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"INN TECHNOLOGY - VIDE') - MIDI A primer on the Musical Instrument Digital Interface B UILD A SOLAR POWER SUPPLY Power your projec from the sun-eve

B UILD A MUSIC -O ADAPTE An easy -to - for any Touch -Tone phone SERVICING DIGITAL RADIOS Practical hints and tips CAPACITORS Choosing the right component for the job COMPUTERDIGEST

. . -_ .... : .. rr tr. Multitasking with a '386 t1 ' r - ;4 ' ti_ . _ _ '?.. . J . _ 08 Q0 .. :: . tl ' iT T f C,'T _°:'. .:..i_ i i rii $2.25 U.S. -:it'ii`i 'ii GERNSBACK ,tifÿ,r iS': $2.75 CAN :r:-}`:,. ;L -t='- i :i_: _ o 7 1896 www.americanradiohistory.com FLUKE AND PHILIPS - THE GLOBAL ALLIANCE IN TEST & MEASUREMENT FLUKE PHILIPS PHILIPS

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BUILD THIS COMPUTERDIGEST BUILD AN """' --EDITOR'S 80386SX WORM. 42 MUSIC -ON-HOLD ADAPTER BENCH. Iii MOTHERBOARD Add a customized feature to your Touch -Tone phone. , Steve Sokolowski , °..b., C7"..._..m.._ 47 SOLAR POWER SUPPLY Harness the sun's energy to power devices-even at night! Dan Becker LIGHT BEAM COMMUNICATOR 52 L Final assembly and testing of the communicator. Roger Sonntag

TECHNOLOGY PAGE 75 J1V,PDI5 0 33 MUSICAL INSTRUMENT DIGITAL INTERFACE A primer on MIDI and a look at some of the latest equipment. John Simonton and Marshal M. Rosenthal 56 CAPACITORS More on selecting the right capacitor for the job. Josef Bernard NEW PROBLEMS, NEW SOLUTIONS 60 NEW RADIOS, -E21 Case histories and practical advice on fixing digitally -tuned radios. Gary McClellan

I ; 75 BUILD AN 80386SX MOTHERBOARD Part 3. Building the daughterboard. PAGE 42 Bernard A. Mcllhaney 80 BUILDING AN OMNIVIEW APPLICATION That display the status of other concurrently running programs. AND MORE Mike Toutonghi 102 Advertising and Sales Offices 102 Advertising Index 6 VIDEO NEWS 71 AUDIO UPDATE 8 Ask R -E The latest happenings. Frequency response. David Lachenbruch Larry Klein 103 Free Information Card 16 EQUIPMENT REPORTS 73 DRAWING BOARD 12 Letters Beckman 223 DMM Making printed -circuit boards. 86 Market Center Robert Grossblatt VideOsmith Spectrum Probe 22 New Products 64 HARDWARE HACKER 75 EDITOR'S WORKBENCH 70 PC Service Cold fusion for hackers. Report from Comdex. Don Lancaster Jeff Holtzman 4 What's News

www.americanradiohistory.com ON THE COVER Radio Electronics COLO FUSION Computers have become an in- Try iC tor yourself strumental part of how music is made today, thanks to MIDI, the Mu- sical Instrument Digital Interface. Hugo Gernsback (1884.1967/founder M. Harvey Gernsback, Although MIDI was introduced less editor -in -chief. emeritus than a decade ago, it has changed Larry Steckler, EHF, CET, the way that we make music. editor -in -chief and publisher Even if you're more familiar with EDITORIAL keyboards than piano DEPARTMENT computer Art Kleiman, editorial director yddti r» . keys, MIDI can open a whole new Brian C. Fenton, editor world to you. Getting started in MIDI Marc Spiwak, associate editor is cheap, and if you've ever had any Daniel Goodman, technical editor tlkuurto, the ou,,, Jonathan n..ar musical training, you'll find that it's a A. Gordon, vM1 ecaU assistant technical il lot of fun. For a primer on MIDI spec- editor Teri Scaduto, assistant editor Bolus: * Audis update ifications, and for a look at some a Voles News Jeffrey K. Holtzman, --.- Nardware Puck, And tats mare' popular MIDI hardware and soft- computer editor ware, turn to page 33. Robert A. Young, assistant editor Byron G. Wets, editorial associate Jack Darr, CET, service editor Robert Grossblatt, circuits editor Larry Klein, audio editor NEXT MONTH David Lachenbruch, contributing editor Don Lancaster, contributing editor Richard D. Fitch, THE SEPTEMBER ISSUE contributing editor Kathy Campbell, editorial assistant GOES ON SALE Andre Duzant, technical illustrator AUGUST 3. lnjae Lee, assistant illustrator PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Ruby M. Yee, production director BUILD A SPECTRUM MONITOR Robert A. W. Lowndes, See RF signals from 20-600 MHz editorial production Karen Tucker, advertising production Marcella BUILD A VLF ACTIVE ANTENNA/CONVERTER Amoroso, production traffic Tune in the world below the broadcast band. CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT Jacqueline P. Cheeseboro, circulation director BUILD A VLF TRANSMITTER Wendy Alanko, Explore VLF conditions with this easy -to -build transmitter. circulation analyst Theresa Lombardo, circulation assistant SRS: THE SOUND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM Typography by Mates Graphics This development promises stereo like you've never heard it before! Cover photo by Marshal M. Rosenthal, NYC VCR REPAIRS THAT YOU CAN DO Radio -Electronics is indexed in How to solve tape -loading problems. Applied Science & Technology Index and Readers Guide to Periodical Liter- ature. As a service to readers, RADIO -ELECTRONICS publishes available plans or information relating to newsworthy products. Microfilm & Microfiche are techniques and scientific and technological developments. Because of possible variances in the quality and condition of editions materials and workmanship used by readers. RADIO -ELECTRONICS disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper available. Contact circulation depart- functioning of reader -built projects based upon or from plans or information published in this magazine. ment for details. Since some of the equipment and circuitry described in RADIO -ELECTRONICS may relate to or be covered by U.S. patents. RADIO -ELECTRONICS disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the making. using, or selling of any such Advertising Sales Offices listed equipment or circuitry, and suggests that anyone interested in such projects consult a patent attorney. on page 102.

RADIO -ELECTRONICS. (ISSN 0033-7862) August 1989. Published monthly by Gernsback Publications. Inc., 500-B Bi -County Boulevard. Farmingdale. NY 11735 Second -Class Postage paid at Farmingdale, NY and additional mailing offices. Second -Class mail registration No. 9242 authorized at Toronto, Canada. One-year subscription rate U.S.A. and possessions $17.97. Canada $23.97. all other countries $26.97. All subscription orders payable in U.S.A. funds only. via international postal money order or check drawn on a U.S.A. bank. Single copies $2.25. c 1989 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.

POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to RADIO -ELECTRONICS, Subscription Dept.. Box 55115, Boulder. CO The 80321-5115. Au[tt

Bureau. t, A stamped self-addressed envelope must accompany all submitted manuscripts and/or artwork or photographs if their return is JI)1 desired should they be rejected. We disclaim any responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscripts and/or artwork or photographs while in our possession or otherwise.

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www.americanradiohistory.com WHAT'S NEWS

Intelligent telephone networks The cost to customers includes gy is transferred from a highly ex- Bell Atlantic is the first regional the purchase of a Call Identifier cited germanium oxide molecule Bell Company to implement 1258, manufactured by CDT (Colo- to a thallium atom. Thallium atoms Common Channel Signalling nial Data Technologies) of New in the ground state are thus raised, Number 7(CCS7) for call handling Milford, CT. The compact device or "pumped," to a higher level, of customer traffic between cen- displays the originating number of subsequently lasing at 535 nano - tral offices. CCS7 is the foundation an incoming call, as well as the meters, producing green light. of the company's growing "intel- date and time of the call, on an ligent" network, called CLASS LCD screen, and stores the same ACTV broadcast premier. Calling Service. Since last De- information about the last 20 calls As a fitting commemoration of cember, customers in selected received. The unit retails for the 50th anniversary of commer- areas of New Jersey have had the $79.95, and is sold at all 18 Sears cial television's debut-it was first option of such features as stores in New Jersey, as well as se- exhibited at the 1939 World's Fair Caller*ID, which uses a compact lect retail distributors and com- by General David Sarnoff-the add-on device to indicate the in- mercial supply houses. New first commercial Advanced coming caller's phone number on Jersey Bell charges residential cus- Compatible Television (ACTV) sig- an LCD screen. Related services tomers $4.00 a month for the first nal was broadcast on April 20,1989. enable customers to block incom- service ordered ($6.50 a month for The signal was sent from the ing calls from up to 6 selected the most popular Caller*ID), and WNBC transmitter at New York's numbers; to give up to 6 numbers $1.50 a month for each additional World Trade Center. A wide- a "priority" rating, indicated by a service, except Call*Trace, which screen, enhanced picture was distinct -sounding ring; to have the has a $1.00 -per-use fee. Fees are picked up on prototype ACTV re- last outgoing number that was di- slightly higher for businesses. ceivers at the David Sarnoff Re- aled be automatically redialed for NYNEX customers in Poug- search Center in Princeton, NJ. At up to 30 minutes, without tying up hkeepsie, NY already have similar the same time, home viewers in the line for other calls; to automat- telephone features available, with the area received a normal picture ically call back the last incoming New York City and Long Island to on their conventional sets from caller's number; to choose up to 6 follow by the early 1990's. And CDT the NTSC-compatible ACTV incoming numbers to be for- has supplied virtually every re- broadcast signal. warded to another line; and to ini- gional Bell Company in the coun- The broadcast, dubbed ACTV I, tiate a trace on crank or obscene try with Call Identifier test units. represented the first phase in the calls. With all those features, the evolution of advanced TV. ACTV I incoming call must originate in a Chemical laser oscillators work will deliver fully NTSC-compatible NJ Bell area equipped with CLASS in the visible spectrum wide-screen pictures with en- calling service. A little more than a year after hanced horizontal and vertical res- What's made the introduction of developing the first visible -light olution in one existing channel (6 those services feasible is common chemical laser, scientists of the MHz). Once the technology for channel signalling, which sepa- Georgia Institute of Technology bigger and brighter screens is rates voice data from call -setup have developed chemically available, ACTV II-a fully digital and -directing data. Phone con- powered laser oscillators. The new transmission that requires only versations are carried "in -band," lasers could be extremely useful in two channels and conforms to re- while all other data are transmitted space or other environments cent FCC directives-will deliver "out -of -band" on a separate path. where large amounts of electricity even greater resolution for both Implementing the new intelligent is not available. still and moving images. system does not require the re- Lasing occurs when a large According to Dr. James J. Tiet- programming of every electronic portion of the atoms of a material jen, President and Chief Operat- switch in the network; instead, (solid or gaseous) is raised to a ing officer of the Sarnoff Research relatively few centralized comput- higher energy level by external Center, the breakthrough trans- ers are reprogrammed. As a result, stimulation. The excited atoms mission "has further strengthened calls are set up faster, and the data then tend to revert to normal or [the position of] ACTV relative to needed to offer the new services is ground energy level, emitting light other proposed systems, in both available-at a reasonable cost to in the process. broadcast testing and the develop- consumers and New Jersey Bell. In the new laser oscillator, ener- ment of operating hardware." R -E

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Exit Philco, re-enter Crosley. One of the new plants or expansions of old ones are now oldest names in TV receivers has been being phased in. Thomson Consumer Electronics, discontinued and another reincarnated. Philips which makes RCA tubes, is expanding its Marion, has dropped Philco brand TV's, at least for the IN, plant to produce 31 -inch and, eventually, 35 - duration of the current picture -tube shortage, inch tubes. Toshiba has just completed an while a group of distributors has revived the addition to its Horseheads, NY facility to turn out Crosley name for a line of TV's, VCR's, 32 -inch models. Sony has added 32 -inch caijicorders, and audio rack systems to be made Trinitrons to its San Diego plant. Matsushita, by-guess who?-Philips. Panasonic's parent, is building a plant at Troy, Philco, once the second -best-selling TV brand OH, which will turn out 31 -inch tubes, and at (after RCA) and a major contributor to television press time Philips was contemplating building a technology, will cease to exist as a TV name after new facility in Ann Arbor, MI, for 31 -inch tubes. current stocks are exhausted. Philips said that it Presumably, all of those new facilities won't was dropping the line because, as a distributor relieve the picture -tube shortage immediately. product, it competed directly with Philips' One TV manufacturer estimates that the U.S. Sylvania line, also handled through distributors. color -TV industry will run 2,500,000 tubes short Philips also said that it wanted to funnel scarce this year, and that the shortage probably will last picture tubes to its more expensive brands- until 1992. Why the sudden shortage? The trend Philips, Magnavox, and Sylvania. It will continue to larger tube sizes cuts down on the capacity of to produce Philco brand VCR's, camcorders, and tube plants, which can produce fewer tubes in the audio equipment, and didn't rule out a revival of bigger sizes than in the smaller sizes. The Philco TV as a direct -to-dealer line some time in personal -computer boom has brought much more the future. competition for color tubes because of the demand Meanwhile, a group of distributors (who earlier for monitors. Lately, a worldwide boom in color - had revived the Crosley line of appliances) that TV popularity is putting new strains on the includes more than half of the former Philco TV entire globe's tube facilities. A relative newcomer distributors-has revived the Crosley TV name is China, whose demand for perhaps 15,000,000 and ordered sets on a private -label basis from tubes this year cannot nearly be met by its own Philips. The current Crosley brand is not related domestic production. to the original Crosley, which fielded TV sets from 1939 until 1956. But then, in recent years the Picture windows. Picture -In -Picture (PIP) Philco name has had little to do with the original may be a good TV feature, but if it's in color, it Philco (once the Philadelphia Storage Battery costs hundreds of dollars to add it to a set. Co.). That company was sold to Ford Motor Magnavox did some consumer tests and found out Company, which sold it to GTE Corp., which, in that people didn't seem to care much whether the turn, resold it to North American Philips. Philips inset picture was in black -and -white or color, and never did like the Philco name because it was too customer response to PIP was poor. Consumers easily confused with Philips. Now that the Philips almost unanimously thought of the second name is used in the U.S. for high -end TV sets, picture as a "window" into another channel-so Philips apparently wasn't too happy with a that a viewer could watch the main picture while similar name at the bottom of its TV lines. zipping through the other channels. So Magnavox has introduced a group of sets in Big tubes coming A major expansion is which a "Smart Window" monochrome PIP is under way by the American color -TV picture -tube only a $50 premium over a comparable set industry, which will result in larger sizes being without it. Who can resist "a second set for $50," made here. Until now, the largest tube size made even if both sets use the same screen and the in the United States was 27 inches, but several second set relies on a VCR for its tuner? R -E

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DIGITAL TV The amount of memory needed produce an acceptable picture is In the last few years, VCR's and to store one frame of video de- going to require more than eight TV's have appeared on the market pends on the resolution you want bits of resolution. that are referred to as being "digi- and the sampling rate you choose. There are ways to improve the tal." I've done a fair amount of re- The number of bits that you use for apparent quality of the stored pic- search, hoping to find out how that is resolution will determine things ture without upping the actual bit done. But there's one thing that I'm such as how many colors and de- resolution stored in the memory still not clear about. That is to how grees of brightness you can dis- buffer. They include things like ex- you would digitize a signal as com- play; and the sampling rate trapolating an extra bit from the plicated as video.-E. Grover, Provo, controls the number of individual stored word as well as generating UT. dots you'll have on each line. As extra samples by comparing two Some people swear that it's you can see, the higher the num- adjacent samples. done with mirrors...just a joke. bers, the finer your picture is go- Even though the picture has The video signal is extremely coming to be. Of course, as you would been digitized, that doesn't mean plicated, but that has nothing to expect, the bigger the numbers, that you're always looking at the do with being able to digitize it. the more expensive it's going to be frame stored in memory. Some The complexity of the signal may to get the job done. digital TV's and VCR's only transfer make the process more difficult, This cost/resolution relationship the stored image to the screen but that's about all. Doing A-to -D comes about because the bigger when you want to do special conversion on a video signal the numbers the more memory effects such as a freeze frame, pic- means that the circuit doing the you'll need and the faster your A- ture in picture, or, in the case of a work has to work faster and has to to -D circuitry will have to be. VCR, slow motion. Since each have enough resolution (the Speed is expensive. frame of video can be stored digi- number of bits). To give you an idea of how the tally and then put through a D -to -A The first thing to realize is that numbers work, let's say that we converter before it shows up on digital TV's and VCR's digitize the want to have eight bits of resolu- the screen, the quality of the im- video signal, not the RF at the TV tion and that we're going to take a age that you see on the screen will antenna or VCR head. A digital thousand samples on each line. be completely dependent on the VCR puts the same signal on the NTSC video produces 525 lines of resolution of the stored sample video tape as any other VCR. video per frame, but only 490 of and techniques used to do the D - The main difference between a them actually carry picture infor- to -A conversion. standard A -to -D circuit and the mation. The same sort of thing ex- The special effects provided by a one that digitizes the video signal ists in each line as well, since only digital TV or VCR are things you is speed. The converter has to han- about 80% of each line time is actu- get for free simply because you've dle each line of video in real time ally used for picture. The remain- digitized the picture. And since and since a full line of NTSC video ing 20% carries sync and color- you're dealing with an array stored is drawn every 63.5 µs, you can see burst, and also allows for horizon- in memory rather than a frame that the conversion has to be done tal retrace. stored on tape, the notion of noise very rapidly indeed. In this simple system, basic that plagues most VCR special As each line is digitized, it's arithmetic tells you that you'll effects is going to be nonexistent. stored in a memory array that's need 490 lines x 1000 samples, or The details of digital video are often referred to as a frame buffer. almost half a megabyte of memory much too great to go into here, but The memory is organized in the to get the job done. In a practical if you'll check the back issues of same linear fashion that you find in system, you'd need even more Radio -Electronics, you'll find sev- a computer where each line of vid- memory, since encoding the color eral excellent articles on that par- eo has its own particular range of information as well as the bright- ticular subject. And you'll find addresses. ness, with enough resolution to more in the future. R -E

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"FIPS" FUSION? itor would continue for several sell their versions without fear of I've been following with great months. patent infringement. Amazingly, interest recent newspaper articles Hugo isn't around anymore, and we are still using the same basic

on cold fusion. It seems to me that I sure miss his articles. Many of us idea in the speakers built today! everyone is missing the fact that take our profession too seriously, Thanks for the interesting bit of the first such article appeared very and can't take a joke. Perhaps history. close to April 1st. Fleishmann and Pons have pulled CHESTER T. RICE, WA6PAC Now, while I'm not denying that off one of the better "April -Fool's" Kentfield, CA cold fusion may be possible, the pranks of recent times. whole scheme seems similar to ar- ARTHUR J. SOLIE ticles that appeared in issues of Garden Grove, CA BATTERY-CHARGE INDICATOR Radio -Craft magazine (now Radio- Anyone who owns a Skil cor- Electronics) in the 1930's, 40's, 50's, Mr. Solle won't have to do with- dless screwdriver without a bat- and 60's. They always ended with out those "Fips" articles for long. tery -charge indicator will probably the hero noticing the date-April We've sent him a copy of the col- appreciate the circuit shown in

1- on a calendar. I believe that all lected works of Mohammed Ul- Fig. 2. Cut into one line and install of them were written by the late yses Fips (see Fig. 1), a compilation Hugo Gernsback under the of those popular stories from past pseudonym "Mohammed Ulysses decades. Anyone else who's inter- PLUG-IN SCREW- Fips." I recall on Radium Radio BATTERY one ested in some old-fashioned hu- DRIVER in the early 40's, and one on two- morous stories can order the book CHARGER way television, and other seem- for $7.50, plus $2.00 for shipping J LED1 ingly plausible (to the unwary) de- and handling, from: RE Reprint vices. Frequently, some readers Bookstore, PO Box 4079, Farm- FIG. 2 would miss the April 1 ending, and ingdale, NY 11735. New York resi- a debate would result in the tech- dents must add sales tax.-Editor a 10 -ohm, 1/4 -watt resistor. Check nical community. Letters to the ed - the DC -voltage drop across the re- LOUDSPEAKER HISTORY sistor (approximately 1 volt) and in- In "Audio Update" in the May stall an LED across the resistor, 1989 issue of Radio-Electronics, Lar- observing the proper polarity.

ry Klein credited the beginning of Many times I could not use the electrodynamic speakers to the screwdriver, as it did not charge early work of C. Rice and E. Kel- due to dirty contacts. The charge - logg, reported originally in a paper indicator circuit has solved my delivered at the Spring AIEE Con- problem. vention in St. Louis in April 1925. A HERBERT BUSS patent was later issued to General Columbus, OH Electric The for their work. Collected Works I was particularly interested in SPEAKER -CABLE PERFORMANCE Of Mohammed Wipes Fips that article because C.W. Rice was After reading Mr. Wilson's letter By a I Ra- Hugo Ge mbah my father. As small child, seem about speaker cable ("Letters," to remember one of his experi- dio -Electronics, June 1989) I decid-

mental speaker/amplifiers blaring ed to run an experiment myself. I around the house. I am not sure took 32 feet of 22 -gauge intercom whether GE profited much from wire and connected it between an the exclusive use (for 17 years) of 8 -ohm load resistor and an ampli- that patent, but after it expired, it fier, which, in turn, was driven by a FIG. 1 allowed many hi-fi companies to function generator. The amplifier

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The 2160 will keep you well informed with 1 mV per and a signal delay line to catch fast input signals. division vertical sensitivity, alternate triggering for view- The ß&K -PRECISION 2160 comes complete ing two signals unrelated in frequency, dual lime base with two 10 :1 probes and a detailed instruc- and a unique curve - tion manual. trace style component Take a close look at the 2160 tester for out-of -circuit and you'll see why tests on a variety of it's the industry's best components. value. For immediate Select from 22 cali- delivery or more infor- brated sweep time mation, contact your ranges on the main local distributor or time base and 19 on B&K-PRECISION. the delayed -sweep time 51045

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www.americanradiohistory.com output had a response of 15 Hz to the 27 watts produced by the amp, priced speaker cables being ped- 30 kHz within ±1 dB. At the load, it the wire dissipated 6 watts as heat, dled today seem to be a bit extrav- was 15 Hz to 27 kHz, ±1 dB. A 10 - and 21 watts made it to its destina- agant unless one is dealing with kHz square wave showed a 4 -mi- tion. Listening tests with that very low impedances, high power, crosecond rise time at the ampli- length of thin wire in a system or long runs. Probably the most fier output and a 6 -microsecond using large 4 -way speakers cost-effective speaker wire is 16 - risetime at the load resistor. showed a slight, but noticeable, gauge jacketed SJT-type power The 22 -gauge wire, with its 1.25 - drop in volume and, perhaps, a cord. ohm round-trip resistance, did barely discernible loss of high -fre- Regarding Larry Klein's "Audio cause some power loss. The ampli- quency detail. Update" column on slew factor 15 RMS fier produced -volts at full Obviously, any competent au- (June 1989), I do agree that TIM output, which dropped to 13 volts dio installer will use wire heavier (Transient /ntermodulation at the load end of the line. The than 22 -gauge for speaker lines. Distortion) should not be a prob- current was just over 1.6 amps. Of However, the esoteric, high- lem with any good amplifier designed within the last 10 or 15 years. However, most early solid- state designs had inherently high OPTOELECTRONICS distortion, and depended on vast amounts of negative feedback to _...... ''..o._ reduce it to tolerable levels. Dras- tic high -frequency rolloff was then NAMit mu needed to prevent oscillation 130130000 2413420000 22100000 4b0. woo which made the amplifier's intermediate stages unable to follow sharp transients. The 741- and 1458 -type op -amp IC's suffer from that shortcoming and are therefore considered unsuitable for critical audio applications. COUNTER THEORY MICHAEL KILEY Affordable, compact, and ultra -sensitive. More and more people are discovering new Crestwood, IL applications for our counters than ever before. Now used by technicians, engineers, law enforcement officers, private investigators, two-way radio operators, scanner hobbyists, and amateur radio operators, just to name a few. COMPUTER RFI SOLUTIONS Radio -Electronics readers de- Over 15 years of service, quality, experience and dedication has proven you can count on us. serve a better answer than you Hand Held Series Frequency Counters and Instruments gave to J. Ootmar ("Ask R -E," N MODEL 2210 Nw 1300H/A 2400H CCA CCB March 1989), regarding computer

RFI a I RANGE: FROM 10 Hz 1 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz in television receiver. While TO 2.2 GHz 1.3 GHz 2.4 GHz 550 MHz 1.8 GHz agree that RFI can be difficult to APPLICATIONS GENERAL PURPOSE RF MICROWAVE SECURITY SECURITY eradicate, the situation is by no AUDIO -MICROWAVE means as hopeless as you indicat- PRICE $199 $169 $249 $299 $99 ed. In fact, there are many steps SENSITIVITY that one can take to diagnose and 1 KHz < 5 mv NA NA NA NA solve almost any RFI problem in an 100 MHz <3mv <1mv <3mv <.5mv <5mv orderly fashion. 450 MHz <3mv <5mv <3mv <1 my <5mv You failed even to explore the 850 MHz < 3 m < 20 rnv < 5 m NA < 5 m 1.3GHz <7mv <100mv <7mv NA <10mv various kinds of RFI that might be 2.2 GHz < 30 mv NA < 30 mv NA < 30 mv afflicting Mr. Ootmar's TV set.

ACCURACY ALL HAVE +/- 1 PPM TCXO TIME BASE. Does the interference occur on all All counters have 8 digit red .28" LED displays. channels, or only a few? On UHF Aluminum cabinet is 3.9" H x 3.5" W x l' as well as VHF? With all printers, Internal Ni -Cad batteries provide 2-5 hour video monitors, and external disk portable operation with continuous operation a S.,SOOHM drives disconnected from the from AC line charger/power supply supplied. LEOPTOELECTRON/CS Model CCB uses a 9 volt alkaline battery. One computer? The answers to such year parts and labor guarantee. A full line of simple questions will often help probes, antennas, and accessories is available. RF DETECTOR isolate the problem and suggest OPTOELECTRONICS INC. """"' obvious cures. Armed with this information, one can proceed with 5821 N.E. 14th Avenue MODEL ta shielding or the Fort Lauderdale, FL 33334 filtering of com- r puter, TV set, or both-often com- (800) 327-5912 OR ^^ pletely eliminating the RFI. IN FL (305) 771-2050 g O,. m.O SCALE JEFF DeTRAY

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The audible readout not only Beckman Industrial comes in handy when you are try- Model 223 Professional ing to test a circuit that requires Digital Multimeter that you keep your eyes on your work. It has added benefits as well. For example, intermittent connections can be found by Beckman's "audible hooking up the meter and jiggling readout" simplifies many the wire, switch, or other component that you suspect is intermit- measurements. tent. Although the slight signal deviations produced would not be detectable with a standard DMM, CIRCLE 28 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD the 223 will produce a crackling sound that will definitely call attention to the problem. MOST DIGITAL MULTIMETERS ON THE resistance ranges span from 200 Testing digital logic can be made market do an adequate job of mak- ohms, to 20 megohms. much easier as well. High and low ing general-purpose voltage, cur- A diode/continuity test mode is logic signals will produce dis- rent, and resistance measure- also featured. In that mode, the tinctively different tones. You ments. Because of that, most test - display shows the voltage drop don't need to look at the meter, equipment manufacturers have a across forward -biased diode. For and you don't need a separate log- hard time coming up with some- continuity tests, the meter will ic probe for your work. thing to make their DMM stand beep once if circuit resistance is While analog voltmeters can be out from all the others. We re- less than 150 ohms. used to check capacitors, DMM's cently examined a distinctive one A logic mode lets you easily de- are usually not too good at the from the Beckman Industrial Cor- tect logic pulses. The meter will job-watching a changing LCD is poration (Instrumentation Prod- beep at any pulse over 2.6 volts, up more difficult than watching the ucts Division, 3883 Ruffin Rd., San to 25 pulses per second. Above swing of the needle of an analog Diego, CA 92123-1898). Their that rate, the meter will sound a meter. However, with the audible model 223 Professional Digital continuous tone. readout, the capacitor charging or Multimeter stands out from the The measurement rate of the 223 discharging is heard distinctively. crowd. is five samples per second. That Similarly, peaking adjustments are The main feature that sets the results in a response time of less very easy to make. 223 apart from its competition is an than one second for most mea- Among the 223's other features audible readout-a tone that surements, less than 2 seconds in is an auto -off battery saver that makes many measurements easier the highest resistance and voltage shuts the meter off after one hour by letting you keep your eyes on ranges. The rapid response time, of non-use. The estimated life for your work instead of on the meter. coupled with the audible readout an alkaline battery is 500 hours. Other pace -setting features in- leave most analog meters with no (That translates to about 6 months clude a self -resetting fuse and a advantages. of average use.) A blinking decimal logic -pulse detector. serves as a low -battery indicator. Audible Readout A novel auto -off safety feature Basic Specifications The 223 features a custom ana- shuts off the 223 if a test lead is The 223 is a handheld 31/2 -digit log -to-digital converter that uses a inserted in the high -current (10 multimeter with both auto- and fast voltage -to -frequency convert- amp) jack while the meter is not in manual -ranging modes. DC volt- er for rapid range selection. The a current -measuring mode. ages are measured in five ranges signals from the voltage -to -fre- The 223 comes equipped with a from 200 millivolts to 1000 volts quency converter are also ampli- tilt bale and Beckman's "Skyhook" while AC voltages are measured in fied to produce a tone that is pro- hanger. A pair of test leads and five ranges from 200 millivolts to portional to the value of the operating manual also are sup- 750 volts. Current, both DC and reading. The tone varies in pitch plied with the meter, and the bat- AC, is measured in 3 ranges from according to the "position" of the tery is also included. At $149.00, 200 mA to 10 amps, while the six reading within the range. the 223 is competitively priced. R -E

www.americanradiohistory.com and shortwave stations. The brightest trace at the right end is a local FM station. VideOsmith Spectrum Probe Using the probe If you've done without a spectrum analyzer until now, you're Turn your oscilloscope into probably unaware of how versatile a spectrum analyzer. it can be. It's possible to find where signals are leaking out of your supposedly shielded enclosure. The exact source can be CIRCLE 29 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD pinpointed because the probe tip is so small. Of course, finding EVERY TECHNICIAN, ENGINEER, AND hobbyist dreams of having a completely stocked test bench. Most of us, however, have to make do without a number of instruments. For example, unless your work absolutely requires a spectrum analyzer, you've most likely not invested the few thousand dollars required to add an analyzer to Oscilloscopes can cost up to $10,000 or more, while your bench. We've recently dis- its interconnecting :est accessories amount to a covered a compromise that gives minor purchase. So it just doesn't make good sense you many of the benefits of a spec- to buy cut-rate imitations that could put your test trum analyzer at a fraction of the results in jeopardy. Since you want accurate readings, cost: the Spectrum Probe from insist on tl-.e most reliable test products: POMONA. VideOsmith (1324 Harris Rd., Dres- her, PA 19025.) The Spectrum Probe turns your oscilloscope into a spectrum monitor. It converts the scope's vertical axis to a display of log- arithmic amplitude, and the horizontal axis to a display of frequency. The spectrum from less than 1 MHz to more than 100 MHz is displayed-even on a scope with? a 1 -MHz bandwidth. The Spectrum Probe looks much like a logic probe. It's about 71/2 inches long and has a diameter of roughly 1 inch (although it's not exactly round). It connects to the scope's vertical input via a coaxial cable and draws its power from a wall transformer. Once the probe is connected to your scope, it's ready for use. To view the entire 0-100 MHz spectrum, the scope's timebase is set for 0.5 ms/div, and the vertical amplifier is set to 50 mV/div. A simple antenna connected to the pro- For your FREE 1989 General be tip will show the presence of Catalog, circle reader service numerous RF carriers. number printed below Figure 1 shows the RF spectrum picked up using a simple wire antenna. The bright trace at the left Pomona edge is the zero reference. That's Electronics followed by standard broadcast 11711.cr...Mhaa mV:,mpa.r, iti..mum, r:,,,po.,,.

