Jatha, workshops and Seminars. iii) Providing the Income Generating Activities(IGA) to Local People Organizations(LPOs) and youths. iv) Encouraging to take up NREGA alternative to Mining.

2. Need of the project:

In the report dated 18.12.2008 of Karnataka Lokayukta stated that 1081.40 ha. of forest area is under illegal Mining/encroachment by way of Mining pits, over burden dumps, construction of roads etc. undertaken by various lease holders outside their Mining lease area.The sons of police Constable are now leading the mining lobby, they are flying in helicopters and donating 50 corers worth crown to Tirupati temple. And they are King makers in Karnataka any one can imagine the quantum of irregularities happened in mining. The mining lobby is destroying natural resources in one hand and killing the Democracy in another hand. It clearly indicates that complete break down of governance in Karnataka.

So the serious intervention is needed from NGO side to mobilize and build the capacity of peoples organizations.

Identified problems, suggested solutions and possible interventions:

Identified Suggested Solutions Interventions Problems Agriculture Land Dry land for Industries Awareness through Jathas, Camps, Exhibitions and NVDAs Dust Problem Enforcing Legal/Scientific Mining, Awareness through Jathas, Camps, Camps, Exhibitions and NVDAs Exhibitions and NVDAs No proper Health education activation of ESI Through Health Education medical care and Primary Health Centers Agriculture soil Proper education to the farmers by Farmers Training, Demonstrating degradation due taking help from University of RTI. to mining Agriculture Science, Scientists Scarcity of Bringing pressure on Govt. to stop Awareness and Jathas. labour in Mining activities in Agriculture Agriculture seasons Pollution of Building capacity of GP to take care VDS to deal with GP, TP and ZP Drinking water of alternate arrangements for water Strengthening

3. Project Area: The project area is from three districts in Karnataka state, Bellary, Tumakur and Chitradurga, and one district from Anantapur of Andra Pradesh state. The map shows the project areas.

MAP OF INDIA (Showing Karanataka State and State)

Map of Karanatak showing Districts,Ballary,Tumkura.and Chitradurga

Map of Bellary District Showing Talukas (Hospet and Bellary)

Map of Anantapur District Showing Raydurga Taluka

Map of Tumakooru Showing Talukas (,and Chikkanayakanahalli)

Map of Chittradurga District Showing Taluks (Holalkere and Hosadurga)

Area Description Bellary District.

Bellary District is spread from South-West to North – East and is situated on the eastern side of Karnataka State. The district is situated between 14-30’ and 15’ north latitude and 75-40’ and 77- 11’ east longitude. This district is bounded by on the north, by on the west, Chitradurga and Davangere districts on the south, and Anantapur and Kurnool Districts of Andhra Pradesh on the east side. It comes under the administrative control of Division and development jurisdiction of Hyderabad Karnataka Development Board(HKDB), Gulbarga.

Hospet is a Taluka which comes under Bellary Districts of Karnataka. The famous World Heritage site is located in Hospet taluka. The main occupation of the Hospetians is mining and agriculture. The region is very rich with huge reserves of iron and manganese ores. The main language of communication of people here is ; However Hindi and Telegu is also spoken by section of the society.

Anantarpura District information.

It is the largest district of Andhra Pradesh spanning an area of 19,130 km². It is bounded on the north by Kurnool District, on the east by Kadapa District, on the southeast by Chittoor District, and on the southwest and west by Karnataka state. It is part of Rayalaseema region on the state. Its northern and central portions are a high plateau, generally undulating, with large granite rocks or low hill ranges rising occasionally above its surface. In the southern portion of the district the surface is more hilly, the plateau there rising to 2 ft (0.61 m). above the sea. Six rivers flow within the district: Penna, Chithravathi, Vedavathi, Papagni, Swarnamukhi, and Thadakaleru. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 381 millimeters.

Chitradurga Distrcit Information

The district is hilly, with lots of forts and villages. The district is bounded by District to the southeast and south, to the southwest, to the west, Bellary District to the north, and Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh state to the east. Davanagere District was formerly part of Chitradurga. The district is divided into Six taluks, namely Chitradurga, Hiriyur, Hosadurga, Holalkere, Challakere and Molakalmuru. It is rich in mineral deposits, including gold prospecting at Halekal, Kotemardi or Bedimaradi, etc., and open cast copper mines at Ingaldhal.

