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EARLY EUROPEAN MAPS IN UNC’S MAPS COLLECTION: A SELECTIVE CARTOBIBLIOGRAPHY

by Joshua Boyer

A Master's paper submitted to the faculty of the School of Information and Library Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Library Science.

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

July, 1999

Approved by:

______Advisor 2

Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1

UNC’s Maps Collection – Issues of Access………………………………………………1

Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………….3

Scope – Why early European maps?……………………………………………………...5

Selection criteria…………………………………………………………………………..6

Audience…………………………………………………………………………………..8

Who uses historical maps – why and how?……………………………………………….9

How to conduct research on historical maps…...………………………………………..11

Website design…………………………………………………………………………...16

Format of the cartobibliography…………………………………………………………18

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19

The Cartobibliography – Early European maps in UNC’s Maps Collection…………….21

End notes………………………………………………………………………………...60

Works cited………………………………………………………………………………61 1

Introduction

This project is an annotated cartobibliography of 74 early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) in the Maps Collection in Wilson Library at the University of North

Carolina at Chapel Hill. Accompanying the cartobibliography is a website

(http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/) that allows the user to sort the maps by category (cartographer, date, geographic coverage, etc.). The paper and website also attempt to help users understand the uses of historical maps and how to conduct further research about historical maps. Most importantly, the paper and the website are designed to increase access to the historical maps by simply informing potential patrons of the existence of historical maps in the UNC-CH Maps Collection.

UNC’s Maps Collection – Issues of access

The Maps Collection is a treasure-trove of over 250,000 maps, 3,100 atlases, journals, gazetteers, and other reference books (Frazier, N., Greco, M., & Tear, L., 1998).

Like treasure, however, finding these maps is not a simple task.

Compare finding a map in the Maps Collection to finding a book at UNC’s main library, Davis. First, the average student knows the location of Davis Library – it is the largest building on campus, part of every orientation tour, and a familiar place to most students. Second, needing a book for a class or for recreation is a basic concept most students can understand. Third, finding a book in the main library is a task many students can accomplish, especially if the search is a simple matter of looking up the title in the online catalog and retrieving the book from the shelf. (This simplistic scenario is not 2

always the case, as library scholars know, but for the sake of this comparison, imagine experienced library users performing known-item searches on an online catalog.)

The route to finding a map in the Maps Collection is blocked by more barriers, both physical and cognitive. While nearly everyone on campus knows about the main library, few know even of the existence of special collections, much less an individual special collection. Even if a patron has heard that UNC has a map collection, he still has to discover its whereabouts in the basement of Wilson Library. If a patron knows the

Maps Collection exists and where it is, he still needs a reason to visit. Most scholarship is done without maps, so the idea of a map as a potential answer to a patron’s information need is not as obvious as the notion of finding a book.

These are small barriers to access compared with the following Great Wall: nearly all the 250,000 maps not bound in atlases, “flat maps,” remain uncataloged (Frazier, N.,

Greco, M., & Tear, L., 1998). This means that even the patrons who know about the collection and have the idea to use a map cannot access the collection in the familiar way with the online catalog. The patrons have to ask the librarians to help them find the maps they need. Patrons asking librarians for help may sound ideal, but requiring this interaction can discourage those patrons who are shy, who cannot yet verbalize their information need, or who just want to browse a collection on their own.

Cataloging the flat maps would be a giant step in making the collection more accessible. But short of that monumental project (which is not in the pipeline) (C.D.

Pratt, personal communication, January 20, 1999), a cartobibliography would help patrons use the flat maps. No one, especially this writer, can compile a bibliography of 3

250,000 maps, so the cartobibliography must be limited in scope. This project, therefore, focuses on a subset of the collection’s approximately 1,400 historical maps (defined as pre-1900) – early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) (C.D. Pratt, personal communication, June 14, 1999).

The idea of building an online cartobibliography comes from an understanding

that modern reference service in academic and special libraries requires greater emphasis

on computerized services to remote users. In addition to waiting at the reference desk for

questions, librarians must try to anticipate patrons’ information needs and provide web-

based educational opportunities to meet those needs. As Robert Skinder, a reference

librarian at the University of South Carolina, argues, “…end users will be far better

served if we help them perform all manner of research by themselves” (Skinder, R.F.,

1997, p. 144).

Purpose

The primary purpose of this cartobibliography is to increase access to the

historical maps in the Maps Collection simply by informing potential patrons that they

exist. As noted above, expecting students or even faculty to know about these resources

is unrealistic. But if patrons go to the effort to find the Maps Collections’ home page

from UNC’s “Libraries, Hours, and Locations” page, a link to the online

cartobibliography would inform them that the Maps Collection has historical maps. In

this way, the cartobibliography can serve an outreach function, advertising what is

otherwise a buried resource. If even a few students of geography or history find the 4

cartobibliography and realize that they could incorporate historical maps into their

research, the project will have achieved its main goal.

Another purpose is to allow users to learn about the Map Collection’s historical

maps remotely at any time of day. This ability is a primary asset of Internet resources.

Researchers from across the state or across the country can learn more about the Maps

Collection’s holdings to make decisions about whether or not to visit. Those who cannot

visit the Maps Collection during its limited hours (8:00 – 5:00 Monday – Friday) can

learn about the historical maps at any time of day or night.

An implied purpose of increased access is increased use. Assuming this project

will increase use of the historical maps by some measure, it may some day play a role in

future discussions about improved access, perhaps even prompting discussion of

cataloging the flat maps. That outcome may be a good ways off, but it would be

consistent with this project’s aim of increasing access to the maps.

Preservation is a secondary purpose. Nearly all cartobibliographies of historical

maps point out that by describing a collection, they reduce patrons’ need to physically

sort through every fragile old map to find what they need, thus eliminating unnecessary

wear and tear. Increasing access and keeping patrons’ hands off the maps are in some

ways contradictory goals, and the former has a higher priority in this project. The project

claims only to promote preservation in the particular instance of a patron who is looking

for a particular map, finds it in the cartobibliography, and therefore does not have to sort through all the other maps to locate it. 5

This project encourages both online access to information and the old-fashioned

necessity of visiting the library. Providing online access to information about specific

resources in the Maps Collection may help potential patrons learn about both the

collection and historical maps. But ultimately, the cartobibliography cannot stand alone.

A description of a map is not enough; patrons must hold the map in their hands to understand and appreciate it. Even the entries in the online cartobibliography with accompanying images do not do the maps justice (see http://.ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/images.htm). An image half the size of a computer screen is no substitute for a 20” x 30” map with the texture of 300-year-old paper. With this in mind, the website encourages patrons to think of the cartobibliography as an invitation to visit the Maps Collection to see the actual maps.

Scope – Why early European maps?

With approximately 1,400 historical flat maps in the Maps Collection, a narrower focus was necessary for this cartobibliography. Early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) were chosen in order to facilitate research in the history of cartography.

Choosing to focus on other eras and areas, such as maps of Civil War-era North Carolina maps, also would have made sense given the regional interest in such a topic. Examining early European maps not only provides numerous maps of interest for many disciplines of study but also gives insights into the history of mapping itself. Modern cartography is the product of hundreds of years of mostly European history. Greek astronomer Ptolemy began mapping the known world in the first century; Italian cartographers rediscovered 6

Ptolemy’s maps in the 15th century; Portuguese and Spanish explorers mapped the coasts of the New World; European colonial powers mapped their colonies in the Americas and

Africa; Mercator and others developed new map projections; the Dutch discovered

Australia in the early 17th century and crafted the beautiful 16th and 17th century maps that now epitomize historical maps in popular posters and calendars.

Early European maps may also be seen not only as tools but as works of art. As

Leo Bagrow points out in his History of Cartography, before the late 18th century,

European maps were often the product of a single artist whose craftsmanship was at least as important as his scientific methods. In later eras, science, technology, specialization and efficiency improved the accuracy of mapping but reduced its status as art (Bagrow,

L., 1985, p. 22). A study of more ancient maps – Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Roman,

Arab or Chinese – would satisfy many of the same criteria, but the Maps Collection has no significant holdings in these areas.

Selection criteria:

1) This project examines flat maps and excludes atlases. Such a distinction helps narrow the cartobibliography to a manageable size. It is also necessary in order to avoid comparing apples to bushels of apples. Describing one flat map in the same depth as an entire atlas confuses two different bibliographic forms. Detailing every map in many atlases, on the other hand, would be a Herculean task of questionable merit. Patrons should understand that the flat maps listed herein represent only one kind of resource for 7

the study of European cartography; they should ask librarians in the Maps Collection

about atlases.

2) The cartobibliography examines two types of maps: early world maps by

European cartographers (1450-1900) and early maps of Europe by European

cartographers (1450-1900). These criteria exclude early European cartography of other

parts of the world, in part to tighten the focus and also to avoid such confusing grey areas

as determining whether or not an 18th century Virginian is a European. The included world maps show the growing evolution of cartographic knowledge about all the regions of the world. Patrons seeking large-scale historical maps of the Americas or any other region should understand that the Maps Collection has such resources, but they will have to ask the librarians or otherwise search outside this cartobibliography.

Examples of maps excluded from this project based on the above criteria are the maps in flat map drawer 1-2 Stevenson. Edward Luther Stevenson's 1906 facsimile

project, Maps Illustrating Early Discovery and Exploration in America 1502-1530,

contains 12 maps that are indeed early European cartography, but they are neither world

maps nor maps of Europe. Also, these maps are essentially an atlas in that Stevenson

collects and describes them with an accompanying text with bibliographic information

about each map. Even if the Stevenson maps fit the selection criteria, describing them

here would be redundant since Stevenson has already provided descriptions. Patrons should understand that the 12 maps in flat map drawer 1-2 Stevenson fit the larger scope

of this project (early European historical maps) but not the selection criteria and are

therefore not included in the cartobibliography. 8

Within the scope and selection criteria are the contents of three flat map drawers in the Maps Collection. This cartobibliography describes 74 maps – all nine maps in drawer 1-1 World to 1530, all 16 maps in drawer 1-3 World 1531-1775, and all 49 maps in drawer 2-12 Europe.

The cartobibliography is selective; it does not include every early European map, much less every historical map in the Maps Collection. Every effort was made to call attention to this fact on the website (see http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/selective.htm). Patrons who understand what the cartobibliography includes (the contents of three flat map drawers) and does not include should be able to devise search strategies to find early European maps in the

Maps Collection (Bates, M.J., 1976). Users should understand that the cartobibliography is meant to serve as an introduction to historical maps in the Maps Collection, where thousands more maps than can be listed await the curious patron.

Audience

The primary intended audience for the cartobibliography is UNC students curious about historical maps. They need not have prior knowledge about historical maps. The cartobibliography is intended to serve as an introduction to early European maps in the

Maps Collection and as an invitation to explore further. Other audiences, such as students and professors with more knowledge of cartography may also find the cartobibliography useful, but it is written with the uninitiated student in mind. Entries therefore do not exhaustively detail the bibliographic history of all the editions of a 9

particular map or the provenance of the individual map in question, as do many cartobibliographies (Wolf, E.W., 1986). Instead entries focus on the historical significance of the map and its cartographer, the geographic areas covered by the map and any noteworthy features. To the novice, learning all the dates of the publication of a map or that a particular copy once belonged to Professor John Doe means little; knowing that Contarini & Roselli’s world map of 1506 was the first printed map to show the New

World easily conveys its importance.