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www.americanradiohistory.com ator is required. The signal generator is connected to the probe and is set up to generate a signal that looks the same as the unknown. Electrical machinery can be checked for internal arcing-a good indicator of impending problems. Crystal oscillators can be tuned for best starting without any direct connections. Unwanted harmonics can be spotted quickly. The input of the Spectrum Probe uses a 10-pF isolation capacitor, similar to low -capacitance oscilloscope probes. That helps to minimize the loading of the circuit being probed, and makes the probe useful in getting a look at operating equipment. There is no way that the Spectrum Probe can replace a spectrum analyzer, but it can help you make many measurements that previously required an analyzer. If you can live without the RC, 1 many comples features that a real leaks in a cable -TV installation is emissions. The frequency of oper- spectrum analyzer can deliver, similarly easy. atiion of an unknown transmitter then you might find the $380 price Transmitters can be checked can be tracked down, although for of the Spectrum Probe to be a bar- quickly and easily for spurious accuracy, a calibrated signal gener- gain you can't live without. R -E

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The model 5872 combina- AUDIO -ENHANCED TV'S. tion waveform monitor/vec- Eleven models in Sony's torscope has a suggested 1989 television line, plus price of $3,795.-Leader In- three new speaker systems, struments Corporation, 380 incorporate audio -enhan- Oser Avenue, Hauppauge, cement circuitry that recre- NY 11788. ates the ambience and dynamic range of live per- GLARE ELIMINATOR. A one- formances. The SRS (Sound time application of Opto - Retrieval System)-which Technics' Glare Eliminator was developed by Hughes significantly reduces the Aircraft Company-actually glare reflected off computer restores information in the Z! screens without adding a audio signal that has been cumbersome screen or either masked or altered by CIRCLE 10 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD mesh cover. The reduced current stereo -recording glare helps alleviate the eye- and -reproducing pro- Window," plus a "Unicorn - set without causing picture strain and headaches often cesses. The system is not mander" remote control, S - interference. Small enough associated with frequent position -sensitive; the Video input, and 3 sets of to fit on a bookshelf or a TV sound retains its depth and A/V inputs. stand, the system features a quality regardless of where SRS speaker systems in- built-in 25 -watt amplifier. All the viewer/listener is seated clude the miniature SRS -33, the SRS speaker systems are in the room. the water-resistant SRS -77G, capable of matching the dy- The TV sets that feature and the 3 -piece SRS-D3KAc- namic sound produced by SRS include the entire XBR tive speaker system high -quality digital sources line as well as four high -end (shown). Featuring a sepa- and by enhanced audio cir- Trinitrons. The XBR sets all rate woofer and two individ- cuitry such as bass -boosting offer the 'A/V Window" on- ual full -range speakers, that systems. screen tuning -reference system can be used with The KV-27HSR10 Trinitron system and a "Remote Com- music sources-personal has a suggested retail price mander" unit, which can be stereos and portable CD of $1299.00; the SRS-77GAc- CIRCLE 12 ON FREE programmed to operate players, for example-or tive speaker system has a INFORMATION CARD multiple infrared -con- with TV's and VCR's for im- suggested retail price of trolled components. The proved sound. The SRS-D3K $299.95.-Sony Corporation CRT use. One coat of the 27 -inch (diagonal) system has an anti -magnetic of America, National Opera- durable optical coating KV-27HSR10 Trinitron set seal that allows the speakers tions Headquarters, Sony should last as long as the pictured above also has "A/V to be used alongside a TV Drive, Park Ridge, NJ 07656. monitor itself, and can be easily removed if desired. Glare Eliminator is available in a 3 -ounce aerosol - WAVEFORM MONITOR/ a line -shared basis, and the spray kit, which is good for 3 VECTORSCOPE. With fea- selected video source is or applications and is guar- tures like simultaneous vec- sent to a monitor output for anteed for 90 days, for a sug- tor and waveform display observation on a color gested list price of $29.95.- and dual -channel display monitor. Opto-Technics Co., 310 for watching two video A switching -mode power Melvin Drive, Unit 20, sources on the same supply automatically adapts Northbrook, IL 60062. screen, Leader Instruments' the unit to a wider range of model 5872 makes video - AC and DC voltages-par- LAPTOP COMPUTER. signal monitoring easier. CIRCLE 11 ON FREE ticularly handy for ENG/EFP Weighing just over 8 The instrument's broad INFORMATION CARD applications. The instru- pounds, the Bondwell B200 range of sweep rate simplify ment is housed in a metal features a slim design with a evaluation and measure- tial phase and gain mea- cabinet with a handle and "supertwist" LCD screen ments, and its x 5 vertical - surements in the R -Y mode. feet for bench use; the cab- display and a full-size, 81 - gain magnifier contributes Chroma and IRE filters can inet is removable for rack - key keyboard with 10 func- to high -resolution differen- be inserted on a full-time or mounting purposes. tion keys. The IBM-com-

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heating element. Com- RF MICROWAVE PROBES. The TMP9600 probes are pletely electronic switching Tektronix TMP9600 series of precision adapters, con- protects voltage- and cur- RF microwave probes are verting coaxial input into rent -sensitive components compatible with existing ground -signal -ground, against transient spikes. A microwave probe stations, coplanar waveguide linear LED readout accu- including those from Alessi, footprints that interface to rately indicates the tem- Cascade Microtech, and hybrid microwave circuits, perature of the tip. Design Techniques. The MMIC's, or microwave The electronic tem- probes operate from DC to packages. Probes are avail- perature -control soldering 40 GHz, and feature return able in discrete pitch incre- CIRCLE 13 ON FREE station has a suggested list loss greater than 10 dB and ments of 100 (TMP9610),150 INFORMATION CARD price of $169.00.-Elenco insertion loss less than 2.5 TMP9615), 200 (TMP9620), Electronics, Inc., 150 West dB at 40 GHz-ideally suited and 250 (TMP9625) microns. patible laptop has 640K RAM Carpenter Ave., Wheeling, to making noise -parameter Input is through a female on board; dual 31/2 -inch IL 60090. measurements. "K" connector; a female 720K floppy -disk drives; serial, parallel, and RGB-video ports; and a built-in, removable Ni -Cd battery pack l that lasts up to 6 hours. The computer comes with a INSTRUMENT bundled software package EIK that includes MS-DOS 3.30, GW-BASIC 3.22, and utility programs. The B200 laptop comput- SALE" er has a suggested retail price of $1,295.00.-Bond- well Industrial Co., Inc., Model 2120 47485 Seabridge Drive, Fre- Oscilloscope mont, CA 94538. DC to 20 MHz. Dual Trace,

6" CRT, 1 my Sensitivity. SOLDERING STATION. Elenco's Electronic Tem- Reg. $520 perature -Control Soldering $399 40 ABIEMNIVERSARY Station features a sophisti- VIE cated electronic circuit that Model 2125 Oscilloscope Model 1249 NTSC/ROB Color Bar Model 2005 RF Signal Generator Model 1601 DC Power Supply allows the user to change Same great features as 2120, Generator. Composite Video 100 KHz to 150 MHz, in 6 isolated 0-50V, 0-2A in ranges, except with de ayed Output, RF Output fundamental bands and 450 MHz fully automatic shutdown, Adj. the tip temperature from $499 40 in harmonics current limit swep Reg $419 40 $389 40 300°F (150°C) to 900°F (480°C) Rege $620 $519.4° CITN ANNIVERSARY PRICE Reg. 5195 $165 Reg. $463 48TH ANNIVERSARY PRICE Model 2009 MTS TV Stereo MTNANNIVERIARY PRICE 40TH ANNIVERSARY MICE without having to change Generator Ideal for Stereo TV, Model 3011 Function Generator Model 1650 Triple Output Power DC Model 1541$ Oscilloscope to Receivers, VCR's and Stereo 2 MHz, 4 digit display, TTLCM 8 Supply two 0-25 VDC @ .5A and the tip or heating element. 40 MHz, Dual Trace, 6" CRT 1mv Adapter S se outputs9199 5VDC 5A, fully automatic Service 40 Q A unique sensor located Sensitivity 40 Reg. 5499 :41940 Reg. $239 shutownd Reg. $845 $739 MTN ARNIYERSA0Y PRICE ISM ANNIVERSARY PRICE Reg. $489 $409.40 near the tip provides rapid 11TH ANNIVERSARY PRICE Model 2830 31/2 DIGIT LED Model 1630 DC Power Supply MM ANNIVERSARY MICE BENCH Multlmeter .5 DCV 0-30V, 0-3A, high -low current Model 1653 AC Power Supply response and little tem- Model 2160 Oscilloscope DC- Accuracy, ALL 33 Ranges and range, Low ripple variable isolated 0-150 VAC Q 60MHz, dual trace, delay sweep, Functions are Push Button 2A. built-in isolation transformer perature variation-the 6" CRT, 1mv. sensitivity Selectable Reg. $251 $209.40 40 temperature is maintained Reg. $243 $209.40 MTh ANNIVERSARY PRICE Reg. $200 5169 Reg. $995 5839.40 MM ANNIVERSARY PRICE 10TH ANNIVERSARY MICE within 10°F of its preset COTO ANNIVERSARY PRICE Model 1045 Telephone Product level. Model 2520 Digital Storage Tester Provides Basic Operation NEW! Model 388 -HD 20MHz, Dual Trace, 2mv Sens. Tests for Corded and Cordless The unit's tip is isolated Telephones. Answering Machines Hand-held 31/2 Digit LCD Reg. $1990 51795.40 and Automatic Dialers from the AC line by a trans- 40111 ANNIVERSARY PRICE TEST BENCH Reg. $495 5415.40 41 voltage ranges, frequency former, and low voltage (24 Model 2521 Digital Storage IOM ANNIVERSARY PRICE volts) is 20MHz, Dual Trace CRT Readout, Model 1803 Frequency Counter counter, capacitance meter, used to power the Cursors, RS232 Interface 100 MHz, 8 digit display, zero logic probe, transistor and diode 40 blanking AC or Battery Reg. $3050 32745 tester. All packed into a drop - 10TH ANNIVERSARY PRICE Reg. $199 5169.40 MM ANNIVERSARY PRICE resistant case. SPECIAL PRICE! We are celebrating our 40th Anniversary by offering 40 you huge savings on MK Test Equipment. Reg. $139 511 9

rend for FREE 528 page "Industrial JOSEPH ELECTRONICS, INC. Dept. a Products Catalog." I understand it is FREE with any order or If requested ï.-- 8830 N. Milwaukee Ave., Niles, IL 60648 on company letterhead. (Other- -' Rush merchandise per attached order.

wise, $4.95 to cover catalog and I understand rated accounts are shipped open shipping costs.) account; otherwise send per credit card. ORDER TOLL FREE Include $5.00 per item for shipping and handling. 1-800-323-5925 Visa D Master Card D Discover IN CHICAGOLAND D Check O Money Order D Rush Catalog 312-297-4200 Card No. Exp Date FAX: 312-297-6923 Name Company CIRCLE 14 ON FREE D Street Address INFORMATION CARD City State Zip cz_ctr E HIE IL Res. 7% Tax

www.americanradiohistory.com delivers the same bass, hidden under furniture. power handling, dynamic Midrange and high -fre- range, and spatial accuracy quency notes are re- as high -quality, full-sized produced by the cube - speakers-from two 2 -inch speaker arrays, made up of cube arrays (about the size two cubes, each containing of a soda can) and a 12 x 20 - a 21/2 -inch driver. The cubes inch bass module that can rotate almost 360 degrees to CIRCLE 17 ON FREE be concealed from view. adjust the direct or reflect- INFORMATION CARD Proprietary Bose Acous- ing balance to suit the timass technology pro- room's acoustics or the lis- corder (or any combination) duces a deep, powerful bass tener's preference. Custom are hooked up to the unit, CIRCLE 15 ON FREE sound, even if the module is brackets are available for any or all can be accessed INFORMATION CARD wall or ceiling mounting. with the push of a button- The white AM -5 speaker no disconnection or recon- OS -50 connector is avail- system has a suggested re- nection of cables is neces- able as an option. tail price of $799.00; the op- sary. All three inputs and the Each probe in the tional mounting brackets output have RCA -type jacks TMP9600 series costs $979, cost $39.95.-Bose Corpora- for video and left and right and the optional 2.4 -mm tion, The Mountain, Fra- audio signals. The output OS -50 connector costs mingham, MA 01701. connects easily to a VCR or a $175.00.-Tektronix, Inc., monitor. Microwave Technology Or- The model V-0785 TV ganization, P.O. Box 500, AUDIO/VIDEO SWITCHERS. Control Center allows auto- Delivery Station 58-147, To reduce the tangled clut- matic switching between Beaverton, OR 97077. ter of connecting cables, any two cable/antenna Ambico offers two switch - sources and one composite SPEAKER SYSTEM. Bose's ers. The model V-0780 AV A/V source. Any combina- Acoustirnass AM -5 3 -piece Control Center (pictured) tion of VCR, cable lines, an- speaker system now comes allows automatic switching tenna leads, and camcorder in white, to blend "invisi- between any three stereo can be permanently con- bly" with light-colored walls CIRCLE 16 ON FREE audio/video sources. Once nected to the two RF inputs. and furniture. The system INFORMATION CARD the stereo, VCR, and cam - A video game or a computer LEARN VCR CLEANING/MAINTENANCE/REPAIR EARN UP TO $1000 A WEEK,WORKING PART TIME FROM YOUR OWN HOME!

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www.americanradiohistory.com can be hooked up to the the numeric keypad be- The standard version of composite A/V input. Push- tween number and cursor PC-Pedal (which can dupli- buttons provide instant modes. In the enhanced cate the SHIFT, CTRL, ALT BACK- switching between the version, it can duplicate any SPACE and DEL keys) costs three sources and the TV or key for a specific function, $59.94; the enhanced ver- VCR that is connected to the duplicate the down arrow sion (which can duplicate unit's RF output. when entering numbers any keyboard key) costs The model V-0780 AV con- using the numeric keypad; $79.95 (add $1.50 for ship- trol center and the model or it can also be used as a ping and handling for either V-0785 TV Control Center remote switch to toggle the version). An Enhanced Up - CIRCLE 19 ON FREE cost $24.95 each.-Ambico computer from a distant lo- Grade Disk is available for INFORMATION CARD Inc., 50 Maple St., P.O. Box cation. $20.00.-Brown & Co., Inc., 427, Norwood, NJ PC-Pedal connects to the P.O. Box 2443, So. screwed to either the desk 07648-0427. computer through the par- Hamilton, MA 01982; Tel. or the wall. allel port and doesn't dis- 508-468-7464. The Standard monitor able the port or the key- arm has anti-skid pads and PC PEDAL CONTROLLER. board in any way. It will MONITOR ARMS. Designed securely holds a monitor Brown & Co.'s PC-Pedal is a work with most programs to increase available desk- weighing as much as 30 foot switch that can be pro- that do not reconfigure the top space and improve an- pounds on its 121/4x121/4 - grammed to duplicate any keyboard. gles of vision, the three inch platform, along with key on the IBM PC, XT, AT, models of Curtis Monitor any keyboard. The PS/2, or compatibles. Allow- Arms keep a computer Executive and Professional ing remote access to the monitor and keyboard models each have a 14 x 121 computer, its uses range raised off the desktop and -inch platform that accom- from a remote toggle for a allow them to he swung out modates a monitor weigh- printer that must be hand- of the way when not in use. ing up to 65 pounds, and a fed, to a sophisticated in- All feature 360° arm and keyboard rack that slides frared switch that operates monitor -platform rotation, away when not in use. On the computer through the and three mounting op- the Professional model PC-Pedal hardware and soft- tions. The arms can be se- (shown), the keyboard rack ware. It can also be used to cured to a desk with a single also has an adjustable -tilt duplicate the SHIFT, ALTERNATE, CIRCLE 18 ON FREE or double swivel clamp, or option. or CONTROL keys; to toggle INFORMATION CARD permanently bolted or The Standard, Executive, ATTENTION!

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I3:7 '112U

A primer on how MIDI has changed the way music is made!

JOHN SIMONTON

WHETHER YOU THINK OF IT AS THE LAN the control voltages from a Mini - (Local Area Network) with the largest MOOG keyboard could also be used installed equipment base in the world to control elaborate expander mod- or a political statement (a sort of mu- ules from Oberheim. The result was sical Glasnost), there's no denying that the existing "2 oscillators and a that the Musical Instrument Digital filter" sound which had become the Interface (MIDI) is having an impact synthesizer idiom soon began to be well beyond the original intent of sim- replaced by more dynamic and tim- ply being able to connect two elec- brally interesting musical voices; and tronic music synthesizers together. here began the transition from cliche As a LAN, MIDI provides com- to music. plete systems which, by the time you The first polyphonic (many note) read this, may well be available from synthesizers seemed to be following your local discount store for under the control -voltage scheme, simply sion. Some were serial buses in the $100. Not just a gateway between in- using a computer to manage the gen- interest of less expensive cables, and strument and network, mind you, but eration of the many control voltages some parallel in the interest of higher the whole system. As a political state- needed by multiple oscillators, am- speed. But they all were proprie- ment MIDI allows manufacturers plifiers, and filters. But right away the tary-interfacing between equipment from the US, Europe, and the Far East compelling economic advantages of from different manufacturers ranged to produce equipment that communi- doing some of the traditional func- from difficult to impossible. cates more easily than their users can tions with software rather than volt- In December of 1982, Sequential speak to one another. The old joke ages controlling physical elements Circuits, Inc. (manufacturer of the about a session musician phoning in became clear. Oscillators, as you Prophet-the first widely accepted his part of a recording is no longer a might guess, were the first analog polyphonic synthesizer) shipped the laughing matter, but a practical real- functions to fall prey to the talents of first units of their Prophet 600. One of ity; even if the musician is in Stock- the already present computer for the more interesting features of that holm and the gig in Anaheim. doing repetitious functions. Since new instrument was that it included there was no longer a control voltage, serial interface connectors for what MIDI history there was now no way to interface the Sequential president Dave Smith had In the early 1970's, the advent of elements coming from one manufac- named the Universal Synthesizer In- electronic music synthesizers, with turer to expander elements coming terface. At the winter music industry their near-universal voltage -control from another manufacturer-or, in trade show that same year, techies protocol of 1 volt/octave, seemed to be fact, from the same manufacturer. from Sequential, Yamaha, and several ushering in a new era of compatibility Some companies, realizing the other US and Japanese manufacturers between musical equipment from dif- limitation imposed on the user, de- met informally to discuss stan- ferent manufacturers. For example, veloped bus structures to allow expan- dardization. The consensus was that a

33 www.americanradiohistory.com known as MIDI. MIDI has made it late 1970's. The synthesizers of those possible for those of us more com- days could play only one note at a MIDI fortable with computer keyboards time. If multiple synthesizers could than piano keyboards to play some be linked together-and kept in sync music, too. Of course, it's no sub- with each other-it would be possible EQUIPMENT stitute for musical talent, but it sure to create polyphonic synthesizers. can help with some of the mechanics The idea behind MIDI is to enable In to play together MARSHAL M. ROSENTHAL of making music. the hands of tal- multiple synthesizers ented musicians, MIDI becomes perso that the sound isn't limited to a There was a time when piano haps the most important electronic single instrument, and also to keep lessons were a requirement of grow- musical innovation since multi -track all instruments in sync with one an- ing up. Every child was forced to sit recording. other. In 1983, a standard was de- down for at least some time at the Computers have the ability to keep keys. After all, music was important track of and control many things at Peciect Sons Sequent Truk to being well rounded, and how else high speed. They can retrieve data, could you learn? and alter and store data at incredible .n If you're' like most of us, you re- speeds. That's what makes them ide- belled against music lessons-there al for controlling, coordinating, and were always other things to do and editing music. But computers can un- other places to be. The result, of derstand only computer language, 77, course, is that you can't play any and musical keyboards can't under- instruments. The only way you know stand anything. MIDI compatibility is how to make music is to turn on your what brings them together. MID stereo system. But there may be an- MIDI was the natural result the pro- other way, thanks to the Musical liferation of all those electronic musi- 2 Instrument Digital Interface, better cal synthesizers that took place in the FIG. 1-MIDIMAGIC from Brown-Wagh

protocol very similar to Dave Smith's connectors, it's serial, and it's essen- tions must be made between different USI offered the best compromise of tially the same as RS -232 with a start boxes, keeping digital noise from speed, simplicity and low cost. bit, 8 data bits, and two stop bits (see showing up in the audio is a black art. In June of 1983, a Prophet 600 was Fig. 1). It runs at what at first glance Even MIDI, if not handled properly, interfaced to a YAMAHA DX -7 (an seems a somewhat strange speed of can fall victim. instrument based on John Chowning's 31.25 Kilobaud. But 31.25 Kilobaud For connectors, MIDI uses 5 -pin somewhat serendipitous, but none the isn't such a strange speed when you DIN types, with females on the equip- less insightful discovery of FM -syn- consider that the ever -popular (and ment and males on the cables. In thesis techniques and destined to now dirt cheap) 6850 -type keeping with one of the basic philoso- change electronic keyboard instru- asynchronous communications inter- phies of MIDI, DIN connectors are ments forever). The results fell face adapter, when its internal control inexpensive and, despite their lack of slightly short of spectacular, but were registers are set for a divide -by-64 op- a means of physically locking a plug so encouraging that in Tokyo in Au- erating mode and pumped externally in place, are completely adequate for gust of 1983, representatives from Se- with a 2 -MHz transmit and receive consumer and studio use. It is not quential (the only US manufacturer), clock, produces (you guessed it) unheard of, on the other hand, for the Roland, Yamaha, Korg, and Kawai 31.25 Kilobaud. connectors to be replaced with profes- agreed on the "MIDI 1.0" specifica- sional -grade XLR connectors when tion. The rest of the story is history; STOP STOP the equipment is being used on stage [ START the results historic. H I-+H in a live situation. 5mA-, r_T___r___T_-r T -I Is it significant that in a few 1 The cable called for in the MIDI months, those informal meetings led pmA L J 1 L__L J_1__1__ l__¡ specification is shielded twisted pair to agreement and implementation -1.1 HI- BIT TIME with a length not greater than 50 feet. while at the same time discussions 9.09µs DO DI D2 D3 04 D5 D6 D7 MIDI cables are not particularly ex- among such lofty organizations as the I-«- BYTE TIME = 320µs --d pensive, but it's so easy to "roll your International Standards Organiza- own," that making them at home is tion, American National Standards FIG. 1-MIDI IS SERIAL, much like RS -232 not uncommon. There really is only with a start bit, 8 data bits, and two stop There are some cables Institute, and others have been futzing bits. one caution: around with similar problems for available that are terminated on both years? I don't know; you decide. Unlike RS -232 (which uses a bi- ends in 5 -pin male DIN's that are in- (Now to be fair, ISO and ANSI deal polar voltage), MIDI is a 1.5 -mA cur- tended for audio use. Because they with weighty matters of international rent loop with an optoisolator at the may be more readily available (or political significance and MIDI... receiving end (see Fig. 2). OK, why even less expensive) than official well, it's only Rock and Roll.) put an optoisolator in an interface that MIDI cables, they will sometimes be is designed mostly to be cheap? It's pressed into service. In many cases MIDI hardware done to prevent ground loops, the it's not a problem, but the potential for The most important technical nemesis of audio equipment. When trouble exists. How? A cable's just a characteristic of MIDI is that, in the digital and analog are mixed within bunch of wires, isn't it? No, not al- interest of inexpensive cabling and the same box, and when interconnec- ways.

34 www.americanradiohistory.com veloped that ended the incom- Music machines are the main- patibility problems that beset anyone Send Clock Keyboard consoles trying to merge different pieces of Use External Clock stay of performance, and one of the JiaM Affects Yelocit, equipment. That's what set the stage Don't Scearele nests hottest around is Korg's M1, which fa Sustain Eaters B15í5 for the idea of using personal com- Second Order !raceme features an internal sequencer end - Default f Saoc Restarts Seiooea puters as musical aids. steams JOse Edit Bolktsuk sampled sound capability. That al- marimba -:. Sher All Bdream The Commodore 64 was one of the LoovetQert lows the M1 to digitally record ex- meet J Enable Aetna Sand it in mt...nory. first computer systems to bring MIDI ... ternal sound and store to the mainstream user, due to its 1MS Cloe The sampled sound can be played J ä1S Clock popularity and low price. Many of the VW Clod back with controlled changes. The music programs for that computer Ml's digital 16 -bit processing puts were developed mainly to take ad- more power in your hands than ever vantage of the 6581 Sound Interface FIG. 2-INTELLIGENT MUSIC'S M. Device (SID), the 64's internal sound generator. However, some programs MIDI ports can be built into the roch Edit 1nsºect MIDI Box Options Safet Olt Chain Track o O OTC o .. - unnuee the B5: echaln el o O BUI «roles 1B could also make use of add-on MIDI computer itself (for example, Olt Tenor/ Track+«+r o O Olt BM Meter Track MOMO o O B1x a 15B e 111 « 511e5 O components designed for the 64. The Atari Si); they can be external hard- 85. -x

[oil I I result was a back -door approach into ware devices controlled by one of the i1, Bass 1 o Brx. Be: oeassl 1r41 O ST,. O -P[BBBr 15.0010 eas onl shadec o O sie MIDI. computer's ports, and they can be -.15138131111.111310 h Er] 18: -,81x 13310l The capabilities of today's comput- add -in cards (such as those that are ell:11:o Bess thrust o O Bl'<. BBl] ,,,,,,i,,e 1 ® ers far outstrip those of the Com- available for the IBM PC). As for 111 ih'Clinrusl-shadO o O sll < ion B1BB I] ahn IX 15: 18: D - I_ [m in . m ®1 I modore 64. That's not only true memory storage, floppy drives can V: a _ 18: 6 MEro u Jsed B I II terms of raw computing power, but in be used, but hard drives offer higher la: 0 x O -- n a.r.... et oi.ea Mee.ie Mea M1a 1 MIDI capabilities as well-assuming, capacity and faster access, and they rB: C of course, that your computer offers a are therefore better-suited for MIDI MIDI port. applications. FIG. 3-MIDITRACK FROM HYBRID ARTS.

nectors (IN, OUT and THRU), most +5V NC Rd equipment has only the IN and OUT. 2700 5 2 5V + -NV1r Some keyboardless voice -expander Rb PC -900 modules may have only the IN. Some 2200 GND VO - TO DART NC= - NC equipment such as strap -on keyboard OPTOISOLATOR 1D controllers and timing sources may MIDI IN have only OUT. Higher-end "pro +5V 1 Ra pieces" (as music salesman like to 2200 call them) will also include the THRU RECEIVER VA h r Rc Y connector, and in larger systems it's 3 ?70s2 NC - awfully handy to have them. THRU is NC simply a buffered output which pro- MIDI THRU vides a direct copy of the MIDI -IN +5V data. See Fig. 3 for various MIDI Ra configurations. 2200 FROM W1.- Some equipment may have multi- DART Rc ple IN's which merge multiple MIDI 2200 - NC data streams, which is a trickier operation than you might think, because there has to be enough smarts in the FIG. 2-MIDI IS A 1.5 -mA CURRENT LOOP with an optoisolator at the receiving end. merger to keep the two streams in proper sequence. You my also run The problem arises because of two grounded the shells of the connectors, into boxes with multiple purr's, which faults, each insignificant individually. the result is an instant ground loop, may do nothing but buffering, or may Since most DIN's solder to PC and not just possible audio hum; it's have enough intelligence to split the boards, it makes sense to solder the almost guaranteed. outputs into separate channels. There pins to a large land area. On some Referring to Fig. 2, and remember- are lots of possibilities for connecting boards, the land is also the system ing that one of the primary goals of MIDI equipment. ground (it seems like good practice), MIDI is to prevent ground loops be- A chain is the simplest configura- and on most DIN's the mounting tabs fore they start, notice that none of the tion for interconnecting MIDI equip- are electrically connected to the shell. pins on the MIDI -IN connector are ment, but it is by no means the only The DIN -terminated audio cables grounded, while on the MIDI-ouT one possible or, for that matter, desir- have the pins connected together on a connector, only pin 2 is grounded. It able. A ring configuration, for in- one-to-one basis (no problem) but is particularly important that with stance, may work well with some have the shells connected together properly implemented MIDI, there is newer equipment that's being used, with the cable shield. If one of the no common ground between equip- but older gear may produce unpredic- cables is used to connect two pieces of ment through the MIDI cable. table results as messages get passed equipment where the designers have While Fig. 2 shows three con - around the ring.

35 www.americanradiohistory.com um-sized keys, digital waveform con- Star Wars light saber. The WX7 fea- trols, and 4 -note polyphonic sound. It tures two "Wind Curves," which re- was a great unit; Casio discontinued spond to breath pressure, a tight- and it. Fortunately, Casio does make loose -lip mode, and an ergomatic other models that won't break your and sensitive set of 14 keys. You can pocketbook, such as the M-640, instantly switch octaves, or even play which features medium-sized keys, two keys at once (that's MIDI for you).

Snap 98 percussion sounds, a 210 -sound And do check out Yamaha's G10 Scroll bank, 10 built-in percussion pads, in- guitar. Features include a "fast" neck, --..1111.11 .R .13 .M .15 .1i SICK .12 .p ,N .ü .Kim. ultra- o Remi ternal speakers, and a MIDI port. string -sensitivity control and an /PR11.411 11116P,111í64 STEP 130 Casio's Digital Horn looks more like sonic (sonar) detection system to de- 11.1196 I IF,UI9C I WY REVD ÌP196 í41p Flash Gordon's saxophone than a termine the fret fingered. Both the MIDI instrument. Six preset tones guitar and WX7 require a tone con- FIG. 4-MUSIC-X FOR THE AMIGA. and a high-fidelity speaker make it troller, and will interact with comput- very portable. Plug it into a syn- er -driven software. before, with amazing realism and thesizer and it will unleash unlimited MIDI units talk to one another over clarity. Plug-in memory cards are sounds. A portamento control lets separate channels to keep things available for added effects, as well as you "glide" and "bend" notes, and from becoming messy. There are 16 the Q1 editing/synchronizing MIDI re- you can choose to "blow or not to channels available, and a pass - corder-it can digitally memorize blow," because sounds can be acti- through (MIDI-THRu) means that you every note you play. vated by just pressing the keys, or could have a whole passel of syn- The CZ101 MIDI keyboard from can be controlled by blowing in the thesizers, drum machines, and other Casio was particularly suited for be- mouthpiece. MIDI devices hooked up. So it's really ginners and people on a budget. It Yamaha gets its licks in with their no surprise that the computer func- featured a low price (less than WX7 Wind Controller-it looks like a tions as the master component, $285.00 with a power supply), medi- meltdown between a piccolo and a providing the overall supervision.

pick, blow, or hit determines much of KEYBOARD the "feel" that makes music human, and it seemed desirable to include IN provisions for key velocity in the OUT MIDI specification.

VOICE OUT To provide for additional informa- KEYBOARD VOICE EXPANDER EXPANDER tion, MIDI breaks bytes passing down CHAINING and a the bus into two types: status b data. Status bytes provide information on what type of action is going to be VOICE SEQUENCER/COMPUTER EXPANDER called for, and the subsequent data IN bytes give the specifics of the action. IN For example, the status byte may say OUT-1 IN 1 OUT "turn a note on," and the data bytes

IN OUT say "the note is a middle C played IN. OUT forte (loud)." In MIDI, status bytes KEYBOARD _--. IN OUT always have their Most -Significant Bits (MSB) set to a 1, and data bytes MERGER "THRU"BOX/ CHANNELIZER always have their MSB's cleared to O. OUT (see Fig. 4). THRUIN If it seems something of a waste to devote an entire byte of a message to nothing more than simply getting a note on, you have good C ready to turn instincts. Status bytes often carry FIG. 3-MIDI NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS. Chaining is the most common (a), small much more information than that. rings are OK with newer equipment (b). and there are many other possibilities for specific They frequently also carry a channel needs (c). number in their lower 4 bits. MIDI MIDI message formats like electronic organs of the period in instruments can be set to "listen" While one of the original intentions that the keyboard was simply a bunch only to messages coming in on one or of MIDI was to simply provide an of switches which were either open or more of the 16 channels which can be equivalent of the control -voltage in- closed, keyboards which also allowed uniquely identified by these 4 bits. terface, it was apparent to the framers the user some control over expression Some of the advantages are apparent of the MIDI specification, that much depending on how hard the key was right away. A single twisted pair of more information than simply "play a pressed were becoming available. wires daisy-chained through several middle C" could be included in the These velocity -sensitive keyboards sound -producing elements can carry new digital format. For example, gave a feel much closer to "natural" a separate message to each of the while early synthesizers were much instruments, where how hard you boxes. The "strings box" can pass on

www.americanradiohistory.com Taking all that into account, do you have to be a computer wiz, or musical genius to use MIDI? Fortunately not. The power of MIDI is in the software running on the computer, software that can augment your own abilities. A musician doesn't need help in playing on a keyboard-he needs a program to aid in constructing the patterns he is making. Enthusiasts who "pick -n -peck" on a piano can FIG. 5-THE KORG M1 electronic MIDI -equipped keyboard. now take their time, and have the software string the notes together at a Most MIDI programs can turn your graded from changes. It's always the normal pace. computer into a sequencer and allow first generation. In MIDI, "user friendly" really has your computer to become a full -fea- Multiple tracks can be built up, and value. It's the software's job to help tured music studio. You can think of a sent to other MIDI instruments such the user realize his aims. You might sequencer as a tape recorder without as keyboard synthesizers and drum find Activision's Music Studio (an ear- tape. But it's one that offers spe- machines (sometimes referred to as ly music program with MIDI ca- cialized features that no tape ma- "slaves"). In most cases, the comput- pabilities for the Atari ST) easy to use chine could ever do-for example, er also performs the functions of a and get started with, but perhaps a bit the ability of transposing keys by is- metronome (for the beat), and some too simplistic. Be aware that a pro- suing a simple command, or making machines can even add their own in- gram may be available for different minute changes to any track. Keep in ternal sounds. The finished process computers, but it may run differently mind that sequencer information is can then be enjoyed live, or output to on different machines. A program for pure data-nothing becomes de- stereo tape decks. the Macintosh might be fantastic but otherwise ignore the notes intend- tem messages have all four high -order THIS IS A STATUS BYTE ed for the "horns box." Even though bits set to 1. It's best if we start refer- in contemporary electronic instru- ring to things in hexadecimal nota- r ments the strings and horns boxes are tion, so the system messages have the _ $92 often in the same box, the principle form $Fx, where the $x part denotes still applies. the specific message. NOTE ON CHANNEL 3 We said earlier that most status System messages do things like in- bytes carry a channel number and, as struct all instruments to tune them- FIG. 4-A MIDI STATUS BYTE. Status you might guess, messages prefixed selves (completely superfluous with bytes provide information on what type of with a channel number are called today's digital instruments), and reset action is going to be called for, and the channel messages. MIDI also pro- to power-on conditions (which MIDI subsequent data bytes give the specifics of the action. vides for system messages that carry 1.0 specifically cautions against no channel number and are intended using). Also useful but rarely used are fallen out. Much more important, to elicit the same response from any things like "active sensing," which system messages also perform the device that happens to be sitting on allows instruments properly equipped timing functions which have become the bus. Status bytes that prefix sys- to realize that their MIDI plug has so much the major influence of MIDI that we will cover them separately. TABLE 1 But for right now we have to back up a SUMMARY OF STATUS BYTES little. In the normal course of things, STATUS # OF DATA DESCRIPTION D7-DO BYTES channel messages consist of a status byte followed by one or two data bytes CHANNEL VOICE MESSAGES (whose MSB's are cleared to 0). 1000nnnn 2 Note Off event Whether one or two data bytes are 1001nnnn 2 Note On event (velocity = 0 Note Off) required is spelled out by the MIDI 1010nnnn 2 Polyphonic key pressure/aftertouch) 1.0 and is summarized in Table 1. 1011nnnn 2 Control change In musical systems, the message 1100nnnn 1 Program change that most often comes down the bus is 1101 nnnn 1 Channel Pressure (Aftertouch) to play a note. And two different sta- 1110nnnn 2 Pitch wheel change tus bytes are provided; the channel CHANNEL MODE MESSAGES messages NOTE ON and NOTE OFF. We' 11 concern ourselves with NOTE ON first. 1011nnnn 2 Selects Channel Mode NOTE ON ($9n where $n represents the SYSTEM MESSAGES 4 -bit channel number) requires 2 data bytes. The first data byte says what 11110000 System Exclusive note is to be played. Since the MSB 11110sss O to 2 System Common must by definition be 0, there are 11111ttt 0 System Real Time provisions for 128 notes. A piano has

www.americanradiohistory.com formatted riffs that keep you sounding good, right on up to the more complex Master Tracks Pro (Passport Design), a MIDI sequencer that lets you edit data in a graphic fashion as well as conventionally, using number values. Note that Jam Session uses only the internal sounds of the Macin- tosh. Other programs access drum machines and also control multi -track recordings. The Atari ST has been called a color Mac, and it certainly compares favorably, with its 68000 micro- FIG. 8-THE WX7 WIND CONTROLLER from Yamaha features two "wind curves." processor and reasonable price. A number of models are available, while its IBM version doesn't quite terface. It offers four internal "voices," ranging from the 520 and 1040 ('h deliver the same promises. Before and can create sounds internally, as and 1 megabyte of RAM respec- you buy, make sure you try the soft- well as digitally sample them. The tively), to the newer Mega series ware on your computer system. high -quality polyphonic sound repro- which features 2 and 4 megabytes of duction got a lot of people to start memory. In general, they all share MIDI computers "seeing" music. common features, including the built- Even though MIDI compatibility Software for the Macintosh ranges in MIDI -IN and -OUT ports. That made isn't built in, the Macintosh really got from the somewhat simple Jam Ses- it a fast favorite of music makers look- MIDI off and running, due to its high - sion (Broderbund) which provides ing for the power of a Mac without the quality graphics and simple user in- basic bass lines as you "play" pre - high price tag. Such performers as

only 88 keys, so that would seem to be three -byte NOTE ON's and 3 three -byte low -resolution values and are the more than adequate, but since some NOTE OFF's), they can be only 13. As most -significant byte of the 14 -bit val- of the more avant-garde music is writ- you can see, if all messages were on ue. Controls $20-$3F are reserved to ten in micro -tonal tunings, where the the same channel, the savings would represent the least -significant byte of pitches between a piano's tones are quickly approach an equivalent 33% a high -resolution value and do not also used, there are those that would increase in bandwidth on a bus that necessarily have to be sent. The most argue that 128 are not. But I digress, (some would argue) is bandwidth - interesting part of this is that it repre- as 128 keys are more than enough for limited in the first place. (A "MIDI - sents a glitch in MIDI-you can't most purposes. The 2nd data byte clog," or too much information change the most -significant and least - specifies velocity-how hard the key pushed through the pipe, may begin significant byte of a high -resolution was struck. Many (probably most) to show up as audible delays between control simultaneously, because electronic -keyboard instruments still when a note sounds and when it is they're in two different channel mes- don't have velocity-sensitive key- supposed to play-a real enough sages and neither one can "know" boards, and while MIDI 1.0 states problem in big systems, but there are whether the other is coming or not. So that the velocity should be $20, the ways around it). what happens to the MSB when the instruments will typically send the Other channel messages provided LSB overflows from $7F to $0? The mid -range value of $40. Both data for are: answer is that nothing happens to it bytes of the message always have to POLYPHONIC KEY PRESSURE/AFTER- until it's updated explicitly; and for a be sent. TOUCH ($An + 2 data)-Refers to brief instant the whole 14 -bit value is The channel message NOTE OFF how hard the key is being pressed way out of whack. (status prefix $8n) also consists of 2 right now. Pressing harder on the key Controls $40-$5F are set aside as bytes; the note number and "key -re- once it is depressed lets you do things banks of switches, $60-$79 are un- lease velocity." But MIDI also allows like pitch bends, but very few key- defined and the last 6 "controls" a note be turned off with a NOTE ON boards are so equipped. The first data ($7A-$7F) are set aside as channel message with velocity set to 0-and byte is the key affected, the second the mode messages. We'll look at those in there's a very good reason to do it that amount of pressure. detail in a moment. way. The reason is called running sta- CONTROL CHANGE ($Bn + 2 data)- PROGRAM CHANGE ($Cn + 1 data)- tus. Allows changes in a front -panel Allows instruction to an instrument to While all data bytes for a message "knob" (they're often set digitally) to change voices, such as from strings to must always be sent, the status byte be passed to other instruments. The horns. The single data byte says what doesn't have to be. In particular, if the first data byte is the number of the voice (program) to change to, and new status byte is the same as the control. The second data byte is con- there may even one day be agreement previous one, MIDI allows it be omit- trol's new value, and that is where among manufacturers on whether tted. Thus, by turning notes off with MIDI takes an interesting approach to voice #1 is a piano or dogs barking.