Tumkur District information

Tumkur, situated to the west of at arround 65 km. Tumkur district is bounded by to wards South, towards West and Northeast is Chitradurga , Hassan and Chikmagalur , towards Southeast is Ananthapur District of Andra Pradesh. Tumkur consists of 10 taluks namely Chikkanayakanahalli, Sira, , Tumkur, , , Gubbi, , and

Project Area and information

District Taluka Gram Panchayat Villages Total Total SC ST Popul Famil Famil Fami ation ies ies lies Bellary Hospet I.Papinayakanahalli 1.Papinaykanha 5966 1109 300 288 For IFA lli 2.Vadrahalli 1011 205 111 11 3.Shankarnagar 462 87 11 59 camp 4.Nagappa 560 92 03 85 camp 5.Ingalagi 658 192 38 17 Hospet II. G. Nagalapur 1. G. Naglapur 2030 346 13 21 For IFA 2.Gund 1600 219 02 187 3.Gund Tanda 1250 112 112 00 3. Belkundi 1650 168 31 21 4. Garag 2802 420 24 143 6.G.G.Camp 309 60 06 09 Bellary III. Halakundi 1.Halakundi 3068 573 145 90 For AID-C 2.Honnali 1290 234 94 90

3.Honnali 2074 361 361 0 Tanda Gadag Mundargi IV. Halligeri 1. Halligeri 5480 850 32 24 For AID-Bay Area(sanfransico)

2. Halligudi 4500 700 25 15 3. Venkatapura 3350 659 30 25 Anatapur Rayadurga V. Malapangudi 1.Malapangudi 680 135 45 115 For AID-H 2. 999 195 23 109 H.Shiddapuram 3. H.S.Tanda 658 110 0 110 Tumkur Gubbi VI. Kondli 1. Kondli 1929 384 94 17 For AID-A (Byakappan Pale, L.S.Kore) 2. Shivasandra 430 187 12 05 3. Mavin Hatti 1001 169 35 40 4. Honnen Halli 369 79 20 - 5. Haran Halli 642 134 14 29 6. Mudpalya 383 70 - - 7. Guddad 433 109 - 12 Obalapur 8. Muskhandi 992 209 103 106 9. M.A. Doddi 318 73 20 - I. IFA (India Friends Association), Rs.5,88,200=00 II. AID-UCLA (Association for India’s Development – University of California Lass Angelissia), III. AID- C (Association for India’s Development – Cincinati), IV. AID-D (Association for India’s Development – Dollas), V. AID-H (Association for India’s Development – Houston), Rs.3,13,080=00 VI. AID-B (Association for India’s Development – Boston). VII. AID-A(Association for India’s Development – Austin,Texas),Rs.4,00,000=00(Rs.2,00,000 for 2011-12)

4.Approach: Our multi prolonged approach for the programme building peoples institutions for the protection of Natural Resources by forming and strengthening grass root level organizations called SHGs, KKS, and environment groups. And also working with village level networks, district and state level networks such as VDS,ACPNR-K,NCPNR and GGV.

Efforts will be initiated through media campaingn, Public Interest Litigation, through advocacy, people oriented policies, Legislation, people control over Natural Resouces by eliminating Mining lobby and middleman.

Providing skills and training like Non-violent Direct Action training programme Leadership trainings, Entrepreneurship trainings, to build the capacity of Rural poor to fight against Illegal Mining.

5. Strategy: Our strategy is Peoples Institutions centered, but not family centered only. The Target Group , once they gain confidence and Leadership qualities through Krashi Karmikar Sanghs , Self Help Groups, Environment Groups. Such groups will be inducted into Non-violent direct Actions, media campaign, Jathas, through advocacy bringing pressure on political parties to stop Illegal mining . Finally federating all the grass-root level organizations at taluka ,district state and National level.