Who uses historical maps – why and how?

The intended audience, students unfamiliar with historical maps, requires more than a description of maps; the website must explain how historical maps can be useful.

Even if students are interested in the subject, they may not be able to imagine how they could incorporate historical maps into their studies. Who studies historical maps? What disciplines do they represent? Quite simply, what do they do with the maps? A page on the website provides a few introductory answers to these questions by sharing some concrete examples Maps Collection librarian Celia Pratt shared with this writer (see http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/why1.htm). Pratt’s examples (plus one from writer David Buisseret) are summarized below: 10

Who uses historical maps? Why? How? Geographers & historians To understand the history of By looking at two maps of the cartography same place, 100 years apart, in order to understand how geographic knowledge has increased.

By studying how cartographers mapped unknown territories - with blank spaces or sea monsters or warnings about cannibals. To discover settlement By examining early maps to patterns see where people established towns first, why they chose one place and not another, and what settlements came later. To study the influence of By noting the religious religion iconography of maps. Illustrations of cathedrals represent cities on some maps, for example. Political scientists, To study propaganda By examining how maps geographers & historians techniques project the political interests of their makers (Buisseret, D., 1992). Genealogists, literature To study place names By tracking down the location scholars, geographers & of a town name that has historians changed over the centuries in order to discover where an ancestor lived or a location mentioned in an old text. Cultural anthropologists To understand the history of By examining historical maps their region of study of their region of study to see land uses of the past. 11

Archaeologists To find archaeological sites UNC scientists used old maps to locate and identify Blackbeard’s pirate ship, Queen Anne’s Revenge (see article online at http://athena.dev.unc.edu/pubr el/newsarchive/univ/u1999/uju ne99/blackbeard.htm).

Artists & graphic designers To learn from the artistic By studying map illustrations, styles of historical maps colors, banners, cartouches and layout. Dramatists To find costume and prop By looking at map illustrations ideas of people dressed in the attire of different eras and places – or the drawings of ships, navigational tools and sea monsters.

(C.D. Pratt, personal communication, June 14, 1999). 12

How to conduct research on historical maps

If the cartobibliography succeeds, it will whet users’ appetites for learning more about historical maps. It should therefore offer suggestions as to how users can find maps and other resources not listed in the cartobibliography. In that spirit, a set of web pages offers:

· a rough guide to finding historical maps in the Maps Collection – those listed in the

cartobibliography as well as those unlisted, European and non-European.

· A list of classic books on the history of maps.

· Library of Congress subject headings with which to search for materials about

historical maps in library catalogs.

· a list of journals that cover historical maps.

· a list of indexes to periodical literature about historical maps.

The contents of those pages follows:

Historical map drawers in the Maps Collection – their titles give a rough notion of the Map Collection’s historical holdings:

1-1 World to 1530 2-1 United States 1830-1839 1-2 Stevenson 2-2 United States 1840-1844 1-3 World 1531-1775 2-3 United States 1845-1853 1-4 World 1776-1827 2-4 United States 1854-1859 1-5 World 1828-1900; Africa 2-5 United States 1860-1862 1-6 The Americas 2-6 United States 1863-1865 1-7 North America through 1749 2-7 United States 1866-1879 1-8 North America 1750-1900; Canada 2-8 United States 1880-1900 through 1900 1-9 United States through 1699 2-9 U.S. Sanborn Maps 1885-1947 (minor holdings – most are in the North Carolina Collection) 1-10 United States 1700-1732 2-10 Latin America through 1769 13

1-11 United States 1733-1774 2-11 Latin America 1770-1900 1-12 United States 1775-1783 2-12 Europe 1-13 United States 1784-1810 2-13 British Isles (except Ordinance Survey) 1-14 United States 1810-1819 2-14 British Isles Ordinance Survey 1-15 United States 1820-1829 2-15 Asia/Australia/Oceans

A list of classic texts on the history of maps:

Bagrow, L. (1964). History of cartography. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Brown, L.A. (1979). Story of maps. New York: Dover Publications.

Crone, G. R. (1978). Maps and their makers: An introduction to the history of cartography. Hamden, CT.: Archon Books.

Harley, J.B. & Woodward, D. (1987-). History of cartography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hodgkiss, A.G. (1981). Understanding maps: A systematic history of their use and development. Folkstone, England: Dawson.

Karrow, R.W. (1993). Mapmakers of the sixteenth century and their maps : bio- bibliographies of the cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570. Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press.

Lister, R. (1970). Antique Maps and their cartographers. Hamden, CT.: Archon Books.

Lister, R. (1965). How to identity old maps and globes, with a list of cartographers, engravers, publishers and printers concerned with printed maps and globes from c.1500 to c.1850. London: G. Bell .

Moreland, C. & Bannister, D. (1983). Antique maps, a collector's handbook. New York: Longman.

Shirley, R.W. (1983). Mapping of the world: Early printed world maps, 1472- 1700. London: Holland Press.

Tooley, R. V. (1979). Tooley’s dictionary of mapmakers. New York: A. R. Liss. 14

Tooley, R. V. (1970). Maps and map-makers. London: Batsford.

Library of Congress subject headings:

Cartography Maps Cartography -- Europe -- History Maps --Bibliography Cartography -- History Nautical charts -- Early works to 1800 Cartography -- History -- [name of Renaissance -- Maps country] Cartography -- History – 15th century World Maps (16th century, 17th century, etc.) Cartography -- History -- Maps World Maps -- Early works to 1800 Classical geography -- Maps World maps -- History Early maps [insert country, region or city here] -- Maps (example: Portugal -- Maps) Geography, Ancient -- Maps [insert country, region or city here] -- Maps -- Early works to 1800 (example: Italy -- Maps -- Early works to 1800) Geography, Medieval -- Maps [insert country, region or city here] -- Maps – History (example: Europe – Maps -- History) Journals covering historical maps:

Acta Cartographica Published in Amsterdam by Theatrum Orbis Terrarum from 1967 to 1981 "A series of monographs and studies on the history of cartography, reprinted from periodicals since 1800. Articles are in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, etc." Available at UNC in Davis Library

Imago Mundi Journal of the International Society for The History of Cartography Published in Berlin by Bibliographikon since 1935 Available at UNC in the Maps Collection

Mercator's World: The Magazine of Maps, Exploration and Discovery Published in Eugene, Oregon by Aster Pub. Corp. since 1996 Previously titled The Map Collector from 1977-1996 Available at UNC in the Maps Collection and Davis Library

Meridian Published in Eugene, Oregon by the Map & Geography Round Table since 1989 Available at UNC in the Maps Collection 15

Portolan The Journal of the Washington Map Society Published in Silver Spring, Maryland by the Washington Map Society since 1984 Unavailable at UNC

The following print, CD-ROM and online indexes include coverage of historical map journal literature:

America: History and Life. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO. CD-ROM index available at UNC's Davis Library "An international index to articles, book reviews, dissertations, and multi-author works in American and Canadian history" (UNC-Chapel Hill Libraries, 1998, "Description of America: History and Life").

Bibliographia Cartographica. New York: K.G. Saur. Print bibliography available at Maps Collection "This annually published bibliography contains entries on all branches of cartographical literature. Each volume lists approximately 2,500 monographs and articles from some 400 periodicals, analysed by a group of collaborating experts from 40 countries worldwide. Cartographical themes covered in the Bibliographia Cartographica include: Bibliography, documentation, general literature, history of cartography, biographical aspects of cartography, organizations and institutions of cartography, theory of cartography, map production, practical cartography, spatial information systems, topographic cartography, thematic cartography, atlas- cartography, tactile maps, maps for the blind, film and computer screen maps, map-like representations, use of maps, [and] regional cartography" (K.G. Saur Publishing, 1999).

Geobase. Norwich [England]: Elsevier. Online database available at UNC's Davis Library. Geobase is the online equivalent of the print bibliography, Geographical abstracts: Physical geography. The database supplies "... bibliographic information and abstracts for development studies, the Earth sciences, ecology, geomechanics, human geography, and oceanography ... Geobase provides current coverage of 3,000 journals and approximately 2,000 other sources including books, proceedings, reports, irregular publications, maps and theses" (Elsevier, 1999, "Geobase Online").

Geographical Abstracts: Human Geography. Norwich [England]: Elsevier/Geo Abstracts. Print monthly journal available at UNC's Davis Library Covers "...current literature in all disciplines relating to the geography of human activity. Providing circa 10,000 abstracts annually, it forms a broad international 16

bibliographic reference source in the areas of planning, social and economic geography ... and historical geography" (Elsevier, 1999, "Geographical abstracts: Human geography").

Historical Abstracts. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. CD-ROM index available at UNC's Davis Library "An international index to articles, book reviews, dissertations, and multi-author works in post-1450 world history. North American history is not included; instead see America: History and Life" (UNC-Chapel Hill Libraries, 1998, "Description of Historical Abstracts").

Website design

The online cartobibliography was created with some particular web design principals in mind. The most basic of these is sticking to a broad and shallow structure.

“A system with a broad shallow structure is probably better than one which is deep and complex, simply because it is less likely for the user to get lost in” (Cox, A., 1996, p. 47).

For the purposes of the cartobibliography, users should be able to understand the structure of the site from the home page; they should not have to navigate through 15 directories to plumb its depths. All the basic contents of the cartobibliography, therefore, are listed in the left frame, which stays constant throughout navigation.

Consistent with a broad shallow structure are short pages. The online cartobibliography keeps its pages short (with a few exceptions like the entire listing of maps – see http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/alphabetical_list.htm. “… Care must be taken to organize information in an easily comprehensible format which invites, rather than deflects, investigation” (Shotsberger, 1996, p. 49). Shotsberger recommends short pages, short paragraphs, bulleted lists, a minimal number of links per page, and back, forward and home buttons on all pages as ways to keep a site navigable. 17

Consistency across pages also helps users keep track of where they are. The Yale

Style Manual notes:

Repetition is not boring; it gives your site a consistent graphic identity that reinforces a distinct sense of "place," and that makes your site more memorable. A consistent approach to layout and navigation allows readers to quickly adapt to your design, and to confidently predict the location of information and navigation controls across the pages of your site. (Lynch, P. & Horton, S., 1997).

With this in mind, the pages of the website have the same footer, header size and color, and Home button on every page.

The design of one page in particular deserves explanation, “Who uses historical

http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/why1.htm). This page allows users to click through a PowerPoint-like slide show offering examples of how historical maps can be used. (Technically there are eight HTML files, but that should be transparent to the user.) An earlier draft of that web page conveyed the same information via the table on page 10 of this paper. But the suggestions of D. Scott

Brandt, a technology training librarian at Purdue University, changed the design. Brandt promotes “self-guided, self-paced” tutorials:

By self-guided I mean there is some clear way to navigate back and forth through the tutorial … By self-paced I mean that the tutorial is conductive to setting up some kind of pace for proceeding through it – divided into some logical structure – rather than simply being one long linear piece of text (Brandt, 1997, p. 45).