NOTE ON V = 0 message, the status being able to send either low -resolu- CHANNEL PRESSURE ($Dn + 1 bytes need not be sent. If you play a tion (7 -bit) or high -resolution (14 -bit) data)-This is similar to the poly- triad on the keyboard, the messages control values. phonic version, but rather than being don't have to be 18 bytes long (3 Controls $0-$1F are reserved for handled on the basis of individual

www.americanradiohistory.com Mick Fleetwood sponsor its use, and responds to mouse movements com- having all that memory and still bined with keyboard controls to give a something left in your wallet helps visual and aural performance. Fea- too. Atari has played well on this, and tures include user -selectable MIDI software and peripherals abound. channe s, dual tempo controls, even Hybrid Arts was one of the first soft- the incljsion of the octatonic mode ware developers to give attention to used by Bartok and Stravinsky. MIDI; they started working with the Meanwhile, Sonus Corporation's Atari 8 -bit machines quite a while Superscore beats out a powerful back. Of course they're much more tune, w th its long list of features in- sophisticated now. They even have cluding a 32 -track sequencer, 32 SMPTE hardware devices, which are polyphonic staves of scoring, even special time -code systems that allow text and lyric placement on screen. exact placement between music and Add to that icons and pictures that video recording frames. Also, their can be loaded and saved, chord sym- edit track is one very powerful se- bols (including guitar frames), and quencer. It has graphic editing, tem- the ability to mouse "edit" MIDI data. po displays, and 60 tracks to play IBM PCs and compatible comput- with. Realtime (Intelligent Music) lets ers can definitely become capable you perform music and change it "on MIDI ccntrollers, although you must the fly." What else? How about 256 add an interface to get MIDI going. simultaneous tracks, effect multi tas- The advantage with an IBM is the king, and full GEM control? wealth of programs being made. The Composer Laurie Spiegel's Music Yamaha C-1 is a music computer that Mouse lets you create a concert visu- is an IBM clone with built-in MIDI con- ally as well as aurally. Music Mouse nections and SMPTE. FIG. 7-THE DIGITAL HORN from Casio. keys, it is a value of expression for all sequencer is stopped) will never stop the mono -mode message tells the in- notes on a given channel. Since the playing. Sadly, the specification is strument to listen to a number of key need not be specified, the single less than specific on that point and, as channels above the basic (default) data byte is the pressure value. a result, many manufacturers don't channel, and $0 means to listen to all PITCH WHEEL ($En + 2 data)-A implement the function. The second channels. The second data byte of the pitch wheel is to a synthesizer as a data byte of the message is always $0. poly message is always $0. "whammy bar" is to a guitar. It's Control $7D turns on what is called The last 3 controls are so connected most often used to modulate pitch for omni mode, which effectively dis- in their operation that the MIDI speci- expressive purposes. The first data ables the channel numbers in the sta- fication calls their various combina- byte is the least -significant byte of the tus byte. An instrument that is tions by number. Mode 1 is the omni value and the second is the most -sig- operating with omni mode on will on/poly mode, often called simply nificant byte. Since pitch wheels can respond to channel voice messages in "omni mode." Note messages re- ordinarily modulate up and down, the all channels, but will respond to mode ceived in any channel are played poly- center position is defined in the speci- message in only its basic channel, phonicly by the instrument. Mode 2 is fication as $2000, but the range of the which is defined by the manufacturer the omni on/mono mode, simply control (how much a given change and, in some instruments, may be called "mono mode." Notes received affects the sound) is left to the man- changed with a front -panel control. in any channel are played mono- ufacturer. The MSB must = 0 defini- Similarly, Control $7C turns omni phonicly. Mode 3 is the omni off/poly tion of data bytes can really throw you mode off, which means that only mode, known as the "poly mode." off on two -byte values. voice messages on the system's basic Notes received in the designated basic channel (either default or as set by channel are played polyph.Dnicly. Channel mode message some panel control) will be recog- Mode 4 is the omni off/mono mode. The last six "controls" in the con- nized. For both messages, the second Because the number of channels lis- trol -change group of channel -voice data byte is $0. tened to in mono mode can be messages (which are all prefixed with Controls $7E and $7F select what changed on command, mode 4 allows the status $Bn) are set aside for specif- are called mono and poly mode, re- modern "multi-timbral polyphonic" ic functions. For example, "control" spectively. They are mutually ex- synthesizers (capable of playing $7A can be used to separate a syn- clusive; turning one on turns the other many notes and the notes need not all thesizer's keyboard from its tone -gen- off. When mono mode is selected in a be the instrument sound) to produce erating section. Making the second MIDI receiving instrument, that in- things like bass, lead, and harmony data byte of the instruction $0 discon- strument will respond to note-ons and lines all at the same time. nects the keyboard, and $7F recon- offs like the original monotonic (one Eventually you should be able to nects it. note at a time) synthesizers; that is, remember the mode numbers and Control $7B is supposed to turn off each new note will "replace" the one what they mean. For now, just be all notes being played in the channel that was playing before. Poly mode aware that most instruments power up specified. That is very handy with se- allows many notes (all coming in on in mode 3, where they listen to only quencers because a note that is turned one voice channel) to be played at the one channel and play the notes on that on but never turned off (as when a same time. The second data byte of channel polyphonicly.

www.americanradiohistory.com interface. The Amiga can perform more than one function concurrently so that you can run a music program while jumping back and forth to something else. Microillusion's Music -X makes quite an impression with its graphic orientation and patch - editor capabilities. Intelligent Music's M features a multitude of on -screen controls that will automate changes in MIDI velocities, and note densities and rhythms. You could enter just a few notes and let M vary them forever FIG. 6-THE CZ101 MIDI KEYBOARD from Casio is a great model for beginners. (although that's pushing pretty close to couch -potato MIDI creativity). M Of course you can completely for- internal -board sound device that out- also supports internal sound using get about the creative part of using puts in stereo, and does allow you to sampling as well. MIDI Magic MIDI, and just be entertained, in create music and special effects. The (Brown-Wagh Publishing) has many which case you might opt for the Creative board contains 32 preset of the mentioned features, plus it Aldus board. Basically a 32 preset - sounds in 12 channels (voices), and monitors free RAM, gives a choice in sound device, it attaches externally, will play in the background while you screen resolutions, and has a song - and then outputs music from existing do other things. It has line -level and editor window for building, modifying, software packages, such as from the headphone outputs. and playing songs. And, as in most Sierra line of entertainment pro- The Commodore Amiga, noted for cases, programs available for one grams. Another option might be to go its superlative graphics and great in- computer leapfrog over to the Amiga. with the Creative Music System, an ternal sound requires an add-on MIDI There's no question that music is

System message timing clock comes along. None of tion. For instance sys-ex is frequently There are three kinds of system these status bytes have any data bytes used to down -load and up -load voice messages: system common, system associated with them, and they can be information to disk drives and other real-time, and system exclusive. stuck anywhere in a MIDI message mass -storage devices. It also finds a MIDI 1.0 treats system -real-time and (even between data bytes) Also, they home doing the same kind of function system -common messages as sepa- will not change the running status in with the data stored by a sequencer. rate things, but since real-time mes- effect at the time they are sent. Since sys-ex messages may be any sages are also system common, we Much of today's real music is re- length, there must be some way to will lump them together. corded a little piece at a time, and it is indicate the end of a message, and the MIDI has a clock-a variable - usually not economical (not to men- end -of-exclusive flag (status $F7) speed clock that is in essence a metro- tion boring) to start from the begin- serves that function. nome. The clock runs at 24 ticks per ning and play through the whole song As you have likely realized already, quarter note of music (sometimes ab- just to add a short phrase at the end. sys-ex is somewhat manufacturer -spe- breviated as 24 ppq-pulses per That's why MIDI provides a way to cific; so one of the few restrictions is quarter note). In MIDI, the clock is a directly address an arbitrary point in that the first bytes of a sys-ex message special system real-time status byte the song. This provision is called the is the manufacturer's MIDI ID ($F8). Every time an instrument song position pointer (status $F2) number, which is assigned by the which stores and reads back MIDI and, unlike most other system mes- MIDI Manufacturer's Association data (a sequencer) sees a timing -clock sages, it has two data bytes. It might (MMA). It's interesting to note that byte it advances in the musical score seem reasonable to simply have the the original specification allowed for by 1/24th of a quarter note and sends two bytes represent the number of only a single -byte ID number but, as out the data which it previously re- timing clocks "into" the song you of this writing, manufacturers are as- corded as happening at that time. want to go. However, that doesn't al- signed a three -byte ID. Manufac- That's how individual sequencers and low for very long songs so, instead, turers will also include a product ID drum machines can stay in lock step the two bytes are the number of MIDI number of their own so that their during a song. Timing -clock status beats, where one MIDI beat is equal products know what to do with the bytes have no data bytes to go along to six timing clocks. In other words, data they receive. The MMA strongly with them. the two bytes tell you how many VI6th encourages manufacturers to make Besides keeping time, everything notes you are into the song. the format of the sys-ex message that has to start at the same time. For that MIDI also makes provisions for they use available in the public do- purpose, MIDI has a start status byte messages of arbitrary length and con- main. ($FA). A sequencer or drum machine tent. The system exclusive status The MMA has the ongoing respon- which sees the byte "takes it from the ($F0), or sys-ex, unlike any other, sibility of extending and refining the top," and everything starts at the same does not have a fixed number of data MIDI specification. Recent work has time. If you want to stop in mid -song, bytes that must be sent with it-any resulted in standards defining how there is the stop status ($FC). The number of bytes can be sent. There sys-ex can be used for transferring continue byte ($FB) picks up from are a lot of uses for sys-ex other than data between digital sound samplers where you left off as soon as the next things overlooked in the specifica- (the sample dump standard, SMS)

40 www.americanradiohistory.com becoming more electronic, and more computerized. But it still requires your creativity to become more than just a lot of data strung together. R -E

PRODUCT INFORMATION Creative Music System (IBM): Brown-Wagh Publishing 16795 Lark Avenue, #210 Los Gatos, California 95030 Digital Horn/MT-640: Casio, Inc. 570 Mt. Pleasant Ave. Dover, NJ 07801 Edit Track (Atari ST): Hybrid Arts 11920 W.Olympic Blvd. Los Angeles, California 90064 Erato Music Manuscriptor: Erato Software Corporation 1107 East Second South Salt Lake City, Utah 84102 G10 Guitar/WX7 Wind Instrument Controller: FIG. 9-YAMAHA'S G10 GUITAR features a string -sensitivity control. Yamaha Corporation of America P.O. Box 6600 Buena Park, CA and for storing musical sequences timing of the piece matched the action Jam Factory 1.32 (Mac): Intelligent Music (standard MIDI files, SMF) as well as on screen. Quite often, many well - 116 North an adaptation of SMPTE time code paid musicians would be just sitting Lake Avenue Albany, New York 12206 (MIDI time code, MTC). The MMA around in an expensive studio. Jam Session (Mac): is also currently involved in more But now, the ability to synthesize Broderbund rigorously defining how sys-ex is realistic natural instrument sounds (Is 17 Paul Drive used in the more common situations, it any wonder that the musicians' San Rafael, California 94903-2101 such as transferring data on digital union tried to outlaw the first IM sound samples. That will allow a sam- MOOG's?) and to exactly syn- (ST/Amiga) Realtime (Atari ST): ple taken on one instrument to be chronize and coordinate everything Intelligent Music passed to a different instrument. has enabled many film scores to be 116 North Lake Avenue The only "gotcha" With sys-ex is done by one individual, who's sur- Albany, New York 12206 Ml: that, since all of the bytes must be of rounded by computers, synthesizers, Korg USA the MIDI data persuasion, they can't and digital sound samplers, all 89 Frost Street have l's in their MSB. If you're send- MIDI'd together. The cost of film Westbury, New York 11590 ing a sequence for storage, it will scores has gone way down, while the Master Tracks Pro (Mac): certainly include status bytes (the amount of money that the composer Passport Design MSB of which = 1), there's an ob- can put in his own pocket has gone up. 625 Miramontes St. vious problem. One solution is to Are synthesizers and MIDI pollut- Half Moon Bay, CA 94019 send an extra byte for every seven ing music's genetic pool? Perhaps MIDI Magic (Amiga): bytes which contains the most -signifi- yes, but, then again, music has never Brown-Wagh Publishing cant bits of the other bytes. been more accessible, as evidenced 16795 Lark Avenue by the growth in home recording stu- #210 Los Gatos, California 95030 Music Mouse (ST/Amiga): MIDI impact dios. In fact, equipment intended for Aesthetic Engineering One of the biggest areas of MIDI semi -pro and home studios is the fast- 175 Duane Street impact has to be writing and perform- est growing segment of the music in- New York, New York 10011 ing musical scores for films and vid- dustry. One day a significant amount Music Studio (ST/Amiga): eos. A composer used to hire of music may be distributed as MIDI Activision musicians to play all instruments; the data rather than as the sounds them- PO Box 7286 piano, drum, slide whistle, etc. And, selves. There have been discussions Mountain View, California 94039 since he couldn't tell what the score between Warner New Media and the Music -X (Amiga): would sound like until it was re- MMA about using the subcode space Microillusions 17408 Chatsworth Street hearsed (not every composer is a on compact Discs to hold MIDI data. Granada Hills, California 91344 Beethoven), the chances are that, MIDI has already has found ap- Superscore (Atari ST): after hearing what he'd written, it plications in stage -lighting and Sonus Corporation would have to go back to the drawing "dancing -fountain" control. And 21430 Strathern Ste. H board for a revise. Then there would there could be "smart -house" ap- Canoga Park, California 91304 be take after take until the mood and plications in the future. R -E

www.americanradiohistory.com L JZ

The Hi- Tech Music -on -Hold Adapter

STEVE SOKOL_OWSKI

HAVE YOU EVER BEEN IN THE MIDDLE OF A the phone line using RYI. The syn- phone conversation, and needed to GREEN (TIP) thesizer provides music for the party either walk away for a couple of min- o on hold; it can be left out if desired,. utes or switch lines? The kids might be crying, the washing machine might Touch -Tone operation T RELAY need fabric softener; whatever. Here's R6 CONTRO_ Touch -Tone phones produce Dual an inexpensive "electronic hold but- 12011 Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) sig- ton" controlled by a Touch -Tone TO PHONE TO ?HONE LINE MUSIC ON HOOK'. phone, with provision for audio for SYNTH the other party, using either a music - IC 1366Hz synthesizer IC module or a radio. MODULE COLUM 1209Hz Unlike normal hold buttons, this o f l one doesn't cut your phone handset RED (RING) FIG. 1-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE Music - off from the other party; you can still 697Hz hear one another, and also the audio. On -Hold Adapter. When RY1 closes, RY1's coil, R6, and LED1 in series are placed in if you use it. Rather, what it does is let parallel with a Touch -Tone across tie red 770Hz you provide this audio to the other (Tip) and green (Ring) phone -line wires, party, and then lets you hang up the allowing you to hang up without diiscon- RCM( handset without losing your party; necting your party. 852Hz you can also opt for silence. When you wish to resume normal con- ing on particular central-office equip- 941Hz versation, pressing the pound (#) key ment. When you lift a phone's 4 .r shuts off the audio if used, and allows handset, 600 ohms is placed across the voltage you to hang up and disconnect when the phone line, dropping 1633Hz finished. To understand how it works, to 5 volts. Figure 1 is a simplified 1477H you need to know how hold buttons representation of the hold adapter, and Touch -Tone phones work. showing hold -indicator LEDI in series with resistor R6 and relay RY1. F13. 2-TOUCH-TONE KEYPL,C showing al 16 keys, including the normally absent Placing a call on hold The hold adapter prevents a discon- operator keys (A-D). The DTMF output for The normal on -hook voltage of a nection when you hang up the hand- a key is the sum of the row and column phone line is about 50 volts, depend - set, by placing R6 and LEDI across sinusoids, using the frequencies listed.

www.americanradiohistory.com nais, using a 4 x 4 keypad that pro- ï duces two-tone sinusoidal outputs. Ici VINT -+ 1 18 The frequencies are determined by the G8870 VDD . r '- key row and column (see Fig. 2); The row frequencies are lower than those DIGITAL of the a Touch columns, and -Tone sig- VIN -+ 2 DETECTION 17s. ST/GT nal is the sum of both. Normal Touch - COLUMN ALGORITHM r Tone pads have 12 keys, but Hg. 2 FRED FILTER shows the operator console keys 1 STEERING i LOGIC (A-D) in Column 4, which normally GS --I 3 I- 16')-- EST aren't used. r' I 1 SCHMITTI TRUGGERS CODE V 1.174 1 1 CONVERTER I STD VREF--I 4 ROW AND li5 - FREQ LATCH . AAA / t,msec FILTER 1 = ZERO CROSSING DETECTORS 1 I71y 14 D3 r'

11111 t,msec 1 i TO ALL 6 41 3 D2 1111 INTERNAL r b CLOCKS 0.749 ( 2.066 . 12e- D1 r . T > r t,msec 1 1 I J.,

OSC2-I 8 1 F DO INTERNAL REF r V y INTERNAL POWER INTERNAL BIAS 0.457

I 1 t A 1 FIG. 3-TOUCH-TONE WAVEFORMS gen- BIAS 9 `I - CIRCUIT -+1 0r VD, erating the signal for the (8) key, an 852 -Hz r Row -3 sinusoid in (a), and a 1336 -Hz Col- I _ ` umn -2 sinusoid in (b). The waveform in (c) is the sum of both, the product of a 484 -Hz tone and a 2188 -Hz tone. FIG. 5-BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE G8870 Touch -Tone decoder IC.

1.0 15 15 The keys in Row-3 generate an 852.- (VDD) 14 Hz tone as in Fig. 3-a, and the keys in 13 0.9 Column -2 generate a 1336 -Hz tone as 12 in Fig. 3-b; pressing the (8) key adds 0.8 11 the two. Adding two sinusoids is equivalent to multiplying two sin- 0.7 10 usoids whose frequencies are the sum 9 0.6 and difference of the originals. Thus, the (8) key gives the modulated wave- 0.5 8 form in Fig. 3-c, the product of a 484 - Hz tone and a 2188 -Hz tone. Early 0.4 7 7 Touch -Tone pads used inductors and capacitors; modern versions are crys- 6 6 0.3 tal -controlled integrated circuits that

5 5 create staircase sinusoids as in Fig. 4. 0.2 - 4 4 The waveform that you see in Fig. 4 isn't an actual Touch -Tone signal; it's 0.1 3 3 drawn only to show you what one 2 2 (UREF) 1 1 o 1 1 I would look like. 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 I 22 24 TIME SEGMENTS Circuit description FIG. 4-STAIRCASE SINUSOID similar to those generated by a Touch -Tone keypad. This Figure 5 shows a block diagram of is merely a representative sample of what a DTMF signal looks like, and doesn't represent the California Micro Devices G8870 any one waveform; note the normalized scales on the axes. DTMF receiver (ICI), and Fig. 6

43 www.americanradiohistory.com shows the hold adapter's schematic. (#) key adds 941 -Hz and 1477 -Hz device. If the Touch -Tone key pressed The G8870 represents each tone pair sinusoids, to give a binary code of is either (*) or (#), then either pin 19 as a 4 -bit code, where the column of a 1110. Figure 6 shows a Touch -Tone or pin 14 of IC3 goes high, since those key is the first two bits, and the row of signal entering ICI through R1, R2, are the pins corresponding to these a key is the second two bits; both pairs Cl, and C2, appearing in the binary keys. Pin 19 of IC3 goes to pin 12 of of bits range from 00-11. This 4 -bit format described above on pins 11-14 IC2-b, and pin 14 of IC3 goes to pin 5 code is then decoded by a 4514 4 - (D0-D3) of ICI, and fed to pins 3, 2, of IC2-c. Notethat IC2-b and IC2-c to -16 decoder (IC3) to give the digit 21, and 22 of IC3. are used to create a NOR gate reset -set dialed. If a user presses a key on a Touch - (RS) flip-flop, which then controls Pressing the (*) key on a Touch - Tone phone used to operate the hold RY 1. Tone phone adds a 1209 -Hz sinusoid adapter, pin 15 (STROBE S.1 -D) of ICI Figure 7 shows the NOR gate RS (a Row -4 tone), and a 941 -Hz sinusoid goes high. That strobe oputput is in- flip-flop with its truth table, and the (a Column -1 tone), to give a binary verted by NOR gate 1C2 -a, and is fed to NOR gate terminals correspond to the code of 1100. Similarly, pressing the pin 23 (INHIBIT) of IC3, enabling that pinouts on IC2. The flip-flop is sym-

GREEN + 5V o 18 Voo TELEPHONE ClC +5V IC1 C + 5V 1\ LINE .01 1 G8870 IC3 2 17 24 o ( Mh s t1 STROBE 4514 2 C2 RED R2 3 R7 2 DATAI 23 -7 -MM INHIBIT Ot 100K R4 220K 16 3 DATA2 LATCH DATA4 22 RS 100K 450K 15 4 (7) L DATA3 47R31K a 5% 4 5 (6) ,A 1B IC D (0) 20P1 D3 6 (5) (*) 19 1 T 6 J 13 1 D2 7 (8) 18 7 (4) 12 XTAL1 J- D1 (3) 8 4-10-16 (9) 17 3.5MHzT 8 11 DO 9 (1) DECODER 16 9 :IL, +5 10 (2)

R9 R10 si R11 R12 R13 R14 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K 1K .."()''E1) 2) (3) 4) (5) ,6) -1-15V () E) E) E) E)

01 L OPTIONAL 2N2222 LOPTIONAL J

R6 12052 SILENCE (S2 OPTIONAL; o °RADIO TEXT) SEE Si I, 5 VOLTS S2 RADIO T1 OUT T2 MUSIC IC4 o (UERLr 7805 JUMPER 120 VAC SEC PRI GNDI FOR TO 12VDC, II 120 VAC SILENCE) 250mA C4 + MODULE 1 --8 WALL 470µF TRANSFORMER LED1 L 1 5V

FIG. 6-SCHEMATIC OF THE HOLD ADAPTER; inverter IC2-a enables IC3, and the reset - set (RS) flip-flop using IC2-b and IC2-c controls the (*) and (#) outputs of IC3. Pressing (*) resets the flip-flop, closing RY1's contact and placing a parallel path (plus audio) across the phone line. Pressing (#) sets the flip-flop and opens RY1's contact, letting you end a call. Using S2 is optional.

44 www.americanradiohistory.com both inputs go high, then both outputs go low. PARTS LIST Since only one Touch -Tone key is interpreted at a time, there's no nor- All resistors are '/4 -watt, 5%, un- mal instance when both pin 19 and pin less otherwise indicated. R1, R2, R4-100,000 ohms 14 of IC3 go high simultaneously; that R3-47,000 ohms Q only happens when IC3 is defective or R5-50,000 ohms there's a short. If neither the (*) key R6-120 ohms, 1 watt nor the key have R(n) S(n) 0(n) Q(n) (#) been pressed, R7-220,000 ohms then both pins stay low. Pressing the R8-1000 ohms o Q(n-1) Q(n-1)* o (*) key drives pin 12 of IC2-b high and R9 -R18-1000 ohms (optional; see o 1 o pin 11 of IC2-c goes low. Similarly, text)

1 o o 1 pressing the (#) key drives pin 5 of Capacitors Cl, C2-.01 µF disc 1 o o 1C2 -b high and pin 4 of IC2-b goes C3-0.1 µF disc IN PREVIOUS low. Pin 4 of IC2-b, the Q output of *NOTE: FLIP-FLOP REMAINS C4-470 µF, 16 -volt axial tantalum STATE (UNCHANGED) the RS flip-flop, operates Q1 and RYI . electrolytic When pin 4 of IC2-b, goes high by n u. /-A litbt 1 -et I (lib) 1-Llr-I-Lur Semiconductors pressing the with the NOR gate terminals corresponding (*) key, Ql turns on and 01-2N2222 transistor to the 1C2 pinouts. If both inputs are low, the contact of RY1 closes, preventing ICI-California Micro Devices the new flip-flop state n is unchanged a disconnection when you hang up the G8870 Touch -Tone Receiver from n-1. If one input is high and the other handset. That's because phone -line low, the corresponding outputs are re- IC2-4001 quad NOR gate versed. If both inputs is high, both outputs current now flows through R6, the IC3-4514 1 -of -16 decoder (high. go low. secondary of T2, and hold -indicator output) LED1, which is now lit. When pin 4 IC4-7805 5 volt DC regulator, metric, so whether it's considered set of IC2-b goes low by pressing the (#) TO -220 type LED1-LED11--standard or reset depends on the application. key, Q1 turns off, current stops flow- red LEDs Other components The R input is on the same side as the ing through the coil of RY1 (opening S1-SPST 120 -volt AC switch Q output, and the S input is on the its contact), and disconnecting the S2-SP3T rotary or slide switch same side as the Q output. If both hold adapter. The hold adapter T1 -120 -volt AC to 12 -volt DC, inputs are low, the flip-flop stays in its doesn't work as a standard hold but- 250mA, DC wall transformer previous state; that's the meaning of ton, because pressing the (*) key T2-audio transformer, 1000 -ohm the subscripts n and n-1. If one input doesn't disengage your phone hand- primary, 8 -ohm secondary goes high and the other goes low, the set. It just lets you hang up or switch (Mouser Electronics, catalog corresponding outputs are reversed. If to another line without being discon- number 42TM013) RY1-6-volt SPST relay with 100 - ohm coil XTL1-3.58MHz crystal LED1 MODULEI-music-synthesizer module (optional; see text) -R6 - E Miscellaneous: suitable cabinet, 4 - SEC B 01 C wire phone cord with open wires on T2 - R8-4 one end, and either spade lugs, 4 - PRI prong, or RJ-11 modular male t plug on the opposite end, dual RJ-11 SYNTHESIZER MODULE;SEE socket to single RJ-11 plug T- TEXT HONE LINE adapter, female -to -female RJ-11 to RED adapter (optional; see text). 11 LED Lo GREEN bezels (if LED2-LED11 are used), C1 ' C2 - C3 - x solder, wire. R18 R16 R17 EO NOTE: 11.1 R2 11 A kit of parts is available LED R4 R3 ,R7 from Del -Phone Industries, P.O. 10 R5 E Box 5835, Spring Hill, Florida ICI 34606. The kit includes the sin- IC3 LED9 gle -sided PC board ($7.50), XTAL1 G8870 Touch -Tone Receiver IC I I ($10.00), T-adapter ($2.20), 1C4 3.58MHz crystal ($1.75), mu- SILENCE and R151R131R111R10 . sic -synthesizer module ($1.75); S2°RADIO ¡R141R12E R91 J1 send $15.70 O o v o T1 LED6 LED4 for all parts. Allow OPTIONAL; 3-4 weeks for delivery, and in- SYNTH o-{ 120 VAC TO --o O 0 0 SEE TEXT clude $2.50 for shipping/han- 12 VDC, 120 VAC LED8 ) 0 LED3 EARPHONE 250mA -o dling. Florida residents include JACK LED7 LED5 LED2 sales tax; Canadian residents FIG. 8-PARTS-PLACEMENT DIAGRAM of the hold adapter; LED2-LED11 are not con- send money order in US funds, secutively numbered. There are two jumper pairs for RY1, those for PC board power from with $3.25 shipping/handling. the pads labeled "1.5 V," and those for the music, which go to the PC-board pads for the No personal checks, please. primary of T2. Using S2 is optional; the desired option can also be hard wired.

45 www.americanradiohistory.com MECHANICAL SOLDER BLACK (-) cabinet will do, and use a 1 -amp, 120 - ON/OFF SWITCH WIRE HERE volt AC to 12 -volt DC wall trans- SOLDER CLOSED BATTERY HOLDER RJ-11 PHONE former. Use screws and spacers or WALL JACK adhesive foam to attach the PC board to the cabinet. You can use any SP3T MALE switch you want for S2, as long as it'll RJ-11 fit in the cabinet. 7 -ADAPTER

Music -synthesizer modules like FEMALE FEMALE the one in Fig. 9 play repeating 30 - second tunes, and may have a 1.5 -volt battery socket and speaker. The 1.5 - volt battery will likely be present; the speaker may not be, depending on the TOUCH-TONE model. Note the polarity of the battery PHONE TO AUDIO TRANSFORMER (T1) MUSIC OUTPUT (if present) before removing it. In Fig. PROTECTIVE COVER SOLDER RED (+) 9, the metal band passing over the HOLD ADAPTER FOR MICROCHIP WIRE HERE large pad to the right of the microchip is the positive battery terminal, and FIG. 9-PICTORIAL DIAGRAM OF THE FIG. 11-HOOKUP ARRANGEMENT of the music -synthesizer module. The negative the large pad itself is the negative hold adapter. Both the hold adapter and terminal pad is to the right of the micro- terminal; both are connected by foils Touch -Tone phone plug into an RJ-11 T chip; the metal band over it is the positive to solder pads. adapter, which is plugged into an RJ-11 terminal. Solder the mechanical ON/OFF The mechanical ON/OFF switch de- wall socket. If you use 4-prong plugs and switch closed. The "1.5 V" PC board pads sockets, get an adapter. If your phone picted in Fig. 9 is a metal flap, riveted go to the module's battery pads, and the wires run out of walls and terminate in two PC -board pads below the "1.5 V" label on the right end, and with the left end RJ-11 plugs, use a female -to -female RJ-11 go to the module's audio output pads. At- resting against the module board by adapter. tach the module using double -sided adhe- spring tension. Connect the pads on sive tape or foam, and disconnect any speaker. the PC board labeled "1.5 V" to the secondary of T2. To display all 10 synthesizer's battery terminals, break decoded Touch -Tone keys, install nected, because a second current path the speaker wires or foils (if the R9-R18 and LED2-LEDI1 (with is now across the phone line. speaker is present), and solder any ON/ bezels) as in Fig. 6, the former To include audio, the music -syn- OFF switch closed. Attach the syn- mounted on the PC board, the latter thesizer module goes in parallel with thesizer to the PC board using double - mounted on the front panel of a cab- LED1, and the audio is fed from the sided tape or adhesive foam. inet like that in Fig. 10. synthesizer to the primary of T2. The The two PC -board pads underneath audio modulates the 5 -volt phone -line the "1.5 V" label connect the audio to Installation and test voltage and is heard by both you and the primary of T2. The secondary of Connect the red and green wires of the party on hold. If you prefer either T2 goes in series with R6 and LED1, a standard phone cord to their PC - dialogue or some other music, you adding audio to the 5 -volt DC off- board locations; the yellow and black can replace the synthesizer with a ra- hook voltage. For silence, jumper the wires aren't used. The other end plugs dio that has an earphone jack. into a T -adapter as shown in Fig. 11, To do that, plug an external ear- with two RJ-11 female telephone phone cord into the jack, and connect sockets feeding into one RJ-11 male an earphone jack to the PC board telephone plug. Plug the hold adapter holes for the synthesizer output, using and the Touch -Tone phone into the T - S2 (an SP3T switch) as indicated in adapter, and plug the T -adapter into Fig. 6. For silence, jumper the sec- the telephone jack. ondary of T2; that can be done using To test the hold adapter, dial a either a jumper or S2, although the friend; if R9-R18 and LED2-LED11 use of S2 is strictly optional. Just re- were used, the LED corresponding to member that pressing the (*) key lets the Touch -Tone key pressed should you hang up without being discon- light. To place a call on hold, press nected, but doesn't disengage the the (*) key; RYI will close, con- handset. The hold adapter uses IC4, a necting R6 and LEDI, audio should 7805 5 -volt DC regulator with C4 as now be heard by you in the handset if filter, and 12 -volt DC, 250 -mA, wall the synthesizer or a radio is present, transformer TI; S1 is used as the ON/ and you can now hang up the handset. OFF switch. Pressing the (#) key disengages the hold adapter, opening RYI's contact, Construction disconnecting R6 and LEDI, and The hold adapter's PC board is stopping the audio. Since the current FIG. 10-SUGGESTED FRONT PANEL of shown in PC and the Parts - path has now been removed, hanging Service, the hold adapter, using hold indicator, and Placement diagram is shown in Fig. decoded Touch -Tone LED's, to show the up the telephone will disconnect your 8. Use sockets for the IC's, transistor number being dialed. You'll also need to party, unless you first press the (*) key (if desired), and relay. Any suitable drill holes for S1 and S2. again. R -E

www.americanradiohistory.com 1 C Thr 2 SOLAR POWER SUPPLY

Here's a solar power supply that can be used even at night!

DAN BECKER

bright sunlight, the arrangement can recharge a 1.1 Ah Ni -Cd battery in four to five hours. The Ni-Cd's charging current averages about 330 mA, so you'll need a solar -cell array with at least that capability. The oscillator/driver section chops the Ni-Cd's DC output into a high - current 16 -kHz square wave. The square wave is fed to a step-up transformer in the Ni -Cd converter section. The stepped -up output voltage from the transformer's secondary is then rectified and fed to the voltage - regulator section. Let's talk about the individual sections in more detail. Oscillator/driver A schematic diagram of the os- SOLAR ENERGY IS ONE OF THE MOST EN- cost solar-cell projects and low -bud- cillator/driver circuit is shown in Fig. vironmentally safe energy sources. get home or school versions, this arti- 2. With Si in the "off" position, and Although solar power isn't going to cle describes what we call a "solar - the solar-cell array exposed to sun- compete with fossil fuel or nuclear cell booster." That device can re- light, a charging current flows into D2 power plants in the near future, recharge a single Ni -Cd cell using solar through J1, and into the Ni -Cd bat- searchers are striving to give solar power, and can also boost the Ni-Cd's tery-il is either a wire jumper or a energy a competitive edge. For exam- output voltage enough so that you can current -limiting resistor. A wire ple, scientists at Sandia National Lab- power 5- or 9 -volt devices from it, day jumper (zero ohms) is used in the oratories, New Mexico, have de- or night. prototype, as the maximum current veloped a new photovoltaic solar cell supplied by the solar array does not that uses one gallium -arsenide and Solar power supply exceed the Ni-Cd's safe charging cur- one silicon crystalline photovoltaic Figure I is a block diagram show- rent. However, depending on the bat- solar cell sandwiched together. The ing the major parts of the solar/Ni-Cd tery you use, you may need a current - new device achieves a solar-to -elec- power supply. Four solar cells, each limiting resistor instead. Diode D2 tric conversion efficiency of 31%, and rated at 0.49 -volts at 1.9 amperes in prevents the Ni -Cd from discharging has the potential of reaching 40%. bright sunlight, charge a single 1.25 - through the solar array during periods However, for the present, solar-to - volt, 1.1 Ah Ni -Cd battery. By con- of darkness (when the array's voltage electric conversion for the electronics necting the solar cells in series, the is less than the Ni-Cd's). That takes hobbyist remains limited to low - output voltages add up to 1.96 volts, care of charging the battery. power applications. but the output current of all four cells By momentarily pressing S2, CI is To bridge the gap between high - remains equal to that of one cell. In connected across the Ni-Cd's termi-

47 www.americanradiohistory.com SOLAR CELLS total current. Transistors Q2 -Q7 switch on and off at 16 kHz, driving the primary winding of step-up transformer TI. The secondary winding drives bridge -rectifier BR1. While fil-

OSCILLATORDRIVER i -Cd CONVERTER VOLTAGE REGULATOR tering the ripple voltage from BR1, Cl 16kHz gradually reaches a terminal voltage of IO to 16 volts. With that voltage -V supplied to IC1, the amplitude of the w square -wave output at pin 3 reaches IO to 16 volts. That square wave then feeds the Ni -Cd converter circuit from a terminal A.

Ni -Cd converter The schematic of the Ni -Cd con- FIG. 1-THIS BLOCK DIAGRAM shows the major parts of the solar/Ni-Cd power supply. verter is shown in Fig. 3. The 16 -kHz Four solar cells, each rated at 0.49 -volts at 1.9 amperes in bright sunlight, charge a single square wave from the oscillator/driver 1.25 -volt, 1.1 -Ah nickel -cadmium battery. Z Ni -Cd MAINTENANCE TIPS 0 o A Ni-Cd's capacity is given in am- S2 02 J1 Cl pere -hours (Ah). For a 1.1 Ah battery, 1N5820 (SEE TEXT) 4700µF a 3.3 -hour quick -charging rate is T 16V equal to 1.1 ampere -hours divided by BATTERY SOLAR 3.3 hours; that equals a recommended quiick-charging current of 0.330 amperes, or 330 mA. L__ TO Ni -Cd CONVERTER St -b Ni-Cd's require constant -current QA charging (as opposed to constant - voltage charging). A charging current DI less than a 30 -hour rate wilo not give 1N4148 01 Q2 04 Q5 06 07 the cell a ful -capacity charge. 2N4403 2N4403 2N4403 2N4403 Once fully charged, a Ni -Cd battery can be trickle -charges at a 30- to 50 -hour charging rate to maintain a Ri full charge. 4.7 K Ni-Cd's can be fast -charged at a 3.3- to 10 -hour rate.