Issues In Brief: Essence of the Project: As an organization committed to environmental protection and social justice, SPS has always been concerned about the social and economic development of the rural poor and is also seriously concerned about the widespread illegal mining in recent years and its adverse consequences on the people and environment in Bellary and neighboring districts especially along the border of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. SPS teams have been visiting the field for more than three years now and find continuing deterioration of mining areas and the ill effects on health, culture and occupation of people and also on the ecology and environment of the district. It has raised serious fundamental questions about accelerated rates of extractions of iron and manganese ores in recent years. There is a total breakdown of ability of the government to provide governance and earn confidence of people.

With a long track record of concern and action for clean and wholesome environment, SPS decided to act on the deteriorating situation during 4-5 years on environment and ecology and livelihood issues of the people with serious adverse impacts of widespread illegal mining. SPS decided late in 2008 to take up these issues to uphold the dignity of the local people, controlling pollution, and to put a stop on over-exploitative mining of the limited resources. Sustainability of livelihood of local people demands an optimal level of scientific mining as the local economy is based on mining along with other occupations like agriculture, animal husbandry and sheep- goat rearing, for the development of the region, state and the nation. Out of overall budget (proposals sent to seven funding groups(IFA and six chapters of AID)of Rs.27,49,400:00 we received amount Rs.11,01,280:00 only and we spent Rs, 16,00,000:00 (Approx); So we had to meet the balance amount with great difficulty from other sources.

This challenging problem of illegal mining and land acquisition is being tackled by a multi- pronged approach, as in the past, viz., scientific study of the situation by competent scientists, filing of public interest litigation, awareness building among the people as to the ill-effects of exploitative illegal mining, training concerned persons for NVDA, media campaign to mobilize widespread public opinion against the irregularities and illegalities, and to take measures for protecting the livelihood of local people and the ecology and environment of the region.

A well planned camp for two days was organized by SPS in close collaboration with Nagarika Hitarakshana Vedike (of Sandur) in May 2009, in which academicians from Hampi Kannada University and Extension Centre of Gulbarga University, volunteers from SPS and activists from various places and local youths and other affected persons participated. A major public interest litigation against the widespread irregularities and illegalities, and praying to include remedial measures to stop the over exploitation of limited mineral resources is filed in the Supreme Court of India (WP No: 562/2009). Pressure is being mounted on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Report (Part-I) of Lokayukta of Karnataka, dated 18.02.2008 submitted to the Government of Karnataka in December 2008; Report of the Central Empowerment Committee (CEC), November 19, 2009; and the 3 month Committee of the A.P. Govt. officials dated 20.10.2009 etc..

6. Action plan for 3 years and its brief description

MAJOR ACTIVITIES AND SUB ACTIVITIES:

Planned Activities

 Formation of local organization like SHG, Krushi Karmikar Sanghas.

 Formation of Village Development Sanghas after the SHGs are strengthened and Networks of local People’s Organization

 Training Programmes on Capacity building, practicing Non Violent Direct Action (NVDA), Right To Information (RIT), Leadership development, promotion of SHG Concept, Record Keeping. Social auditing etc.

 Organising workshop, seminars and state wide Jathas for building awareness and mobilizing public Opinion.

 NREGA concept trainings.

 Organizing youth camps.

 Exposure visits..

 Advocacy for the empowerment of Gram Sabha and PRIs

Brief description of the activities of community organization: SPS has started with the survey of local resource people. SPS believes in the strength of people’s organization, such as Self Help groups (SHGs) consisting of around 15 people. They conduct their meeting weekly once. The community organizers attend their meetings and build their capacity to run their meetings independently through selection of facilitator, agenda collection, decision making, organizing campaigns for implementing the decision, responsibility sharing etc. It also strengthens the existing SHGs if any.

Federation and networks: The local organizations deal with their own issues; their strength is limited to deal with broader issues like protection of Natural Resources, Health related issues, Soil degradation etc. Such issues will be taken up by the village level federations in close cooperation with the State level networks. It builds the people’s power and it helps to lobby with the government to reach our goal of protection of natural resources. The VDS is the federation of village level. All the village level local Sanghas are the members of this federation. Each Sangha sends two representatives for the VDS meeting. VDS deals with the issues related to their village level and panchayat level issues. The State level Committee called the Action Committee for Protection of Natural Resources – Karnataka (ACPNR)-K), was formed in February recently. It is a non formal state level federation. The NGO’s, village level federations, networks and those who are interested in the protection of natural resources are joining this state level network. Through this networks, mass and wider awareness activities will be taken up in close collaboration with Gram Ganarajya Vedike(GGV), National Committee for Protection of Natural Resources (NCPNR), Jana Vikas Andolan (JVA) etc.