A slide show is also more visually inviting than a table. The change made in the website from a table to a slide show is a small but important one in web design. Ultimately, the point is to design a site that naturally encourages users to investigate rather than stare at one page of text. 18

Format of the cartobibliography:

The format of the map entries in the cartobibliography is based on examples from several exemplary cartobibliographies found in UNC libraries1 as well as modifications thereof. As E. W. Wolf (1986) points out, most cartobibliographies have unique formats:

From the very beginning, there have been enormous differences in style, format, and in the depth and breadth of coverage among cartobibliographies … The large number of information elements involved, but even more so the close relationship of maps to non-cartographic elements (history, events, people), make the compiling of a cartobibliography a very personal undertaking – one that makes it difficult to adhere to a rigid and limiting format (Wolf, E.W., 1986, p. 30).

Wolf explains that most compilers of historical maps cartobibliographies have thus rejected the standard advocated by Cartographic Materials: A Manual of

Interpretation of for AACR2 (1982). For the purposes of this project, AACR2 rules are

too oriented toward catalogers and not toward college students, calling for abbreviations

that would mystify most students (“col.” for example, means colored). This project also

supplies more description for each map than would an AACR2 catalog. In short, the

cartobibliography is an exercise in description, not in cataloging. The task of cataloging

the Maps Collection’s historical maps awaits others.

Data fields in this project include:

§ Title § Cartographer § Original or reproduction § Publication date of original map § Publication date of reproduction § Nationality of cartographer § Languages of map text § Geographic coverage § Size 19

§ Publisher § Publisher location § Drawer in Maps Collection § ID number of map § Condition notes § Description § Images – some entries on the website have accompanying .jpg image files to allow users to see what is being described

Most of these fields are typical. Exceptions include one of commission and one of omission. “Nationality of cartographer” is an unusual field; it is included here to allow users of the website to sort the entries by nationality of cartographer, to let them assess countries’ contributions to cartographic history (see http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/cartobibliograaphy.htm). The most obvious field left out is scale. Scale is one of the most basic and important features of maps; to leave it out may seem odd. But scale is a tricky concept on many early maps in several ways. First, there is the difficulty or impossibility of calculating scale for some maps, especially those early maps that were created with less than scientific standards. Second, while scale is critical to map-makers – and to 15th century navigators sailing west into the unknown – it is less so to students studying old maps as historical artifacts. Many cartobibliographies of historical maps include scale, noting it “indeterminable” when necessary.2 Others leave it out altogether,3 an example this project follows.

Conclusion

It is hoped that this project will increase UNC-CH students’ access to historical maps in the Maps Collection. Currently, the historical maps are a buried resource, lying uncataloged in drawers in the basement of Wilson Library. Today no one accidentally 20

discovers the historical maps; one has to know they exist and ask to see them. The online cartobibliography (once it is linked to the Maps Collection’s website) will allow more casual discovery. Patrons browsing through UNC library web pages (regardless whether or not they are consciously looking for information about historical maps) will see a link inviting them to find out about historical maps. Other users may discover the website when others tell them about it. Either way, such potential patrons may be enticed into becoming real patrons, visiting the Maps Collection and holding the historical maps in their own hands. Beyond informing patrons that the resources exist, the cartobibliography can help them learn about particular maps and devise search strategies for finding other maps. The project is a contribution to ongoing discussions of how to improve access to special collections. 21

The Cartobibliography – Early European Maps in UNC’s Maps Collection

Below are descriptions of 74 maps in UNC’s Maps Collection by European cartographers from 1450 to 1900. While roughly half of the approximately 1,400 historical maps in the Maps Collection are originals, the proportion of originals to reproductions is much smaller for the early European maps (C.D. Pratt, personal communication, June 14, 1999).

The maps below are arranged alphabetically by cartographer’s name. Maps by cartographers whose names this writer could not discover are listed chronologically at the end of the list, under the heading Unknown cartographer.

Apianus, Petrus. Mapa Universal, 1530. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961. 16 x 11.25 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: German Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 9

Apianus offered the world in the shape of a heart. Illustrated winds blow onto his globe. South America consists of an east coast; North America is hardly there at all. Australia and Antarctica had not yet been discovered. The southeast Asian peninsula is huge – bigger than India.

Petrus Apainus or Peter Apian (1495-1552) was a German mathematician astronomer and cartographer (Museum of the History of Science, No date). His Cosmographia (1524 and 14 later editions) was an influential book of geography, astronomy and history, illustrated with maps (Encyclopædia Britannica Online, No date, “Maps of the discoveries”).

Baker, B. Map of the world from the best authorities, 1766-1840? Original. Islington, England: Publisher unknown. 22

8.5 x 15.5 inches. Condition notes: Lots of brown spots; edges fair. Map text: English Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: None

This world map with black lines on white paper is split into two circles for the east and west hemispheres. The map looks mostly normal to the modern eye, with Japan a bit misshapen and Antarctica missing.

No information about the cartographer is printed on the map, but it does claim “B. Baker” as the engraver. The dates 1766-1840 appear in pencil on the folder containing the map.

Beins, Jean de. Delphinatus vulgo Dauphine avec les confins de Pais et Provinces Voifines, c.1660. Reproduction. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 15.5 x 19.5 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: France Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 509

The Maps Collection holds two copies of this map of France by 17th-century French cartographer Jean de Beins, a royal geographer and engineer – one is black and white and the other reverses the black and white colors (Lister, R., 1965). Relief is shown with illustrated mountains.

Bellin, Jacques Nicolas. Plan du Mont St. Michel, 1764. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1970. 8.75 x 6.5 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Mont St. Michel Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Bellin’s map of Mont St. Michel, a town in Normandy (northern France), shows the town in detail, including its abbey and chateau. Picturesque Mont St. Michel is famous for its tides. At high tide the town is an island, and at low tide the sea recedes (Comité Régional de Tourisme de Normandi, No date). 23

French cartographer Jacques Nicolas Bellin (1703-1772) served over 50 years in the French Hydrographic Service, conducting major surveys of the coasts of France and other coastlines around the world. Bellin’s surveys produced a large number of fine sea charts (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Biurman, Georg. Charta öfwer Stockholm med des malmar och förstäder af Hans Konge Majt. til strandernes anlaggning i nader faststäld den 1. julii 1751, 1751. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968. 22 x 19 inches. Map text: Swedish Geographic coverage: Stockholm Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Cartographer Georg Biurman’s bird’s-eye view of 18th-century Stockholm reveals a fascinating city sprawling over eight islands and the mainland. The map includes an index to points of interest and an interesting chart (which this bibliographer cannot interpret) allotting varying numbers of lanterns, flags and other symbols for the various islands and regions of the city.

Blaeu, Joan. Avgvsta Tavrinorvm, 1682. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968. 20.5 x 30 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Turin Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

This map of Turin, a city in northwestern Italy near Milan, is by Joan Blaeu (1596-1673), son of the more famous Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638). The map includes an index to points of interest and an illustration of a coat of arms.

Joan Blaeu and his brother Cornelius inherited their father’s cartographic publishing firm, the most important in Amsterdam in the late 16th century. The firm was destroyed by fire in 1672, a year before Joan’s death (Bagrow, L., 1985 and OCLC, 1978-1999, “Avgvsta Tavrinorvm”).

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon. Europa recens descripta, 1617. 24

Reproduction. Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorporated, Reprint date: 1968. 14 x 19 inches. Map text: Latin, Dutch Geographic coverage: Europe, North Africa Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 514

Blaeu’s map of Europe (reproduced in color) is surrounded on left and right by caricatures of people of the various nationalities, which was a different concept in 1635 than today - “Angli,” “Galli,” “Belgi,” “Castiliani,” “Venetian,” “German,” “Hungari,” “Bohemi,” “Poloni” and “Greci.” Across the top are small aerial maps of prominent cities, Amsterdam occupying the prominent top-left position.

Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638), a pupil of the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, brought his mentor’s scientific approach to mapmaking. He also took an entrepreneurial approach, founding in Amsterdam a highly successful map publishing company, considered the most important of the late 16th century (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon. Nova totius terrarum orbis geographica ac hydrographica tabula, 1635. Reproduction. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown. 14 x 18.5 inches. Map text: Latin and French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 13

This 1635 world map by Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638) is highly decorated, surrounded all four sides by the elements, the planets, the seasons, and the seven wonders of the world. At the bottom left and right are two inset circular maps with northern and southern polar views, respectively.

On the map itself “Terra Australis Incognita” stretches like an enormous Antarctica across bottom, in the east taking the place of Australia and merging with “Nova Guinea.” On this large southern continent is the Psittacorum Regio, “so called because of its incredibly large parrots,” explains text on the verso of the 1663 edition of this map (map #15M in this cartobibliography). Central and northwestern North America are ill defined, as is northern Greenland. North America is enormous, wider from California to Newfoundland than Europe and Asia are from Portugal to eastern China. Blaeu’s maps include a few places that 25

proved mythical, including the Island of Frisland near Iceland and the Kingdom of Anian in northwestern North America, notes text on the verso of the 1663 map.

A cartouche reads: “America: Anno domini 1492 a Christophoro Columbo nomine Regis Castellae primum detecta, et ab Americo Vesputio nomen fortita 1499.” The map was “…reproduced [by an unknown publisher] from an engraving by Willem Janzoon Blaue in the Cornell University Library.”

Blaeu, a pupil of the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, brought his mentor’s scientific approach to map-making. He also took an entrepreneurial approach, founding in Amsterdam a highly successful map publishing company, considered the most important of the late 16th century (Bagrow, L., 1985).

The Maps Collection also holds a 1663 edition of this map – see map # 15M.

Blaeu, Willem Janszoon. Nova totius terrarum orbis geographica ac hydrographica tabula, 1663. Reproduction. Amsterdam: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Ltd., Reprint date: 1966. 16 x 21.5 inches. Map text: Latin and French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 15M

This is a later edition of Blaeu’s map of 1635 (Maps Collection #13). Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638) was dead in 1663, but his son, Joan, was still publishing his atlas, Le Grand Atlas ou Cosmographie Blaviane en laquelle est exactement descritte la terre, la mer, et le ciel (The Great Atlas or Blaeu's Cosmography, in which are faithfully described the Earth, the Seas, and the Heavens).

Text on the verso of this map claims: “It is today considered by scholars one of the most splendid and important atlases ever published. In fact, this monument of cartography has never been surpassed in magnificence and in the number of maps.”

The map is highly decorated, surrounded all four sides by the elements, the planets, the seasons, and the seven wonders of the world. At the bottom left and right are two inset circular maps with northern and southern polar views, respectively. 26

On the map itself “Terra Australis Incognita” stretches like an enormous Antarctica across bottom, in the east taking the place of Australia and merging with “Nova Guinea.” On this large southern continent is the Psittacorum Regio, “so called because of its incredibly large parrots,” explains text on the verso of this map. Central and northwestern North America are ill defined, as is northern Greenland. North America is enormous, wider from California to Newfoundland than Europe and Asia are from Portugal to eastern China. Blaeu’s maps include a few places that proved mythical, including the Island of Frisland near Iceland and the Kingdom of Anian in northwestern North America, notes text on the verso of this map.