T1 BR1 They can be slow -charged at a 10 -

R2 to 30 -hour rate. 4711 A Ni u -Cd will self -discharge at a rate of 2% per day at 68 degrees Fahrenheit (20 degrees Celsius). Temperature limits: Storage... - 40 to +122'F { - 40 to + 50°C) Discharge... -4 to +122°F (- 20 to FIG. 2-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE OSCILLATOR DRIVER circuit. With 51 in the "off" + 50°C) position, and the solar -cell array exposed to sunlight, a charging current flows into D2 Charge... +32 to + 122°F (0 to through J1, and into the Ni -Cd battery. + 50°C) A Ni-Cd's terminal voltage should nais and is charged to the Ni-Cd's no- bases of Q2 -Q7 high; that turns not exceed 1.5 volts during charging. load terminal voltage of approximate- Q2 -Q7 off. When pin 3 of ICI is high, Adhere to a battery's charging - ly 1.3 volts-the remainder of the cir- Ql is off, allowing the bases of time -versus -current schedule. Do not cuit is inoperative. However, when SI Q2 -Q7 to be at ground (low) through overcharge a Ni -Cd for long periods of time. is placed in the "on" position, the R2; that turns Q2 -Q7 on. Diode Dl Immediately after charging, a fully of transistors QI -Q7 are con- prevents QI's emitter-base voltage emitters charged Ni -Cd has a terminal voltage from its breakdown value nected to the Ni -Cd battery (a high), exceeding of about 1.4 -volts. and CI is connected to ICI, a CMOS of 5 volts. Completely discharge a Ni -Cd be- 7555 timer. Cl holds enough charge Because the circuit must operate fore recharging It. That will prevent a to power ICI for a few seconds. Com- from the low 1.2 volts supplied by the premature reduction in cel capaci- ponents R3, R4, C2, and ICI generate single Ni -Cd cell, six 2N4403 tran- ty-that is known as "memory." a 16 -kHz square -wave, which is out- sistors (Q2-Q7) are connected in par- Do not leave a load connected to a put at pin 3 of ICI. When that output allel; that minimizes the total on -state discharged Ni -Cd. is low, QI is turned on, forcing the resistance, thereby maximizing the

48 www.americanradiohistory.com drives the gate of MOSFET Q8. R5 prevents static charges from ac- PARTS LIST-OSCILLATOR/DRIVER cumulating on Q8's gate by shorting All resistors Y4 -watt 5% 01, Q2 -Q7 -2N4403 PNP transistor them to ground. Switching on and off R1-10,000 ohms BR'-DB104 bridge rectifier at 16 kHz, Q8 allows the Ni -Cd bat- R2-47 ohms Other components tery, BI, to drive high -amplitude cur- R3-1000 ohms T1-step-up transfo--ner, rent pulses through the primary R4-43,000 ohms TS408-10-160 (see text) winding of T2. The secondary of T2 Capacitors S1-DPST toggle switch, 6- to 10 - feeds the Ni-Cd's stepped -up voltage C1-4700 µF, 16 volts, electrolytic amp contacts. C2-0.001 µF, metallized film to bridge -rectifier BR2, whose DC J1 -0 -ohm jumper or current-limi-ing Semiconductors resistor (see text) output is filtered by C3. Under no- IC1-7555, CMOS timer IC Miscellaneous: PC board (TS8.2), load conditions, C3 charges to ap- D1 -1N4148 switching diode 8 -pin dip socket, project case, 4 proximately 17 volts. After con- D2-1 N5820 Schottky diode binding posts, solar-cell array. necting a resistive load to the output, the Ni -Cd converter can provide unre- gulated voltages from about 3 to 15 volts, depending on the resistance of S2 S- the load. The maximum load current S1 -b o-- (SEE TEXT) S1 -a is approximately 150 mA, when the C B E ' 'R6 911,1--- D2 C: output is about 6 volts. 02 04 rTho` SEC PRI The voltage regulator TO osi 0' The schematic of the voltage reg- SOLAR E c CELL ulator is shown in Fig. 4. Capacitor C4 provides additional filtering of the -V /3,- - DC voltage from the Ni -Cd converter. C5 filters the regulator's output; the output can be either 5 or 9 volts de- RI - pending on whether you use a 7805 or OSC. a 7809 for IC2. Using the 9 -volt reg- A o OUT ulator, the circuit can supply a max- FIG. 5-PARTS PLACEMENT for the oscillator/driver. The six transistors (02-07) all work together as one low -resistance transistor. imum of 100 mA. and can power a 50 - mA load for about one hour. Construction binding posts; two binding posts for Any solar 20 -GAUGE LEADS array capable of charg- the DC output, and two are for the ing a single Ni -Cd cell can be used. A leads from the solar -cell array. T2 BR2 F1- A + minimum of four 0.49 -volt, 1.9 -am- Because MOS devices are used in 1+ pere, or six 0.45 -volt, 400 -mA cells the circuit, we suggest that you wear a VDC are required. u C3 OUT Because there are a wide grounding strap and use a grounded 100µF variety i B1 of solar cells and panels avail- soldering iron when assembling the TNi-Cd 35V able, further details about construct- boards. Refer to Figs. 5-7 for parts ia8 ing a solar array are not given here. placement. Observe the polarity of IRFZ42 Each of the three circuits that make diodes, electrolytic capacitors, and up the solar -cell booster (the os- the orientation of IC's, R5 transistors and 1MEG cillator/driver, the Ni -Cd converter, transformer windings. Leave about Va and the voltage regulator) is as- -inch of bare wire on each of the leads V(I) (-) (I)A sembled its v on own PC board. Tem- plates for the boards are provided in PC TO OSCILLATOR DRIVER Service. Alternatively, etched and PARTS LIST-Ni-Cd CONVERTER drilled boards can be purchased from Resistors the source given in the Parts FIG. 3-SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM of the Ni - List. Be R5-one megohm, 1/4 -watt Cd converter. 16 -kHz square wave from sure to select an enclosure that is large Capacitors oscillator/driver drives MOSFET Q8. enough to house the three PC boards C3-100 µF, 35 -volts, electrolyte and a Ni -Cd battery. If you use an Semiconductors aluminum Q8-IRFZ42, N -channel p)we- IC2 enclosure, you can fasten o MOSFET transistor I LM7809 the metal tabs of MOSFET Q8 and BR2-DB104, bridge rectifie - OR voltage -regulator IC2 to the en- LM7805 Other components VDC IN OUTPUT closure. Otherwise, a separate heat 1 C4 IC C5 T2-step-up transformer, i VDC sink is 77-.10011F 470µF T recommended for those two TS811-5-75 (see text) 35V 16V components. Using the PC boards as B1-Ni-Cd cell, rapid charge, sze C 1 , ) templates, mark and drill mounting or D FIG. 4-SCHEMATIC of the voltage reg- holes for each board. In addition, Miscellaneous: PC board :TS9.2), ulator. C4 filters the DC voltage from the mark and drill six holes in the en- Ni -Cd battery Ni -Cd converter. closure's lid to mount SI, S2, and four

49 www.americanradiohistory.com 18 x 11 linear ferrite pot core (Fair-rite o #5677181121). o C3 VDC OUT o PARIS LIST-VOLTAGE o REGULATOR Capacitors C4-103 µ.=, 35 volts, radial G SEC:.: Ni -Cd OUT electrolyte Ni -Cd OUT C5-470 µF, 16 volts, rad al o electrolyte o Semiconductors Ni -Cd + Ni -Cd IN IC2-LM7B09, 1 -amp voltage IN regulato- 5 Miscellaneo us: PC board (T:` 10.1 t S D G Note: The Following items are

I I I available from Time Space Sci- OSC entific, 101 Highland Dr., Capetl OUT Hill, NC 27514: Step-up bans - OS OSC IN former (11) TS40B-10-160; S8.95 - r Step -up transformer (T2) o TS811-5-75; $9.95. Oscillator' FIG. 6 --THE Ni -Cd CONVERTER Parts -Placement diagram. 08's metal tab should be heat driver PC board (TS8.2); S9.95. sinked by mounting it to the metal project case. Ni -Cd oc nverter PC board (TS9.2); $4.95. Voltage-regulato As for transformers T1 and T2, they PC board ;TS10.1); $2.95. ;I'il iIIT preassembled from the The fol owing kits include al VDC IN are available uCl Sources Box, or they can be made by semicorductors. resistors. and the hand. T1 is 10 turns of #34 magnet capacitc rs, but none of parts ill as miscellaneous iNms wire for the primary, 160 turns of #34 listed 102 kit (SCE -8.2X magnet wire for the secondary, both Oscillatx'driver lot $19.95. Ni -Cd converts- kit wound on a 14 X 8 linear ferrite pot FIG. 7-THE VOLTAGE -REGULATOR cir- (SCB-9.2) $16.95. Voltage -reg- cuit only contains three parts, and it is core (Fair-rite #567714082I). T2 is 5 ulator kit (9 -voll) (SCE -10.1); assembled on a small PC board. turns of #28 magnet wire for the pri- $5.95. Add $4.50 for shipping and handling (one-time charge c: -vers all item. crdered). For technical informa- ion write to Time Space Scientific at the above address, and please include a self-addressed s:amped envelope_

Bothstep-up transformers are pot - core devices. Each one has a nylon screw passing through the center, holding two ferrite shells together. The primary and secondary turns are wound onto a nylon bobbin held inside the shells. Mount each transformer by first removing the nylon nut and washer from the bottom of the pot core. Do not remove the screw or separate the ferrite shells. Pass the bottom end of the screw through the mounting hole in the PC board and then re -install the washer and nut, sandwiching the pot core and the PC board together. The two enameled wires that come out of the top -half of the pot core_ arethe primary winding. FIG. 8-HERE ARE THE COMPLETED PC boards after they are mounted inside the case. And, as you might have guessed, the Notice how 08 and IC2 are mounted to the project case. two enameled wires that come out of the bottom -half of the pot core are the feeding the regulator circuit to allow mary, 75 turns of #30 magnet wire for secondary winding. connection of voltmeter probes. the secondary, both wound on an Use short lengths of 20 -gauge

50 www.americanradiohistory.com hookup wire to connect the Ni -Cd battery to the Ni -Cd converter and to connect the converter to the os- CABLE - TV cillator/driver. If you use a plastic battery holder, do not use the supplied leads if they are too thin; they will band -stop filters drop too much voltage when passing FOR ELIMINATION OF SEVERE INTERFERENCE the peak current required by the con- FOR "CENSORING" OF ADULT BROADCASTS verter. All other leads can be 22- or Employers 24 -gauge wire, provided that they are a only few inches long. Otherwise, Willing workers available heavier wire is recommended. Apply now at as little as a layer of solder onto the traces the your usual cost. of This is your chance ATTENUATION - 45 dB TYPICAL to get you've PC board that feed the step-up trans- heb BANDWIDTH - 4 MHz AT 5 dB POINTS needed, but thought you INSERTION LOSS - 2 dB formers and driver transistors. Also, couldn't afford. No business too large TUNING FOR SHIPPING/ it is recommended that SI have con- MODEL RANGE CHANNELS PASSBAND PRICE or too small. Call your HANDLING tacts rated between 6 and 10 amps. private industry council 23H 50-66 MHz 2,3 (or 6 meter ham) 50-300 MHz 530 FREE Figure 8 shows the completed PC or write National 46FM 66.108 MHz 4,5.6 (or any FM) 50-300 MHz $30 FREE Alliance of Business, 1417 120-144 MHz 14(9) 1518) 16(C) 17101 50-400 MHz 530 FREE boards after they are mounted inside P.O. Box 7207, 1822 144-174 MHz 18(E) 19(F) 20(G) 21(H) 2211i 50-400 MHz 530 FREE the case. Washington, D.C. 20044 713 174216 MHz 7,8.9.10.11,12.13 50-400 MHz $30 FREE 3 for $72 -10 for $180 mbc & match Operation - Call Toll Free For C.O.D. or Send Check To Order Attach a voltmeter between ground APubhcSemceof No Shipping Charges FYIThis PudMaUon cma and pin 8 of ICI on the oscillator/ Shipped Within 3 Days 30 Day Money Back Guarantee driver circuit. With a fully charged FACTORY DIRECT FROM Ni -Cd battery, press S2 for about two seconds. That allows Cl to charge to Stai Çec«a4 the Ni-Cd's no-load terminal voltage P.O.Box 94917 (about 1.3 volts). Next, place SI in the Las Vegas ,NV 89193-4917 "on" position. Then press S2 for 1-800-433-63119 about one second. The voltmeter i should indicate an increasing voltage. After a few seconds the voltmeter should read from 12 to 16 volts. The MAIL THIS COUPON circuit will not "start" if the initial f r- FOR FREE FACTS! Get A Complete Course In voltage across Cl is less than 1.3 -volts TRAIN AT HOME (a freshly charged Ni -Cd). After the FOR A BETTER CAREER initial operation of the circuit, use ELECTRONIC 41 ways ICS can help you improve your life only SI to turn the solar -cell booster Rush free facts and color brochure on how I can on and off. As long as Cl maintains a train at home for the career I have chosen. I ENGINEERING understand I am under charge 3 15 no obligation and no of about to volts, the cir- salesman will visit me. CHECK ONE BOX ONLY! cuit readily starts without pressing 8 volumes, over 2000 pages, ASSOCIATE IN ASSOCIATE IN SPECIALIZED SPECIALIZED BUSINESS TECHNOLOGY DEGREE S2; CI can usually hold a charge for a including all necessary math and DEGREE PROGRAMS PROGRAMS couple of days. Next, turn on the unit physics. 29 examinations to help Cl Business Management Civil Engineering Accounting Technology and measure the input voltage to the you gauge your personal pro- Business Management Mechanical Engineering gress. A truly great learning with option in Finance Technology regulator. Without a load on the reg- Business Management Electrical Engineering ulator's output, the voltage should be experience. with option in Marketing Technology Electronics Technology about 17 volts. Prepare now to take advan- CAREER DIPLOMA PROGRAMS tage of the growing demand for Computer Surveying & Art The solar-cell booster is easy to as- Programming Mapping Ill Veterinary semble and inexpensive, and many of people able to work at the engin- High School Catering/Gourmet Assistant eering level. H Bookkeeping Cooking Diesel the non -critical parts can be sub- Secretarial Fitness & Mechanics Ask for our brochure giving H Medical/Dental Nutrition Electrician stituted with parts from your junkbox. Office Assistant Small Business Interior You'll be able to use the device to complete details of content. Use H Legal Secretary Management Decorating your free information card num- H Fashion Drafting Motorcycle power all kinds of devices using the Merchandising Air Conditioning & Repair ber, or write us directly. $99.95, H Auto Mechanics Refrigeration Gun Repair

sun's energy, I Hotel/ day or night, indoors or Postage Included. Satisfaction ] Microcomputer Photography out. Restaurant Repair H Journalism/ guaranteed or money refunded. Management Electronics Short Story If you're feeling inventive, you can H Child Day Care Travel Agent Writing Management Wildlife/Forestry Dressmaking & incorporate the idea behind the solar - 1 Legal Assistant Conservation Design cell booster into a larger, more power- L] TVNCR Repair Police Sciences ful device. Using a large solar panel, Name D Banner Age C and perhaps one or more car batteries, Address Apt. # G) Technical C you might be able to solar power just City/State Zip en -1 about anything! But you must design Books, Inc. Phone ( ) .International <12 the circuit. R -E u 1203 Grant Ave. ICS Correspondence Schools Dept. r)F.S79, Scranton, PA 18515 co Rockford, IL 61103 Brminitimmimammommommiwozoomma RI A Subsidiary of National Education Corporation CIRCLE 67 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD CIRCLE 178 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 51 www.americanradiohistory.com r's photo 4C. O transrd n eceiver. the qualit ii ve to veri hat ating.

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52 www.americanradiohistory.com 2 COUNTERSUNK HOLES ON THIS SIDE

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Li - USE TAPERED PUNCH TO SPREAD THREADED 12 1 10 n1à INSERTS AFTER THEY'RE 1 IN PLACE, OR ELSE GLUE IN PLACE.

FIG.1-THE TRANSMITTER is assembled ass!iown. Look over the assembly instructions carefully before starting the project. PARTS LIST FOR THE TRANSMITTER (FIG. 1) off the potentiometer's anti -rotation Part # Quantity Description tab, or else it won't properly connect 1 1 PC BOARD to the plastic end piece. Put the shaft 2 3 THREADED INSERTS through the center hole in the end 3 2 SCREWS, 4/4e X 3/s" piece, and then replace the nut. Install 4 2 NUTS, %o the microphone jack (15-it, too, 5 1 BATTERY HOLDER should be wired to the PC board) in 6 2 THREADED SPACER, 4/40 x 1/4" 7 1 the proper hole in the end piece (7), PLASTIC END PIECE 8 3 SCREWS, 6/a2 X 21/2" and secure it with its screw -on collar 9, 10 6 WASHERS, %2 (16) in the same manner as you se- 11 3 THREADED SPACER, 6/32 x 1/4" cured the potentiometer shaft. For 12 3 NUT, 6/32 now, line up the three adjusting 13, 14 1, 1 POTENTIOMETER & MOUNTING NUT screws with the three PC -board inser- 15, 16 1, 1 MICROPHONE JACK & MOUNTING NUT ts (2), and screw each one in a few 17 1 POTENTIOMETER KNOB turns, just to hold the assembly to- c gether. Also push on the potentiome- The receiver on/off switch, and the potentiometers c ter knob (17). Place the transmitter For the receiver assembly, use Fig. attached. Put a'./2 -inch long Phillips - assembly aside for now, as we get 2 as a guide. The PC board (1) should head screw (2) in both of the PC - started on the receiver. already have the headphone jack, the board's holes. Put a 1/4 -inch spacer (3) ó 53 www.americanradiohistory.com FIG. 2-THE RECEIVER is a little more complicated than the transmitter. Identify all parts before assembling them. ORDERING INFORMATION

over each screw, put the viewing in the plastic end panel (8), and tight- The following are available from bracket (4) in place, and a 13/4 -inch en a nut (10) on each one. General Science and Engineering, long threaded spacer (5) onto the end If you purchase the kit, you'll find P.O. Box 447, Rochester, NY 14603 of each screw. that the pivoting -mirror bracket (11) (716-338-7001): Kit of all parts, in- The headphone jack and the on/off comes with the mirror glued to the cluding all electronic and mechanical switch (parts (6) and (7) respectively) bracket. You will, however, have to components, $98; Set of two PC have threaded collars. Remove their attach it to the two-piece shaft as fol- boards, $12.00; 6 -inch Fresnel lens, collar nuts and push the jack and the lows: Screw the threaded stud (12) $15.00; A headset with built-in microphone, $12.00; Telephone -type their appropriate into the long end of the 3 -inch shaft switch through handset, $5.00; Siemans BPW-33 (13), put the mirror bracket over it mounting holes in the plastic end pan- photodiode, $3.50; HLMP-8150 12 - as shown, and el (8). Replace the collar nuts. Now with the mirror facing cd LED price to be determined (call take the two 'h -inch long spacers (9) tighten a 3/4 -inch threaded spacer (14) GSE for information); Assembled with the large holes in them, and fit onto the end of the stud. and tested communicator, $198. them over the threaded shafts of the In a manner similar to the mirror Note: the spotting scope is not avail- two potentiometers. Fit the threaded bracket, you can assemble the bracket able from GSE. ends of those shafts through the holes that locks the receiver assembly in

54 www.americanradiohistory.com place inside the tube. The locking bracket is made up of the threaded stud (15), 3 -inch shaft (16), 3/4 -inch

10/32"T -NUTS (2) threaded spacer (17), the L-shaped %V,. 412 bracket (18) with its rubber gripper 1/4" HOLES (2) (19), and the two locking washers 4" H1.5" (20). Those two assemblies now fit

T -NUT through the two appropriate holes in the plastic end panel (8), and a knob should be put on the end of each shaft, TRANSMITTER so that the two shafts can turn, but MOJNTING BRACKETS with some resistance. RECEIVER Before continuing, the rear plastic WASHER Mn. BOLT end panel (23) requires a layer of black felt -like material glued onto the side that faces the lens side of the I tube. That material cuts down on re- 1/4" HOLES (2) flections inside the tube, and it is included in the kit. Use part number (23) as a template to cut the felt piece to the right shape, and to mark the holes for the metal shafts and screws 10/32"T -NUTS (2) to pass through. Then, using any kind 1/a" T -NUT (1) of suitable glue, affix the felt. With that out of the way, position the mirror bracket (21), the two s/8 - inch spacers (22), and the rear plastic end panel (23), and secure everything 6" 5/8 long Phillips - a/é' HOLE with the two -inch r head screws (24). (Note that the ends of the two rotating shafts merely pass

FOR through the holes in rear panel (23), Inullmnn-_ mmll TRIPOD MOUNTING and are not held on in any way. The Illl' battery holder (25) is held in place by FIG. 3-THE CARDBOARD TUBES go together as shown. Spray paint the inside and both the screw (26) and nut (27) that are edges of both tubes flat black before assembling. secured to the PC board as shown. The battery-holder bracket fits over the end of screw (26), and the 1/4 -inch LIST FOR THE RECEIVER (FIG. 2) PARTS threaded spacer (28) is screwed on to Part # Quantity Description hold it in place. The last part to install

1 1 PC BOARD is the 27/8 -inch long threaded spacer 2, 24 4 SCREWS, 4/4o x 5/8" (29), and the two 1/2 -inch long Phi- 3 2 SPACER, 1/4" llips -head screws (30).

4 1 VIEWING PLATE 5 2 THREADED SPACER, 4/4o X 11/4" Tube assemblies 6 1 HEADPHONE JACK MOUNTING RING Before you prepare the tube assem- 7 1 ON/OFF SWITCH MOUNTING NUT blies, spray -paint the inside and both 8 1 PLASTIC END PANEL, FRONT ends of both tubes flat black. Then, 9 2 SPACER, 1/4" HOLE, 1/2" LONG 3 10 2 POTENTIOMETER MOUNTING NUT following Fig. as a guide, mount the two tubes 11 1 PIVOTING MIRROR BRACKET two brackets that hold the 12,15 2 THREADED STUD, 6/32 x Yß" together. Basically they are L - 13, 16 2 THREADED SPACER, 6/32 x 3" brackets that are secured to the card- 14, 17 2 THREADED SPACER, 6/32 x 3/4" board tubes using T-nuts. (See the 18 1 L-BRACKET detailed view in Fig. 3 on how to 19 1 RUBBER GRIPPER install T-nuts.) You also have to install 20 2 LOCK WASHERS, 6/32 a larger T -nut for tripod mounting. 21 1 MIRROR BRACKET The transmitter assembly is 22 2 SPACER, 3/8" mounted on the end of the tube op- 23 1 PLASTIC END PANEL, REAR posite the lens, and is held in with the 25 1 BATTERY HOLDER two screws as shown. The receiver 26 1 SCREW, 4/4o x 1" 27 1 NUT, 4/4o just sits in the tube and is locked in 28 1 THREADED SPACER, 4/4e x 1/4' place with the locking bracket. 29 1 THREADED SPACER, 6/32 x 27/8" After all of the hardware is 30 2 SCREWS, 6/32 x 1/2" continued on page 70

www.americanradiohistory.com r D i

Here's even more about capacitors that you were always afraid to know...but wanted to ask.

IN OUR LAST ARTICLE ON CAPACITORS, WE cuits, where high -voltage alternating is made of an activated carbon web had just barely made a dent in de- current is present. that has been plasma -sputtered with scribing the various types of capaci- In audiophile circles, film capaci- aluminum. The electrolyte is gener- tors that exist, so let's take a look at tors are highly regarded by many (but ally sulphuric acid. While polarized, some more. One class of non -polar- not all, as the continuing debate goes those capacitors are relatively insen- ized capacitors is made using a plas- to show), and there are a number of sitive to damage if hooked up "back- tic -film dielectric. There are a number kits available for high -end amplifiers ward." Extreme care must be taken of different plastics used, including that permit you to tear out all the old when working with high -capacitance Mylar, polystyrene, metallized poly- ordinary capacitors and replace them devices-the charge they store can be propylene, and metallized polyester. with esoteric plastic ones for a greater lethal if discharged all at once! De- Some of those capacitors are shown in purity of audio sound and leanness of velopment is now under way of de- Fig. 1. They have a reputation for wallet. vices with capacitances of 1000 or long-term stability over wide tem- In the past few years, a new type of even 1500 farads in a volume little perature ranges, especially poly- capacitor, noted for extremely high larger than a soup can. styrene and polypropylene. Some capacitance-as much as several A final class of capacitor is the vari- types of plastic -film capacitors, nota- farads-has made its appearance. Al- able capacitor. Variable capacitors are bly polycarbonate and polysulfone, though its rated working voltage is usually found in short -interval timing are well suited to use in high -frequen- usually not more than five volts, it is circuits, specifically those used at ra- cy switching -power-supply applica- sufficient to power backup CMOS dio frequencies. The electrodes of a tions, and in other places where sig- memories in computers, terminals, variable capacitor are made up of two nificant AC currents (normally the and even household appliances such sets of meshing plates (see Fig. 2). bane of capacitors since they cause as TV sets. Memory can be kept alive One set is fixed in place (the stator) overheating and subsequent damage) for well over a month by the charge while the other (the rotor) is mounted are encountered. Special film capaci- stored in one of those capacitors. on a shaft that can be turned to change tors are also used in TV sweep cir- The electrode of that type of device the degree to which the two sets

www.americanradiohistory.com pieces of tape and the capacitors are then rolled up into reels or stored in cases like machine-gun ammunition. Sometimes you may receive small quantities of capacitors in taped form.

Values and tolerances "What value capacitor should I use?" is the sort of question often asked by (or on the minds of) new- comers to electronic design. The answer is, "Big enough." What that means is, except in critical tuned circuits, most of the time it is enough to know just the order of magnitude of capacitance required-several thousand microfarads, several dozen, a tenth of a microfarad, or perhaps a hundredth. It is not necessary to get any more precise than that, and it is frequently impossible. FIG. 1-FILM CAPACITORS are reasonably tolerant of AC and they are effective at high frequencies. THINGS CAPACITORS DON'T LIKE Packaging and lead arrangement Capacitors are very fickle devices. The ways in which capacitors are There are any number of conditions packaged are seemingly endless. We they don't like. Many types, for in- are all familiar, of course, with the stance, lose a significant amount of ceramic -disk capacitors. Teardrop - their capacitance at high frequen- shaped tantalum electrolytics are dip- cies, making them unsuitable for RF ped in epoxy resin. Aluminum cans applications. You also have to watch are frequently used for electrolytics, out for the inductance some may in- troduce in places where you don't which are sealed in order to keep the want it. For that reason, some types electrolyte from drying out. Some of capacitors are indicated specifical- aluminum -can electrolytics include ly as "non -inductive." safety vents that prevent explosions by Temperature extremes are another blowing out exhaust gases in the event thing to which capacitors, particularly of overheating. electrolytics, are sensitive. Elec- Tubular electrolytics come in two trolytic capacitors, at elevated and at general configurations: with radial depressed temperatures, lose much leads, and with axial leads (see Fig. of their capacitance. If you are going 3). Axial -lead capacitors, whose to operate electrolytics at extremes of leads extend from each end along the temperature, make sure their tolerances extend to that temperature device's axis, are used in situations range. FIG. 2-THE DEGREE TO WHICH the where a low circuit -board height may Most capacitors do not care for al- plates mesh determines the capacitance be necessary. In point-to-point wir- ternating current. It makes them over- of this variable capacitor. ing, axial -lead devices are often used heat and-before they self-de- because they can be more securely struct-operate inefficiently. Polar- mesh. As the shaft is turned and more fastened than radial -lead ones. Where ized capacitors, as has already been of the rotor occupies more of the circuit -board space is at a premium, pointed out, cannot tolerate reverse stator's volume, the capacitance of radial -lead capacitors offer the advan- voltages. Not only does that make the device increases. In larger varia- tage of a smaller footprint, although them heat up, it can cause them- especially tantalum types-to heat ble capacitors, the dielectric is usu- at some cost in circuit -board height. up so rapidly that a sudden and vio- ally air (in very large ones it's a They are also better suited for use with lent explosion can result (most polar- vacuum), while in miniature ones it the automatic -insertion equipment ized capacitors are encased in tightly can be sheets of mica or plastic. The used in assembly -line operations. sealed containers). small compression -type trimmer ca- Capacitors used by electronics Explosions can also result from po- pacitors that are used to fine-tune tun- manufacturers are frequently supplied larized capacitors being installed ing circuits work on a simlar to them in a form usable by automat- "backwards" in a circuit. The cathode principle, but usually have only sin- ic -insertion equipment. The leads of (negative) side of a polarized capaci- gle -plate stators and rotors. the devices are held between two tor should always go to ground.

www.americanradiohistory.com The tolerances of ordinary, garden- variety capacitors are pretty broad- CAPACITORS IN SCHEMATICS many ceramic disks and electrolytics have tolerances given as + 80, Where a capacitor is shown as one 20%. That is to say, the actual value straight line and one curved one, the - curved line, which represents the out- of a 10-µF device could be as low as 8 er case or electrode of the device, is 18 quite µF, and as high as µF. That's assumed to be at a lesser potential a range! And, while tolerances of 1% than the straight one. Thus, since sig- a Tb or even better are available in some nal flow in a schematic diagram is types of capacitors (for a price), toler- usually from left to right, capacitors ances of ± 20% are much more prev- are drawn with their curved ends fac- j alent. Table 1 shows commonly ing left or, if that is not possible, facing available tolerances, and the codes down, which is the direction usually °T used to represent ground. Elec- used to represent them. I c trolytics, with The wide range of values possible d 1, especially, are depicted within ordinary tolerances won't r the curved plate facing downward. Variable capacitors are usually de- bother you, though, in most situa- picted as shown in (d). The arrow is is ex- tions. Unless your application Capacitors are represented sche- the conventional symbol used to indi- tremely frequency -sensitive, just use matically as a pair of plates. Some- cate that a device may be adjusted a value that's in the ballpark. times the plates are drawn as straight over a range of values. A multi -sec- Capacitors are very sensitive to lines (a), sometimes as curved ones tion variable device may be shown temperature, and their values-par- (b), and sometimes as a combination with one symbol for each section, ticularly in the case of electrolytics- of the two. Radio-Electronics uses with dashed lines (e) used to show can vary widely according to their the one -straight -line -and -one - that both of the sections are ganged environment. To help in selecting de- curved -one convention for both polar- together. capacitors. In schematics, capacitor values vices with the appropriate stability, a ized and non -polarized Electrolytic capacitors are fre- are usually indicated in microfarads has been devised. marking system quently indicated by a symbol with unless a note specifies that things are One of the most frequently used tem- one straight and one curved line (c). A otherwise. Voltage ratings, if they are perature -stability references is plus sign (+) is placed at the straight given, are usually presented as part "NPO," which designates automatic line to indicate the anode. Occasion- of a "fraction." A label of "4.7 µF/35V" ally an electrolytic is drawn as two or "4.7/35" would indicate a capacitor straight lines, but the plus sign is al- with a value of 4.7 ;IF with a working TABLE 1 ways included to indicate its polarity. voltage of 35 volts. CAPACITOR TOLERANCE MARKINGS dustries Association) code "COG." Capacitors are frequently so small, CODE TOLERANCE The EIA has an established set of as in the case of dipped tantalums (or B ±0.1 pF specifications for capacitor tem- worse, leadless chip capacitors), that C ± 0.25 pF' perature characteristics, shown in Ta- there isn't enough space on them to D ±0.5 pF* ble 2. Thus, a capacitor labeled indicate their specifications in full. A F ±1% "Y5P" would exhibit a ± 10% varia- system that combines abbreviation G ± 2% tion in capacitance over a temperature with positional notation is used. It can J ± 5% range of - 30 degrees C. to + 85 work in several ways. K ± 10% M ±20% degrees C. The first way uses numbers and letters. A typical marking might be Z + 80%, - 20% Reading capacitor markings "4R7." The letter "R" serves to Capacitors can be marked in many mark the position of the decimal point different ways, depending on their in the value-therefore we now know type. While the systems may be con- that the value of the capacitor in ques- fusing at first, there are industry stan- tion is 4.7 somethings, the units (mi- dards, which ensure that once you've crofarads or picofarads) generally learned to read a particular system being apparent to the experienced FIG. 3-THE LEADS of an axial -lead ca- of pacitor (left) extend along its axis; those coding, you'll be able to apply your user. of a radial -lead one (right) align with a knowledge to more than a single man- Another system uses a three -digit radius. ufacturer's product. number. The first two digits represent temperature -compensating capaci- Can and tubular electrolytics are the first two digits of the value, and tors. "NPO" stands for "Negative - the simplest to decipher-their values the third is a multiplier indicating the Positive Zero" (what's read as an are usually printed in ordinary num- number of zeros that have to be added "O" is actually a zero), and means bers and letters that anyone can under- to the base number to make it read as that the negative and positive tem- stand. It would be no problem to intended. Depending on the size and perature coefficients of the device are identify a capacitor marked "35V, type of capacitor, the multiplier can zero-that its capacitance does not 2200 µE. " Sometimes the voltage is express picofarads or microfarads. vary with temperature. You may identified as "WV" (Working Volt- Electrolytics usually have values in sometimes find NPO-type capacitors age), and sometimes the letters "DC" microfarads, and most other types marked with the EIA (Electronic In - are added. have capacitances expressed in frac -

www.americanradiohistory.com TABLE 2 EIA CLASS II CAPACITOR CODE TALK IS MAX. CAPACITANCE LETTER LOW TEMP. NUMBER HIGH TEMP. LETTER CHANGE OVER SYMBOL REQUIREMENT SYMBOL REQUIREMENT SYMBOL TEp. rating CHEAP. A ± 1.0% Have you heard? For less than $90 B ±1.5% your AT or XT-compatible com- 2 +45°C puter can talk! All it needs is the ±2.2% Z +10°C C HV -2000 Computer Voice Kit from D ± 3.3% Heathkit. 4 + 65°C Reading letters, transcriptions E ±4.7% and computerized instruction can be F ± 7.5% easier and quicker than you ever thought possible. Computer games +85°C p ± 10.0% Y 30°C 5 gain a new dimension. Your com- R ±15.0% puter can even entertain children with stories 6 +105°C S ± 22.0% and songs. T ± 22%-33% ± 22%-56% X - 55°C 7 +125°C U V ± 22%-82%

tions of microfarads or in picofarads. WHITE FOR EIA CODE A small film capacitor might have a BLACK-MIL value shown as "104." That repre- SILVER-AWS (PAPERI 1st DIGIT 2nd DIGIT sents 100,000 pF. (10 followed by four zeros, as indicated by the multiplier). If you divide by a million (remember, a picofarad is a micro-microfarad-a millionth of a millionth of a farad) you If you have a modem, UNCOMMON CAPACITORS the HV -2000 Computer Voice will allow your Capacitors vary in size from microcomputer to recite reference and scopic to the enormous. At the small CLASS TOLERANCE MULTIPLIER research information from time- end of the scale, there are the capaci- sharing services. Or, speak radio FIG. 4-YOU MAY OCCASIONALLY still transmitted ASCII information. tors that are deposited on a substrate run across this colored -dot system for during the manufacture of integrated The HV -2000 Computer Voice marking capacitors. The colors carry the Card, containing speech synthesizer circuits. Hybrid integrated circuits same values as for resistor coding. such as those containing tuned cir- and audio amplifier, plugs into any cuits may require very precise capac- AT or XT -compatible computer's get the value in microfarads, 0.001 slot. An external speaker itor values-with tolerances tha" are expansion µF, in this case. is also included. Versatile, Heath - impossible to achieve using any eco- developed software gives you a nomically feasible straight manufac- Watch out when plugging capacitor values into electronic equations. They wide variety of voices and easy in- turing process. low level frequently expect you to use a value in terface to high and The precise capacitances required languages. making farads. That is, if the value in question are obtained by intentionally The HV -2000 Computer Voice. the capacitors oversize, and then is 4.7 µF, you must show it as At less than $90, talk IS cheap. To trimming them with a laser until the 0.0000047 farads. If you don't, the order, call toll -free 1-800-253-0570. circuit of which they are a part reso- resullt of the calculation will be off by Use your Visa, MasterCard, Ameri- nates at exactly the right frequency. a factor of a million! can Express or Heath Revolving At the other end of the scale, the A marking system employing six Charge card. Or call 616-982-3614 enormous energy requirements of colored dots, where the dots use the for the nearest store location. the acceleration devices used in sub- values they do in today's resistor atomic-particle research are also met same by capacitors-rooms full of them! color codes, was early on used to des- Heath Company One of the largest such devices, a ignate the values of devices such as particle accelerator located outside high-voltage mica capacitors. Look- of Chicago, is said to be able to store ing at Fig. 4, read clockwise from the

enough energy to meet the electrical upper left; the first dot indicates the A subsidiary of Zenith Electronics Corporation demand of the entire world! Of type of device, the next two dots the course, that is only for an instant, but Prices, product availability and specifications are value, the fourth dot the multiplier, subject to change without notice. the figure involved is still big enough the fifth the tolerance, and the last dot to boggle the mind. the class. R -E CIRCLE 86 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com L

OK, ROLL UP YOUR sleeves: We're going to Delco car -radio put theory and practice "I know it's Sunday together to fix some afternoon, but can you digitally tuned radios. fix my car radio? It And what about get- doesn't get any stating those hard -to -find tions." Does that replacement parts? sound like your next- Yes, we'll have some door neighbor? The car helpful hints. radio was a Delco model 40JHMAI, typ- Digital clock radio ical of the black -faced As shown in Fig. 1, digital radios found in Cola on the keys killed recent General -Motors that General Electric cars. model 7-4885A digi- Figure 2 shows the tal -clock radio. That's Delco board. Trying right; go ahead, spill that radio on the cola all over your ra- bench, the LED dis- dio's keyboard and let play didn't light. Turn- it leak inside your ra- ing up the volume, we dio won't work, either. heard a rushing noise So why should cola kill on both the AM and a radio? Let's take a FM channels; that im- look inside and check plied that the audio and it out. We see dried RF circuitry were gook and gunk all over working. Connecting the keyboard. Bridging an external antenna the FM -key contacts verified RF-circuit op- with the screwdriver eration because we blade turned the music RADIO heard an 88.1 -MHz right on. It doesn't take FM station through the a genius to know that speaker. the keyboard contacts At that point, it's need cleaning. OK, PROBLE best to stop and study that was an easy fix. the symptoms for a While we're on the moment. Because the subject, what's a good display wasn't lit, that way to clean that key- SOLUTIO means there's no board, anyway? power, or possibly a Cleaning a keyboard open wire somewhere. just takes some com- Measuring the voltages mon sense. Luckily, on several IC's re- that radio could be dis- Here are some true to life vealed zero voltages on assembled to access every pin of the con- the contacts. Unsolder radio -repair stories, chock-full troller IC. Look at the the cable from the key- Delco board a little board, scrub out the of mystery and horror! closer; right next to the sticky cola with a controller and syn- toothbrush and a pan of thesizer IC's is a warm water, then let it GARY McCLELLAN DM463 voltage reg- dry. Shoot each keypad ulator. Replacing that contact with some contact cleaner, erate several thousand volts, which old IC with an MC7805 from our rub -a -dub, then re -install the keypad. (when discharged) can blow a con- stock immediately brought the re- Success! troller IC faster than lightning. Ex- ceiver back to life. Be careful when handling the key- cuse the pun. The cost of a new Texas Like keyboard problems, power- board wiring, and use Electrostatic Instruments TMS-1100 IC can make supply problems are usually repaired Discharge (ESD) precautions. For ex- repairs prohibitive. So please don't quite easily. Here's a tip: If you are ample, walking across a rug can gen - say that you weren't warned here first. working on a car radio, be sure to

www.americanradiohistory.com grounded soldering pencil and 0.031 - inch solder, each poor connection was resoldered. Jackpot! The receiver works perfectly to this day. Incidentally, be careful when taking apart and re -assembling headphone stereos. The tiny plastic parts . UM®® ..,. used are easy to break and hard to r replace. ®®0®i0 A a Et ® Exotic -car radio An automobile importer had a minor problem with some radios. It seemed that he received a shipment of cars from Europe with radios that FIG. 1-SPILLED COLA ON A KEYBOARD will ruin any radio. would not receive AM stations. Could