Trainings to build the capacity of local organization and people’s power: Trainings play an important role in building the capacity of people. The trainings imparts major change in knowledge, behavior and attitude of the people. To deal with the issues of protection of natural resources effectively people need training on Non-Violent Direct Action( NVDA). I). Non-Violent Direct Action Training: To bring pressure on Government and awareness among the people, the people must trained in Non-Violent Direct Action. The NVDA is an important tool in all our movements, e.g., Kittiko- Hacchiko (pluck and plant) satyagraha, which Kusnur People successfully used to save their common lands; and Tungabhadra Parisar Samithi (TPS) people also used this instrument in their movement against Birla owned companies polluting the Tungabhadra river. The NVDA will be organized in central places consisting of 25-30 people. The duration of the training would be 3 days. The training includes knowledge and clarity about concepts like: what is violence, what is non-violence, the impacts of violence struggles and impact of non-violence struggles, the games on violence and non violence struggle, the responsibilities of the satyagrahi’s etc.

II) Right to Information: To protect the natural resources requires lot of information to be gathered. This information is not easily accessible. So we have to use Right to Information tool. In order to utilize this Act people need to be trained properly. So RTI trainings will be organized at village level, to be trained by resource persons, using simple practical methods. III) Leadership Training: To bring the social change, leadership quality is very much essential. Developing common leadership is needed. One man leadership can lead to lot of corruption and misuse of powers. The leadership training are to be organized at the village level. The training duration would be 2 days. It covers themes such as: what is leadership, qualities of leaders, types of leadership, methods of choosing leaders, games on leadership.

IV) Self Help Group Concept Trainings and Record Keeping Training in SHGs : In the present scenario Self Help Groups have brought lot of changes in women. The women participation in different fields is improving through self help groups. Still lot of poor women are left out from the Self Help Groups. Our Community organizers provide them the concept training and bring them in to the Self Help Groups. Some Self Help Groups are facing problems in keeping their minutes book and their Sangas Accounts. In order to avoid this problem our community organizers train some of the rural youths. So that they can help these groups to run smoothly.

V) Organising workshop, seminar/Jathas: To create mass, wider awareness in the villages, workshops, seminars and Jathas are playing very important role. Such workshops, seminars and Jathas bring nearer lot of like minded people together. To achieve something new, different kinds of people are need to be brought together, with presentations, thoughts, and strategies. This is possible by organizing workshops, seminars and Jathas. These activities are to be organized from village to state level.

VI) NREGA Concept Training: After 25 years of NGO struggle, the Government of India has implemented this Act. In implementation of this Act lot of loopholes persist set-backing this Act. Our community organizers will train the laborers about NREGA concept with a charter of 11 steps to implement the NREGA. With the result, the laborers learn to demanding of Job Cards, and participating in work applications, site selection, work order, preparation of work plan, preparation of estimates, site inspection, transparent employment and unemployment wages, and mandatory Social Audit etc.

Action Plan:

Sl Activities 1st 2nd 3rd No. Year Year Year (2011-12) (2012-13) (2013-14) 1 Formation of local Sanghas SHGs 30 Groups 30 Groups 6 Groups Krushi Karmikar Sangha 2 Formation of Village Development Sanghas 08 06 02 (Village Level Federation) 3 Strengthening of State level networks 01 01 01 4 Organizing trainings Non-Violent Direct Action 14 14 06 (NVDA) 5 Right to Information (RTI) 10 15 05 6 Leadership Training 15 10 05 7 Sangha Concept/Book keeping of SHGs 10 10 10 8 Workshops, Seminars and Jathas 01 01 01 9 NREGA concept and LAQ training 08 08 08 10 Youth Camps 10 08 04 11 Wall Writings 50 50 50 12 Panchayat Resolution for Community control over 20 30 10 Natural Resources 13 Vigil Line 01 01 01 14 Survey Work Through PRA Method. 12 - -

DURATION OF THE PROJECT:

This project is planned for a period of three years.