A cartouche reads: “America: Anno domini 1492 a Christophoro Columbo nomine Regis Castellae primum detecta, et ab Americo Vesputio nomen fortita 1499.”

Blaeu, a pupil of the famous Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, brought his mentor’s scientific approach to map-making. He also took an entrepreneurial approach, founding in Amsterdam a highly successful map publishing company, considered the most important of the late 16th century (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Bonne, Rigobert. L'Ancien monde et le nouveau: En deux hemispheres, 1780. Original. Geneva: J.L. Pellet. 8.25 x 16 inches. Condition notes: Edges badly torn, one fold torn halfway across; smudged with black. Map text: French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 20

This small, busy map is hard to read. Australia and New Zealand are complete – this area was not well mapped earlier in the 18th century. Antarctica is missing. Modern-day Alaska is poorly defined, as is Northern Greenland.

The world map is from French cartographer Rigobert Bonne’s Atlas de Toutes les Parties Connues du Globe Terrestre. Bonne (c.1729-c.1795), who served as Royal Hydrographer, also produced many marine charts (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Bouchard, Giuseppe. Pianta della citta di Firenze nelle sue vere misure colla descrizione dei luoghi pui notabili di ciascun quartiere, 1755. Reproduction. 27

Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1969. 19.75 x 26.75 inches. Map text: Italian Geographic coverage: Florence Nationality of cartographer: Italian Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 532

Cartographer Giuseppe Bouchard’s bird’s-eye view of Florence, Italy delineates the city down to the level of the larger buildings and streets. The indexes of points of interest here are exceptional; each of the four “quartiere” of the city has its own.

Bretez, Louis. Plan de Paris, 1739. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1972. Each of 4 sheets = 19.5 x 25 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Paris Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 525

This map offers an extremely detailed aerial view of Paris. "It is one of the great city views and shows the primacy of French cartography in the period," according to Tom Conley, Harvard professor of Romance languages and literatures (Reed, C., 1997).

While most of the aerial views of Paris in the Maps Collection mark features with numbers or letters and explain the symbols with a key, this map writes out names beside the streets and buildings. The map comes in four large sheets comprising the northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest sections of the city.

The map was published in Michel Turgot’s atlas Plan de Paris in 1739, a year after the death of cartographer Louis Bretez. Claude Lucas did the engraving (Library of Congress, No date, “Plan de Paris”).

Comenius, Johann Amos. Moravia marchionatus, 1635. Reproduction. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 14.75 x 18.5 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Moravia Nationality of cartographer: Czech 28

Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 524

Czech cartographer Johann Amos Comenius’ (1592-1670) map of Moravia (part of Germany) is originally from Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, an atlas published by the great Dutch cartographer Willem Janszoon Blaeu (1571-1638) (OCLC, 1978- 1999, “Moravia marchionatus”). This reproduction features black lines on white paper. Relief is shown pictorially, and illustrated castles mark towns and cities.

Contarini, Matheo and Francesco Roselli. Mapa Universal, 1506. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1923. 11.25 x 16.75 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Italian Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 4

This is the first printed world map to show the discovery of the Americas (Tooley, 1979). The oldest known map of any kind to show the Americas is a 1500 manuscript by Juan de la Cosa, one of Columbus’ pilots. Italian cartographer Giovanni Matteo Contarini combined the new discoveries with the known world largely derived from Ptolemy’s maps (Lister, 1970).

Contarini (d. 1506) and engraver Francesco Roselli (c. 1445-1513) created a fan- shaped map using a conical projection (Tooley, 1970). An inscription on the map claims “if by folding together the two sets of degrees you form them into a circle, you will perceive the whole spherical world combined into 360 degrees” (Crone, 1978, p. 54). This is not literally true because the map shows only the Northern Hemisphere; the map is centered on the North Pole. Scholars debate the possibility that Contarini made another map of the Southern Hemisphere (Lister, 1970).

The most interesting feature of this map is that North America and Asia are considered one continent – the map-makers replicated Columbus’ error of thinking the explorer had sailed to Asia. Hispañola (the island now made up of Haiti and the Dominican Republic) is here called “Zimpangu” and is huge – bigger than Spain.

Another inscription on the map praises Contarini for showing: “The world and all its seas on a flat map Europe, Libya, Asia, and the Antipodes, The poles, and zones and sites of places, The parallels for the climes of the mighty globe" (Crone, 1978, p. 54). 29

Roselli engraved Contarini’s map in copper. He also developed the conical projection Contarini used for this map (Bagrow, 1964). Roselli’s store in Florence is the world’s earliest known map shop. He is known for an aerial view of his native city – “one of the finest oblique pictorial views surviving from the 15th century” (Harley & Woodward, 1987-, p. 465).

This reproduction of the only surviving map in the British Museum (Bagrow, 1964) is done with black lines on white paper. It is small and somewhat hard to read. Publisher Carlos Sanz includes explanatory Spanish text on the verso.

Cóvens, Johannes & Corneille Mortier. Recentis Romæ ichnographia et hypsographia sive planta et facies ad magnificentiam : qva svb Alexandro VII P.M. vrbs ipsa directa excvlta et decorata est, 1667. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1966. 21.5 x 28.25 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Rome Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 518

This city plan of Rome gives a detailed view of all the streets and the layout of the city. Cartographers Cóvens and Mortier mark the 14 regions of the city with the regions’ insignia (Library of Congress, No date, “Recentis Romæ…”) A banner across the top reads: “Alexandro VII Pont Max” in honor of Alexander VII, pope from 1655 to 1667 (Encyclopaedia Britanica, No date, “Alexander VII”).

Dutch cartographers Johannes Cóvens (flourished 1740) and Corneille Mortier (18th century) drafted the map. The two men took over the firm of Pieter Mortier after his death in 1724 Pieter Mortier had succeeded Frederik de Wit (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Cóvens, Johannes & Cornielle Mortier. Philippeville, Holland, 1710. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965. 11.5 x 15.25 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Philippeville, Holland Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None 30

Philippeville, Holland is seen here as a star-shaped walled city. Text on the map informs the reader that the town is situated at 50 degrees and16 minutes (north) latitude and 25 degrees and 53 minutes (east) longitude.

Dutch cartographers Johannes Cóvens (flourished 1740) and Corneille Mortier (18th century) drafted the map. The two men took over the firm of Pieter Mortier after his death in 1724. Pieter Mortier had succeeded Frederik de Wit (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Fer, Nicolas de. Mappe-monde ou Carte Universel, 1705. Original. Paris: Chez l'Auteur. 9 x 13.5 inches. Condition notes: Edges worn and torn. Map text: French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 19

This world map if from is from Nicolas de Fer’s L'atlas curieux; ou, Le monde réprésente dans des cartes générales et particuliéres du ciel et de la térre ... et orné par des plans et descriptions des villes capitales et principales et des plus superbes edifices qui les embelissent ... (OCLC, 1978-1999, “L'atlas curieux…”).

This small map uses mostly black lines on white paper with colored lines marking the continents. Australia (“Nouvelle Hollande”) wraps around to encompass New Guinea, making those two modern-day countries one continent without well defined southern or eastern coasts. New Zealand is a mere spit; California is an island; northwestern North America, northern Greenland and eastern Russia are ill defined.

French cartographer Nicolas de Fer (1646-1720) made many atlases, mostly of France, beginning in the 1690s (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Goos, Pieter. Orbis terrarvm nova et accvratissima tabvla, 1667. Reproduction. New York: American Heritage, Reprint date: 1959. 17.25 x 21 inches. Condition notes: Small tears; taped on verso. Map text: Latin and Dutch Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 16 31

Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos (c. 1616-1675) was one of the most prominent engravers of navigational maps during the 17th century. His maps are considered some of the most beautiful of the era (Hodgkiss, A.G., 1981), a time when the Dutch dominated both shipping and cartography (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1986).

This colorfully illustrated map is the first in an atlas of sea charts, De Zee Atlas ofte Water-Weereld (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). The Eastern and Western Hemispheres are divided into two large circles, while the polar views are shown in smaller circles at the bottom left and right. California is an island; the Pacific Northwest of the modern-day United States and Canada do not exist here; Northeastern Russia is simply rounded off; the east coast of Australia is lost as the continent goes off the east side of the map and does not reappear in the west; and Antarctica does not appear. Text on the verso of the map explains that Hawaii does not appear because it was not discovered by Europeans until Captain Cook did so in 1778. By the date of this map, 1667, European explorers had explored nearly all the world except the far reaches of the Pacific and the poles, the verso text notes.

Pieter Goos was the son of Abraham Goos (flourished 1614-1648), another Amsterdam cartographer and engraver (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Goos, Pieter. Pascaart van Europa, als mede een gedeelte vande cust van Africa, 1668. Reproduction. Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorporated, Reprint date: 1970. 14 x 17.25 inches. Map text: Dutch Geographic coverage: Europe, Northwest Africa, Greenland Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 513

Dutch cartographer Pieter Goos (c. 1616-1675) was one of the most prominent engravers of navigational maps during the 17th century. His maps are considered some of the most beautiful of the era (Hodgkiss, A.G., 1981), a time when the Dutch dominated both shipping and cartography (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1986).

This map of Europe and the northwestern corner of Africa is oriented with West at the top. Two ships sails westward, following the map’s navigational rhumb lines past “Groenland.” The emphasis on navigation can be seen in the fact that only coastal cities are labeled. The map stretches eastward to Russia and southeast to Dalmatia (now called Croatia) but not far enough to include Greece. 32

“Hispa.,” “Duytschlandt,” “Noorwegen,” “Sweden” and “Russia” are all marked by their royal crests.

Pieter Goos was the son of Abraham Goos (flourished 1614-1648), another Amsterdam cartographer and engraver (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Hondius, Jodocus. Nova Europæ descriptio, 1606. Reproduction. Edinburgh, Scotland: John Bartholomew & Son Ltd., Reprint date: 1973. 15 x 20 inches. Map text: Latin, Dutch Geographic coverage: Europe, parts of Africa, Middle East and the Americas Nationality of cartographer: Flemish Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 517

Jodocus Hondius (1563-1612) is listed here as the cartographer, but in truth, he served more as the atlas publisher of Mercator’s maps. Hondius, a Flemish engraver and map seller, made the wise move of buying the plates from the late Gerardus Mercator’s (1512-1594) atlas. Mercator’s Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura (Atlas, or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created), published in three parts from 1585 to 1595, was the first to use the term “atlas” (Brown, L.A., 1949, p. 165) and was celebrated for its beauty and accuracy (Collis, P., 1997). Hondius’ purchase of the plates made him rich and famous, while Mercator never lived to see his atlas reach the height of its popularity.

This map of Europe is from Hondius’ atlas of 1606, comprised of Mercator’s plates and 50 other maps Hondius compiled (Brown, L.A., 1949). Mercator delineated the boundaries of the countries with different colors and decorated the seas with ships, a seal and an assortment of monsters.