CRYSTAL the problem be a switch? While his mechanics made the cars conform to TUNING USA emissions standards, they were VOLTAGE CABLE stumped when it came to digital radi- AM -OSCILLATOR -OSCILLATOR os. The receivers supplied were the CABLE Fujitsu -Ten model EP821, which has

LOOP some unusual AM/FM reception ca- FILTER CIRCUITRY pabilities, plus a cassette deck, clock, and equalizer. The problem with foreign radios is

SYNTHESIZER that they are set to tune in the broad- CHIP cast frequencies of a particular coun- DM463 +5 VOLT try. For example, the AM -broadcast REGULATOR band (535-1605 kHz) was set to 9 - CONTROLLER kHz tuning steps, instead of the 10 - CHIP kHz tuning standard in North Amer- ica. Because the radio was tuning in 9 -kHz steps, it missed most AM stations! The FM reception was un- affected because the EP821 tuned in BAD VOLTAGE REGULATOR CABLE DISPIR DRIVER KNOCKED OUT THE DELCO 0.05 MHz steps, making it possible to TO CIRCUITRY CM RADIO. DISPLAY (UNDER CABLE) receive either European or USA sta- FIG. 2-HERE'S A DELCO CAR -RADIO that doesn't work. Would you know where to look tions. Understand that Europe uses to fix this baby? even -numbered 0.2 MHz steps, while in the USA we use odd -numbered check the "clock" or "memory" chovies) represent the parts. steps. power lead. If that lead gets discon- The headphone-jack problem was Inspecting the chassis for a switch nected, the radio may either play dead fixed first. It was nothing more than a to select either 9 -kHz or 10 -kHz tun- or lose time -and -station settings cold solder joint that had broken ing steps revealed nothing. So the whenever the ignition is turned off. loose, causing intermittent sound in only alternative was to contact the Fu- one channel. But that bad solder con- jitsu service department to buy a ser- Toshiba stereo nection didn't fix the intermittent FM - vice manual for the EP821 model. To What about a Toshiba model reception problem. Unfortunately, the our surprise, they didn't know that KT4066 portable headphone -radio radio wouldn't fail for a long enough model number, but they could supply developing an intermittent on FM time to isolate the problem. In fact, a manual on the EP820 model, which shortly after purchase? It would go just bringing the radio near the bench fit the set's description exactly. dead at infrequent intervals, but the was enough to make it work perfectly! Immediately upon receiving the AM band and cassette player worked The solution was to inspect the syn- service manual, we found that the fine. Until, finally, the headphone thesizer board mounted in the lid. schematic page showed a diode jack went completely bad. Opening Figure 3 shows a bird's eye view of the marked "USA" connected across two up that baby revealed surface -mount radio's guts. Under a magnifying pins of the MB8851-110 controller IC. circuitry. Think of surface -mount glass, several solder connections After installing the diode, the radio technology like a pizza: the crust is looked suspicious; one connection still did not work on AM. The only the PC board, while the toppings next to what appeared to be a pre - solution was to obtain the (tomato sauce, cheese, maybe an- scaler IC looked unsoldered! Using a MB8851-101C controller called out in

www.americanradiohistory.com the parts list and try a replacement. the display to read frequencies like the voltage is far below or above that Sure enough, the AM section worked 160.0 MHz on AM. So controller range, the synthesizer is out -of-lock fine when a new IC was plugged in. troubleshooting was called for. The and needs attention or servicing of receiver wouldn't pick up any sta- some kind. Nothing works right tions; in fact, it wouldn't respond to Measuring the tuning voltage From all appearances the Sansui the output from a signal generator, showed that it was stuck at maximum; model R707 had many problems; yet either! So, for those reasons, trou- the synthesizer was out -of-lock. From the cause was a single part that was bleshooting of the AM/FM front end past experience that indicated a fixed at no cost. Turning on the power, was necessary. failure in the loop filter, synthesizer everything was working except for the The question was where to start IC, or local oscillator in the front end. AM and FM tuner section. On FM, troubleshooting. The controller was a In other words, the bad part could be the display would scan frequencies good beginning because of the display almost anywhere! After substituting and it would store ones chosen at ran- faults-but the voltages were good the synthesizer IC, and finding no dom. The only sound was a soft rush- and there was no sign of any prob- obvious defects in the loop filter, a ing noise. On AM, the display read lems. Short of substituting the con- scope check of the AM local -os- typical AM frequencies, but the deci- troller IC, there was nothing else to cillator confirmed there was no signal; mal point remained lit and the display check in that area; therefore, looking neither was there any signal from the said MHz instead of kHz. There was at the synthesizer might prove worth- FM prescaler. So what was going on no sound, so it appeared that the AM while. A quick way to check syn- here? front end was dead. Unusual symp- thesizer operation is to locate the VT It looked as if the front-end wasn't toms to be sure; but that particular (tuning -voltage) line and measure it getting any power because both local repair project would get stranger as with a high -impedance voltmeter. For oscillators were out; yet 13 volts was we continued! stations around 88 MHz or 540 kHz measured to the tuner board earlier. Analyzing the problems showed the voltage will be low, typically a few Something on the tuner board was that the controller was basically work- volts or less. For stations around 108 preventing the voltage from getting to ing because all controls worked and it MHz or 1600 kHz the voltage will be the radio's front end. With the restored stations. But there was some nearing maximum, or roughly 6 to 24 ceiver still in the FM mode, checking sort of controller defect that caused volts, depending upon the model. If for power on the IF board revealed nothing wrong-12 volts was present at several points. But when we moved to the terminals of the shielded front- end, we struck luck like gold. For the only value above a volt was the (tuning voltage) VT pin. There was no power anywhere else! Tracing the B + pin from the tuner module to a nearby choke, Ll, there was 12 volts on one side of Ll, and nothing on the other side. Ll was open, thus disab- ling the unit! Inspecting the choke revealed a broken coil -wire. Not the heavier coil -winding itself, but the slender connecting wire extending from the choke body. Soldering a new piece of wire to the choke body repaired that problem. Re -installing the repaired choke restored all functions to the Sansui R707.

Getting parts Let's face it: Obtaining replacement parts can be as difficult as servicing the receivers themselves. That's especially true if you're an individual seeking a single component rather than a factory's authorized -service center receiving weekly scheduled parts deliveries. Here are some insider tips to help you play the parts game and win. For general troubleshooting, FIG. 3-THIS TOSHIBA PORTABLE HEADPHONE -RADIO uses Surface Mount Techn- nothing beats a supply of modules ology (SMT) components. and assorted parts. One way to get

www.americanradiohistory.com Put Professional Knowledge and a parts is to collect cast-off radios from drawback from ordering from sup- owners who have decided that their pliers is the 1-2 week wait for UPS COLLEGE DEGREE sets weren't worth fixing. Test each delivery and a minimum -order in your Technical Career through throw-out and determine the radio's amount. Many times you'll have to general condition, such as no left order several more parts than you channel, no FM, and so on. Parts that need, just to attain a $10 to. $20 mini- seem to be good can be pulled as mum. You can beat minimum -order needed for substitution into other ra- requirements by combining parts dios. If the substitution of a certain from several repair projects into one part works, an authorized replace- order. ment part can be ordered to complete One ideal way to obtain parts is the repair. directly from the manufacturer. Be- Good sources of cast-off elec- cause most radios are imported, you tronics components include flea mar- must contact the radio company's re- kets, friends, and ham -radio swap - gional office, which is usually on the meets; keep your eyes open for local East or West Coast. Those offices Add prestige and earning power to radio clubs that hold swapmeets reg- seem to work best for factory-autho- your technical career by earning ularly. Other sources are various auc- rized service centers. The service your Associate or Bachelor degree tions. Sometimes you can get current - center calls the regional office, orders through directed home study. number, and receives it in their model receivers dirt cheap at bank- by part Grantham College of Engineering ruptcy auctions, so don't shy away. weekly (or monthly) scheduled ship- Some radios might be new and can be ment. Billing is done on an account awards accredited degrees in resold below the regular cost; others held by the service center; once a electronics and computers. might be damaged, but can be broken month the bill is paid. Simple for ser- up for parts-an ideal situation. vice centers. The rub is that many An important part of being pre- Don't shy away from new -but - regional offices are warehouses; they pared to move up is holding the damaged goods, which can be scav- have no facilities for walk-in custom- right college degree, and the abso- enged for parts at unbelievable sav- ers who don't have part numbers. To lutely necessary part is knowing ings. The parts themselves are as be fair, some regional offices like your field. Grantham can help you Sanyo have walk-in centers where you good as new anyway. Try it! both ways to learn more and to Understand that there are limita- can look up part numbers and get tions to using parts from cast-off re- parts, but places like that are ex- earn your degree in the process. ceivers and you'll do well. Using tremely rare, so consider yourself Grantham offers two degree pro- those parts is low-cost and sometimes lucky if you find such a place. grams-one with major emphasis convenient, but you must spend extra Dealing with regional offices can time removing and re -installing them. be frustrating, but this procedure is in electronics, the other with major Also, you must be reasonably sure typical: First you determine the loca- emphasis in computers. Associate that the part removed is good. It is tion of the regional office. Often that and bachelor degrees are awarded amazing how much time you can information will be printed on the re- in each program, and both pro- waste troubleshooting a broken radio ceiver's identification label. Then you grams are available completely when you replace one bad part with dial for Directory Assistance to get by correspondence. another! the phone number. When you call the A better source of parts are the regional office, ask for the Parts De- No commuting to class. Study at Maintenance and Repair Operation partment and order a service manual. your own pace, while continuing (MRO) suppliers like Phillips -ECG, From the service manual you order on your present job. Learn from NuTone Electronics, and others. the parts you need. Of course, by that easy -to -understand lessons, with Check their ads and obtain cross-ref- time six months have passed, and help from your Grantham instruc- from of them. your enthusiasm has faded away. It's erence catalogs each tors when you need it. While MRO suppliers offer con- therefore best to avoid regional offices venience, they tend to carry only the altogether if you can get the parts Write for our free catalog (see ad- more popular parts that are found in elsewhere-the paperwork is too dress below) or telephone us at time-consuming for repairing a single older equipment. So if you have a sick (no collect calls) receiver less than a few years old, out -of-order unit! (213) 493-4421 which is usually the case for digitally Some regional offices play games: and ask for our "degree catalog." tuned radios, you're out of luck for If they find out that you're not one of certain parts. their dealers, they demand cashier's Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the A Another good source for parts are checks for the manual and parts. National Home Study Council the suppliers who advertise Japanese few dealers resort to the letter ploy semiconductors. Typically, they offer where they won't take your calls. In- exact replacements at reasonable stead, you must write to them for a GRANTHAM prices. Also, they have other special service -manual price and delivery, College of Engineering parts, like flame -proof resistors, VCR then again to order parts. Try to avoid belts, and so on. Dig through the ads, outfits like those at all costs when you 10570 Humbolt Street call them up and request a catalog. A run into one! R -E Los Alamitos, CA 90720 63

www.americanradiohistory.com 1 -1

Cold fusion secrets H ARDWARE Electrolytic chemistry A new light show BBS Future power resources H ACKER The isotopes of hydrogen

Try cold fusion for yourself! DON LANCASTER

MAY YOU LIVE IN INTERESTING TIMES. process that involved a simple So, before you or I go any fur- This tome is being written in mid - electrolytic cell consisting of ther on this at all, if you haven't April and the hacker helpline is nothing but a platinum cathode, a already done so, drop what you now ringing off the hook. palladium anode, and some heavy are doing immediately and run on Just in case you have been on a water. down to your local library or to South Sea island or on a wilder- When DC was applied, the UMI and get a copy of Steven ness backpack these last few heavy water dissociated, the deu- Jones' paper appearing in the months, cold hydrogen fusion terium ions slowly moved into and Journal of Analytical Chemistry, with net heat power generation got trapped by the palladium crys- and a copy of Pons and has apparently been successfully talline structure. Neutrons, tri- Fleishmann's paper in Nature. demonstrated and has been ver- tium, and a rare isotope of helium Since those papers will not ap- ified in several chemistry labs were then detected, along with pear until a week or two after my around the world. Or so it seems. some net heat generation that deadline for this month's column, And all of this got done through seemed to exceed the electrical you'll have to go fish for them. the chemist's equivalent of hard- energy input by 4.5:1. All this at a Look for a late April or May 1989 ware hacking. That's science with a heat energy density much greater publication date. Otherwise, just small "s," which involves a few than can easily be explained by check into your local library. You dedicated individuals in limited any routine chemical reaction. will find a large and fresh groove labs, spending mostly their own Meanwhile, Steven Jones over at deeply worn in the floor in front of personal money. Brigham Young University an- the copy machine. Just follow More to the point, the cold fu- nounced a remarkably similar se- where that groove leads, and sion appears to be eminently ries of experiments. These pro- you'll be home free.

hackable by just about anyone duced some apparent hydrogen What I thought I would do this anywhere. Yes, it is rather dan- fusion at a much slower rate with- month is try and give you some of gerous, and yes, it gets fairly out the excess energy generation. the needed background informa- pricey for the needed materials. Since it takes several weeks to tion on fusion in general, cold fu- But if you quite carefully tune get the reaction going, it did take a sion in particular, and on several of yourself into the key literature and while to get confirmation. Early re- the resources you will need to get then thoroughly study the work ports by independent teams that in on what could end up being the that everybody else is doing, and included Jay Bockris from Texas A most exciting hacker opportunity pay careful attention to several ob- & M University and others at Hun- of your lifetime. vious safety rules, you can become gary University, University of Ari- a key player in what may turn out zona, and Moscow University did Electrolytic Cells to be the most significant discov- seem to confirm all of the initial Let's start off with the concept of ery of the Twentieth Century. reactions. an electrolytic cell, such as the one Let's see. The fun all began in Fig. 1. Electrolytic cells are wide- around April Fool's day 1989 when NEED HELP? ly used today in such things as two competing chemists made Phone or write your Hardware flashlight and storage batteries, several incredible, yet apparently Hacker questions directly to: for electroplating, in copper refin- quite real claims. Stanley Pons of Don Lancaster ing, for the corrosion protection of the University of Utah and Martin Synergetics ships, and for electrochemistry in Fleishmann of the University of Box 809 general. AZ 85552 Southampton in England an- Thatcher, An electrolytic cell consists of a (602) 428-4073 nounced they had a cold fusion container that holds a liquid or

www.americanradiohistory.com in the dissociation process is re- COLD FUSION RESOURCES coverable by burning the hydrogen in the recovered oxygen. That Information Sources is called a reversible chemical re- Analytical Chemistry/ACS action, and is often shown like 1155 16th Street NW this: Washington, DC 20036 (202) 872-4570 2H20 + ENERGY .--* 2H2 + 02 Dialog We say that it is a reversible reac- 3460 Hillview Ave in can Palo Alto, CA 94304 tion, that you either put (415) 858-2700 electrical energy in to convert Nature water into hydrogen and oxygen (r) (-) 65 Bleeker St. or else can burn hydrogen in oxy- PLATINUM New York City, NY 10012 gen to create water while liberat- ANODE (211) 477-9600 ing energy as heat. Science/AAAS We will shortly see that the cold 1333 H Street NW fusion reaction is basically an elec- FIG. 1-AN ELECTROLYTIC CELL is the Washington, DC 20005 trolytic cell. The electrolytic cell is key to the cold fusion experiments. This (202) 326-6400 simple cell will break down or dissociate also one way you can brew your UMl heavy water in your own water molecules into their hydrogen and 300 North Zeeb Rd. own oxygen atomic components. Ann Arbor, MI 481-6 bathroom, although there are (800) 521-3044 cheaper and more modern pro- semi -liquid electrolyte. Two elec- Wall Street Journal cesses available. trical connections are made by 420 Lexington Ave Uh, it seems that one of my way of a negative cathode and a New York City, NY 10170 many hats around here involves positive anode. The choice of elec- (212) 808-6960 my being part of the Haz -Mat (Haz- trolyte and the anode and cathode ardous Materials) team on our fire Palladium Platinum materials depends on what you are and department. So let me tell you a trying to do with your electrolytic Aesar thing or two about the dangers of PO Box 1087 cell. Seabrook, NH 03874 hydrogen. Yeah, besides the Let's assume the cell of Fig.1 has (800) 343-1990 a platinum anode and a platinum Cerac cathode, and that we fill it with PO Box 1178 NEW FROM plain old water. We'll add just a Milwaukee, WI 53201 DON LANCASTER touch of acid or base to the water (414) 289-9800 ESPI to make the electrolytic solution HANDS-ON BOOKS 5310 Derry more conductive. Hardware Hacker Reprints II 24.50 Agouro, CA 91301 Next, we will apply DC negative Ask The Guru Reprints I or II 24.50 to the cathode. We'll make that (800) 638-2581 CMOS Cookbook 18.50 Goodfellow TTL Cookbook 16.50 current large enough so that the Active Filter Cookbook 15.50 301 Lindenwood Dr. Ste 1 Micro vol I or II 16.50 reaction goes on at a reasonable Malvern, PA 19355 Cookbook speed, but not so strong as to Enhancing your Apple I or II 17.50 (800) 821-2870 AppleWriter Cookbook 19.50 cause excess heating or other Apple Assembly Cookbook 21.50 problems. Deuterium Oxide Incredible Secret Money Machine 10.50 What happens is that the DC Alpha Products LaserWriter Reference (Apple) 19.50 152 Andover Street PostScript Cookbook (Adobe) 16.50 causes several of the H2O water PostScript Ref. Man. (Adobe) 22.50 Danvers, MA molecules to break down or 01923 PostScript Prog. Design (Adobe) 22.50 (800) 343-0660 dissociate into positively charged UNLOCKED SOFTWARE hydrogen ions and negatively ICN Biochemicals Inc. 3300 Hyland Ave PostScript Show & Tell (IIe,Mac PC) 39.50 charged oxygen ions. Costa Mesa, CA 92626 Intro to PostScript VHS Video 39.50 PostScript Perspective Draw 39.50 The positively charged hydro- (714) 545-0113 PostScript Beginner Stuff 39.50 gen ions become attracted to the PostScript Technical Illustrations 39.50 negative cathode. Since platinum PostScript Work in Progress 39.50 is a noble metal that does not usu- PostScript BBS stuff 19.50 Absolute Reset Ile & Ilc 19.50 react form a oxygen (Os) gas. ally with hydrogen, the hy- diatomic AppleWriter'Laserwriter Utilities 49.50 drogen ions form bubbles at the Let the reaction continue on Enhance I or Il Companion Disk 19.50 cathode, combining to form di- long enough, and you'll end up AppleWriter CB or Assy CB Disk 24.50 atomic H2 hydrogen gas. The gas with twice as much hydrogen as FREE VOICE HELPLINE VISA MC then floats upward, forming a gas oxygen, thus verifying the chemi- pocket at the extreme top of the cal formula for water. The pure SYNERGETICS right column. gases may then be extracted Box 809 -RE Thatcher, AZ 85552 Similarly, the negatively charged through the valves at the top of (602) 428-4073 oxygen ions are attracted to the each column. anode and will combine there to Much of the energy that was lost CIRCLE 83 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com having a zero net electrical charge and a mass slightly larger than a proton. If you add one new neutron to a Protium is by far the most common hydrogen isotope and consists of proteum nucleus, you'll end up one electron orbiting a single proton. with an isotope of hydrogen that's known as deuterium. Deuterium Protium is stable and is not at all radioactive. No license or permits is an isotope of hydrogen with one are required for its use. electron, and a nucleus consisting of one proton and one neutron. Deuterium is just as stable as proteum and is thus more or less just as permanent. Deuterium has one electron orbiting Add a second neutron to your a nucleous consisting of one proton nucleus, and you pick up a hydro- and one neutron. In sea water, gen isotope known as tritium. This deuterium oxide naturally occurs as one is somewhat radioactive, in one molecule in 6000. that tritium could emit beta parti- Deuterium is stable and is not at all cles (electrons) and decay into radioactive. No license or permits deuterium. Tritium has a half life of are required for its use. 12.5 years. The most common form of hydrogen, of course, is in the molecules of ocean water. Ordinary Tritium has one electron orbiting a water consists mostly of proteum. nucleous consisting of one proton water in and two neutrons. Tritium is Around one molecule extremely rare in nature, but occurs 6000 contains deuterium, and an as a nuclear power by-product. extremely rare one might contain Tritium is mildly radioactive and tritium. decays to deuterium with a half life These special deuterium mole- of 12.5 years. Tritium use is strickly cules are called heavy water, and, regulated under stringent NRC as we've just seen, will usually oc- license agreements. cur in nature around one molecule in 6000. The chemical name for heavy water is deuterium oxide. Heavy water or deuterium oxide FIG. 2-ISOTOPES ARE VARIATIONS on an element that will have different atomic weights but largely identical chemical properties. The three isotopes of hydrogen are is not radioactive. It is just as stable shown here. The Deuterium isotope gets used in the cold fusion experiments, initially in as ordinary water. And, no, you the form of deuterium oxide or "heavy water." don't need any sort of a license to make, buy, or use heavy water. Hindenburg. Obviously, hydro- sound radioactive and dangerous The important uses of heavy gen reacts very violently with oxy- and sneaky and illegal and scary, water include use as a moderator gen to create water in the form of but an isotope is simply any varia- in a nuclear power plant, and as superheated steam. That can tion on an atomic theme, much as special indicators for chro- range from a rapid burning to a a book can have either a red or a matography, spectrum analysis, major explosion. The com- blue cover. An isotope is a varia- and radiography. Since the indica- bustibility range of hydrogen is far tion on an atom that still retains tors have to be extremely pure, greater than that of most other identical chemical properties. they can be quite expensive-say, gases. Alike but different. $30 for a 50 milliter flask. The tiniest, weakest spark of As Fig. 2 shows us, atoms in You can easily make up your static electricity is all you need to plain old hydrogen consist of a own heavy water, although not set it off. Just to make things even heavy positively charged proton cheaply or quickly. Proteum dis- more interesting, hydrogen usu- that gets orbited by a light and a associates much faster than deu- ally burns with a totally invisible fast moving negatively charged terium, so you simply run your flame, so you never know where electron satellite. A different name electrolytic cell "still" in Fig. 1, the incredibly hot fire front is. In a for this type of hydrogen is while continually pouring in fresh haz -mat incident, a fireman will tie proteum. Proteum is far and away water. After a 100,000:1 reduction a rag onto the tip of his pike pole the most abundant form of hydro- in the volume, any remaining and use it, Knights -of -the -Round - gen usually available. water will end up as nearly pure Table jouster style to find out There are lots of other particles deuterium oxide. where the edge of the fire is. that can go into any atom. One Today, though, most heavy very common particle is called a water gets produced as a by- Isotopes neutron and can be thought of as a product of the pollution control The very term isotope may combined proton and electron industry. Hydrogen sulfide is a

www.americanradiohistory.com NAMES AND NUMBERS

Advanced Imaging Dallas, TX 75266 Shreve Systems 210 Crosswys Park Dr (214) 343-5000 2421 Malcolm Street Woodbury, NY 11797 Meredith Instruments Shreveport, LA 71108 (516) 496-8000 6403 N 59th Avenue (318) 635-1121 BNF Enterprises Glendale, AZ 85301 SMT Nutshell News 119 Foster Street (602) 934-9387 !PAC Peabody, MA 01961 Microphoto, Inc. Los Gatos, CA 95030 (508)531-5774 6130 Casmere (408) 354-0700 Buckbee-Mears Detroit, MI 48212 Sprague 245 East Sixth Street 1313) 366-5669 115 Northeast Cutoff St. Paul, MN 55101 Motorola Worcester, MA 01615 (612) 228-6400 5005 E McDowell Road (508) 853-5000 C&H Sales Phoenix, AZ 85008 Synergetics 2176 E. Colorado Blvd. .602) 244-6900 Box 809 Pasadena, CA 91107 National Thatcher, AZ 85552 (80) 325-9465 2900 Semiconductor Drive (602) 428-4073 Computer Shopper Santa Clara, CA 95051 Thomson Components 5211 S. Washington ;408) 721-5000 1310 Electronics Drive Titusville, FL 32780 Samsung Carrollton, TX 75006 (407) 269-3211 3725 North First Street (214) 466-6000 Hall -Mark Electronics San Jose, CA 95134 11333 Pagemill Drive :800) 669-5400 nasty, odorous, and toxic gas that ing pool at the Lincoln Memorial, long enough for them to fuse to- smells like rotten eggs. as a fitting and long lasting tribute gether into one bigger atom. That When you react H2S with water, to both government folly and in- also can release great heaping a heavy -water extraction can re- dustrial greed. (By the way, there's bunches of net energy. This is sult. In fact, there is a total glut in a really great "sleeper" video called nuclear fusion, just as in the the heavy water market today. If rental known as The Atomic Cafe. sun or a hydrogen bomb. you aren't real fussy over the pu- Do watch it sometime. Great act- In theory, there is enough ener- rity and buy it in large enough ing ... only it isn't.) gy in the diluted deuterium atoms quantities, deuterium oxide costs At any rate, you can also go the that are present in an ordinary tea- only a dime a gallon. other way and take two small cup of water to exceed the energy So, at least one of our key ingre- atoms and hold them together of a tank of gasoline. And also in dients of cold fusion is essentially free. And the other one, while rather expensive, appears to be totally reusable. o i\j. Fission and Fusion Reactions What gets interesting fast is that you can convert matter into ener- Deuterium + Deuterium = Helium3 + Neutron + 3.3 MEV of energy gy and vice versa. Einstein's E = MC2 and all that good stuff. In theory, there are two ways you can play the game. You can O blast apart a big atom and split it up into smaller ones. This is called nuclear fission. The classic exam- Deuterium + Deuterium = Tritium + Proton + 4 MEV of energy ple of that is an atomic bomb. As anyone from Chernobyl might tell you, or anyone that owns WPPS bonds or any Public Service of New Hampshire com- cú3 O mon stock, nuclear -fission energy e sources simply do not work, owing to their incredible and Deuterium + Tritium = Helium4 + Neutron + 17.6 MEV of energy monumental hidden societal costs. I personally feel that all of the nuclear power plant waste products in this country should be FIG. 3-ATOMIC FUSION generates energy by combining smaller isotopes into larger permanently stored in the reflect - ones. Here are three key fusion reactions.

www.americanradiohistory.com theory, the fusion reactions should be very much more man- ageable and have far fewer un- desirable byproducts. Naturally, there is no such thing as a completely non-polluting energy, for the entropy of any energy release by itself leads to the ultimate and inescapable heat death of the planet.

And, just because something DEUTERIUM OXIDE & works in the lab does not mean LITHIUM HYDROXIDE ELECTROLYTE that it can be made to generate enough excess power to pay both for itself and the interest on the 411C' money used to finance the project. And especially if all the non - «C"." obvious and hidden costs are fully taken into account. 41111C"'" For instance, if someone gave you all of the four -percent -efficient solar cells you wanted absolutely free, you still could never generate any useful amounts of c"» saleable power with them, because the returned energy would PALLADIUM PLATINUM never be able to pay for the land, ROD WIRE the physical structure holding the CATHODE ANODE cells, the associated electronics, and all the interest on the financ- ing capital. But, if used conservatively, efficiently and responsibly, a cold fu- FIG. 4-COLD FUSION appears to be produced in this experimental electrolytic cell.The sion process would appear, on the heavy water dissociates into deuterium and oxygen ions. The deuterium ions will migrate to the palladium cathode where many of them become trapped in its crystalline structure. surface, to be somewhat compara- Some of the later arriving deuter um ions apparently cold fuse with the trapped ones, ble to solar as a potentially clean apparently producing both heat and at least a few of the expected fusion by-products. But and low-cost source of renewable it is far too soon to tell for sure. energy. More important to all us ion and a tritium ion together to collide with each other, you in- hackers, there doesn't seem to be create the plain old helium -4 stead try to trap those deuterium any really compelling economics found in your nearest balloon, one ions inside of a crystal lattice. Put- of scale that apply to cold fusion. neutron, and a whopping 17.6 mil- ting them in jail, so to speak, so The small and decentralized home lion electron volts of energy. they can't run away. Like shooting power plants just might end up as The only tiny little catch is that fish in a barrel. viable as the big centralized ones. all those deuterium ions don't like Palladium is a quite interesting Possibly even vehicular generators each other very much. In fact, they candidate for cold fusion. Pal- for your car. will violently repel each other if ladium can absorb as much as 900 Three of the more interesting fu- you try to get them within atomic times its own volume in deuterium sion reactions are shown to you in distances of each other. Big sci- atoms. Fig. 3. In the first two cases, you ence with a capital "S" has already Palladium is a transition metal of grab two deuterium ions and hold blown zillions of gigabucks over atomic number 46. It is a metal that them together. In one possible re- several decades in a so -far futile sees wide use for electronic con- action, you will obtain the isotope attempt to super-heat and super- tacts, dental alloys, and surgical helium -3, a neutron, and 3.3 mil- energize deuterium ions so that tools. lion electron volts of energy. He- they will fuse and then produce a The pre -announcement pricing lium -3 is a stable, non -radioactive, net useful energy. of palladium was in the $150 per and a very rare isotope of this inert troy ounce area. It is up around gas. In a second possible reaction The Cold Fusion Cell $175 as of this writing, owing to you end up with tritium and 4 mil- The reasoning behind cold fu- speculation. lion electron volts of energy. At sion is very simple. Instead of Figure 4 shows you the cold fu- very high temperatures, those two raising the temperatures and ener- sion cell as it was used in the initial fusion reactions are equally likely gy levels of the deuterium ions to experiments. A platinum wire gets to happen. the point where enough or them used as an anode and a palladium You can also fuse a deuterium will become energetic enough to rod, typically4 millimeters or so in

www.americanradiohistory.com ,...... 4.

diameter is used as the cathode. Nonetheless, the produced en- the usual places to go to get deu- The cell gets filled with heavy ergy seems to far exceed any rea- terium oxide, platinum wire, and water. A pinch of lithium hydrox- sonable chemical reaction. Time palladium rods. Unfortunately, the ide is added to improve the con- will tell. two heavy water sources I was able ductivity, and DC starts the action. to dig up on such short notice are This is an electrolytic cell, just Getting Started quite expensive indicator-grade like Fig. 1. So, the oxygen ions go First, let's repeat some safety materials. over to the platinum cathode and stuff. Hydrogen explodes. It does So, for our contest this month, boil off. The deuterium ions then so very violently and sometimes just tell me about a cheap quantity go to the palladium cathode and invisibly. The cold fusion can pro- source of heavy water. There will many will get trapped inside. After duce neutrons in varying quan- be all the usual Incredible Secret a few weeks of buildup, the new tities that, if everything went Money Machine book prizes for deuterium ions seem to end up wrong, could prove quite deadly. the first dozen entries, along with clobbering all the old ones trap- Dosimeters of one style or another one all expense paid (FOB ped in the structure, and will ap- should be essential. Random ap- Thatcher, AZ) tinaja quest for two parently begin cold fusion. The paratus explosions have also been going to the best of all. observed effects include emitted reported. One burned concrete. Be sure to send all of your con- neutrons, the detection of tritium, You also just might want to skip test entries directly to me, and not and the detection of that ex- mentioning to the local zoning over to the Radio-Electronics edi- tremely rare helium -3 as would be folks that you are busy building torial offices. expected in an ongoing nuclear miniature hydrogen bombs in Above all, keep us informed on fusion reaction. your carport. all your cold -fusion progress. For More interesting, heat energy is There is also the credibility fac- once in a lifetime, the individual produced in several setups, typ- tor. Make certain that your experi- hardware hackers seem to have ically raising the cathode tem- ment works several times and been given a more or less even perature to the 176°F range. others have in fact reproduced it playing field to run on. See that big Measurements of the output en- before you loudly proclaim it to "H" over there? ergy appear to exceed the elec- the world. trical input used for the dissocia- Second, get both the key papers New Tech Literature tion by a factor of 4.5. That energy mentioned above. Then look into Meredith Instruments has a new density appears to be nearly ten the sources and resources shown hacker catalog out. Their laser times greater than what could be you in the "Cold Fusion Re- tubes start at $35, and they have a explained away by a normal chem- sources" sidebar. We've already new light show BBS on line at (602) ical reaction. seen how the Journal of Analytical 867-7258. But mysteries remain. There Chemistry and Nature should con- Two other surplus catalogs that aren't nearly enough neutrons tain the key horses mouth papers. did come in today's mail included getting produced to justify the They are certain to have lots of fol- BNF Enterprises for cheap audio, amount of heat that is generated. low-up letters, experiments, and optics, and electronics; plus C & H In fact, for the heat generated, the newer papers as well. Sales for raw iron steppers, number of neutrons which should Two other important places to motors, hydraulics, valves, and have gotten produced should have find ongoing information on cold optical assemblies. killed every one of the researchers fusion are Science for the tech- Two new free trade journals this outright. The apparent shortfall of nical details and The Wall Street month are Advanced Imaging on neutrons is around one billion to Journal for any economic and high -end video systems and sup- one. Which misses by more than a business aspects. port, along with the SMT Nutshell country mile. One key library tool should be News on that covers surface There are at least three possible the Science Citations Index, which mount technology. explanations for the excess energy lets you take all the horse's -mouth Since we seem to be doing so far: (1) Those two deuterium names and then move then for- things by twos here, this month's fusion reactions may not be equal- ward through time. Rest assured data books include that new ly likely at room temperature, and there'll be nothing useful pub- Communications Products data that tritium product reaction is lished on cold fusion that does not book from Thomson Components highly favored; (2) A new and a mention Stanley Pons name at on modems, telephone chips, dig- previously unknown atomic reac- least a dozen times. ital signal processing, and A/D tion is taking place; or (3) Some- Two essential background texts converters; and the CMOS Pro- thing really stupid (and totally are The Handbook of Chemistry grammable Logic Data Book from useless) is really going on instead. and Physics, and the "Matter" vol- the Samsung folks.

If I look into one of my Haz -Mat ume from The Life Science Library. Two additional sources for pho- books, I'll find that palladium re- If you do not already own those to -chemical machining include acts violently with hydrogen and two books as part of your personal Buckbee Mears and Microphoto alcohol. So if a grad student library, you should not even be Inc. spilled beer into one of those cells thinking about experimenting Sprague has a new data sheet on as a prank, it just might distort the with cold fusion. their ULN3800A FMX stereo de - results. The sidebar also shows you all continued on page 85

www.americanradiohistory.com LIGHT BEAM continued from page 55

mounted, you must install the lenses. The receiver uses a 6 -inch fresnel lens with a 71/2 -inch focal length (the ridged side faces out). The transmitter PC SERVICE uses a 2.345 -inch positive convex lens, with a 61/2 -inch focal length (the curved side faces out). The lenses are held in place inside the tube with rolled -up paper while the black RTV silicone glue dries.

