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1 Early European Maps in Unc's Maps Collection: A 1 EARLY EUROPEAN MAPS IN UNC’S MAPS COLLECTION: A SELECTIVE CARTOBIBLIOGRAPHY by Joshua Boyer A Master's paper submitted to the faculty of the School of Information and Library Science of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Library Science. Chapel Hill, North Carolina July, 1999 Approved by: ___________________________ Advisor 2 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..1 UNC’s Maps Collection – Issues of Access………………………………………………1 Purpose…………………………………………………………………………………….3 Scope – Why early European maps?……………………………………………………...5 Selection criteria…………………………………………………………………………..6 Audience…………………………………………………………………………………..8 Who uses historical maps – why and how?……………………………………………….9 How to conduct research on historical maps…...………………………………………..11 Website design…………………………………………………………………………...16 Format of the cartobibliography…………………………………………………………18 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19 The Cartobibliography – Early European maps in UNC’s Maps Collection…………….21 End notes………………………………………………………………………………...60 Works cited………………………………………………………………………………61 1 Introduction This project is an annotated cartobibliography of 74 early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) in the Maps Collection in Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Accompanying the cartobibliography is a website (http://ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/) that allows the user to sort the maps by category (cartographer, date, geographic coverage, etc.). The paper and website also attempt to help users understand the uses of historical maps and how to conduct further research about historical maps. Most importantly, the paper and the website are designed to increase access to the historical maps by simply informing potential patrons of the existence of historical maps in the UNC-CH Maps Collection. UNC’s Maps Collection – Issues of access The Maps Collection is a treasure-trove of over 250,000 maps, 3,100 atlases, journals, gazetteers, and other reference books (Frazier, N., Greco, M., & Tear, L., 1998). Like treasure, however, finding these maps is not a simple task. Compare finding a map in the Maps Collection to finding a book at UNC’s main library, Davis. First, the average student knows the location of Davis Library – it is the largest building on campus, part of every orientation tour, and a familiar place to most students. Second, needing a book for a class or for recreation is a basic concept most students can understand. Third, finding a book in the main library is a task many students can accomplish, especially if the search is a simple matter of looking up the title in the online catalog and retrieving the book from the shelf. (This simplistic scenario is not 2 always the case, as library scholars know, but for the sake of this comparison, imagine experienced library users performing known-item searches on an online catalog.) The route to finding a map in the Maps Collection is blocked by more barriers, both physical and cognitive. While nearly everyone on campus knows about the main library, few know even of the existence of special collections, much less an individual special collection. Even if a patron has heard that UNC has a map collection, he still has to discover its whereabouts in the basement of Wilson Library. If a patron knows the Maps Collection exists and where it is, he still needs a reason to visit. Most scholarship is done without maps, so the idea of a map as a potential answer to a patron’s information need is not as obvious as the notion of finding a book. These are small barriers to access compared with the following Great Wall: nearly all the 250,000 maps not bound in atlases, “flat maps,” remain uncataloged (Frazier, N., Greco, M., & Tear, L., 1998). This means that even the patrons who know about the collection and have the idea to use a map cannot access the collection in the familiar way with the online catalog. The patrons have to ask the librarians to help them find the maps they need. Patrons asking librarians for help may sound ideal, but requiring this interaction can discourage those patrons who are shy, who cannot yet verbalize their information need, or who just want to browse a collection on their own. Cataloging the flat maps would be a giant step in making the collection more accessible. But short of that monumental project (which is not in the pipeline) (C.D. Pratt, personal communication, January 20, 1999), a cartobibliography would help patrons use the flat maps. No one, especially this writer, can compile a bibliography of 3 250,000 maps, so the cartobibliography must be limited in scope. This project, therefore, focuses on a subset of the collection’s approximately 1,400 historical maps (defined as pre-1900) – early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) (C.D. Pratt, personal communication, June 14, 1999). The idea of building an online cartobibliography comes from an understanding that modern reference service in academic and special libraries requires greater emphasis on computerized services to remote users. In addition to waiting at the reference desk for questions, librarians must try to anticipate patrons’ information needs and provide web- based educational opportunities to meet those needs. As Robert Skinder, a reference librarian at the University of South Carolina, argues, “…end users will be far better served if we help them perform all manner of research by themselves” (Skinder, R.F., 1997, p. 144). Purpose The primary purpose of this cartobibliography is to increase access to the historical maps in the Maps Collection simply by informing potential patrons that they exist. As noted above, expecting students or even faculty to know about these resources is unrealistic. But if patrons go to the effort to find the Maps Collections’ home page from UNC’s “Libraries, Hours, and Locations” page, a link to the online cartobibliography would inform them that the Maps Collection has historical maps. In this way, the cartobibliography can serve an outreach function, advertising what is otherwise a buried resource. If even a few students of geography or history find the 4 cartobibliography and realize that they could incorporate historical maps into their research, the project will have achieved its main goal. Another purpose is to allow users to learn about the Map Collection’s historical maps remotely at any time of day. This ability is a primary asset of Internet resources. Researchers from across the state or across the country can learn more about the Maps Collection’s holdings to make decisions about whether or not to visit. Those who cannot visit the Maps Collection during its limited hours (8:00 – 5:00 Monday – Friday) can learn about the historical maps at any time of day or night. An implied purpose of increased access is increased use. Assuming this project will increase use of the historical maps by some measure, it may some day play a role in future discussions about improved access, perhaps even prompting discussion of cataloging the flat maps. That outcome may be a good ways off, but it would be consistent with this project’s aim of increasing access to the maps. Preservation is a secondary purpose. Nearly all cartobibliographies of historical maps point out that by describing a collection, they reduce patrons’ need to physically sort through every fragile old map to find what they need, thus eliminating unnecessary wear and tear. Increasing access and keeping patrons’ hands off the maps are in some ways contradictory goals, and the former has a higher priority in this project. The project claims only to promote preservation in the particular instance of a patron who is looking for a particular map, finds it in the cartobibliography, and therefore does not have to sort through all the other maps to locate it. 5 This project encourages both online access to information and the old-fashioned necessity of visiting the library. Providing online access to information about specific resources in the Maps Collection may help potential patrons learn about both the collection and historical maps. But ultimately, the cartobibliography cannot stand alone. A description of a map is not enough; patrons must hold the map in their hands to understand and appreciate it. Even the entries in the online cartobibliography with accompanying images do not do the maps justice (see http://.ils.unc.edu/~boyej/historical_maps/images.htm). An image half the size of a computer screen is no substitute for a 20” x 30” map with the texture of 300-year-old paper. With this in mind, the website encourages patrons to think of the cartobibliography as an invitation to visit the Maps Collection to see the actual maps. Scope – Why early European maps? With approximately 1,400 historical flat maps in the Maps Collection, a narrower focus was necessary for this cartobibliography. Early European maps (dating from 1450 to 1900) were chosen in order to facilitate research in the history of cartography. Choosing to focus on other eras and areas, such as maps of Civil War-era North Carolina maps, also would have made sense given the regional interest in such a topic. Examining early European maps not only provides numerous maps of interest for many disciplines of study but also gives insights into the history of mapping itself. Modern cartography is the product of hundreds of years of mostly European history. Greek astronomer Ptolemy began mapping the known world in the first century; Italian cartographers rediscovered 6 Ptolemy’s maps in the 15th century; Portuguese and Spanish explorers mapped the coasts of the New World; European colonial powers mapped their colonies in the Americas and Africa; Mercator and others developed new map projections; the Dutch discovered Australia in the early 17th century and crafted the beautiful 16th and 17th century maps that now epitomize historical maps in popular posters and calendars.
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