Isaak, Tirion. Amsterdams oudste staat: en byzondere vergrootingen, door zevenderlei stippen en streepen afgebeeld, 1760. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965. 11.5 x 15.75 inches. Map text: Dutch Geographic coverage: Amsterdam Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 533 33

Dutch cartographer Isaak Tirion’s bird’s-eye view of Amsterdam shows the city and its planned growth in 1760. North is toward the lower right of the map. Tirion (d. 1769), who engraved this map, was a map publisher in Amsterdam. The Nieuwe en Beknopte Hand Atlas of 1744, Atlas van Zeeland in 1760 and an atlas of the Netherlands published posthumously in 1793 are his most important works (Lister, R., 1965 and OCLC, 1978-1999, “Amsterdams oudste staat…”).

Jansson, Jan. Italia Nuoament Piu Perfetta che Mai per Inanzi Posta in Luce, 1650. Reproduction. Maplewood, New Jersey: Hammond, Reprint date: 1970. 14 x 19 inches. Map text: Italian Geographic coverage: Italy Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 516

Dutch cartographer Jan Jansson’s map of 17th-century Italy is beautifully colored and illustrated. Illustrations include ships and sea monsters, the legendary wolf nursing Remus and Romulus, and Neptune. The map includes the Dalmatian (now Croatian) coast, Corsica, Sardinia and the northeastern tip of Sicily.

Jan Jansson (1588-1664) worked at the Amsterdam map publishing house of his father-in-law, Jodocus Hondius. Jansson inherited the firm in 1638 (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Janvier, Jean. Mappe-Monde description du globe terrestre, 1762. Original. Paris: Sieur Lattre. 12 x 17.75 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 20M

Black lines on white paper illustrate Janvier’s map, which is broken into two circles for the “Oriental” and “Occidental” hemispheres. The borders of continents are colored. Australia and New Guinea are one landmass here, and northwestern North America from modern-day Oregon to Alaska is covered by the Pacific. 34

French cartographer Jean Janvier (flourished 1746-1776) published Atlas Moderne ou Collection des Cartes in 1762, from which this map may originate (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

L'Isle, Guillaume de. Mappe-monde dressé sur les observations de Mrs. de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et quelques autres et fur tes memoires tes plus recens, 1700. Original. Amsterdam: Pierre Mortier. 16.75 x 25.75 inches. Condition notes: Small amount of black smudging on edges. Map text: French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 18

The world map of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675-1726) (Bagrow, L., 1985) shows the world in two circular hemispheres. Most lines are black on white paper, except national borders, which are colored. Explorer’s routes are marked.

Australia, Eastern Australia and Northwestern North America are not shown, while California is an island. Northern Greenland is ill defined.

French cartographer De L’Isle’s produced over 100 maps, which were collected in atlases after his death. His first maps, including this one, contain errors in the longitudinal width of the Mediterranean Sea, a problem his later maps corrected (Bagrow, L., 1985).

Lagrive, Jean de. Plan de Versailles: Du petit parc, et de ses dependances où sont marqués les emplacemens de chaque maison de cette ville : les plans du château, et des hôtels, et les distributions des jardins et bosquets, 1746. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965. 12.5 x 18.75 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Versailles Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

French cartographer Jean de Lagrive’s map is a colorful map is a bird’s-eye view of Versailles, the royal palace and its extensive gardens and grounds. 35

Lagrive (1689-1757), was involved in an effort by the astronomers of King Louis XV to determine the shape of the earth by surveying and mathematical calculations. Lagrive was an abbot (a superior within a monastery) (Brown, L.A., 1949).

Lagrive, Jean de. Plan de la ville de Berlin, capitale de l'electorat de Brandebourg et la residence ordinaire du roi de Prusse, 1749. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968. 19 x 26.5 inches. Map text: French and German Geographic coverage: Berlin Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 527

Jean de Lagrive’s bird’s-eye view of Berlin has a title that translates: Plan of the town of Berlin, capital of the electorate of Brandebourg and the ordinary residence of the King of Prussia. This aerial view is of smaller scale (more area is covered) than most of the city plans in the Maps Collection. The detail is not as great; city blocks are outlined rather than individual buildings delineated.

Lagrive (1689-1757), was involved in an effort by the astronomers of King Louis XV to determine the shape of the earth by surveying and mathematical calculations. Lagrive was an abbot (a superior within a monastery) (Brown, L.A., 1949).

Lagrive, Jean de. Paris, Isle de la Cité, 1754. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968. 17 x32 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Paris - only Isle de la Cité Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 531

Jean de Lagrive’s city plan zooms in on the center of Paris, the Isle de la Cité, an island in the Seine river, dominated by Notre Dame cathedral. At this large scale, one can truly get a sense of how a location has changed over the years. The map shows houses and buildings crowding around the entrance to the cathedral, where today there is only an open courtyard. Modern-day traffic from the Left Bank can reach the Isle via a bridge that this map shows did not exist in 1754. 36

Lagrive (1689-1757), was involved in an effort by the astronomers of King Louis XV to determine the shape of the earth by surveying and mathematical calculations. Lagrive was an abbot (a superior within a monastery) (Brown, L.A., 1949).

Bibliographic data from (Library of Congress, No date, “Plan detaillé de la Cité”).

. Magyarország legrégibb ismert nyomtatott térképe, 1528. Reproduction. Budapest, Hungary: Kartográfiai Vállalat : Magyar Néphadsereg Tóth Ágoston Térképészeti Intézete, Reprint date: 1989. 26.75 x 21.25 inches. Map text: Latin, German Geographic coverage: Hungary Nationality of cartographer: Hungarian Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Lázár’s work is the first known printed map of Hungary. The map shows relief pictorially with purplish mountains and green forests. Lázár created the map sometime around 1515 to 1520, and German cartographer Peter Apian (1495- 1552) published the map in 1528 (Brown, L., 1985). The map goes as far south as the Adriatic Sea.

Leardo, Giovanni. Map of the World, 1452. Reproduction. New York: American Geographical Society, Reprint date: 1929. 28.5 x 23.5 (circular) inches. Condition notes: Edges and interior torn. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Europe, Africa, Asia Nationality of cartographer: Italian Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 3

Leardo’s map shows the pre-Columbian known world inside a calendar. East is at the top. All three continents shown here – Europe, Africa and Asia – are distorted to the modern viewer’s eye. Africa, for instance, looks like an hour glass. The Venetian cartographer’s information (on this map and subsequent maps in 1447 and 1448) was about 100 years out of date (Larsgaard, 1991).

López, Juan. Plano de Madrid dividido en diex quarteles, 1812. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968. 37

18.5 x 23.75 inches. Map text: Spanish Geographic coverage: Madrid Nationality of cartographer: Spanish Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 538

Juan López’s bird’s-eye view of Madrid divides the city into 10 areas and offers and index to points of interest. Compared to other city plans in the Maps Collection, this one is not as detailed; individual buildings are not delineated (see map #534 Plan Geometrico y Historico de la Villa de Madrid y sus Contornos, for a comparison of detail).

López, Tomás. Mapa de Europa Dividido segun la extension de sus Estados, y subdividido en sus principales Provincisas, Construido sobre los mejores Mapas nacionales y sujeto a las observaciones Astronomicas, 1769. Original. Madrid: Publisher unknown. 19 x 23.5 inches. Map text: Spanish Geographic coverage: Europe Nationality of cartographer: Spanish Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 535

Spanish cartographer Tomás López’s map of Europe divides the countries by colored borders and subdivides countries by provinces. The map includes Iceland to the west, but not Greenland. Modern-day Greece, the Balkan states, Bulgaria and Romania are labeled “Turquia de Europa.”

López (1730-1802) was Geographer to the King of Spain and published town plans, atlases and maps in Madrid (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

López, Tomás. Mapa Nuevo de la Isla de Corsega, 1769. Original. Madrid: Publisher unknown. 22.5 x 19 inches. Condition notes: Corners chipped, folded and worn. Map text: Spanish Geographic coverage: Corsica Nationality of cartographer: Spanish Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 536 38

Spanish cartographer Tomás López’s map shows Corsica (today a French island). An inset map shows northern Sardinia (“Cerdeña”) and western Tuscany (Toscana). López credits a map by “Capitan I. Vogt” as source material.

López (1730-1802) was Geographer to the King of Spain and published town plans, atlases and maps in Madrid (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Mercator, Gerardus. Mappamundi, 1538. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961. 11.25 x 16.75 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Flemish Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 11

Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (1512-1595) may be best known for the rectangular projection that bears his name, but here in his first world map he used a heart-shaped or double-cordiform projection, double describing the separation of northern and southern hemispheres into two maps centered on the poles. Mercator’s map depicts a Northwest Passage through North America to Asia, an idea he clung to until his death. Mercator’s stature in the geographic world kept the myth of the Northwest Passage alive for another generation of cartographers after he died at the end of the 16th century (Harley, J.B., 1990). Mercator warns the map reader that the southern tip of South America is “Gigantu regio” (region of giants) and that the Amazon rainforest contains “Canibales antropophagi” (cannibals).

In addition to his 1569 world map for sailors using the Mercator projection (on which both latitude and longitude lines appear straight), Mercator is famous for his world atlas, Atlas sive Cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura (Atlas, or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created),” published in three parts from 1585 to 1595. He was the first to use the term “atlas” for a bound collection of maps (” (Brown, L.A., 1949).

The Maps Collections holds two copies of this map; one has a black background, the other a red background. The verso contains explanatory text in Spanish.

Ortelius, Abraham. Map of Nordic Countries, 1570. Reproduction. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown. 39

14 x 19.25 inches. Map text: Latin, Dutch Geographic coverage: Scandinavia Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None

Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598) published this map of northern Europe and Scandinavia in his 1570 atlas, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum. Ortelius drew on knowledge gained from studying Mercator’s map of the northern seas and a map by Olaus Magnus. The accuracy of northern Scandinavia improved in later maps as trading increased between Europe and Russia. The extreme north is unknown territory, as can be seen on Ortelius’ imagined Arctic continent, where he places mythical pygmies – “PIGMEI HIC HABITANT.” It took a war between Sweden and Russia later in the 6th century to improve the mapping of the Baltic Sea (Virtual Finland, 1998).

Frans Hogenberg (c. 1540 - c. 1590) engraved Ortelius’ colorful map. The sea is Carolina blue. Decorative ships and sea monsters abound, some playing lyres.

Ortelius, Abraham. Typvs orbis terrarvm, 1570? Original. Antwerp: Abraham Ortelius. 13.25 x 19.5 inches. Condition notes: Glued to cardboard frame. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 10

This possibly original (?) 16th century map is from Dutch cartographer Abraham Ortelius’ (1527-1598) atlas Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, considered by many to be the first modern world atlas. The atlas was widely praised and a huge commercial success for Ortelius, who was also a publisher (Karrow, R.W., 1993).

The colorful map shows the world in an oval, a shape that makes Antarctica (“Terra Australis Nodum Cognita”) huge. Australia does not appear; Japan and South America appear circular in shape; and North America is a strange east-to- west oval. Ortelius decorates the blue seas with ships and fish and the skies surrounding the globe with clouds. Franciscus Hogenberg engraved Ortelius’ map (Karrow, R.W., 1993).