Alignment The following procedures will help you align your light -beam commu- RED nicator so that you can achieve the greatest possible communication GRN range. To align the transmitter's LED, turn it on and shine it on a white wall '..oz Y at a distance of 10 feet. Set the three adjusting screws so that the light is concentrated in the center of a halo. As for the receiver, the only thing 4 you have to do is align the pivoting -4 mirror so that when it is in the "in" position, the light beam from a trans- 12 V D C mitter bounces straight off the mirror

back to the transmitter. For long-dis- 2Z 89 REV E tance communication, proper alignment is essential. When trying to set 4 INCHES up a communication path at ' or % mile, the light reflected back from the PATTERN. receiver's mirror is a sure sign that MUSIC -ON-HOLD ADAPTER FOIL everything is set up properly. You can align the mirror by aiming the transmitter at the receiver with the TS8 2 mirror in place, and the red dot of light reflecting off the mirror should appear in the center of the fresnel o lens. (To locate the dot, switch the i mirror in and out of position; the extra dot will appear and disappear.) If it needs aligning, just carefully bend the mirror bracket into position. A completed light -beam commu- 3 13/16 INCHES nicator should also have both its trans- N mitter and receiver aligned with one OSCILLATOR DRIVER FOIL PATTERN another. Just aim the communicator at a nearby wall, and you should see the light spot in the viewfinder of the receiver. Adjust if necessary. There are a lot of other "fun" uses O for the light -beam communicator be- TS9.2 sides two-way communication. You .,. can "listen" to an airplane flying overhead, or to waterfalls, waves, and E-- .---1 13/16 INCHES -1 sprinkler systems. Car headlights go- O ing past you also have their own VOLTAGE -REGULATOR FOIL PATTERN. sound. If an insect flys through an- 1 1/8 INCHES I other unit's light beam, you can actu- NI -CD -CONVERTER FOIL PATTERN ally hear its wings beating. R -E

www.americanradiohistory.com AUDIO UPDATE

LARRY KLEIN, Frequency response: What do the numbers really mean? Audio Editor

WHILE THEY MAY HAVE QUESTIONS FREQUENCY- Hz'. about the finer points of power rat- 20 50 100 200 Ka 1000 2000 ings or distortion, your average audio consumer believes that he 3 knows what frequency response is all about. After all, the human ear 2 ideally can (1) hear from 20 to 20,000 1 Hz and, therefore, the frequency (2) response of a component should o (3) be at least that wide-or, to be (-5 -1 safe-somewhat wider. Some au- 2 diophiles are followers of the "DC - to -light" school of frequency re- -3 sponse; they believe that for accurate reproduction of program material within the audible range, FIG. 1 an amplifier must have a response that extends from the low in- range determines its sonic peaks in the recording or playback frasonic (or 0 -Hz) region to the "character." And I'm convinced equipment are going to affect a megahertz area. that the esoteric sonic qualities listener's perception of the re- For theoretical and/or promo- discussed in tedious detail in the produced sound. You can easily tional reasons, a number of ampli- "underground" press mostly re- demonstrate this for yourself by fier manufacturers find it worth- sult from essentially minor fre- bringing your ear close to the mid- while to advocate ultra -wide quency -response variations. For range of a three-way speaker sys- bandwidth, and there's no lack of example, the special "openness, tem. On music or vocals, you'll preamps and amplifiers designed air, and inner detail," heard from hear a sort of nasal, honky quality with that in mind. I won't go into some highly regarded and veryex- that is typical of emphasized mid - the pros and cons of wide vs. nar- pensive moving -coil phono car- band frequencies. Of course, if a row, except to point out that in tridges can easily be traced to their speaker has built-in midrange em- respect to program material, the rising response above 10 kHz. phasis it will also sound that way spectrum above 20,000 Hz and be- Eliminate the high -frequency when listened to from a normal low 16 Hz or so is occupied only by peaks, and the mysterious special distance. noise. It is worthwhile to extend sonic qualities disappear. amplifier response an octave or so Most sounds, including those Frequency responsibilities above and below 20 and 20,000 Hz produced as music, consist of fun- Here's a rough breakdown of the to ensure proper performance damentals and harmonic over- audible effects of specific frequen- within the audio band, but those tones. The characteristic harmonic cy -response peaks and dips. Some who design for much wider re- structure of the notes produced by of these frequency -determined sponse are likely to engender each musical instrument is re- effects are probably obvious, but a more problems than they solve. sponsible for its specific tonal few may surprise you. Starting qualities. Any changes in the rela- with the low frequencies, true low Audible aberrations tive strengths of the fundamental bass occurs below 50-60 Hz, and A component's specific frequen- or harmonic frequencies caused most smaller speaker designs have cy response within the audio by frequency -response dips or difficulty getting down that low.

71 www.americanradiohistory.com However, engineers discovered above examples that frequency -re- long ago that a response bump sponse bumps, valleys, peaks, and around 70 Hz or so is easy to dips can appear randomly in the achieve and gives the illusion of performance of an audio system. real bass without unfortunate au- Each component has its own typ- dible side effects. However, if the ical response aberrations. For ex- A bump extends to 100 Hz or higher, ample, cassette decks tend to roll the sound becomes bottom -heavy off the high frequencies-the WORLD or boomy. cheaper the deck, the lower the OF EXPERIENCE Lack of warmth or excessive rolloff starts. In addition, almost GOES INTO muddiness is produced by, re- all cassette decks have low -fre- EVERY CRYSTAL spectively, too little or too much quency "head" bumps-mostly WE MAKE FOR YOU energy around 200 Hz or so. In the under 50 Hz-that may or may not 500 where Since 1965, we've made crystals for -Hz area, the piano, ten- be audible. Power amplifiers are industry, marine, amateur, CB, 2 -way, or sax, and woodwinds produce usually ruler -flat for at least an oc- scanners, microprocessors, and maximum energy, bumps or dips tave above and below the audio radio control. can emphasize or deemphasize band. HIGH QUALITY the instruments. Unlike those of 15 years ago, the LOW PRICE Even more musical energy is phono sections of today's better QUICK TURNAROUND concentrated in the 1 -kHz to 4 -kHz preamps conform to the RIAA FOR FREE CATALOG, area, which is also where the curve to within 1 dB, as do most of CALL OR WRITE: human ear has maximum sen- today's better phono cartridges. JAN CRYSTALS sitivity. A boost in that range tends However, cheap phono cartridges P.O. BOX 06017 to bring the sound stage forward; tend to have resonant peaks just FORT MYERS, FL 33906 a dip makes it recede. The depth of above 10 kHz and some expensive (813) 936.2397 the sonic image can be affected by moving -coil types rise rapidly SINCE I response in the 4 -kHz range be- I 1965 VISA above 9-10 kHz. In the last several cause much of the recorded rever- years, FM tuners appear to have TOLL -FREE: 1-800-237-3063 beration-which the ear interprets eliminated the audible high -fre- IN FLORIDA: 1-800-226-XTAL as depth-occurs in that area. A quency rolloff that's caused by the FAX ORDERS: 1.813.936.3750 boost at 8 kHz (such as was de- 19 -kHz filters in their multiplex de- CIRCLE 104 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD signed into a best-selling Tate -60's coders. "monitor" speaker) produces a It should come as no surprise to very forward, if somewhat shrill, read that the resonance problems sound. Slight peaks are heard as of speakers are the major cause of Be an FCC "glassiness." Any response rise frequency -response aberrations in above 10 kHz is interpreted as en- most systems. In poorly designed LICENSED hanced "air, openness, and de- systems, you'll find low -frequency ELECTRONIC TECHNICIAN! tail." peaks ranging from 80 to 110 Hz, midrange and tweeter resonant Interpreting the curves peaks, plus a high -frequency For years, audio writers have rolloff above 11 or 12 kHz. warned readers that a specification Well -designed speakers man- Earn up to age $30 an hour such as "Frequency Response: 20 to minimize or eliminate such and more! ï p Hz to 20 kHz" is worthless without problems, but even the best a qualification such as ±3 dB. Sor- speakers must operate in a listen- °%12

1 Learn at home In spare time. ry to say, even if the specified toler- ing environment with its own No previous experience needed! FI ance were ±1 dB, the description acoustic characteristics. No costly School. No commuting to class. would still be worthless as a guide One last word: Recent psycho - The Original Home -Study course pre- acoustic pares you for the "FCC Commercial Radio- to the audible sonic balance of the research has shown that telephone License". This valuable license product involved. Figure 1 depicts small, smooth rises in response is your "ticket" to thousands of exciting audio -frequency graphs with (1) a covering several octaves are far in Radio-TV, Micro- jobs Communications. curve that is up 1 dB from 50 Hz to 1 more audible than high, narrow wave, Computers, Radar, Avionics and more!. You don't need a college degree to kHz and down 1 dB from 1,500 Hz peaks-and that rises, in any case, qualify, but you do need an FCC License. to 20,000 Hz, (2) another curve that are more audible than dips. The No Need to Quit Your Job or Go To School is the reverse of (1), and (3) a curve ear's greater sensitivity to small - rn This proven course is easy, fast and low that has broad 1 -dB peaks at 3 and 8 amplitude, wide -band boosts is cost! GUARANTEED PASS - You get your kHz. My point is that all three easy to explain on the basis that p FCC License or money refunded. Send for cr FREE facts now. MAIL COUPON TODAY! curves can be legitimately de- they contain more musical energy rcommanD scribed as being ±1 dB from 20 Hz than large but narrow peaks. How- w PRODUCTIONS ' to 20 kHz-but to a careful listener, ever, I have no theory to explain w FCC LICENSE TRAINING, Dept. 90 p P.O. Box 2824, San Francisco, CA 94126 all three will sound quite different why a peak in response is more Please rush FREE details immediately! on wide -range music. audible than an equivalent -ampli- Q CC NAME I don't mean to imply by the tude dip. R -E

ADDRESS _ CITY STATE ZIP 72 L J www.americanradiohistory.com DRAwl NG BOARD ROBERT GROSSBLATT, PC boards CIRCUITS EDITOR

IN LOOKING THROUGH THE COLUMNS things can be learned only by man- that have appeared in the past cou- ually producing a PC board. But ple of years, I realized that we've El GDEZ the basic principles are the same developed some fairly complex /2 // whether you're doing it by hand or circuits. But we've never talked /y if you're lucky enough to have the about putting the final touch on a AOc 2 00 rcy o 3 required CAD equipment. 4L E circuit-that is, of course, generat- A/ O 0/ 5 Q, ing printed -circuit boards. A2 6 92.367 02 Designing the layout PC boards can be anything from 430 03 P3 9 This first step must never be simple single -sided ones for small tV started until you're sure that the 76' projects to complex multi -layer af- circuit design is finished. After all, fairs for digital designs. And, un- /6 there's a lot less brain damage in- E/ fv fortunately, while there's really no Do Po volved in moving wires on a bread- limit to the complexity of a circuit A5`: 0/ qi` board than adding and removing that you can develop on your A6O 6 D2rCs traces on a PC board. bench, the same isn't true of PC A7a /0 D336723 boards. I've been making PC /2 boards for years, and despite D5 some really creative (and occa- GD E2 sionally off-the-wall) attempts, I've 6181 s v 8 /s Po 9/ PO 9/ never managed to do more than co two layers (a double -sided board), oo SC C/ produce plated -through holes, or 49 o/ L57yLPo route more than one trace be- z P/ i tween IC pins. RO RI 1V GD The bright side to all that, however, is that there's always more 56oK than one way to do a job, and we'll SGS 5- be spending the next few columns 65367 .4.1347 L5754 rcó on the methods and tricks you can 14144114, z 556 use to produce PC boards on your own. tttll Ta 1 To start with, all PC -board pro- 1.4z,A(F duction can be broken into three basic jobs: 1. Designing the layout. 2. Producing the artwork. 3. Fabricating the board. Each of those areas has its own FIG. 1 set of hassles, and just how R8 painless each one will be depends Computer Aided Design (CAD) 06 C7 on how you go about doing it. The is great stuff but the software will last couple of years has seen the only do what you tell it to do. How appearance of computer software successful you'll be using CAD de- that makes a lot of the work much pends (to a large degree) on how easier-if you've got the necessary much experience you've had pro- hardware and the bucks. ducing boards by hand. Some FIG. 2

73 www.americanradiohistory.com Don't even think about starting nents (Fig. 2-b). a layout unless you have an up-to- trrrrrn That's a really simple way to get the-minute set of schematics for rrnrrrnr.rrrrrrrr.rrrrrrr the job done, and just about the `...... 5: the circuit. (Few things are worse only time you'll run into trouble is than producing a board that's a x/ maw .....'.... when you're limited in board faithful reproduction of an incor- Y = - ...l.O.N.NIÌ space or if you have to keep the 11 11 1 A rect schematic.) :re traces as short as possible. You can Once you're ready to lay out the i t1 1e see in the illustration that the more board, make sure that you have IC pins, the wider the collection of these supplies: / traces, so you may have to move 1. A non -repro -blue pencil. I 111 the traces closer to the IC i.f you 2. A pad of ten -to -the -inch graph C have to conserve trace length. paper. FIG. 3 During the initial layout stages, 3. A ruler (ideally marked in you're drawing the traces with the tenths of an inch). blue pencil and there's really no 4. A pair of dividers. consideration of the final width of 5. An eraser (because nobody's the copper trace on the board. But perfect). trace -width is not usually a major Graph paper marked with a ten- factor in most layouts, because a to -the -inch grid is an ideal back- 1/m -inch trace on one -ounce cop- ground for laying out a board, per board (the most common ma- since most standard components terial) can carry as much as 5 amps. are designed around that mea- If you do want a wider trace, just surement. Make sure that the pa- leave room for it as you do the per is at least four times larger than layout. You won't be putting any the board you're planning to lay actual traces on the graph paper out, because it's always a good until you've finished the layout idea to work at twice the actual And you'll wear down a lot of the size (and by the time you're ready eraser before that happens. to lay out your board you should As you continue adding traces have some idea of its size and with the blue pencil, there will shape). Working double size is not come a time when you're faced so important for simple layouts; with the untraceable trace-you but complex layouts require rout- just won't be able to make the con- ing traces between IC pins, which nection. That's when you have to is just about impossible to do on a decide whether to use jumpers or one-to-one scale. make the board double -sided. It's The first things to put on a board a major decision, because produc- are those that require certain loca- ing a double -sided board is a real tions-such as edge connectors or pain in the neck. Jumpers may be headers. The placement for the slightly less than elegant, but the rest of the components is usually brain damage involved in doing dictated by the placement of those FIG. 4 double -sided boards at home is first components. Figure 1-a shows considerable; and generating a how the edge connectors are con- but it's still going to take a lot of double -sided layout just to avoid a nected directly to a series of buff- trial and erasure to get everything handful of jumpers is not what you ers. It follows, therefore, that the connected on the board. Every would call a wise decision. buffers have to be located close to board layout is unique, but there If the density of the board is the edge connectors (Fig. 144. The are standard ways of handling cer- such that you have to make it dou- chances are that you'll be moving tain designs that can make life ble -sided, you're going to have to things around the board as the much easier. keep track of both sides of the layout develops but at least it gives If you have an IC with lots of board on the same piece of graph you a starting point. passive components hanging off paper. Component placement can also the pins, the board layout can be To do that, draw a horizontal line be made a bit easier by examining considerably simplified by using down the middle of the graph pa- the schematic and breaking the what I've officially designated the per and use the dividers to copy circuit into component groups - "ladder" approach, as illustrated the component pads to the other those that share common connec- in Fig. 2. We're looking at a pair of half of the paper as shown in Fig. 3. tions, components that hang on a monostables built from the two What you're really doing is unfold- particular bus, and so on. timers in a 556 (Fig. 2-a). In order to ing the board using the horizontal Translating lines on a schematic connect the passive components, line as the center point. It's really to traces on a board is a slow and the IC pins have been connected important to transfer the pad loca- tedious process. You get better at to a series of parallel traces that are tions exactly, and it's much easier it as you gain more experience, straddled by the passive compo- continued on page 85

www.americanradiohistory.com COMPUTERDIGEST ÇoMPu,r f Part III BUILD AN EDITOR'S 80386SX WoRI(- BENCH MOTHERBOARD JEFF HOLTZMAN

BERNARD A. McILHANY Report from Comdex It's time to finish buildng our 386SX motherboard; it's also time to get the thing up and running! Chicago was host to Spring Comdex this year. The show was subdued compared with other years; even so, a number of innovative products were introduced (or at least shown), and several announcements were made that promise to have lasting impact on the PC industry. The biggest news is Intel's new microprocessors. Starting at the low end, the company now supplies a low -power version of the 386SX; you can bet that laptop and portable manufacturers will scramble to incorporate it into new designs. Moving up a notch, the maximum speed of the "real" 386 (now known as the 386DX) has been bumped from 25 MHz to 33 MHz. You probably won't want to play Asteroid Adventures at that speed, but if you're doing CAD, Last month we had finished 80386SX daughterboard desktop publishing, circuit sim- putting all of the IC's on the Solder the capacitors and re- ulation, or need a fast LAN server, motherboard in their respective sistors in place following the look to AST, ALR, and others for sockets. We continue now with Parts -Placement diagram shown the new speed kings. the daughterboard, but first... in Fig. 3 and the Parts List. You Probably the biggest news is If you are building the board can see an assembled daughter- Intel's new 486. You might be sur- without the 80386SX daughterboard in Fig. 4. prised to learn that it doesn't rep- card, plug an LCCC socket into Install the IC sockets, orient- resent a radical new architecture the 68 -pin PGA socket (IC57), in- ing pin 1 properly. Pay close atten- or anything of the sort. Rather, stall the 80286 microprocessor, tion while installing the PLCC it's really a more integrated ver- and proceed to the "Configura- and the quad -flat -pack sockets. sion of the 386. Specifically, it in- tion" section of this article. Oth- Last, carefully insert the cludes an enhanced version of erwise build the daughtercard square 68 -pin standoff header. the 386 engine, an enhanced ver- now continued on page 77 sion of the 387 math coprocessor,

75 www.americanradiohistory.com a memory -management unit, a 25 -MHz units should be available eluding the various Macintosh, cache controller, and an 8K mem- in quantity by the end of this Atari, and Amiga models, as well ory cache. The 486 is completely year, at which time samples of the as UNIX workstations from Sun, object -code compatible with the 33 -MHz version will become Apollo, Next, etc. Surprise! Now 386 (hence with the 286 and the available. Unbelievably, 40-, 50-, you can start thinking of PC - 8088/86). and even 60 -MHz versions are compatible systems, too. Because of its high degree of planned. Motorola has formed a strategic integration, Intel states that the How much longer do you think alliance with ACC Micro- 486 performs three times faster you're going to be able to nurse electronics Corporation; the than the 386 when both are run- that aging XT along? president of ACC, Dr. W. T. ning at the same clock speed. Chiang, worked on the 286 and Another factor that contrib- The 286: down but not out 386 design teams at Intel. utes to the 486's high speed is the Like some creature from a hor- ACC has an interesting prod- incorporation of RISC (Reduced ror film, the IC that Bill Gates uct line (from a PC point of view). Instruction Set Computer) de- (chairman of Microsoft) called Their spring catalog lists chip sign techniques, so that some in- "brain -damaged" refuses to die. sets for building PC compatibles structions run three to four Intel refused to grant licenses to (XT, AT, 386, and PS/2 Model 30, times as fast as on a 386. build 386's to other vendors, so 50, and 60), not to mention vari- As for clock speeds, 25- and 33 - those vendors went about im- ous bus controllers, single -chip MHz versions are planned. The proving the 286. Harris Semi- floppy controllers, etc. conductor, in particular, brought The highlight of the line is the out a 20 -MHz version of the chip ACC82020 (shown in Fig. 1), r4111.111111..OIRIIR Me» last fall, and now has introduced which should give the Chips & ACC82020 Chip Set le a 25 -MHz version. The company Ièchnologies NEAT family a run claims that software can run 20% for the money. I= faster on a 25 -MHz 286 than on a ACC has been designing and I 386 running at the same speed. marketing products for several years; Motorola adds credibility Color laptops by second -sourcing the line. They're all Japanese (naturally), none is shipping yet, and Mega memories they all have fascinating EGA - Users are just beginning to resolution color displays. Mit- switch from 256K to 1MB subishi, Hitachi, and Sharp all DRAM'S, but Toshiba and IBM are showed prototypes; IBM is just about ready to start sam- 1_ to have one. pling 4MB IC's. By way of con- Fig. 1. TURBO PC/AT CHIP SET offers a rumored complete logic complement to 286 and trast, think about the early PC. 386SX personal computers. Itfea tu res 4 - Guess who's making chip sets With four rows of 64K DRAM's, it way page interleaved memory control- When you think of Motorola could hold a maximum of 256K ler, 16 -MHz system clock with zero wait state, and supports LIM/EMS 4.0 pro- and microprocessors, you proba- on the motherboard. In a couple tocol/hardware standard. bly think of 680x0 systems in - of years, that same four rows of IC's will hold 16 megabytes! (Not in the same sockets, of course.) Don't think you need that much? Maybe. You can boot OS/2 ITEMS DISCUSSED PC-File:dB ($89.95), Button- Ware, Inc., P.O. Box 96058, Bell- evue, WA 98009. (800) J - BUTTON. (206) 454-0479. CIRCLE 50 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD On-line With Bitcom ($39.95), Bantam Books, Ban- tam Electronic Publishing, 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10103. CIRCLE 49 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD Hammermill Papers, 6400 Poplar Avenue, Memphis, TN Fig. 2. THE 486 MICROPROCESSOR packs 1,180.235 transistors into a 0.414 -inch x 38197-7000. (800) 242-2148. 0.619 -inch die. Featuring a high level of integration, it has an on-chipfloating-point CIRCLE 48 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD unit, 8K cache, and memory management with paging.

76 www.americanradiohistory.com in about 1.5MB, but you'll need link files in reports (with calcu- the subscription price to BIX about 4MB to run any serious lated results). The documenta- (Byte magazine's on-line service), software, as users catch on to the tion has also improved, the and the book itself, which pro- joys of multitasking, 6MB, 8MB, program still sports the same vides a well -written introduction even 10MB will be standard.. D« easy -to -use menu -driven inter- to on-line services. face, and, best of all, the price is Topics range from basic pro- still well under $100. em4 gram usage to on-line etiquette to terminal emulation to auto- SOFT- matic downloading via script WARE files. The author includes a number of script files that allow you to log onto various on-line services automatically. The package costs less than $40; you simply can't buy a tele- com program for that amount, much less a lucid book describing how to use it..CD« Favorite database manager I Life On-line Ive used PC-File + for the past Laser paper several years; the latest version is called PC-File:dB. The biggest You've been thinking about change, as suggested in the signing up for an on-line ser- Hammermill Papers has intro- name, is that files are now stored vice, but don't know which one. duced the absolute best pain dBASE -compatible format. In Besides, you don't have a good per for laser printing; it comes in addition, the program supports telecommunications program, two versions. Laser Print is larger files, fields, and records, and your telecommunications smooth, bright, opaque, and LAN file sharing, graphics, skills are kind of weak. On-line heavy (24 lb.) so it won't jam your unique search/sort routines, file With Bitcom, by Bud E. Smith, printer; Laser Plus has slightly conversion (ASCII, comma -de- can solve all three problems with better brightness, etc., and the limited, WordPerfect, etc.), and a fell swoop. It's a book/software back side is treated so that you more. PC-File:dB is not a true re- package that contains a copy of can cut and paste artwork with- lational database, but you can Bitcom 3.6, a coupon for $30 off out wax bleed-through..CD«

MOTHERBOARD portion of the pin nearest the jumper, but a connector for an board. Be careful not to bend optional reset switch. There is no continued from page 75 arty pins or to allow solder to W2 shunt. flow onto the pins. Solder on the Place a jumper at W3 from the Note that it appears to be a sock- pins could prevent the daughter- center to the 24M pin. Then place et, but is actually used on this boardfrom fitting into the moth- a jumper from the center to the board as a male connector that erboard. 256K position of the W4 shunt; it will plug into the female socket Insert the IC's carefully into selects the size of the BIOS on the motherboard. Insert the their respective sockets. If you EPROM used on the board. standoff header into the board are using the öptional 80387SX Now, locate the W5 shunt (near from the top of the board. Its math coprocessor, don't install it the daughterboard socket) and largest shoulders, about 1/4 -inch until you have verified the board's jumper from the center to the "1" from its supporting plastic, will operation. position. Short the W6 shunt rest on the surface of the daugh- Follow the defluxing instruc- with another jumper. W5 pro- terboard, and will cause it to tions, clean the board and then vides a clock signal to the floppy - stand off the daughterboard a carefully inspect it for solder disk controller, and W6 enables bit. problems. it. If you plan to use an external Turn the daughterboard over floppy -disk controller (for exam- and you will see that the 68 pins Configuration ple as part of a floppy/hard disk are protruding about half an What we'll describe next is a controller), you'll have to disable inch. With the board inverted, basic configuration that you can the on -board controller later. carefully solder two pins in op- use to get your system up and Shunts W7 and W8 are not posite corners to the daughter- running. After it is, you can reused at this time, and W9 and board. That will hold the standoff fine the configuration to suit W10 have been deleted from the header in place while you solder yourself. Shorting jumpers and board. the remaining pins. Keep your complete configuration informa- Next is shunt Wll, near the soldering iron away from the tops tion are supplied with the kit. 82C605 (IC75). Jumper pin 1 to of the pins, soldering only that W1 is not a configuration pin 2, pin 3 to pin 4, and pin 7 to 77 www.americanradiohistory.com pin 8. These jumpers route interrupt signals from the peripheral HARNESS THAT 386 controller. Locate W12 and jumper the The 80386 and 80386SX mi- (See articles in the July and Au- middle pin to the pin toward the croprocessors are more than gust issues.) With OMNIVIEW "W12" label on the board. At W13 just fast 80286's. With the right you can download information (located near the keyboard con- software, you can maximize from your favorite BBS while si- nector) jumper from the center your DOS memory space, per- multaneously typing in your pin to the pin away from the "1" form efficient multitasking, or word processor; you can also printed on the board. Shunts both. switch instantly among several W12 and W13 together manage 386mAx is a utility program tasks. the "power good" signal. Shunt that taps the microprocessor's SunnyHill Software has ar- W14, near the 82C206 (IC61) is ability to physically map memo- ranged special 30% discounts not used at this time. ry. With it, you can fill out a off the list prices of OMNIVIEW Near the 8742 keyboard con- 512K motherboard with ex- and 386MAx for readers of Ra- troller you will see shunt W15. tended memory; you can load dio -Electronics. OMNIVIEW Place a jumper from the center TSR's (SideKick, disk caches, normally lists for $89.95; the pin to the pin toward the "W15" keyboard enhancers, etc.) into discount price is $62.95. label. W15 determines how the memory above the first 640K, 386MAx normally lists for turbo LED works. NOTE: Don't leaving 600K or more of con- $74.95; the discount price is plug an LED into W15! tiguous DOS memory; and $52.45. Order both from Sun- Last is a connector labeled other tricks. nyHill Software, P.O. Box 33711, "SW1" near the 37C65 floppy - OMNIVIEW is a multitasking Seattle, WA 98133-3711. (800) disk controller, IC74. SW1 selects environment that runs on all In- 367-0651; (206) 367-0650. Be color or monochrome operation; tel 80xxx family processors. sure to mention this article. install a shunt in the correct position, according to the type of monitor you're using. socket (IC57). There is only one Connect a speaker to the SPKR Before proceeding, make sure shunt on the daughterboard; it connector using the two pins that all the jumpers are installed determines whether you are nearest the edge of the board. correctly. using an 80387SX math co -pro- Plug a power-supply into P6, cessor. The position of the and an AT-type keyboard into the Power -up test jumper will not affect testing of keyboard connector. If you are Now plug either the 80286 or either the daughterboard or the using a keyboard with a switch the daughterboard into the PGA motherboard. that selects XT or AT operation,

Fig. 3. DAUGIITERBG\RD PARTS -PLACEMENT DIAGRAM.

78 www.americanradiohistory.com PRICE INFORMATION Peripheral Technology (1710 assembled and tested unit, add board). $60 'Cumberland Point Drive, Suite =$100. DOS (MS-DOS version 4.01), 8, Marietta, GA 30067 (404) (Component prices $ 80 984-0742) is selling parts kits, ,e 2T386 -PLUS -KIT (includes AT1003 (Hard/floppy disk complete systems, and a variety system board, daughterboard, controller), $139 of peripherals.. as follows. BIOS, 16 -MHz 80386SX, and DISK 1.2 (1.2 -MB 5.25 -inch support ICs. DRAM and the op- floppy -disk drive), $109 PT386 starter system t_onal 80387SX math 20MEG (20 -MB hard disk Includes the PT386-PLUS KIT, coprocessor not included), drive), $230 an AT -style cabinet, 200W $695 EGA (EGA display card), power supply, 84 -key (AT-style) PT386-PLUS-ASM (as- $189 keyboard, 1 2 -MB 5.25" floppy sembled version of the PT386- EGA MON (Samsung EGA disk drive, Samsung amber PLUS), $795 monitor), $360 monitor, Hercules -compatible PT286-KIT (same as PT386- DRAM, call for current prices monochrome text/gra?hics PLUS KIT but does not include Notes: Complete catalog of card with painter port, and MS- 80386SX daughterboard. In- options is available upon re- DOS 4.01: $1,195 c.udes 16 -MHz 80286), $465 quest; PT386-PLUS kits add $7 11286-ASM (assembled ver- for UPS ground shipping, sys- Starter system options son of the PT286-KIT), S495 tems add $22, other itemsaddi- For EGA menttor and display CABINET (standard AT style tional. VISA/MC orders accept- adapter, add $400.00; for 20 - with 3 drive openings), $65 ed without surcharge. Tech- MB hard -disk drive and control- PS -200 (200W power supply nical assistance and repair ler, add $349: for 40 -MB drive for AT case), $ 70 service available. Georgia resi- and controller, add $485.00; for KEY (8.4 -key AT -style key- dents add appropriate sales tax.

order, a copyright notice will appear on the top of your screen, followed by a memory count, and then a message stating "CMOS SYSTEM OPTIONS NOT SET." Press Fl, and you'll be asked whether you want to run the set-

7.; óof.)óoeFr3 up/diagnostics program. Press Y '09 0000000r) C 771s _,1s_ ii'':i oa oc, and then the ENTER key. 00 ra 00 oo _-s Then you get to choose be- ,00 UE\ tween (1) or Diagnostics 00 00 Setup 00 (2). Choose "1" and you'll be able i'ó;ond00000coe 00 7 4 to set date, time, and hard -disk D00000000 type. imeniwefb 10 Of course, you do not yet have a backup battery for your CMOS RAM, so whatever date and time you enter will be lost when power is removed. Also, you have no floppy or hard disks plugged in, ot. so hard-disk selection is moot. ime m»:a+tt,>,x The point is that if you have got- 5zroce ` v75 d? N C,tl9'.ltld ten this far, your board(s) are probably OK. Congratulations! Next, power -down your system, install one floppy disk drive, insert a boot diskette in it, and turn grert on the power. Your system should boot. You may want to run the Fig. 4. THE DAUCHTERB03RD IS ABOUT 5 INCHES WIDE. diagnostic routines now. Then install your hard disk, run the make sure It's in the AT position. computer and monitor power setup utility again, and select the Insert a video adapter into an supplies into a surge -protected proper drive type. At this point, expansion slot, and connect your AC outlet. you can power -down and install monitor to the card. Plug the Thrn on power, and, if all is in continued on page 84 79 www.americanradiohistory.com BUILDING AN OMNI VIEW APPLICATION MIKE TOUTONGHI, SUNNYHILL SOFTWARE OMNIUIEW Continuous Status Display Program, U1.00 Nun Process name Size Base pri Cur pri Clks

OMNIVIEW is our operating 2 C:\COMMAND.COM iC pcf ifile,phone89 276E Z SWAPPED 4 environment for personal 3 C:\COMMAND.COM /C gu "startup" 301K Z SWAPPED 4 computers based on the Intel se- 4 C:\COMMAND.COM iC go 401E Z SWAPPED 4 ries of microprocessors. 0M- 5 C:\COMMAND.COM 441K 2 2 4 NIVIEW provides efficient task swapping on 8088/86 and 80286 Largest free block: 32K machines, and, on 386 machines Virtual swap space: 7600K and others with EMS 4.0 memory, functional multitasking. Last month we gave an overview of how OMNIVIEW works and its internal structure. This month, we'll delve a little deeper into how the software harnesses the hardware; in so doing, we'll write an OMNIVIEW program that displays the status of other concurrently running programs. The program, OVSTATUS, uses Fig. 1 OVSTATUS provides reports on the currently active processes running under OMNIVIEW's facilities for passing OMNIVIEW. messages among currently running tasks and its ability to ex- Associated with each task is a system services, and they help to ecute efficient time delays to con- PCB, which is managed by the prevent stack overflow from 0M- tinuously display a system status kernel, and which contains regi- NIVIEW or hardware interrupts report, but take processing over- ster, stack, and priority informa- of other concurrent tasks. When head only when updating the tion about that task, as well as a task, also referred to as a parti- screen. Space precludes listing links to the OMNIVIEW devices tion, is first created, it contains the full program here, but the which have been allocated to it. one program that begins execu- source code and the executable The PCB also contains information using its own application version are available at no charge tion provided by the memory stack. That program may be from the Gernsback BBS manager that allows the kernel to COMMAND.COM, 1-2-3, or OMNIVIEW's (516-293-2283, 300/1200, N81). allocate, control, and de -allocate user-interface shell; whatever it Download OvsTATUS.EXE, a self-un- blocks of memory through the is, it maintains its stack in exact- packing archive with all relevant memory manager. The basic ly the same way as any other DOS files. structure of a PCB is shown in program. When either a hard- Table 1. ware interrupt occurs or the task The kernel Tivo elements of the PCB, the makes an OMNIVIEW system First let's look at OMNIVIEW's Application Stack and the Sys- call, OMNIVIEW switches to a kernel, a set of subroutines and tem Stack, provide an important system stack to avoid stack -over- data structures; the latter are level of isolation for OMNIVIEW flow problems. Before switching called Process Control Blocks (PCB's). The kernel does not handle device virtualization, 386 TABLE 1-OMNIVIEW PROCESS CONTROL BLOCK memory management, or other hardware -specific chores. In- Element Description stead, it schedules tasks in and out; it calls device drivers to move Application Stack Stack controlled by application System Stack Stack pointer while interrupted tasks to and from foreground and CPU Registers Stored registers of this program background; and it provides the Memory Control Handle Memory manager supplied handle core routines for creating and ter- Allocated Devices Device handles for this task minating tasks. It also includes Priority Information Scheduling control information routines for changing the pri- Clocks In Clocks to keep in before schedule ority of a task, suspending a Computable State Current state (swapped, etc.) task, and other various low-level Link to next PCB Used to make priority lists functions.

www.americanradiohistory.com DOS's. Where DOS drivers con- TABLE 2-OMNIVIEW API trol input and output to and from physical devices, OMNIVIEW Kernel Functions drivers handle the job of "vir- tvversion - Returns version, initializes interface tualizing" a device when it is not tvcreateproc Create a concurrent process physically available. tvcurtofg Make current process foreground Additionally, the device drivers tvcurphndl Return caller's process handle a should tvfgphndl Return foreground process handle determine when process tvfreemem Return free memory and swapping space be blocked. For example, assume tvgetswap Get swappability of a process that an applications program tvgetallinfo Return all active processes information needs user input before proceed- tvgetoneinfo Return one active processes' information ing. It issues a "wait for input" tvkillcur Kill the current process request; until the user types in tvkillproc Kill a specific process the requested information, any tvmaxprocs Return the maximum number of processes CPU time spent servicing that tvnumtofg Make a specific process foreground program would be wasted. By fil- tvnumprocs Return the number of active processes tering such requests, 0M- tvsched Release remainder of time slice device would tvsetkill Prevent this process from being killed NIVIEW's keyboard tvsetname Set the name of a process suspend the currently executing tvsetpri Set priority and process state of a process program until keystrokes had tvsetswap - Set the swappability of a process been entered. Similarly, if the tvsuspendcur - Suspend the current process screen device driver cannot vir- tvswapin - Swap in a process from disk or expanded RAM tualize a program's display, it will tvwakenum - Wake a process which suspended itself suspend that program unless it becomes a foreground task (or is Device Functions visible on its own monitor on a tvgetphandle - Get process handle of a console number dual -monitor system). tvgetpnum - Get console number for a 32 bit handle tvautoupdate - Makes screen update automatic from virtual tvgetupdate Returns the screen update status Special Discount tvpostvirt Posts the virtual screen to the real screen SunnyHill Software has ar- tvsetupdr Sets screen update to virtual screen ranged special 30% discounts tvvidaddr Returns the OMNIVIEW virtual screen address off the list prices of OMNIVIEW and 386MAx for readers of Ra- Messaging Functions OMNIVIEW tvchkmsg Check for a message from process or device dio -Electronics. - normally lists for $89.95; the tvwaitmsg - Wait for a message from a process or device tvsendnw - Send message to a process, don't wait discount price is $62.95. tvsendwait - Send message to process, wait til received 386MAx normally lists for tvsendtime - Send a timed message to a process $74.95; the discount price is tvflushtime - Flush timed messages for a process $52.45. To order, call the number below. Be sure to mention this ar- to the system stack, OMNIVIEW "handle" to the kernel. That han- ticle. The discount expires on stores a pointer to the applica- dle, which is similar but not December 31, 1989. SunnyHill tion stack in the PCB. identical to an expanded -memo- also has separate documenta- In addition to maintaining a ry handle, is actually an index to tion on the OMNIVIEW API; con- system stack for each task, 0M- a memory -control block array. By tact the company for details. NIVIEW stores the CPU registers separating the kernel from the For more information on 0M- whenever it switches out of that memory -management functions, NIVIEW (formerly called Tas- task's context. Doing so allows new memory -management ca- kView), see "Editor's Work- OMNIVIEW to perform a task pabilities can be supported easi- bench," in Radio -Electronics, switch at any time. In addition, ly. In fact, OMNIVIEW's original May 1988. For more informa- OMNIVIEW's system functions MMS didn't include either disk tion on the 386 microprocessor, can put return values of function swapping or the ability to execute see the January, February, and calls in the stored registers before programs in expanded memory. March 1989 issues. returning to an "OMNIVIEW- Adding those functions simply OMNIVIEW, SunnyHill Soft- aware" program. required changing the memory ware, P.O. Box 33711, Seattle, OMNIVIEW's kernel makes manager; the kernel was affected WA 98133-3711. (800) 367-0651 calls to the memory-management minimally. or (206) 367-0650. sub -system (MMS) for any func- To understand the Allocated 386MAx, Qualitas, Inc., 8314 tion that requires memory alloca- Devices section of the PCB, let's Thoreau Drive, Bethesda, MD tion, swapping, or de -allocation. talk about OMNIVIEW device 20817-3164. (301) 469-8848. When a task's memory block is drivers. OMNIVIEW's device driv- Note that the discount is avail- first allocated, the MMS returns a ers are not at all the same as able only through SunnyHill.