EXPECTED OUTPUT/OUTCOME AND SUCCESS INDICATORS: During the first year, we initiate framing the local people’s organizations including SHGs, linking them with Banks and training them in livelihood activities. During second year, the networks and federations will be formed and these will actively dealing with the issues on protecting natural resources. Capacity building among the youths to struggle against illegal mining activities through Non- Violent Direct Action (NVDA), on reducing dust pollution, water pollution, soil degradation and enhance agriculture activities will be the phased activities.

2013-14 SUSTAINABILITY AND EXIT PLAN During the third year, we concentrate on sustainability and exit plans. Several criteria are used to decide the sustainability and exit plan.

The main Criteria for Sustainability and Exit plan for the programme are given below

 At least 60% of the eligible families should be involved in local people organizations.  40% of people should be trained on Non-violent Direct Action, Leadership Training and training on Right To Information.  20% of people should get an employment under NREGA Act.  20% of people should participate in Jathas and Non-Violent Direct Actions.

Dr.T.R.Chandrashekar. S.R.Hiremath I.G.Pulli President Senior Advisor Treasurer

BUDGET: Budget for the year 2012-13 Sl. No. Budget Head Amount I Non Recurring 0

Sub Total I 0

II Programme Expenses 1. Salary / Honorarium 10,44,000.00 2. Employment Benefit 2,37,000.00 3. Travel for staff and volunteers 4,62,000.00 4. Workshops, Trainings, Seminars, Exposure etc 2,60,400.00 5. Vehicle Maintenance 24,000.00 6. Publication and Campaign 60,000.00 7. Field Staff Rent 96,000.00 8. Office Rent 36,000.00 9. Miscellaneous 15,000.00 Sub Total II 22,34,400.00

III Administration Expenses 1. Salary 1,68,000.00 2. Employment Benefit 42,000.00 3. Office operation 1,05,000.00 Sub Total III 3,15,000.00

Grand Total (I+II+III) 25,49,400.00

We kindly request you that, each chapter should release $10000 against this budget .

Budget Notes

I Non Recurring

A - -

Sub total – I A - II Recurring expenses A.1. Program Expenses  Salaries / Honorarium  Project Co-ordinator (14000x12x1) 1,68,000.00  Project Officers ( 8000x12x3) 2,88,000.00  Community Organizers (4500x12x8) 4,32,000.00  Office cum Account Assistant(5000x12x1) 60,000.00  Honorarium for Volunteer 96,000.00  Employment Benefit 25% 2,37,000.00 Sub total - II A.1. 12,81,000.00 A.2. Travel Project Co-ordinator (Rs.4000x12 x1) 48,000.00 Project Officers (Rs.3500x12x3) 1,26,000.00 Community Organizers (Rs.2000x12 x7) 1,92,000.00 Volunteer (Rs.4000x12x2) 96,000.00 Sub Total - II A.2. 4,62,000.00

A.3. Workshops, Trainings, Seminars, Exposure etc 2,60,400.00 A.4. Publication and Campaign 60,000.00 A.5. Vehicle Maintenance(2000x12) 24,000.00 A.6. Rent to Field Staff (1000x12 x8) 96,000.00 A.7. Office Rent (3000x12) 36,000.00 A.8. Miscellaneous 15,000.00 Sub Total - II (A.3. to A.8.) 4,91,400.00 B Administration Expenses 1 Accountant (5000x12x1) 60,000.00 2 Office cum Account Assistant(5000x12x1) 60,000.00 3 Researcher cum Asst. Librarian (4000x12 x1) 48,000.00 3 Employment benefit 25% 42,000.00 4 Office Operation (Phone, Xerox, Postage, Stationery etc) 1,05,000.00 Sub total II B 3,15,000.00

Grand Total 25,49,400.00

Dr.T.R.Chandrashekar S.R.Hiremath I.G.Pulli President Senior Advisor Treasurer