Note on the date: The folder containing Ortelius’ map is marked with the date 1580, but 1580 is not listed as a date of publication for Theatrum Orbis Terrarum in an authoritative work on Ortelius, Robert W. Karrow, Jr.’s Mapmakers of the 40

Sixteenth Century and Their Maps: Bio-Bibliographies of the Cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570. It is difficult to determine with certainty the date of the Maps Collection’s copy, but given the evidence against 1580, this cartobibliography lists the first edition date of 1570. Other possible dates include 1587, 1592, and 1596 (Karrow, R.W., 1993). Maps Collection librarian Celia Pratt believes the map to be an original rather than a modern reproduction (C.D. Pratt, personal communication, March 20, 1999).

Ptolemy, Claudius. Primer Mapa Conocido de España Ptolomeo, Siglo II, 1482. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: Unknown. 11 x 14.75 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Spain and Portugal Nationality of cartographer: Greek Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 506

The maps and map-making methods of Greek geographer, mathematician and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy (87-150 A.D.) were forgotten for 1,000 years before they were rediscovered and spurred a geographical Renaissance in the early 15th century. While Ptolemy’s Geographia, often considered the first world atlas, contained out-of-date geography, it also offered a scientific approach to map-making which 15th century cartographers borrowed and expanded (Harley, 1990).

This map of the Iberian peninsula is, as publisher Carlos Sanz’s title tells us, the first known map of Spain by Ptolemy. Ptolemy’s conic projection creates a trapezoid, the southern border of the map being longer than the northern. To the modern eye, southwestern Portugal sticks strangely out into the Atlantic. The northern coast of Spain is also more irregular in this map than we know it to be today. The Carlos Sanz reproduction is of a 1482 printing in Ulm, Germany of the second-century map.

“Christopher Columbus owned a 1490 edition of Geographia, and it underlies the logic of his decision to sail west into the ocean ... Ptolemy's underestimation of the circumference of the earth by one sixth would become a contributory factor in Columbus's calculations for his first voyage ...” (Harley, 1990, pp. 23-4).

Reimer, Dietrich. Deutschland, 1871-1914? Original. Berlin: Publisher unknown. 22.25 x 26.5 inches. Condition notes: Edges torn; folds taped on back. 41

Map text: German Geographic coverage: Germany Nationality of cartographer: German Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 545

German cartographer Dietrich Reimer (1818-1899) (OCLC, 1978-1999, “Deutschland”) published this map sometime between 1871 and 1914, according to notes on this map. The map includes parts of modern-day Poland and Denmark. Rivers and cities are marked on this black and white map. The bottom right corner of the map is oddly blank, as if awaiting a legend.

Ribero, Diego. Primer Mapa Cientifico del Mundo (First Scientific World Map), 1529. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1962. 9.5 x 22.75 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Portuguese Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 8

The 1529 world map of Diego Ribero, a Portuguese cartographer serving the Spanish court, was the first to show the extent of the Pacific Ocean. Ribero gathered much of his data from sailors on Magellan’s voyage around the world (Encyclopædia Britannica Online, No date, "Maps of the discoveries."). The map is highly accurate for its early date (Lister, R.,1965). Ribero framed his world map by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided the new world between Portugal and Spain (Gibson, No date). The Americas occupy center stage here, with Europe and Asia to the east and the Pacific to the west. South and Central America, the Gulf and the eastern coasts of North America are remarkably accurate for the 1520s. Australia and Antarctica are missing, and the Indian peninsula is too skinny.

Ribero marked his portolan (navigational) map with names, historical notes, rhumb lines (criss-crossing lines to and from wind roses that help sailors plot direction and distance), and illustrations of ships at sea.

Carlos Sanz’s reproduction shows thin black lines on grey paper. The Maps Collection has three copies of this map; the verso of one copy contains explanatory text in Spanish.

Rocque, John. Plan of Paris, 1754. Reproduction. 42

Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1972. 20 x 32.5 inches. Map text: French and English Geographic coverage: Paris Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 530

English cartographer and land surveyor John Rocque crafted this aerial view of Paris to the same scale as his map of London eight years earlier (“London & the Country round it Survey'd” reads the inscription on the Paris map). The map shows Paris’ expansion beyond its city walls (Globe Corner Bookstore, No date).

Rossi, Giovanni Giacomo de. Roma antiqua triumphatrix ab antiquis monumentis et rerum gestarum memoriis eruta hic a Iacobo Lavro Romano, auctore et sculptore Io. Iacobus de Rubeis, 1630. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1969. 19 x 28.75 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Rome Nationality of cartographer: Italian Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 512

Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi (Library of Congress, No date, “Roma antiqua…”) surrounds his city plan of 17th-century Rome with pictures and written descriptions of key events in Roman history and mythology – battles, Romulus and Remus being nursed the wolf, etc. Buildings and streets are marked with numbers explained by indices on the left and right. St. Peter’s Basilica is just off the edge of the map.

Sanson, Nicolas. Les deux poles Articque ou septentrional, et Antarcticque ou meridional, ou description des terres Arcticques et Antarcticques : et des Pays circumvoisins jusques aux 45 degrees de latitude, 1657. Original. Paris: Publisher unknown. 15.25 x 21.5 inches. Condition notes: Mounted on thick cardboard. Brown with many dark brown spots. Map text: French Geographic coverage: North and South Poles Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 15 43

This original 17th century map by Nicolas Sanson (1600-1667) is divided into two circles for views of the North and South Poles to 45 degrees latitude (Bagrow, L., 1985). The only continent to be seen on the South Pole map is the southern tip of South America. The North Pole is surrounded by one large connected landmass incorporating Greenland, North America and Asia; the Pacific Ocean cannot be seen.

Possible publisher information (written across the bottom of the map): “Chez Pierre Mariette, Rue S. Jacque a l'Esperance Jean Somer Pruthenus Sculpebat.”

Speed, John. America with those known parts in that unknowne world, both people and manner of buildings discribed and inlarged, 1626. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: Unknown. 14.25 x18.25 inches. Map text: English Geographic coverage: Americas Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 12

English cartographer John Speed’s (1552-1629) map of the Western Hemisphere is from his A Prospect of the most Famous Parts of the World (1627), the first English world atlas, published just before he died (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

This beautiful map separates countries with different colored borders and is decorated with ships and sea monsters. City plans adorn the top – Havana, S. Dominto, Cartagena, Mexico, Cusco, Il of Mocha (in modern-day Chile)"RIAN EIRO," and Olinda. Across the sides are caricatures of men (left side) and women (right) – “Groenlandian,” “Virginian,” “Brasiliane,” etc.

California and Baja California here are an island, revealing a confusion that was not widely corrected until the 18th century, although some earlier maps, including those of Mercator and Ortelius, showed Baja as a peninsula (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Speed is most famous for his county maps of England, The Theater of the Empire of Great Britaine (editions from 1611-1770). His A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World (1627) was the first English world atlas, published just before he died (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). 44

Speed, John. A new and accurate map of the world drawne according to ye truest descriptions, 1651. Reproduction. Maplewood, N.J.: Hammond Incorportated, Reprint date: 1970. 14 x 18.5 inches. Map text: English and Dutch Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 14

English cartographer John Speed’s (1552-1629) busy world map is divided into five circles: two left and right circles for the west and east hemispheres, two top and bottom circles for the northern and southern constellations, and one circle at the top left for “The Heavens and Elements.” The latter illustrates the earth, the other planets, "The Christaline Heaven” and "The first moveable Heaven." Portraits of Sir Francis Drake, Magellan, Mr. Thomas Candish, and Oliverus vander Noort decorate the sides of the map, while colorful depictions of the four elements (earth, wind, fire and water) adorn the top and bottom. Topping it all off are illustrations of solar and lunar eclipses.

On the map areas, Antarctica is “The Southerne Unknowne Land." Northwestern North America stretches all the way to the North Pole and too far west into what we know today is Siberia and the North Pacific. California and Baja California here are an island, revealing a confusion that was not widely corrected until the 18th century, although some ealier maps, including those of Mercator and Ortelius, showed Baja as a peninsula (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). Australia and New Zealand are missing. The seas are blue, darker blue on the coasts. Many colorful ships sails the seas. Relief is shown pictorially.

Speed is most famous for his county maps of England, The Theater of the Empire of Great Britaine (editions from 1611-1770). His A Prospect of the most Famous Parts of the World (1627) was the first English world atlas, published just before he died (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). Note that the date of this map, 1651 according to publisher Hammond’s text, is 22 years after Speed’s death.

. St. Pétersbourg, 1753. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1965. 17 x 28.5 inches. Map text: French and Russian Geographic coverage: St. Petersburg Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: None 45

French cartographer Pierre François Tardieu’s (1711-1771) bird’s-eye view of St. Petersburg, Russia details city blocks, streets and rivers (OCLC, 1978-1999, “St.

Tardieu’s other notable maps include ones in A. Lorraine’s atlas La France et ses Colonies and Edme Mentelle’s Atlas Universel; he also engraved William Bald’s County Map of Mayo (Ireland) (Lister, R., 1965).

Taylor, Daniel M.. Ancient Rome, 1900s. Original. Greenwich, Connecticut: Daniel M. Taylor. 34 x 48 inches. Map text: English Geographic coverage: Rome, Europe, Middle East, North Africa Nationality of cartographer: American Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 505

Taylor’s huge, laminated 20th-century map shows a city plan of Rome in 117 A.D. The map illustrates the major features of the old city - the Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum, Baths of Trajan, etc. Unfortunately, it does so in gaudy orange, green and yellow. Inset in the top right corner is a map of the Roman Empire in the same year, the time of its greatest extent.

Thorne, Robert. First English World Map, 1527. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961. 9 x 17.75 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 7

The first world map by an English cartographer is strange to the modern eye, even compared to other early 16th century maps. The North American east coast is a semicircle marked "Terra Florida." Central America runs west to east. South America is egg-shaped, the rounder half on top. Africa's north half dwarfs its southern half. Mapmakers of the day knew neither the Southeast Asian peninsula nor Australia. Antarctica, or "Terra Firmorum," shows up only on the South American side of the globe. Two large ships decorate the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans. This map was probably printed in London, according to reprint 46

publisher Carlos Sanz. Explantory text appears on the bottom and verso of the map.

Thorne is famous in tales of cartographic espionage for stealing a map and report on routes to the West Indies from the Spanish archives in Seville (Brown, 1979).

Visscher, Claes Jansz.. Amstelodami veteris et novissimæ vrbis accvratissima delineatio, 1670. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1970. 19.25 x 22.5 inches. Map text: Latin and Dutch Geographic coverage: Amsterdam Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 519

Dutch cartographer Claes Jansz. Visscher offers a bird’s-eye view of his home city, Amsterdam. Compared with the 1710 map of Amsterdam by his son, Nicolaes, Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam Plan van de wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam (also in the Maps Collection: #522), Claes’ map is smaller scale, offering less detail. This map is more lavishly illustrated; in addition to the regular map, it shows Amsterdam from a sailor’s viewpoint in the harbor.

Claes Jansz.Visscher (1587-1652) founded a map publishing dynasty in Amsterdam, his son Nicolaes I (1618-1679) and grandson Nicolaes II (1649- 1702) continuing to publish atlases (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). The Maps Collection also owns a reproduction of Claes’ 1618 map of Paris, Lutetia Parisiorum urbs, toto orbe celecerrima notissimaque, caput regni Franciae (map #511) (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983 and OCLC, 1978-1999, “Amstelodami veteris...”).