81 www.americanradiohistory.com YAP Rates: Ads are 21/4'r x 27/8". One insertion $900. Six insertions $875.each.Twelve insertions $845. each. Closing date same as regular rate card. Send order with R -E remittance to Computer Admart, Radio Electronics Magazine, 500-B Bi -County Computer Admart Blvd., Farmingdale, NY 11735. Direct telephone inquiries to Arline Fishman, area code -516-293-3000. Only 100% Computer ads are accepted for this Admart.'

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CIRCLE 61 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

To control various devices, driver must handle those func- switch. Usually, OMNIVIEW's each task's PCB contains an ar- tions in a way appropriate to its clock routine, which is tied to the ray of device handles that are particular device. That approach 55 -ms hardware clock, calls the supplied by OMNIVIEW's device helps to eliminate all device -spe- routine to preempt the currently drivers when the task is created. cific code from the OMNIVIEW running task. In addition, an The OMNIVIEW kernel knows kernel. OMNIVIEW-aware task can call nothing about what the devices the routine to release the rest of do. It simply calls the driver by Task scheduling its time slice to other running passing the device handle from a Before discussing the next programs. OMNIVIEW devices PCB; thus, the kernel informs three variables in the PCB, let's may also call this routine when the driver when a task is being talk about one of the most impor- they suspend a program which is switched in from mass storage, tant kernel subroutines. This waiting for input or for a physical placed in the foreground or back- routine, SCHEDULE, can be called at device to become available. By ground, or terminated. Each any time to perform a task making SCHEDULE available to any program or OMNIVIEW device, task scheduling can flexibly con- LISTING 1-OVSTATUS PSEUDOCODE form to the processing demands of the currently running tasks. IF OMNIVIEW VERSION > 4 Now let's talk about the Pri- DISPLAY SIGNON MESSAGE ority, Clocks In, and Computable LOOP UNTIL USER PRESSES EXIT KEY State variables in the process LOOP THROUGH POSSIBLE CONSOLE NUMBERS control block. Those variables CONVERT ONE NUMBER TO A PROCESS HANDLE work together to determine when IF PROCESS IS IN THIS CONSOLE and how a task will be scheduled DISPLAY PROCESS INFORMATION for processing time. In brief: ENDIF Priority determines how 0M- ENDLOOP THROUGH PARTITION NUMBERS NIVIEW's SCHEDULE routine DISPLAY LARGEST FREE MEMORY BLOCK chooses which task to switch to, DISPLAY AVAILABLE SWAPPING SPACE Clocks In determines for how long, and SEND A TIMED MESSAGE TO OURSELF Computable be FOR EITHER A MESSAGE OR A KEYSTROKE State can used WAIT to make a task wait. ENDLOOP UNTIL USER PRESSES EXIT KEY When SCHEDULE is called, it will ELSE switch to the next highest pri- DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE ority task that is computable ENDIF (that is not swapped to disk or waiting for a device such as key-

82 www.americanradiohistory.com board input or a foreground screen). If no other tasks besides LISTING 2-OVSTATUS DELAY ROUTINE the current one are computable, unsigned char ovdelay( unsigned num55ms ) it won't switch at all. If only a single task is computable, 0M- /* This function returns after either the number of 55ms NIVIEW exacts no increments specified has passed or a key is struck. more process- If no key was struck, it returns NULL, otherwise it ing overhead than the typical returns the key. TSR that hooks into the key- */ board interrupt, waiting for a { special keystroke combination. long ourphandle, /* Handle of this process */ After a task has been switched msgsource, /* Source of the message */ in, OMNIVIEW counts the clock msgdata; /* Data in the message */ ticks that pass by using the 55 - ms hardware clock interrupt. /* First flush any pending timed messages */ tvflushtime( ourphandle = tvcurphndl() ); When either the number of clock tvsendtime( ourphandle, num55ms ); ticks in Clocks In pass or a higher tvwaitmsg( KBD_OBJID+CLK OBJID, &msgsource, &msgdata ); priority process becomes computable, clock /* If kbd, flush timed messages again and return, the -tick routine else return NULL */ calls SCHEDULE and preempts the return( (msgsource & KBD OBJID) ? currently executing task. Last, the Link To Next PCB al- /* The low word of the message data = key struck if lows OMNIVIEW to store PCB's in keyboard */ tvflushtime( ourphandle ), (unsigned char)msgdata : linked lists, which makes the selection of the next task to sched- /* If timed message, return NULL */ ule more efficient than evaluat- NULL ) ; ing each task individually. The schedule routine can simply look at the priority lists in descending order and choose the first task SunnyHill has built interfaces video I/O or routines that call the that it finds. Tasks that are not to the OAPI for the following lan- BIOS rather than DOS. computable are stored in a wait- guages: Microsoft and Thrbo C; In actual operation, our utility, ing list and need never be exam- Thrbo Pascal versions 3, 4, and 5; and every program that uses 0M- ined at all. and Microsoft assembler. The NIVIEW, must first verify 0M- One other variable type that names of the C functions are NIVIEW's presence, and initialize you should be aware of is the PCB listed in Table 2; unfortunately, the OAPI. That is done by calling handle, or process handle. This there is no space to explain them TVVERSION. That call returns the 32 -bit value allows applications in detail here. Contact SunnyHill version number of the 0M- to specify which tasks they want for a copy of the OAPI interface NIVIEW that is running, or 0 if functions to take action upon. Al- libraries. (The function names OMNIVIEW isn't running at all. though the keyboard device al- begin with the letters to in order Since each version of OMNIVIEW lows keyboard switching from to maintain compatibility with (and TASKVIEW) has been back- task to task by console number, previous versions of OMNIVIEW, ward compatible with previous the OMNIVIEW kernel uses pro- which was formerly known as versions, we just need to make cess handles to identify tasks. So TaskView ) sure that the version returned is that applications can keep track Our example program, OVSTATUS, greater or equal to the minimum of tasks by number, the keyboard is written in Turbo C. It uses sev- version acceptable. The OAPI device provides functions to con- eral of the OAPI functions and documentation mentions which vert console numbers to process should illustrate the general routines are supported in which handles and vice versa. structure of an OMNIVIEW ap- versions. plication. As mentioned before, Once verifying an acceptable you can get a copy of OVSTATUS.0 version number, the utility loops The OAPI (source code) and OVSTATUS.EXE through each possible console Now that we know the basics of from the Gernsback BBS. A typ- number and calls TVGETPHANDLE to OMNIVIEW's structure, let's look ical OVSTATUS display is shown in convert each number to a process at the OMNIVIEW Application Fig. I. handle. If the console does not Programming Interface (OAPI). The C OAPI includes a header contain an active process, The functions available in OAPI file (OMNIVIEWH) that should be in- TVGETPHANDLE returns an error let you start tasks, control the de- cluded at the beginning of any code and the loop moves on. If vices allocated to them, specify OMNIVIEW program. Aside from there is a process, the loop calls their priority, send messages be- clearing the screen and moving TVGETONEINFO to get the status in- tween tasks, kill them, inquire the cursor, we'll use standard I/O formation and displays it on the about tasks, and do other things routines for portability. To speed screen. one might want to do in a multi- up OVSTATUS, you could display After OVSTATUS has finished dis- tasking environment. your output faster with direct playing the status of each pro -

83 www.americanradiohistory.com cess, it calls TVFREEMEM to find the goal: conservation of processor struck. While that approach largest available block of memory resources. When any task waits would give up unused time to and the available swapping for a message, OMNIVIEW puts other tasks in the system, it space. It displays each of those its PCB into a waiting list and would still perform less efficiently and then moves on to the most need never look at it until it re- than that of our OVDELAY function. interesting part of the program. ceives a corresponding message. With the TVSCHED method, we Now OVSTATUS uses TVSENDTIME to That means that while we are would remain in the active pro- send a timed message to itself. waiting for the timed message or cess lists so we would be sched- Knowing that the message will a keystroke, OVSTATUS takes no uled in periodically by 0M- come back at the specified time, processing overhead. NIVIEW according to our priority. it uses TVWAITMSG to wait for either lb separate the delay capability The end result of our program- the time to pass or a keystroke. If from the rest of our program and ming effort is a continuous sta- the message eventually received provide an example of how to use tus display program which takes is a keystroke, it checks to see it, we wrote the function OVDELAY little processing overhead from whether it is the exit key (Esc). If Its source code is shown in List- the system. On an 80386 system, so, the program terminates; oth- ing 2. Since we don't want to it also requires no conventional erwise (if the message was either have extra timed messages sent memory overhead and can run timed, or not the exit key), to us, we flush the timed mes- completely from 386 extended OVSTATUS loops back to where it sages both at the beginning and memory. displays the status of the pro- end of the function. If you're interested in trying cess. Pseudocode for the pro- Another way to implement a your hand at OAPI programming, gram appears as shown in reasonably efficient timed delay you could design a new menu in- Listing 1. would be to continuously check terface for OMNIVIEW; the pres- By using timed messages our the time and call TvscHED until ei- ent one is built around the same utility achieves a very desirable ther the time passed or a key was functions.$CD4

MOTHERBOARD CORRECTION Parts List-Daughterboard The telephone number for continued from page 79 IC1 80386SX Peripheral Technology was IC2-IC5 74F373 printed incorrectly in the June everything in your case. Be care- IC6,IC12 PALI6R8 issue. The correct number ap- ful to route all wires where they IC7 80387SX pears in the box on page 79. do not rub against any rough numeric coprocessor (optional) edges. If you're buying your own IC8 74AHCTOO IC9-IC11 74F74 case, purchase one with cutouts Try the on the rear panel for the 9- and IC13 74F08 25 -pin I/O -port connectors that IC14 74F04 Rails- run via ribbon cable from the IC15 74F125 motherboard. The Peripheral IC16 74F32 Electronics lèchnology kit includes a proper C1-C10 0.1 µF bulletin board case and proper ribbon cables. Circuit board system Also included with the kit is a IC Sockets detailed BIOS setup and diag- (RE-BBS) 7 14 -pin DIP. 1 16 -pin DIP, 6 20 -pin DIP 516-293-2283 nostics manual. With the diag- 1 40 -pin DIP, 1 68 -pin PLCC, 1 68-pin nostics, you can test your header. 1 100 -pin quad flatpack. The more you use it the more keyboard, floppy- and hard -disk useful it becomes. You drives, and video cards, etc. and that all pins are firmly seat- We support 300 and 1200 baud can get to the setup/diagnostics ed. One bent -under pin could operation. routine from DOS at any time by keep the system from booting. rebooting and pressing Fl. If you still can't find a problem, Parameters: 8N1 (8 data bits, no have someone else look over your parity, 1 stop bit) or 7E1 (7 data Troubleshooting work. After you stare at a complex bits, even parity, 1 stop bit). a If you've got problem, the first board for a long time, you're like- Add yourself to our user files to thing to check is your soldering. ly to miss a simple mistake. increase your access. There are many connections on Beyond that, check for proper the board, and we've found that voltages on the motherboard, Communicate with other R -E poorly soldered and even un- that the oscillators are oscillat- readers. soldered joints account for the ing, and that the clock signal is microprocessor. Leave your comments on R -E with vast majority of problems with getting to the the SYSOP. kits. If all else fails, Peripheral Tèch- Also make sure that all IC's are nology will troubleshoot your RE-BBS inserted into the correct sockets, board for a reasonable fee; call for 516-293-2283 that they're oriented correctly, details..CD4 84 www.americanradiohistory.com Rates: Ads are 214" x 21". One insertion $900. Six insertions $875. each Twelve insertions $845.each. Closing date same as regular rate card. Send order with remittance to Engineering Admart, Radio Electronics Magazine, 500-B Bi -County R -E Engineering Admart Blvd., Farmingdale, NY 11735. Direct telephone inquiries to Arline Fishman, area code -516-293-3000. Only 100% Engineering ads are accepted for this Admart.

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Y coordinate. thicker than normal, so you'll have DRAWING BOARD When you jump a trace from one to use larger pads to accommo- continued from page 74 side of the board to the other, you date the larger holes. You could should try to make the side -to -side also use the more -expensive ma- connection on the leg of a compo- chined sockets. to do that if you've put all the pad nent, since it will save you some Another alternative is to add a centers on intersection points of work when you get to the drilling small trace to the IC pin and put the graph paper. and soldering stage. the feedthrough there (see Fig. 4). Once you've made the decision The only exception to that rule It's a bit more cumbersome but it's to go double -sided, every time has to do with IC legs. Since all the going to make your job a lot easier you put a component on the foil IC's are going to be socketed (sol- later on. side (the first one we started), you dering IC's to the board is a really Next month we'll talk about should mark its location on the bad idea), and since the socket some more layout considerations. component side of the board as should sit flush against the surface We'll get into producing the final well. The horizontal line you've of the board, it will be hard to sol- artwork, and then go over what drawn is the zero baseline for your der the socket's pins on both sides has to be done to generate the layout. As you can see in Fig. 3, of the board. You can use a wire - printing negative. each pair of pads has very similar wrap socket and leave the socket Oh yeah, I'll also be announcing coordinates-the only difference slightly above the board, but the the winner of the EPROM contest; between them is in the sign of the legs on a wire -wrap socket are so stay tuned. R -E

Motorola's Specs in Secs IBM com- book, and my Active Filter Cook- HARDWARE HACKER patible data disk at no charge. As book. I do try and keep auto- at continued from page 69 always, get results by making your graphed copies on hand here sample and other freebie requests Synergetics, along with alI the on your own laser printed busi- complete sets of my "Hardware coder, intended for all those new ness letterheads. Hacker" reprints from Radio -Elec- extended range broadcast stereo Some really great used comput- tronics, and my "Ask the Guru" re- FM services. National has a pair of er bargains, Apple and otherwise, prints from my sister column in interesting data sheets out, one on are available through Richard Computer Shopper. their LM1951 high side driver, and Harold of Shreve Systems. They As usual, this is your column. one on their LM12C op amp with a are now selling brand new Frank- and you can get technical help and 150 -watt rating. lin keyboards at $12 each in single off-the-wall networking per that Three free samples of Motorola quantity. "Need Help?" box. Best calling TMOS power control transistors Turning to my own stuff, be sure times are 8-5 weekdays, Mountain are newly available through Hall - to check into my three classics, the Standard Time (MST) year round. Mark Electronics. They also offer CMOS Cookbook, TTL Cook- Please let us hear from you. R -E

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( )

SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA: Special Category: $25.00

Models 85008550-8580. . $275.00 0 SA -3 [Add -On Descramblerl $ 99.00 m PLEASE PRINT EACH WORD SEPARATELY, IN BLOCK LETTERS. JERROLD: O9 (No refunds or credits for typesetting errors can be made unless you clearly print or type your SB -3 [Inband Gated $ 74.00 Sync( zAc copy.) Rates indicated for TRI -BI [Trimode/Bistate $ 95.00 are standard style classified ads only. See below for additional Ñz charges for 15 EiA OAK: óvO special ads. Minimum: words. 2 M -35B [Combo W/Vari-sync] $ 99.00 wv co J Z N-12 [Add -On W/Vari-sync[ _ $ 89.00 z5 HAMLIN: No 1 2 4 0 MLD-1200 [Add -On( $ 89.00 i 3 5 ZENITH: (Z -TAC Descramblerl . $169.00 CONVERTERS: [80-Channels(.$ 95.00 6 7 8 9 10 N.A.S. INTERNATIONAL LONG BEACH, CA (213) 631-3552

11 12 13 14 15 ($46.50) DESCRAMBLERS. All brands. Special combo Jer- rold 400 and SB3 $165. Complete cable de - scrambler kit $39. Complete satellite descrambler kit $45.00. Free catalog. MJM INDUSTRY, Box 531, 16 ($49.60) 17 ($52.70) 18 ($55.80) 19 ($58.90) 20 ($62.00) Bronx, NY 10461-0531. BANDSTOP filters -Clear up channels affected by interfering signals. Channels 2, 3, 4, 8,14,15,16, 17, 21 ($65.10) 22 ($68.20) 23 ($71.30) 24 ($74.40) 25 ($77.50) 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22 available. $20 each - 10 for $130. dB ELECTRONICS, PO Box 98031, Las Vegas, NV 89193-8031. 26 ($80.60) 27 ($83.70) 28 29 T.V. tunable notch filters. Free brochure. D.K. VID- ($86.80) ($89.90) 30 ($93.00) EO, Box 63/6025, Margate, FL 33063. (305) 752-9202. IS it true... Jeeps for $44 through the government? 31 ($96.10) 32 ($99.20) 33 ($102.30) 34 ($105.40) 35 ($108.50) Call for facts! (312) 742-1142 Ext. 4673. We accept MasterCard and Visa for payment of orders. If you wish to use your credit card to pay for your ad fill ELECTRONIC components. Free 192 page cata- in the following additional information (Sorry, no telephone orders can be accepted.): log including capacitors, resistors, relays, connectors, soldering equipment and supplies. BOX 699, Mansfield, TX 76063. 1 (800) 992-9943.

Card Number Expiration Date FREE CATALOG FAMOUS "FIRESTIK" BRAND CB ANTENNAS AND ACCESSORIES. QUALITY PRODUCTS FOR THE SERIOUS CB'er. SINCE 1962 FIRESTIK ANTENNA COMPANY Please Print Name Signature 2614 EAST ADAMS PHOENIX, ARIZONA 85034 IF YOU USE A BOX NUMBER YOU MUST INCLUDE YOUR PERMANENT ADDRESS AND PHONE NUMBER FOR OUR FILES. ADS SUBMITTED WITHOUT THIS INFORMATION WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. TEST equipment pre -owned now at affordable prices. Signal generators from $50. Oscilloscopes CLASSIFIED COMMERCIAL RATE: (for firms or individuals offering commercial products or services) from $50, other equipment, including manuals avail- $3.10 per word prepaid (no charge for zip code)...MINIMUM 15 WORDS. 5% discount for same ad in 6 able. Send for catalog J.B. ELECTRONICS, 9518 issues; 10% discount for same ad in 12 issues within one year; if prepaid. NON-COMMERCIAL RATE: (for Grand Ave., Franklin Park, IL 60131. (312) 451-1750. individuals who want to buy or sell a personal item) $2.50 per word, prepaid....no minimum. ONLY FIRST WORD AND NAME set in bold caps at no extra charge. Additional bold face (not available as all caps) 55c RENTAL movie stabilizer. Connect between VCRs per word additional. Entire ad in boldface, $3.70 per word. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE AD: $3.85 per or to monitor. Satisfaction guaranteed. $69.95, $4 word. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE AD PLUS ALL BOLD FACE AD: $4.50 per word EXPANDED handling. 1 (800) 367-7909. TYPE AD: $4.70 per word prepaid. Entire ad in boldface, $5.60 per word. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE EXPANDED TYPE AD: $5.90 per word. TINT SCREEN BEHIND ENTIRE EXPANDED TYPE AD PLUS GATED Pulse descrambler as described in De- ALL BOLD FACE AD: $6.80 per word. DISPLAY ADS: 1" x 2" x 21/4"-$770.00; 3" x cember '88 Radio -Electronics article. Partial kit 2/4'-$385.00; 21/4'-$1155.00. General Information: Frequency rates and prepayment discounts are available. ALL $25.00. Works on in -band, out-band, AM or FM COPY SUBJECT TO PUBLISHERS APPROVAL. ADVERTISEMENTS USING P.O. BOX ADDRESS WILL reference and pilotless systems. Canadian orders NOT BE ACCEPTED UNTIL ADVERTISER SUPPLIES PUBLISHER WITH PERMANENT ADDRESS add $2.00 shipping. Cannot accept Ariz. orders. AND PHONE NUMBER. Copy to be in our hands on the 12th of the third month preceding the of the Allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery. Write for date catalog. issue. CYBERNETWORKS, Box 41850, Phoenix, AZ (i.e., Aug. issue copy must be received by May 12th). When normal closing date falls on Saturday, 85080. Sunday or Holiday, issue closes on preceding working day. Send for the classified brochure. Circle Number 49 on the Free Information Card.

86 www.americanradiohistory.com CABLE converters and descramblers. Call or -TV write for free catalog. Includes Jerrold, Oak, Zenith, CABLE Hamlin, Scientific Atlanta, many more. NU -TEK ELECTRONICS, 5114 Balcones Woods Dr. #307, Suite 298, Austin, TX 78759-5212. (512) 250-5031. RARE, dual element, magnetodiodes with flux con- centrator; 3 for $10 with datasheets. Allow 3-4 weeks for postpaid delivery. PROCTOR, 1507 Brooks, Rosenberg, TX 77471. CABLE descrambler liquidation. Major makes and models available. Industry pricing! (Example: Hamlin Combo's, $44 each...minimum 10 orders). Dealers only! Call WEST COAST ELEC- TRONICS, (818) 709-1758.

MICROWAVE TV RECEIVERS 1.9 to 2.7 GHz 2 CH Compact Dish System - $77.95 5 CH Dish System - $93.95 12 CH Yagi (Rod) System - $123.95 BONANZA! 30 CH Dish System -$163.90 Yagi-$183.90 10 OR SUN MICROWAVE INTL. INC. Send for $100 ITEM U1NIT MORE P.O. BOX 34522 catalog on these PHOENIX. AZ 85067 and other fine HAMLIN MCC .100036 CORDED REMOTE CONVERTER ,Ch 1lolly 2900 1800 Iú02! 230-0640 video products. PANASONIC WIRELESS CONVERTER Ionr best boy, 9800 7900 VISA/MC/COD QUANTITY DISCOUNTS UFETIME WARRANTY STAR GATE 2000 88 00 69 00 'JERROLD 400 COMBO 169 00 31900 JERROLD 400 HAND REMOTE CONTROL 29 00 18 00 LASER Listener II, other projects. Surveillance, 'JERROLD 450 COMBO 199 00 139 00 descrambling, false identification, information. 'JERROLD 450 HAND REMOTE CONTROL 2900 1800 Plans, other Informational pack- . JERROLD SB -ADD-ON 9900 6300 age $.300 refundable.e. DIRIJO/BOND ELEC- "JERROLD SB -ADD-ON WITH TRIMODE 10900 7500 TRONICS, Box 212, Lowell, NC 28098. 'M-35 B COMBO UNIT ICh 3 output only( 9900 7000 RESISTOR cabinet- 5000 quality 3/4w 5% carbon 'M-35 B COMBO UNIT WITH VARISYNC 10900 7500 film resistors. 100 per value in 50 labeled drawers. 'MINICODE IN -121 9900 6200 $79.95 plus $5.00 shipping (check, MO). KENTEX 'MINICODE IN -121 WITH VARISYNC 10900 6500 INDUSTRIES, PO Box 1314, St. Charles, MO 'MINICODE VARISYNC WITH AUTO ON-OFF 14500 10500 63302. ECONOCODE Im(nlcode suhst,wtri 6900 4200 CABLE TV descramblers, Jerrold, Scientific Atlan- ECONOCODE WITH VARISYNC 7900 4600 ta, Zenith, most major brands. Dealer inquiries wel- 'MLD-1200-31Ch 3output( 9900 6200 come. Visa -M/C accepted. E & O VIDEO, 9691 E. 'MLD-1200-2 ICh 2 output I 9900 6200 265th Street, Elko, MN 55020. 1 (800) 638-6898. 'ZENITH SSAVI CABLE READY 17500 12500 INTERFERENCE FILTERS ICh 3 only, 2400 1400 ENGINEERING software, PC/MSDOS. Hob- 'EAGLE PD -3 DESCRAMBLER ICh 3 milp,,I only, 11900 6500 byists - students - engineers. Circuit de- 'SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA ADD-ON REPLACEMENT DESCRAMRL ER 11900 8500 sign, FFT analysis, mathematics, logic 'CALL FOR AVAILARII ITy simulation, circuit analysis. Free catalog, Output Price TOTAL (614) 491-0832, BSOFT SOFTWARE, 444 Quantity Item Channel Each PRICE Colton Rd., Columbus, OH 43207. SURPLUS ELECTRONICS. New giant wholesale catalog. Hundreds of amazing bargains. $2. Box 840, Champlain, NY 12919. SOLAR electric systems. Discount prices. SUN POWER -TEXAS, PO Box 2788A -R, Freeport, TX 77541. (409) 233-8350. California Penal Code #593-D forbids us SUBTOTAL CABLE TV converters: Jerrold, Oak, Scientific At- from shipping any cable descrambling unit Shipping Add lantic, Zenith & many others. f1New MTS" stereo to anyone residing in the state of California. $3.00 per unit add-on: mute & volume. Ideal for 400 and 450 COD & Credit Prices subject to change without notice. owners! 1 (800) 826-7623, Amex, Visa, M/C accept- Cards - Add 5% ed. B & B INC., 4030 Beau -D -Rue Drive, Eagan, TOTAL MN 55122. DI CACC DOIGIT Name CB RADIO OWNERS! Address City State Zip Phone Number ( We specialize in a wide variety of technical information, parts and services for CB radios. 10 -Meter and FM conversion kits, repair Cashier's Check D Money Order D COD Visa Mastercard books, plans, high-performance accessories. Thousands of Acct # Exp. Date 19761 satisfied customer since Catalog $2. Signature CBC INTERNATIONAL P.O. BOX 31500RE, PHOENIX, AZ 85046 FOR OUR RECORDS: DECLARATION OF AUTHORIZED USE - I, the undersigned, do hereby declare under penalty of penury that all products purchased, now and in the future, will only be used on cable TV systems with proper authorization from local officials or cable company officials in accordance with all applicable federal and RESTRICTED technical information: Electronic state laws. FEDERAL AND VARIOUS STATE LAWS PROVIDE FOR SUBSTANTIAL CRIMINAL AND CIVIL surveillance, schematics, locksmithing, covert sci- PENALTIES FOR UNAUTHORIZED USE. ences, hacking, etc. Huge selection. Free bro- chures. MENTOR -Z, Drawer 1549, Asbury Park, NJ Dated- Signed' 07712. CABLE TV descramblers. All equipment tested before shipped out. You've tried the rest, now try the best. I & R ELECTRONICS, (213) 942-7148. Pacific Cable Company, Inc. TUBES, new, up to 90% off list. KIRBY, 298 West 73251/2 RESEDA BLVD., DEPT. # R-8 RESEDA, CA 91335 Carmel Drive, Carmel, IN 46032. (818) YOUR cable TV converters and de - 716-5914 No Collect Calls (818) 716-5140 scramblers bargain headquarters. Zenith, Jerrold, Scientific Atlanta, Tocom, Hamlin. IMPORTANT: WHEN CALLING FOR INFORMATION Please have the make and model # of the Oak M35B $60.00. Call now (415) 584-1627. equipment used in your area. Thank You

87 www.americanradiohistory.com CABLE TV CONVERTERS CB tricks booklet. Modifications, tune-ups, chan- SINGERS! nel expansion, clarifier tricks. Send $19.95 to MEDI- & EQUIPMENT REMOVE VOCALS CINE MAN CB, PO Box 37, Clarksville, AR 72830. FROM RECORDS AND CDs! FM transmitter 88 to 108 MHZ kit $12.95. SIERRA ELECTRONICS, Box 709, Elfers, FL 34680-0709. ELECTRONIC kits! Transmitters! Recorders! , Phone devices! Bug detectors! Surveillance items! More! Catalog $1.00: XANDI ELECTRONICS, Box 25647, 60S, Tempe, AZ 85285-5647. it INVESTIGATORS, experimenters. Quality new 6`L4 plans. Hard to find micro and restricted devices. Free catalog. SASE. KELLEY SECURITY, INC., Suite 90, 2531 Sawtelle Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90064. CIRCUIT boards for projects in this magazine (and past issues) about half price. KLAY-CORPORA- ONE 10+ SING WITH THE WORLD'S BEST BANDS! TION, 106 Mark Drive, Syracuse, NY 13209-1808. UNIT UNITS An Unlimited supply of Backgrounds from standard PANASONIC WIRELESS PRINTED circuit boards etched & drilled. Free deliv- CONVERTER 1403N 85.00 ...74.00 stereo records! Record with your voice or perform live with the backgrounds. Used in Professional Performance ery. K & F ELECTRONICS, INC., 33041 Groesbeck, JERROLD 400 COMBO W/ REMOTE Fraser, MI 48026. (313) 294-8720. (DRX3DIC) 134.00 100.00 yet connects easily to a home component stereo. This Exclusively by JERROLD 400 OR 450 REMOTE unique product is manufactured and sold RADIO astronomy! Monthly magazine, books, HAND UNIT 24.00 ...15.00 LT Sound - Not sold through dealers. Call or write for a components. $3.00 brings sample package. BOB'S JERROLD JR X 3DIC 84.00 ...65.00 Free Brochure and Demo Record. ELECTRONIC SERVICE, 7605 Deland, Ft. Pierce, JERROLD SB ADD ON 74.00 ...55.00 LT Sound, Dept.R L-3,7980 LT Parkway FL 34951. JERROLD SB ADD ON WITH TRI -BI 95.00 ...75.00 Lithonia, GA 30058 (404) 482-4724 Plans, Manufactured and Sold Exclusively by LT Sound DETECTION - surveillance, debugging. OAK M-35 COMBO 79.00 ...50.00 kits, assembled devices. Latest high-tech catalog 24 HOUR PHONE DEM r LINE: /404/482.2485 OAK MINICODE (N-12) 84.00 ...59.00 $5. DETECTION SYSTEMS, 2515 E. Thomas, OAK ECONOCODE (E-13) 64.00 ...40.00 #16-864F, Phoenix, AZ 85016. MLD 1200 64.00 ...55.00 HAMLIN BELOW wholesale! ICs, transistors, capacitors, SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA SA -3 ADD ON . 109.00 ...80.00 switches. Special: 27128-25 $3.25. Z8OACPU INTERFERENCE FILTER $1.00. Flyer. SANTECH, 11 Revere Place, Tappan, PAY TV AND SATELLITE DESCRAMBLING (CHANNEL 3 OR 6) 24.00 ...14.00 NY 10983. (914) 359-1130. NEW... 1989 EDITION... NEW SCIENTIFIC ATLANTA 83 CHANNEL tum-ons, harassment and CONVERTER 95.00 ...80.00 PARTS for RE projects. Low prices, no minimum. The newest systems, parameters, Inductors, transformers, diodes, semiconductors, countermeasures being used by and against cable, wireless PIONEER CONVERTER BA 4500 and satellite operators. New original information $15.95. Pay SERIES 100.00 chokes, capacitors, ferrites, etc. Catalog $1.00 (re- ...85.00 TV Vol. 1 $14.95. Volume 2 $12.95. Experiences with VC TOMCOM VIP Call for price and availability funded first order). JS PRODUCTS, Box 160113, $12.95. MDS/MMDS Handbook $9.95. Build Satellite Sys- ZENITH FLASHING Call for price and availability Cupertino, CA 95016. tems Under $600. $12.95. Any 3/528 or 6/$42. Scrambling Scrambling News Year 1 ZENITH SSAVI Call for price and availability News Monthly $24.95/yr Sample $3. TOCOM 5503 V.I.P. complete circuit "turns on" de - (200 pages) $22.95. New Spring Catalog $1 or call. EAGLE PD-3 Call for price and availability All modes; inverted video. scrambler. channels, crambling News,155 r erte ve., ; u' a o, $36.00. MIKE, Box 2837, Champaign, IL 61825-2837. N.Y. 14216 COD's 716-874-2088 VIDEO -LINK C.O.D's. CATALOG: hobby/broadcasting/HAM/CB: Cable Enterprises, Inc. Quality Microwave TV Antennas TV, transmitters, amplifiers, surveillance devices, computers, more! PANAXIS, Box 130-F8, Para- Multi -Channel 1.9 to 2.7 GHz. 40dB Gain 165 W. PUTNAM AVE. dise, CA 95967. 30 -Channel System complete $149.95 GREENWICH, CT 06830 12 -Channel System complete $104.95 CB super modulation, make your CB sound super 2 -Channel System complete $79.95 loud. Plans only $12.95 or kit and plans $24.95. (203) 622-4386 141111183 -Tech Electronics MEDICINE MAN CB, PO Box 37, Clarksville, AR 72830. MONDAY - FRIDAY 10 AM - 5:30 PM, E.S.T. POE Box 8533 Scottsdale, AI 15252 LIFETIME (602) 947-7700 1300 Credit all phone orders!, SURVEILLANCE equipment design gives 58 MasterCard Visa COOS Qua ntuv Priem¢ IMPORTANT: Have make and model WARRANTY schematics of Sheffield Electronics' surveillance de- # of the equipment used in your area. vices. Circuits explained. Transmitters range from pens to one -mile VOX's including crystal, subcarrier, r PLANS AND KITS carrier current, infrared, firefly, automobile. Demod- ulators given. Cube tap and duplex mains powered I OUTPUT PRICE TOTAL 1 BUILD this five -digit panel meter and square -wave QTY ITEM CHANNEL EACH PRICE transmitters presented. Eighteen telephone trans- I 1 generator including an ohms, capacitance and fre- mitters are leech and battery types including crystal I 1 quency meter. Detailed instructions $2.50. BAG- and subcarrier. Countermeasures chapter. Much NALL ELECTRONICS, 179 May, Fairfield, CT 1 I more. This 81/2 x 11 inch 110 -page book is illustrated 06430. I I with photographs. Price $30.00 + $4.00 S & H. First FM class mail U.S. & Canada. One -day processing, pay I NO CONNECTICUT SALES. It SUBTOT. 1 stereo transmitter. Transmit your VCR/CD/ with Money Order or Cashier's Check. Send to: I is not the intent of VIDEO -LINK Shipping I Walkman to any FM stereo radio. One chip does it o defraud any pay television $3 mop all! Free schematic and info. Send a self addressed/ WINSTON ARRINGTON, 7223 Stony Island Ave., I operator and we will not assist - I stamped envelope to: DJ INC., 847A Second Ave., Chicago, IL 60649-2806. COD: any company or individual in I Add 5% Suite 113, New York, NY 10017. SURVEILLANCE, debugging, protection. Worlds doing so. I largest new catalog - $5.00 kits - assembled - TOTAL 1 PLEASE PRINT: 1 all price ranges. TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, 829 REMOTE CONTROL KEYCHAIN Ginette Street, Gretna, LA 70056. CASHIER'S CHECK M.O. C.O.D Complete w/mini-transmitter QUALITY electronic index card club. Send $1.00 NAME I and +5 vdc RF receiver for introductory kit or write us. RS MARKETING, ADDRESS 1 Fully assembled including plans to build your own auto alarm 414 Teresa Road, Elizabethtown, KY 42701. CITY/STATE/ZIP I Quantity discounts available TV your TV to 7 foot PHONE 1 PROJECTION Convert project Checkisa or M/Ç picture... Easy... Results comparable to $2,500 proj- SIGNATURE $19.19.95 Add $ 2vshipping ectors... Plans and 8" Lens $24.95... Professional WAIVER. Since I, the undersigned, fully 1 VISITECT INC. (415) 872-0128 systems available... Illustrated catalog free... understand that the ownership of a cable decoder 1 PO BOX 5442, SO. SAN'FRAN. , CA 94080 MACROCOMA, 15GL Main Street, Washington does not give the owner of the decoder the right to 1 Crossing, PA 18977. Creditcard orders 24 Hrs. (215) decode or view premium cable channels without 736-3979. proper authorization from their local cable company, hereby declare under penalty of perjury that all DESCRAMBLING, new secret manual. Build your products purchased, at any time, will only be used own descramblers for cable and subscription TV. on cable TV systems with proper authorization from Instructions, schematics, for SSAVI, gated sync, local officials or cable company officers in sinewave, (HBO, Cinemax, Showtime, UHF, Adult) accordance with all applicable federal and state $8.95, $2 postage. CABLETRONICS, Box 30502R, DESCRAMBLER MODULE laws. Federal and various state laws provide for Bethesda, MD 20814. substantial criminal and civil penalties for LATEST technology alternative to Jerrold SB -3 or unauthorized use. CONSTRUCT and package industrial circuits using Radio -Electronics Feb. 1984 project. Featuring I E -Z Buss prototyping system. Free brochure. NA- electronic tuning, AGC, auto-on/off, AC/DC power, Dated: Signed: TIONAL SYSTEMS, Suite 150, 17 Hammatt Street, mini -size, A&T, and more. For literature - SOUTH - J Ipswich, MA 01938. (508) 356-1011. TECH DISTRIBUTING, (813) 527-2190. CIRCLE 64 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 88

www.americanradiohistory.com SATELLITE TV CABLE T.V. CONVERTERS ASSEMBLE YOUR OWN CABLE TV secrets - the outlaw publication the WHY PAY A HIGH MONTHLY FEE? COMPUTER FOR LE$$ cable companies tried to ban. HBO, Movie Channel, Showtime, descramblers, converters, etc. Sup- IBM XT 10 MHz Compatible Kit $379 711- plier's list included $8.95. CABLE FACTS, Box 4.77/10 MHz Motherboard R, Pataskala, OH 43062. 256KB RAM (640KB max) VIDEOCYPHER II descrambling manual, sche- 150W Power Supply matics, video and audio. Explains DES, EPROM, Floppy Disk Controller CloneMaster, 3Musketeer. Pay -per -view (HBO, Cin- One 51/4' 360KB Drive emax, Showtime, adult, etc.) $13.95, $2 postage. MonoGraphics Card w/ P CABLETRONICS, Box 30502R, Bethesda, MD 101 Key Keyboard 20814. Case (3LED,2Button,Key) 12' Amber Mono Monitor DESCRAMBLERS for movies, networks, $175, vid- Oak, Hamlin, Zenith, Scientific Installation Guide & Manual eo only $450 complete. Visa, MC accepted. Catalog All Jerrold, $4. SKYWATCH, 238 Davenport Road, Toronto, Atlanta, Magnavox and all specialized cable IBM AT 12 MHz Compatible Kit $705 Canada, M5R 1J6. equipment available for shipment within 24 8112 MHz Motherboard hours. For fast service MC / VISA or C.O.D. 512 KB RAM (4 MB max) 200W Power Supply 648-3030 telephone orders accepted (800) Floppy Disk Controller 60 Day Guarantee (Quantity Discounts) One 5 1/4' 1.2 MB Drive SCRAMBLE FACTS 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. C.S.T. CLOSED WEEK- MonoGraphics Card w/ P ENDS. Send self-addressed Stamped enve- 101 Key Keyboard Case (3LED,2Button,Key) 718-343-0130 lope (60C postage) for Catalog. 12' Amber Mono Monitor PHONE TODAY for 3 minutes of P.O. Box 5000 Installation Guide & Manual f ill)WEST Suite 311 (R) ELECTROr11CS If1C. Display Upgrade: Hard Drive Option: satellite TV industry news, technical Carpentersville, IL 60110 CGA Package $200 20MB w/CTRL XT -$275 AT -$315 EGA Package $455 30MB w/CTRL XT -$310 AT -$410 tips, and new product information. No Illinois Orders Accepted. VGA Package $500 40MB w/CTRL XT -$390 AT -$415 MS-DOS with GWBASIC $75 All Componants Fully Tested Before Ship VISA & M/C subject to 3% surcharge FREE catalog systems, Upgrades, Houston, Uni - Price & Quantity subject to change without prior notice den, Chaparral, etc. Save $$$$$ SKYVISION, 2009 15% Restocking Fee on All Items Collegeway, Fergus Falls, MN 56537. 1 (800) VIDEOCIPHER II manuals. Volume 1 - hardware, 334-6455. Volume 2 - software. Either $32.45. Volume 3 - JINCO COMPUTERS INC. projectssoftware - $42.45. Volume 4 - repair - DESCRAMBLER: Build our low cost video only, $97.45. COD's (602) 782-2316. Catalog - $3.00. 5122 WALNUT GROVE AVE. satellite TV descrambler for most satellite channels. TELECODE, Box 6426-R, Yuma, AZ 85366-6426. Uses easy to get, everyday parts. Boards & plans SAN GABRIEL, CA 91776 $35.00 US funds. Board, plans & parts $99.00 US SATELLITE TV systems - parts and components Tel: (818) 309-1108 funds. Wired & tested unit $189.00 US funds. Send - all major brands. Absolutely the lowest prices check, money order or Visa to: VALLEY MICRO- possible. We buy direct from manufacturers. Vid- Fax: (818) 309-1107 WAVE ELECTRONICS, Bear River, Nova Scotia, eociphev repair service. SAT-TRONICS, PO Box IBM, XT, AT are registered trademarks of Canada BOS 1B0 or phone (902) 467-3577. 8am to 18195, 131 E. Norwich, Columbus, OH 43218. Visa - International Business Machine. 4pm eastern time. Note: educational project only. MC 1 (800) 232-2445 - orders only 24 hrs. (614) Not to be used illegally. 353-3474 for tech info. CIRCLE 186 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