Visscher, Claes Janz.. Lutetia Parisiorum urbs, toto orbe celecerrima notissimaque, caput regni Franciae, 1618. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1968. 21 x 32.5 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Paris Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 511 47

Dutch cartographer Claes Jansz. Visscher shows Paris from a bird’s-eye view, detailing individual buildings and streets. The map reader can easily find Notre Dame Cathedral, the Pont-Neuf (new bridge in French), the Bastille and other Parisian landmarks. North here is to the left. Numbered points of interest all over the city are named in an index at the bottom. Illustrations on the left side depict the king of France, a Parisian gentleman, a bourgeois man, and a rustic “parisii villageois.” To the right of the map are their female counterparts.

Visscher (1587-1652) founded a map publishing dynasty in Amsterdam, his son Nicolaes I (1618-1679) and grandson Nicolaes II (1649-1702) continuing to publish atlases (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983). The Maps Collection also owns a reproduction of Nicolaes I’s map of Amsterdam, Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam Plan van de wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam, (map #522).

Bibliographic data from (Library of Congress, No date, “Lutetia Parisiorum

Visscher, Nicolaes. Plan de la grande & fameuse ville marchande d'Amsterdam Plan van de wyd vermaarde en beroemde koop stad Amsterdam, 1710. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1967. 17.25 x 29.25 inches. Map text: Dutch Geographic coverage: Amsterdam Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 522

Dutch cartographer Nicolaes Visscher provides a bird’s-eye view of his home city, Amsterdam. The map features an index to points of interest. Compared to his father Claes Jansz. Visscher’s 1670 map of Amsterdam, Amstelodami veteris et novissimæ vrbis accvratissima delineatio (map # 519 in the Maps Collection), this one is larger-scale and shows more detail. Nicolaes’ map was published posthumously in 1710.

Nicolaes Visscher (1618-1679) inherited an Amsterdam map publishing firm from his father, Claes Jansz. Visscher (1587-1652), and passed it on to his son Nicolaes II (1649-1702) (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983 and OCLC, 1978- 1999, “Plan de la grande…”). The Maps Collection also owns a reproduction of a map of Paris by Claes Jansz., the father: Lutetia Parisiorum urbs, toto orbe celecerrima notissimaque, caput regni Franciae (map #511). 48

Waldseemüller, Martin. Mapa Universal, 1507. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961. Each of 12 plates = 17.25 x 23.25; 4 reduced scale copies = 12.75 x 23.25 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: German Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 5

This map is known as the first to use the name America. Contarini and Roselli's world map of 1506 was the first to show the new world, but Waldseemüller came up with the idea of naming the discoveries after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, whom he incorrectly regarded as the discoverer of the new world (Moreland & Bannister, 1983). This heart-shaped projection is based on Ptolemy's Geographia and the contemporary discoveries of Vespucci, hence the portraits at the top of the map of both men overlooking the globe and the map's full name: Universalis Cosmogrpahia secundum Ptolomaei traditionem at Americi Vespucii aliorumque lustrationes (Lister, 1965).

South America here has only an east coastline; westward lies "terra ultra incognita." Southeast Asia, Australia and Antarctica are nowhere to be found, while Madagascar is oversized.

The map is in 12 sheets based on a woodcut in twelve blocks. One thousand copies were printed at Strasbourg, Germany, but the one copy at the Wolfegg Collection in Wolfegg, Germany is the only one left (Karrow, 1993). This reproduction is with black lines on a white background. In addition to the 12 sheets, this reproduction offers a reduced-scale map on four sheets; these are crowded and hard to read, especially around Europe, the Middle East and western Asia. Explanatory Spanish text appears on the verso.

Waldseemüller (c.1475-1518) is considered the most important cartographer of the early 16th century (Karrow, 1993). The German mapmaker is also famous for his maps in a 1513 edition of Ptolemy's Geographia, “…now regarded as the most important edition of that work" (Moreland & Bannister, 1983, p. 78).

Waldseemüller, Martin. Carta Marina, 1516. Reproduction. Madrid: Carlos Sanz, Reprint date: 1961. Each of 12 plates = 16.75 x 23.75; 4 reduced scale copies = 12.75 x 23.5 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: German 49

Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 6

The Carta Marina is a nautical chart using a rectangular projection. Wind roses connected by rhumb lines that criss-cross the map helped sailors plot direction and distance (Brown, 1979). All latitude lines from 70 degrees North to 50 degrees South are marked as well. The map is covered with illustrations of mountains, kings, camps and animals.

North America lacks all but the southeastern section, while South America only has north and east coastlines. Southeast Asia is an enormous peninsula twice the size of India. Australia and Antarctica are nowhere to be found.

The map is in 12 sheets based on a woodcut in twelve blocks. The Wolfegg Collection in Wolfegg, Germany holds the only original copy of the Carta Marina (Karrow, 1993). This reproduction is with black lines on a white background. In addition to the 12 sheets, this reproduction offers a reduced-scale map on four sheets; these are crowded and hard to read. Explanatory Spanish text appears on the verso.

Waldseemüller (c.1475-1518) is considered the most important cartographer of the early 16th century (Karrow, 1993). The German mapmaker is also famous for his maps in a 1513 edition of Ptolemy's Geographia, “…now regarded as the most important edition of that work" (Moreland & Bannister, 1983, p. 78).

Wit, Frederik de. Vienna, Aurstræ. Wien in Oostenreyk, 1695. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1971. 14.25 x 18.25 inches. Map text: German and Latin Geographic coverage: Vienna Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 520

Dutch cartographer Frederik De Wit (1630-1706) offers a bird’s-eye view of Vienna, Austria at the end of the 17th century. Saint Stephan’s cathedral dominates the middle of the walled city. Illustrated boats float by on the Danube. The map includes an index to points of interest in German.

De Wit (1630-1706) “… was one of the most successful map engravers and publishers in Amsterdam in the period following the decline of the Blaeu and Jansson establishments, from which he acquired many copper plates when they were dispersed at auction,” note Moreland and Bannister (1983). His work is 50

especially noted for beautiful engraving and bright colors (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Wit, Frederik de. La villa de Madrid corte delos reyes catolicos de Espanna, 1695. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1971. 16.5 x 28. 75 inches. Map text: Spanish and Latin Geographic coverage: Madrid Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 521

Dutch cartographer Frederik De Wit (1630-1706) shows a bird’s-eye view of Madrid, Spain in the late 17th century. The map includes an index of points of interest, such as the Puerta del Sol in the center of the city.

The map of Madrid is from De Wit’s Theatrum Praecipuorum Totius Europae Urbium, an atlas of 132 plans of European city plans based on those of Jan Jansson, first published in1694 (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

De Wit’s (1630-1706) “… was one of the most successful map engravers and publishers in Amsterdam in the period following the decline of the Blaeu and Jansson establishments, from which he acquired many copper plates when they were dispersed at auction,” note Moreland and Bannister (1983). His work is especially noted for beautiful engraving and bright colors (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Wit, Frederik de. Nova orbis tabvla, 1680. Reproduction. Edinburgh: John Bartholomew & Son and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Reprint date: 1900. 18.25 x 21.5 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: Dutch Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 17

This world map is from an atlas by Dutch cartographer Frederik de Wit. The map is lavishly illustrated, surrounding the world with the elements, signs of the Zodiac, and pictures of the four seasons. The Eastern and Western Hemispheres are divided into two large circles, while the polar views are shown in smaller circles at the bottom left and right. 51

California is shown as an island; the east coast of Australia is cut off by the map circular frame; Antarctica does not appear; and Northwestern North America and Northeastern Russia are ill defined.

De Wit (1630-1706) “… was one of the most successful map engravers and publishers in Amsterdam in the period following the decline of the Blaeu and Jansson establishments, from which he acquired many copper plates when they were dispersed at auction,” note Moreland and Bannister (1983). His work is especially noted for beautiful engraving and bright colors (Moreland, C. & Bannister, D., 1983).

Unknown cartographer. Map of the Western Roman Empire 250 A.D. Tabula Itineraria (Peutinger's Tables), 1300s. Reproduction. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown. Each of 4 sheets = 16 x 20.5 inches. Map text: Latin Geographic coverage: Europe Nationality of cartographer: Italian Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: None

The Peutinger Table, a road map of the ancient Roman Empire, is one of the strangest of map projections. The lands are compressed north to south and extended east to west, resulting in rectangle sheets of maps that make all land masses look like east-to-west islands separated by seas the width of rivers. The Map Collection’s four sheets are a copy of a 13th century monk’s copy of original Roman scroll maps. The Nationalbibliothek in Vienna has 11 parchment sheets of the monk’s original 12. The Map Collection’s copies are done with black lines on white, while the 13th century copy shows black, red, green, yellow, blue and rose (Encyclopædia Britannica Online, No date, "Peutinger Table").

The Map Collection’s copy was donated by Rev. E.F. Keener, 1948(?).

Unknown cartographer. Carte du Pays Vexin François, 1600s(?). Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 17.75 x 20 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: France Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 510 52

This 17th century map is of Normandy, a region of northwestern France. Towns mapped include Pontoife, Vernon and Beauvais. The back of the map are pages of text clearly from an atlas.

Unknown cartographer. Le Gouvernement de Calais & Pays Reconquis, 1600s(?). Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 18.5 x 22.5 inches. Condition notes: Torn at central fold. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Calais and northern France Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 508

This large-scale map of 17th-century Calais and the surrounding region (northern France by the English Channel) shows towns, forts, roads and rivers. Surrounding the cartouche (the illustrated area containing the title and other text) are illustrated soldiers.

Unknown cartographer. L' Espangne divesée en tous ses Royaumes et Principautes où sont exactement recueillies et les memoires des Courriers Majors de Madrid, 1721. Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 18 x 25.5 inches. Map text: French Geographic coverage: Spain and Portugal Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 523

This 18th-century French map of Spain is divided into kingdoms and principalities. Kingdoms include Portugal, “Gallice,” “Castille Novuelle” and “Grenade.” “Catalogne” is a principality. According to text on the map, it was produced “by order of his excellence the Marquis de Grimaldo, Minister and Secretary of State of his Catholic Majesty in 1721” (translated by this writer).

Unknown cartographer. Charta öfwer Finland, år 1747, 1747. Reproduction. Helsinki: Geographical Society of Finland, Reprint date: 1969. 36.25 x 49 inches. Condition notes: Left edge slightly torn. Map text: Finnish Geographic coverage: Finland 53

Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 526

This huge (about 3 by 4 feet) map of Finland in the mid-18th century is facsimile copy of the original in the Finnish Maritime Museum. The map shows rivers, towns, boundaries and roads. The seas and rivers are a light blue. The map is dedicated to Gustaf Fredrik von Rosen (1688-1769) (OCLC, 1978-1999, “Charta

Unknown cartographer. Die Haupt und Residenz Stadt Wien, 1750. Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1973. 13 x 23.5 inches. Map text: German Geographic coverage: Vienna Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 528

This bird’s-eye view shows Vienna, Austria, in 1750. Saint Stephan’s cathedral dominates the middle of the city. Illustrated boats float by on the Danube, while the streets are filled with pedestrians and horse-drawn carriages. The map includes an index to points of interest in German. Neither OCLC’s WorldCat nor the Library of Congress Online Catalog reveal the name of a cartographer [(OCLC, 1978-1999, “Die Haupt und Residenz Stadt Wien”) and (Library of Congress, No date, “Die Haupt und Residenz Stadt Wien”)].

Unknown cartographer. Plan Geometrico y Historico de la Villa de Madrid y sus Contornos, 1761. Original. Paris: Publisher unknown. 39.5 x 55.5 inches. Condition notes: Worn edges; brown spots; c. 1.5 square inch hold in map near Plaza de Toros. Map text: French and Spanish Geographic coverage: Madrid Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 534

This enormous (about 3 by 5 feet) bird’s-eye view of Madrid is probably of French origin. The title and the several indexes to points of interest appear separately in both French and Spanish. The indexes list such features as colleges, monasteries, convents, hospitals, churches, parks, etc. A brief history of Madrid accompanies both the French and Spanish indexes. 54

A clue to the map’s origin lies in a note informing the reader that the map was sold at the Hotel de Soubise in Paris.

Unknown cartographer. World Map, 1765. Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 8.25 x 12.75 inches. Condition notes: Edges worn and torn but not damage to map area. Map text: French Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: French Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 21

This original 18th-century French map by an unknown cartographer uses the Mercator projection. Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) invented the projection, which shows longitude as straight lines, to help sailors navigate. On this map, diagonal lines shade the area from 30 degrees North to 30 degrees South latitude. The map colors are black lines on white paper.

The map features look essentially normal to the modern eyes, except that northwestern North America fades to a blank in the modern-day Yukon and Northwestern Territories. Alaska does not appear.

Unknown cartographer. Chart of the World on Mercator’s Projection, 1766-1840. Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. 7.25 x 10.25 inches. Condition notes: Brown spots; edges fine. Map text: English Geographic coverage: World Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-3 World 1531-1775; Map ID #: 22

This small map with black lines on white paper is marked “Plate XXVIII,” so it may have been removed from a book. Publisher and date are uncertain; the date is marked in pencil “1766-1840” on the manila folder that contains the map. The map looks normal to the modern eye with a couple exceptions. Northern Greenland, the Yukon and Northwest Territories are ill defined, though Alaska does appear. Japan is misshapen.

Unknown cartographer. Plan von Moskwa, 1808. 55

Reproduction. Ithaca, New York: Historic Urban Plans, Reprint date: 1973. 27 x 21 inches. Map text: German Geographic coverage: Moscow Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 537

The Maps Collection holds two copies of this bird’s-eye view of Moscow. The map is marked with numbers, but the map lacks an index to these points of interest.

Unknown cartographer. Portugal, 1831. Original. London: Baldwin & Gradock. 13.75 x 9.5 inches. Condition notes: Edge torn; side splotched. Map text: Portuguese and English Geographic coverage: Portugal Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 539

This English map of Portugal extends just a bit north and east into Spain. The map text is in Portuguese while the bibliographic information is in English. The map includes a small glossary of geographic terms in Portuguese. The map was published “under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful

Unknown cartographer. Karte Deutschland ne ost der Schweiz, 1849. Original. Weimar, Germany: Im Verlag des geographischen Instituts Instituts. 13.5 x 22.75 inches. Condition notes: Bottom edge torn; taped across a fold. Map text: German Geographic coverage: Germany Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 540

This map is from the 1849 atlas, Allgemeiner Hand-Atlas der ganzen Erde; nach den besten astronomischen Bestimmingen (OCLC, 1978-1999, “Allgemeiner Hand-Atlas…”). It is a very odd mix of two maps, one of the middle section of Denmark and one of southern Sweden. The Danish piece is at the top of this map, while the Swedish piece is upside down at the bottom, as if two maps were strangely joined. The map is taped across one of its folds, but not in the right 56

place for the two maps to have been taped together. Borders are marked with a light green color.

Unknown cartographer. Greece and the Ionian Republic, 1854. Original. New York: J.H. Colton & Co.. 13 x 16.25 inches. Condition notes: Edges torn. Map text: English Geographic coverage: Greece Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 541

This maps shows Greece in 1854. Note that the area north of Greece labeled Turkey is modern-day Albania and Macedonia and even northeastern Greece. Different colors distinguish the regions of the country. The map stops just north of the island of Crete.

Unknown cartographer. Sketch of the Engagement at Montebello on the 20th of May 1859 as described in General Forey's Official Bulletin, 1859. Original. London: (English) Topographical Depot War Office. 17.5 x 13.75 inches. Map text: English Geographic coverage: Part of northern Italy Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 542

This British military map shows the movement of troops around Montebello (in modern-day northern Italy) on May 20, 1859, in a battle in the Franco- Piedmontese War against the Austrians (1859-1861). The map shows French and Sardinian forces repelling Austrians from Montebello. A separate smaller-scale map (covering more territory) shows the allies pushing the Austrians as far north as Casatisma. Troop movements are marked with different colored marks for each army – blue, red and yellow for the French, Sardinians and Austrians, respectively.

The map was “drawn and printed at the TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPOT WAR OFFICE, under the direction of MAJOR A.C. COOKE R.E. COL. H. JAMES R.E. F.R.S. Superintendent," according to text on the map, and “published soon after June 4 1859.” The English interest in the Franco-Piedmontese War was in building up a strong Italian state to counter the influence of the French (Encyclopædia Britannica, No date, “Italy, history of”). 57

Unknown cartographer. Plan of the Battle of Magenta, between the Austrian and Sardo-French Armies, June 4 1859, 1859. Original. London: (English) Topographical Depot War Office. 15 x 16.75 inches. Condition notes: Edges torn. Map text: English Geographic coverage: Part of Lombardy (northern Italy) Nationality of cartographer: English Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 543

This British military map depicts the June 4, 1859 Battle of Magenta during the Franco-Piedmontese War against the Austrians (1859-1961). The battle was a victory for the French and Italians. The map shows troop movements with color- coded rectangles (half-colored rectangles representing subsequent positions). An inset map at smaller scale (covering more territory) shows the Lombardy region east to Milan. A separate blue folded page of text titled “Description of the Battle of Magenta (4th June 1859) and preliminary Movements, from the published sources up to this date, 13th June 1859” explains the battle.

The map was "lithographed and printed at the TOPOGRAPHICAL DEPOT WAR OFFICE, under the direction of MAJOR A.C. COOKE R.E. COL. H. JAMES R.E. F.R.S.M.R.IA. &c. Superintendent," according to text on the map. The English interest in the Franco-Piedmontese War was in building up a strong Italian state to counter the influence of the French (Encyclopædia Britannica, No

“Napoleon III and his 54,000 troops met 58,000 Austrian troops under General Franz Gyulai in a highly disorganized battle that left some 9,700 dead or injured and 4,600 missing,” according to Britannica. “The narrow French victory over the Austrians was an important step toward Italian independence, for it led many districts and cities, beginning with Bologna on June 12, to throw off Austrian rule and join the cause of Italian unity. The battle is commemorated by an ossuary containing the remains of 9,000 of the dead” ( Britannica, No date, “Magenta”).

Unknown cartographer. Balkan - Halbinsel, c.1878. Original. Leipzig, Germany: Bibliographisches Institut. 18 x 13.75 inches. Map text: German Geographic coverage: Balkans 58

Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 546

This German map of the Balkans covers Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, western Turkey, the boot of Italy, and south as far as Crete.

Unknown cartographer. Map of Moravian Mission in Bohemia, 1871. Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown. Geographic coverage: Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic) Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 544

Unknown cartographer. Map of North-Western Germany Showing the Railway and Steamboat Communication, 1890. Original. Leipzig, Germany: Wagner & Debes. 15.75 x 11.5 inches. Map text: German Geographic coverage: Germany Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 547

This maps shows railways with black lines on white; boat lanes are marked with dotted lines in the blue seas.

This map is in the same folder as “North-Eastern Germany” (also map #547).

Unknown cartographer. North-Eastern Germany, 1890. Original. Leipzig, Germany: Wagner & Debes. 11.25 x 11.25 inches. Map text: German Geographic coverage: Germany Nationality of cartographer: Unknown Drawer in Maps Collection: 2-12 Europe; Map ID #: 547

This map shows railways with black lines on white; the rivers and seas are blue. An inset map shows the northeastern extremity of Prussia and the Baltic Sea. 59

This map is in the same folder as “Map of North-Western Germany Showing the Railway and Steamboat Communication” (also map #547).

Unknown cartographer. Map of the Roman Empire in its Greatest Extent [c. 117 AD],1900s. Original. Publisher location unknown: Publisher unknown, Reprint date: Unknown. 10 x 14 inches. Condition notes: Edges slightly torn. Map text: Latin, English Geographic coverage: Europe, Middle East, North Africa Nationality of cartographer: Italian Drawer in Maps Collection: 1-1 World to 1530; Map ID #: 1

This early 20th (or perhaps late 19th) century map shows exactly what its title indicates – the Roman Empire at the time of its greatest extent, which covered most of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. A map of Ancient Greece is inset in the top right quarter of the map.

The verso side offers two more historical maps, each with another inset map: 1) Palestine Under the Judges and Kings with the Distribution of the Twelve Tribes, inset with Environs of Jerusalem in the lower right corner, and 2) The Routes of the Israelites from Egypt through the Desert, Canaan at the time of the Conquest, inset with Mountains of the Sinai. 60

End notes 1 Cartobibliographies consulted include: § Taliaferro, H.G., Kenamore, J.A. & Haller, U. (1988). Cartographic Sources in the Rosenberg Library. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. § Brun, C. (1959). Guide to the Manuscript Maps in the William L. Clements Library. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. § Sellers, J.R. & Molen Van Ee, P. (1981). Maps and Charts of North America and the West Indies, 1750-1789: A Guide to the Collections in the Library of Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. § Smith, T.R. & Thomas, B.L. (1963). Maps of the 16th to 19th Centuries in the University of Kansas Libraries: An analytical Carto-bibliography. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Libraries. § Mooney, J.E. (1988). Maps, Globes, Atlases and Geographies Through the Year 1800: The Eleanor Houston and Lawrence M.C. Smith Cartographic Collection at the Smith Cartographic Center, University of Southern Maine. Freeport, ME: Renfrew Group. § Johnsen, M.A. (1981). Nineteenth Century Maps in the Collection of the Georgia Surveyor General Department, 1800-1849. Atlanta: State Print. Office.

2 See Taliaferro, H.G., Kenamore, J.A. & Haller, U. (1988). Cartographic Sources in the Rosenberg Library. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

3 See Smith, T.R. & Thomas, B.L. (1963). Maps of the 16th to 19th Centuries in the University of Kansas Libraries: An analytical Carto-bibliography. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Libraries. and Mooney, J.E. (1988). Maps, Globes, Atlases and Geographies Through the Year 1800: The Eleanor Houston and Lawrence M.C. Smith Cartographic Collection at the Smith Cartographic Center, University of Southern Maine. Freeport, ME: Renfrew Group. 61

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