14.95 SCR's PAL'S 5258 CPU'{&CHIPS RAM% TRANSISTOR SPECIAL TRIAC's 36 74HC SERIES 1032225 e0 RCA. HC 2500 1612 + 8090. 2.75 8086 8,00 5844010018.12 30.00 1.54 6A 354 25A p8V IA 104 7400O2 35 74.00125 50 7492257 55 60 WATTS S34Á5 1684 280A CPU 1.75 8088 7.50 .70 TIP 31B NPN S. TO.720 E .40 74HCI33 50 7460259 .60 16060 2 211023 100 .35 .40 1.40 *90 .35 1.00 7411001 .35 SOLID STATE MYBRI p Z808 CPU 3.75 TIP 328 PNP S. T0.220 3 .40 74HC137 .75 7/NC273 .80 160 8 2.75 81552 2.75 2018 1.50 .40 .50 1.80 200 .50 1.00 774HC08 .36 LINEAR AND AUDIO AMP .. .. .70 IBLBA . 280Á CTC 8202 9.00 21014.4 1.60 TIP 34 PNP 1 f 95 X010 .35 74.X138 74X0364 .B5 3.50 400 .60 .70 2.40 9.00 400 .70 *'20 ]400139 .45 BAND WIDTH 70 K6z at 16004 280.0 DART 5.25 8203 16.00 21114 1.75 TIP 111 E 50 ]10017 .40 ]400373 .80 J50 800 .80 100 3.60 12.00 800 1.00 1.60 .65 .80 80 WATTS, 7 AMP OUTPUT 20084 3.95 1.05200NPN Si U84 5 .60 710020 .35 7400153 74X0374 280. DMA 6.50 8212 2.26 21121 1.95 TIP 122 10X015/ 1 ]6 ]4X0533 P10 NPN 097 11.00 71-030 .36 1.35 280. 1.85 8210 3.)5 21142 1.00 TIP 141 SI LINEAR CIRCUITS 400157 .50 )4110634 115 TANTALUM CAPACITORS 280.510 6.50 150 1.06 TIP 146 5135 7/HC32 .36 8216 21181 710.50 -46 7490162 .55 0405-5)3 2.60 291307 PNP GETOS 8.40 -00620 95 3,0393 aO MC1391 100 27ÚF 35V 5/51.00 12ÚF 10V 3151.00 2806 StO 9.95 8224 2.26 2147.3 2.50 )48C74 .40 74X0163 56 )490640 2.60 82043 4.70 8236 1.60 3242 6.00 DPOWER U 1107229 1.00 0F411Á 1.25 1456 50 70HC75 '40 7400174 .80 74904 0 2.60 60ÚF 35V 5161.00 30131 10V S 20 74910175 Á.0D2901 400 8237.5 860 7.053400 1.75 POWER DAM-. fá.95 11072 7.00 Lí411 1.25 1458 _50 )46076 ,40 .60 741404020 .60 1ÚF2 VV 516100 30F 6V 6/51.50 .10 6502 3.25 3.96 9540273 _90 292222 NPN Sr TO -92....7/31.00 LMABCT .60 Á05061H 2.50 011808 ,.)5 74.086 .70 ]4901]5 ]4X0020 1.10 5/11.00 330F 28V 8.90 8238 )400194 .)0 6622 3.50 82509 6.75 1015405091 1.76 292907 PNP Si 70.92...-741.00 11062 .90 537 1.60 U092903Á.75 7411086 .AO 71001068 .80 2,2ÚF 20V 641.90 47VF 20V .85 74X.41 744.21511 3.20 6800 1.75 8251-. 2.40 11 1.25 TIP 2956 PNP Si 1 .70 F1084 1.00 LM556 .29 Á92.W1 4.95 746010] .36 3.30F 20V 4/11.00 68UF 20V $1.00 .40 70024 .75 71140538 lÁ0 6802 4.50 8253 1.75 41083 1.60 2930559PN 51103 1.80 002018P 1.40 19658 .16 012901 .95 74.0108 .-¡,,52.¡' 4,70F 20V 441,00 100F 180 51.10 7190111 .40 .75 ]1-0613 1./0 6803E 8.00 826646 1.85 41152 .70 .0)330557 3.80 LM201 .75 558 1.10 0Á3018 195 710029 .80 89ÚF 20V 4/31.00 330UF 10V 51.75 6609 5.50 8257 2.40 4118-4 1.75 293772 NPN SI TOO 81.26 18301 .35 40561 3.00 CA3045 1.50 100F 20V 3 AO 6810 1.75 8259 2.40 418415 40 29390 NPN 11092....)41.0 18307 .45 690 1.75 C43069E 1.50 74LS SERIES DISC CAPACITOfl3 6821 1.75 82724 4.75 MK4802 500 293908 PNP Si 10.92.. .. 7751.00 151308 .66 565 90 0.3089E 1.75 194148 740500 1] 7005111 .29 )415241 .65 .1OF 16V.. 10/8100. 100/08.00 6805 4.60 6275 9.00 Z610á 2.50 294901 PNP Si 703 11.00 LM311 .45 555 1.26 CÁ3084 1.30 700501 17 7/05113 .33 74LS T 4 2 65 .01ÚF 100/35.00 15/1.00 6850 1.75 4.60 295296 NPN TO -220 $ .50 LM318 1.00 587 ]5 CA3130 .90 369.. 1641.00. 82795 2.75 81183 .17 )45114 33 7405243 .66 296109 PNP Si TO -220 1M319 1.10 NE570 2.50 CA3140 .76 )4502 803180 3.75 8284 2.50 62641,10 9.80 8.55 740503 .17 7406122 70 7410244 65 REGULATORS 8035 1.75 19324 .35 NE542 .95 503543 .70 8288 4.75 811812 2.95 MRF-801/4 CM RE NPN ..: $ .75 741604 .17 745123 45 7415245 .75 145390 56.95 323511414061...52.95 909 5.00 5355 9 NON 5/91 LM33B .50 79009 .80 553544 1.00 78106 12.95 01266-12 00 741305 .17 745125 .35 7415246 1.40 or 12 6.70 1833) 51.76 8008 3009AONP 700V LM318 .85 JIICH .80 90ßÁ131.]s 7.05992790996 4125615 10.008.00 MP5442 $1,00- .11 7415126 .J5 745247 .75 78905, 12 or 16'.. .40 L8JS8K 83.75 80864 2.76 -F351 .O6 733 .85 0.03800 680005 8'50 .50745243741509 .17 7415132 .3B .66 LM906 $ .75 3407.5.6,5,11 9516450 12.95 LF353 .]6 734 1.50 4136 .86 2.90)10800160 741510 7415251 45 3096 81.25 15,18 or 24V.... $5 .45 )1170 .17 7015136 .35 19.95 TTL IC SERIES _ F355 .35 741CV .28 805000 1.75 68000112 ROM's 74173 76 74511 .20 )41513) .90 7415253 a5 1.93177 8 .90 723 f /6 68881 95.00 DISC .85 747 95534 .76 1952051 4.50 800) 19 7480 .45 ]11]1 .55 74512 .27 7410138 39 )40525] .39 3207-5.13.16 prN 5.65 C00í!01101{ 1.0358 .05 0Á030I8 291E35695 N5fi88A 1.50 1P518542 3.50 7401 .19 7183 50 74175 .85 74513 25 045139 30 ]405258 a5 525123 1.50 97650 0.50 7402 2486 1.0370 1.60 4000009 806090 1.00 PP11 OloTnoctor 341.00 .19 55 74178 741510 .36 745146 .70 7415259 1.20 REGISTERS 825128 135 1771 4.75 19380 .85 CNN .95 3.95 100 Photo )103 .19 36 .56 25 )45147 1.00 a5 991402 825129 1.95 1]91 9.50 3¡;44," LM344 1.60 .001310 8.00 8138000) 5.95 ]40515 RSLED ..2" 10/81.00 740 .19 7489 1.90 .76 .17 7419148 .90 745288 .55 91403 1.75 829130 1.05 1793 9.5$ 1M386 .85 MC1350 .90 1913080 .95 74L520 Yellow, 6reen. or Amber 19 LED%.2" 841.00 741521 .22 7410151 .39 7410273 35 MM140 1.75 829131 1.50 1)95 12.00 .001355 125 Re6Grten Bipolar LEO 1.90 1.76741526074106 7491 40 7418274181 820181 27 2.16 C/ MOS )40522 22 74 5279 .39 995013 1.50 9.60 1792 12.00 74516) .39 MLEO9Red-Yellow Bipolar LEO 9 90 825181 4.50 7407 .27 7492 .50 741841.50 74526 .23 ]4LS154 715280 1.70 .0.05056 2.50 900]010.141 4027 .36 4072 .20 I.50 MLE09211, LED 40 1 741527 .23 7415155 741-6283 .85 9915068 2,50 4.50.952)87 7.96 7¡80115 4026 .66 1076 .56 .55 MR014B PBoto De10. %TOR $ 50 5194 3.96 7409 ?8 7191 .60 ]4198 .90 ]400 25 *9 56 .28 7415156 0105290 .90 095068 2.50 2708 1019 4077 IL -5 Dpt0 MCT.2...... 5 .60 3.76 ]110 .18 )196 .56 0/191 .]6 09008 .Z6 4002 .20 790 18 '45 7015293 .90 .0.05060 .35 4081 .20 0 )451 ,35 09450010 Co001er 5.80 CRYSTALS6.N 7411 25 7496 .80 74193 .75 14010 40,4030 7013298 .65 27]235V 3.75 2.000 MC14 4007 .20 40341'40 4592 . 74053) ]412 36 ]110] .90 )4184 .90 55 .Z6 745174L5160 29 7413299 1.25 INTERFACE 2761-25 4.00 3.000 8000 4035 .86 409) a5 TTL SIZE COPROCESSORS 2.50267413 .36 741161.20 74195 .80 74020 .25 4008 .85 741538 26 7415161 70-5320 a9 2.00 A15.10134 3.76 27128-30 4.75 3,12 10.000 9010 66 --- lÁ0 RELAYS 806'7-2 $166.00 ÁY210150 ]114 IS )4111 .30 ]1198 .76 '1032 .35 4009 .35 )40540 .1] )45162 19 0405321 3.00 4.76 3725525 8.00 3.579 17.32 110 0091 76 4501 96 $100.00 7418 .15 74122 .O5 7419] .80 74072 0010 .35 700511 36 1405183 .19 )405333 2.40 5V 9PST .95 80873 1488 .40 3347 2.95 18.000 01)02 4`ÁJ a5 300 1000 7117 .20 71123 .45 711991.26 ]40]6 .66 0011 .19 `5 740548 85 ]408164 745365 80287-8 5230.00 t 489 AO 3628.3 a5 39 12V DPST 6.000 74C76 so 4043 85 4508 ?s )40551 95 8038718 82555 125 20-0°1).., 7420 .20 74125 05 74221 125 4012 .25 .1) )408185 .65 )005366 39 $300.00 09194191 3.95 6.000 31.5 74086 4044 .85 4510 .65 7425 27 74126 45 743731.00 1.25 4013 35 740554 22 745166 95 745367 .39 BAR 19011 5.50 L 74096 4046 .55 4511 65 FULL WAVE LD65.7 WATT 1, JS OB. 7426 .30 74145 .80 742]81.85 35 4014 65 741573 25 745189 .90 7415368 .39 53690PR 5 A 4246 85 4512 75 BRIDGE DIP SWITCXES INFRARED 7427 .27 741481.20 74279 .70 74083 1.00 4015 28 .24 )4161]0 )0088]3 .]6 CRT5037 18.95 s 104) .65 4614 95 7405]4 .80 PRV 2A 64 25. CTS 206. 4 4Po,0ion 75 .28 .29 ]4053)4 .)5 .005307 E LASER diode 700575 7410173 .49 100 1.40 7 7 Portion 7.95 .95 4017 45 4049 .26 0516 1.60 CTS 206. .95 WIPE WRAP )132 )11681.56 74365 .86 740181 0516 )5 '405)8 .29 )45174 .39 'ä53J7 36 1.30 8630 2.60 R 4010 20 200 80 220 CTS 206.8 8 Position 95 $14.95 WIRE SINGLE 743) 74153 .55 74367 .66 0101]4 .95 4018 65 5 45 .39 3833 4051 .85 5 400 1.00 1.65 3.30 075208-10 10 Po ''O 1.25 74390 .90 740175 .95 4019 .35 4520 STRAND 7438 .29 ]41541.25 85 741585 05 74151815531 1.40 745390 1.10 6001301.904.00 8834 2.50.2)2.00 WIRE 55 100'.51.40 .20 7511 90 7401931.25 4020 65 4526 75 741186 .22 )405190 .09 745393 75 8838 2.00 WRAP 3440 7415674155 55 4053 .85 7442 90 740245 115 4021 .86 4528 1.40 741590 .39 7416191 09 745398 2.50 TURN MPv112K 25.00 .46751167416] .66 4060 6fi SILICON POWER RECTIFIERS MULTI SOCKETS 7445 .85 75150 .60 740901 .35 4022 65 4638 95 741592 46 045192 .65 7415446 2.00 .0.08)694. 1.96 *4PIN 45 NB 74158 .60 4088 .28 PRV to 3A 12. 504 126. 2404 TRIM POTS 74161 .86 1 50 741593 45 7413541 100 16 PIN .50 CONNECTOR 4088 36 100 05 14 35 90 800 7.11 50009 DIP SOCKETS Iä50120 ]4151 .65 75491 too ]1090] .90 024 .48 466881 0 74-595 a8 ]408799 65 7005625 *]5 18 PIN .65 -S .90 OÚ69 200 06 .17 50 1.30 700 1000 100 OHM 8 PIN .10 22 PIN .15 7472 .29 70182 .65 9502 .90 740907 75 4025 25 4553 1 75 741598 .49 7415195 65 7415845 .95 20 PIN .90 9895 .95 4026 1.25 00711 450) 000 09 25 65 1.00 10.00 12.00 1000 OHM la PIN .11 24 PIN 20. 7073 30 8728 1.10 1 t 74164 85 4077 20 820610 A5 745196 .05 7415670 a5 24 VIN 1.10 HOODS -5 .65 8T28 600 .* 1 90 80 2.00 *100 15.00 16 PIN .12 26 PIN .20 7474 .32 70180 .85 1.10 0585 .75 1810) 36 741519) 65 7056)0 .95 5K K 28 PIN 1.25 0915P .51.25 500 13 35 1.00 1.50 18.00 18.00 205 18 PIN 15 40 PIN 25 7075 a6 74,65 85 8788 1.10 7005109 35 7405121 55 25052521 1.95 5205 1005 PIN 51.50 PRICING IDW 10 1 25 300 2000 26.00 za PIN 15 40 too -00255 7475 s0 )41661.00 e79e , ,0 PLEASE CALL FOR QUANTITY 7415240 65 55 3/$2.00

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CIRCLE 52 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 91 www.americanradiohistory.com Raclin Ihaek Parti Plaee- SUPER VALUES FOR BUILDERS AND FIXERS "Hotline" Service FCC Ham Exam Over 200,000 Preparation Kits Substitutions Available 1995 Each Your Radio Shack store manager can phone in a special order for a Includes Exam Questions wide variety of parts and accessories not in our catalog -tubes, ICs, Novice -Exam Kit. Take advantage of the enhanced novice privileges - phono styli, diodes, crystals and helps you quickly and painlessly prepare for the new FCC voice class much more. No postage or han- license. You get two audio cassettes for self -paced Morse code learning dling charges, no minimum order! plus practice exam questions and answers. #62-2402 19.95 We'll call you when your order ar- NEW! General Class Kit. Preparation for the General -Class license. In- rives, in about a week. cludes a manual and two code cassettes. #62-2404 19.95

Builder Alert! -Speech -Recognition IC Hookups for Computers and Peripherals

(4) (5) Recognizes 995 Voice Commands -Irr al (1) (1) RS -232 Inline Tester. Tests Fig. Type Positions Cat. No. Each VCP200. Experiment with the very latest technology -voice recognition TD, RTS, DSR, CD, RD, CTS and 3 Male 9 276-1427 .99 as it is being used in robotics, artificial intelligence and computers! Recog- DTR lines. #276-1401 14.95 4 Female 9 276-1428 1.19 nizes spoken orders, even when different people give the commands. Five Male 25 276-1429 2.49 (2) D -Sub Pin Crimping Tool. In- and two on/off or yes/no commands. Clipped analog input so no Female 25 276-1430 2.99 motion stalls crimp -type D -Sub connector is required. Few external parts are needed. analog -to-digital conversion pins on wires. Accepts #20, #24 5 Hood 9 276-1513 1.49 20 DIP #276-1308 -pin and #28 pins. #276-1595 ... 9.95 Hood 25 276-1536 1.99 Cables and AC Cord Classy Touches Solar Energy Kits Project Lighting (2) '1r "tit r,i

(3) Ít1 (2) (3) re 11410 (1) SPST Switch. Momentary. (1) IR Detector Module. Requires Fig. Description Cat. No. Price #275-609 Set 2/1.79 Solar Energy Project Set. In- 5VDC. #276-137 3 49 1 Speaker MEGACABLE'278-1268.99/Ft. (2) Relay. Contacts: 120VAC, 101. cludes solar cell, DC motor, book (2) Hi -Output IR LED. Low power 2 6' AC Cord, CEE Type 278-1257 3.99 Coil: 12VDC, 43 mA. #275-249, 3.99 with projects. #277-1201 .... 9.95 design. #276-143 1 69 3 25-Cond., 5' Ribbon 278-772 3.59 (3) Instrument Case With a PC Silicon Solar Cell. Not shown. (3) Super -Bright LED. Requires 36-Cond.. 6' Ribbon 278-774 4.69 Board. #270-291 4 49 2 x 4 cm cell. #276-124 .... 3.95 1.85V, 20 mA. #276-087 1 69 100W Soldering Gun AC -Line Insurance Gold Plated Plugs Deluxe Breadboard (2°e. (1) 1 095 (2) ummaCMCZN===s..7 (3) Superfast Operation Fig. Description Cat. No. Price The fast, easy way to design circuits. 1 Heavy -Duty MOV 276-568 1.99 Fig. Description Cat. No. Each 21/4 x 612" board on a 4 x 7" steel Pull the trigger for full temperature in 2 100 pH RF Cnoke 273-102 .99 1 Phono 274-850 2.49 base. Accepts DIPs, components seconds. Easy-to -hold pistol grip. UL 0.01 pF, 2 kV 2 3 -Conductor 1/a" 274-856 3.99 3 272-160 2/.99 and up to 22 -gauge wire. listed AC. 10.95 Ceramic Disc Cap. #64-2193 3 3 -Conductor 1/e" 274-858 3.49 #276-169 19.95 Scientific Calculator Probe -Style Multimeter Logic Probe and Pulser 2495 41.111.111r Radio Shack EC -4031. Perfect for use during up- 3995 11.1111.11r>' grade Ham license exams. Features 87 functions, trig, Pocket -sized troubleshooter with fully auto- Digital Logic Probe. The fast way to "peek in- 18 levels of parentheses, matic range and polarity. Data hold lets you side" TTL, LS and CMOS digital circuits, mem- base number math. Dual - freeze display and remove tester from circuit ory and peripheral chips. LEDs indicate high/low/ powered. 10 -digit man- for more convenient reading. Has continuity pulsed logic states. #22-303 16.95 tissa, 2 -digit exponent. sounder. Measures up to 400 volts AC/DC and Digital Logic Pulser. Companion to probe. Se- 55/16 x 3 x 5/e" With lithium resistance in k -ohms. Overload protected. lectable 5 ps pulse or 5 Hz continuous pulse train battery. #65-997 13/16 x 63/6 x 3/4': #22-165 output. #22-304 17.95

Over 1000 items in stock! Binding Posts, Books, Breadboards, Buzzers, Capacitors, Chokes, Clips, Coax, Connectors, Fuses, Hardware, ICs, Jacks, Knobs, Lamps, Multitesters, PC Boards, Radie lhaek Plugs, Rectifiers, Resistors, Switches, Tools, Transformers, Wire, Zeners, More! A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION Prices apply at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers

CIRCLE 78 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 92

www.americanradiohistory.com What's New at The "First Source" for the Tinkerer, Teacher, Hobbyist, AMERICAN DESIGN COMPONENTS? Technician, Manufacturer, Engineer

VVe warehouse 60,000 items at 31/2", 20Mb., 31/2" FLOPPY 51/4" FULL -HEIGHT EXTERNAL DISK American Design Components - HALF -HEIGHT DISK DISK DRIVE DRIVE CHASSIS expensive, often hard -to -find components for sale at a fraction of their HARD DRIVES (IBM' original cost! DISK Compat.) Call Toll Free: (800) 524-0809 DRIVE Half Height With 60W Capacitance:1.0 Mb power THERE'S NO RISK! (unformatted); 3 ms ac- supply cess time. 135 TPI, 160 track. Power: our 90 -day (fan cooled). With warranty, 3.5W @ 12V±5%. Mfr. - Panasonic Can accommodate: any purchase can be returned for #JU -363-10 Item #22075 NEW 2 full -ht. drives ADC item #7928 any reason for full credit or refund. 2 floppy drives #10005/17171 (ST225 Full Height Capacitance: 1.0 Compatible) - 48 TPI, 40 Track, 1 hard drive #19704 Mb (unformatted); 3 ms access time. 135 Universal 51/4" mounting. For Double Side/Double Density & 1 floppy #10005 14" CGA MONITOR PC/XT/AT computers. TPI. Power req.: +12 & +15V. Removed Input: 115/230V, 50/60 Hz. compatible Mfr.- CDC 9409T Plus CARD... Average access time: 62 msec. from operational computers. Tested - Orig. for Burroughs computer. Item #17171 Dim.: 11"W x 8"H x 12" deep (IBM Compatible) Mfr - Lapine #LT2000. Like New! NEC #FD1035 Item #7928 $79.00 New Item #15853 New - $179.00 $79.00; 2 for $150.00 2 for $150.00 New Item #14541 $59.50 DYNAMIC MEMORY Brighteye's 115 CFM MUFFIN® Electronic instant Ignition BOARD... Upgrade your com- HEADLIGHTS' FANS MICRO TORCH puter's memory as your needs grow... "The Hands -Free Flashlight" Hand Held Adjust. Flame Refillable 1.58 fl. oz. PC/XT "Headlights" are Butane Gas Tank Input: COMPATIBLE worn, not held, Can be used in a wide 0H 115/230V, 0-256Kb memoryin 64Kb increments allowing you to use range of applications: * 0Hz.,z., for both hands for elect. installations, weld- 50/60 Hertz * Fully socketed easy upgrade 21W., (IBM parity checking) ing, shrink tubing, jewelry (automatically work while brightly 28A., Memdisk: Simulates high-speed disk in lighting your work & toy repairs, de -freezing switchable). Resolution: 640 x 240 (RGB- * 3100RPM, 5 -blade model, alumin- RAM memory Perfect for pipes, etc. Precise & cont- horizontal x vertical). Complete with area. um housing. Can be mounted for * Allows you to print while using thecomputer mechanics, electri- blowing or exhaust. Dimensions: rolled hi -temp. flame, max: CGA card and IBM interface cables. *Software included cians and plumb- 411/18" sq. x 11/2" deep. Mfr: IMC 1300°C/2370°F. Flame adj.:1/2 to 1-1/2". Built-in stand. Dot pitch: .31. Techmar #MU203010 (w/o RAM) ers, technical repairs, computers, etc. Working time: about 2 hrs. Metal stand Mfr Hitachi; made for Data General. Item #1864 New - - Item #19977 New - $29.95 Powered by 4'AAA batteries (incl.). $9.95 incl. Dim. 6.1/4"H x 1-3/16" die. Item #22475 W/Adjustable Speed Control * 64Kb RAM Upgrade Warranty included. Mfr - Vulcan #20. Special Offer... New - $199.00 Set of 9 chips... Item #19983 $17.50 Item #22073 New - $12.95 Item #20611 $12.95 Item #22072 New - $39.95 GELL CELL BATTERIES... STEPPING MOTORS i1/2 sq. x 11/¿deep PC/XT/AT Compatible ADAM COMPUTER Sealed, maintenance free, rechargeable! for ROBOTICS... ENHANCED LAYOUT ACCESSORIES... Fig. 1 Fig. 3 Precision steppers with 101 -KEY KEYBOARD 12V increments from 1 to 7.5°. 21/8" sq. ADAM5114" Speeds up to 5,000 steps. x 1" deep DISK DRIVE 2.5Ah Fig. 2 Coleco, model 7817. Six 2V @ 2.5Ah 2"L x 214" dia. x 214-H D Cells. Enclosed in clear plastic casing.Dim.:4"W x 2-3/41H x 3.3/4"D. Mfr - Gates. kern Step DC Torque Item #12830 New - $175.00 Item #22370 New - $12.95 No. Angle Voltage oz/ire Type Mfr. & Part No. Fig. Price ADAM PRINTER... Friction feed. * Membrane 12V 7630 1.8° 3.0 200 PM Superior 1 $34.50 ea. Takes standard paper 81/2 x 11". M092 -FT -402 2 for $59.50 * 12 Function Keys Item #8839 New - $69.50 16410 1.8° 12.0 700 PM Applied Motion 2 $9.95 ea. * Separate Numerical Cursor 8.0Ah 4017-839 2 for S14.95 * LED indicators for Scroll, COLECOVISIONto ADAM Dim.: 6"W x 3.3/4'H x 4'D. 16406 3.6° 12.0 700` PM Appli4017.838edMotion 2 $9.95 ea. Caps & Number locks EXPANSION KIT 2 for 314.95 Mfr - Eagle Picker #CF12V8 * 1" inclination Foot Stand Item #9918 $59.50 RFE Tested Good! 7014 7.5° 12.0 900 PM Mitsubishi 3 $10.95 ea. Mfr. #29079 - 55SI-25DAYA 2 for $19.95 DATA DRIVE #6641 $19.95 Item #22086 $19.95 'Grams per Cm. Item #19680 New - $49.95 PRINTER POWER SUPPLY COMPOSITE ( kits High Resolution Please call or write with Item #6642 $14.95 VIDEO are available now! TTL MONITORS... any other requirements... ASCII KEYBOARD MONITORS... (Open Item #6643 $19.95 IBM PC/XT Compat. Frame) COMPUTER GRADE CONTROLLERS (Set of 4) MONOCHROME POWER SUPPLY Item #7013 $9.95 RFE Power regulated: DISPLAY & ADAM CASSETTES Incl. Basic, Buck Rogers 12VDC. Green phosphor. In plastic hous- Smart PRINTER ADAPTER & cassette. Item #7786 ing, with brightness control knob. blank Mfr - Hitachi; made for Sperry. Baker's Dozen - $19.95 5" Monitor - ADAM DAISY PRINT WHEEL Item #14536 (RFE) $24.95 Item #13305 $3.95 9" Monitor 9"- 12voc NEW BLANK TAPES - IMO Green phosphor. Schematic incl. Other uses-runs CB & car Item #20868 4 for Item #22481 (RFE) $29.95 Audiotronics #900964-04 radios. Comes ready to plug in! $10.00 PROG. MANUAL Monochrome adaptor w/paral- Item #17198 New - $19.95 DC Output: -5V @ .5 amp. SMART BASIC DIGITAL MULTIMETERS... +5V @3 amp. Item #20875 New - $14.95 9 Function Basic Accuracy .5% lel printer port. Can be used 12"- 12vDC, Green phosphor. +12V @ 6 amp. 3-1/2 digit LCD (.5" high) with any PC/XT or compat. Text Subassemblies, CRT, board & ADAM SOFTWARE SET only. Resolution: 720 x 348. IBM transformer incl. Comes w/hook- Input: 115V/60Hz. Dimensions: Incl. Expertype, Recipe Filer, Smart Model #5325 Model #7905C Model #1504900. up diagram. 91/4"W x 32/4"H. (Rubber ft. incl.) Letters & Forms, and Zaxxon. Item #22480 New - $24.95 Item #6811 New - $19.95 Item #9501 New - $24.95 Item #21746 New - $29.95 DESIGN COMPONENTS, 815 FAIRVIEW AVE., P.O. BOX 220, FAIRVIEW, N.J. 07022 MINIMUM AMERICAN ORDER YES! Please send me the following items- O My check or money order is enclosed. $15. Item How Charge my credit card. RE -889 No. Many? Description Price Total Visa O Master Card Amex Card No. DCV: 100µV-1000V Exp. Date ACF: 1000/-750V DCV: 100µV -1000V DCA:10onA-10A ACF:100µV-750V Signature ACA: 100nA-10A DCA:100nA-10A ACA:100nA-10A Telephone: Area Code Number Resist: 100m0-20mO Resist: 100mO-20mO Diode test: 1 mA., 3.2V Name Diode test:1mA., 2.8V Total hFE test:0-1000 hFE test: 0-1000 Shipping & handling: we ship UPS unless Address $3 10% of total. Instant continuity: 100ms Instant continuity otherwise specified. Add plus Canadian: $3 plus P.O. cost. Charge only. Capacitance: l pF-20u F Capacitance: l pF-20uF City Sales Tax (N.J. residents only, Comp!. w/probes, 9V Compd. w/deluxe test leads. please add 6% of total) State Zip battery, spare fuse & op- 9V battery, spare fuse, operating manual. erating manual & carrying ORDER TOTAL All inquiries and free catalog requests-call (201) 941-5000. Item #20058 case. Item #20059 New - $49.00 New - $69.00 For all phone orders, call TOLL FREE 800-524-0809. In New Jersey call (201) 941-5000. CIRCLE 106 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 93 www.americanradiohistory.com Mail Order Electronics Worldwide Mail -Order E I - ctronic ameco 24 HOUR ORDER HOTLINE ELECTRONICS 415-592-8097 IC Clearance Sale!

NI=C` V9(1 Rr V1(1 ('HIPS MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS MISC. COMPONENTS Replace the 8086 or 8088 in Your IBM PC and Z80, Z80A, ZBOB, SERIES 8000 SERIES Continued 8000 SERIES Continued TANTALUM CAPACITORS Increase Its Speed by up to 30% Part No. Price Part No, Prim Part No. Price Part No. Price TM.1/35 Apt @ 35V _.. 19 TM4. 7'35 4.7µ1 @ 35V. _45 UPD70108.5 (5MHz) V20 Chip 6649- $5.95 Z80 1.19 8155-2 3.49 286 2.29 TM1/35 1pf @ 35V .. 19 . 786.8/35 6.8µi @ 35V...49 UP070108-8 (8MHz) V20 Chip $9,49- $7.95 Z80A 1.29 81055 3.95 741 996 9.49 TM2.2/35 2.2pf @ 35V....25 TM1 0/35 10pí @ 35V....59 Z804-CTC 1.65 8156 2.95 742 49.96 17.95 0PD70108-10 (10MHz) V20 Chip ..$12.25- $10.95 POTENTIOMETERS UPD70116-8 (8MHz) V30 Chip $9.86- $7.95 Z804 -DART 496 3.95 8205 ...... 4198 9.49 7.95 Z804 -P10 448811 Values available (Insert ohms lnto space marked 'XX") UPD70116-10 (10MHz) V30 Chip ..$4696- $15.49 4404 1.49 82C11 6.95 75IHHMOS)(21 V) 9.95 Z80A-S1070 3:96 2.95 8212...... _. _...2,29 1.99 749 9.95 50051, 1K, 2K, 5K, 10K, 20K, 50K. 100K, 200K, 1MEG ¿808 2.75 8216 1.39 751H (3.5.12MHz).. 36.95 43PXX 3/4 Watt .l5Tum .99 I63PXX 1/2 Wan, ttum .89 7400 Z808-CTC 396 325 8224 4-76 1.49 Pait_Nº. 1-9 10e Part Nº 1-9 107 280B -P1. 8228 4,06 1.49 78íY286-10 (1OMHz)LCC 59.95 TRANSISTORS AND DIODES 8,96 6.95 82378 426 3.95 802871 55MHz) 129.95 400.... SALE .15 7474 ...... __ SALE .25 PN2222 .13 PN2907 .13 1N4004 .12 8000 SERIES 8243 1.75 80287-8 (8MHz) 209.95 "402... 29 .19 7475 ...... 49 39 21422224 .29 2N4401 12 164148 .07 82504 4.9$ 3.95 80287-10 (1MÁ 2) 259.95 '404 _. SALE .15 .45 8031 396 3.49 263055 .65 1N270 25 164735 .29 .35 82508 (For IBM) 1E16 4.95 80386-16 PGA 279.95 35 .25 7483 80C31 986 8.95 263904 .12 16751 15 010681 49 '405 69 .59 8251A 1.69 80387.16 (16MHz 395.95 -406.... 39 .29 7485 _.SALE .45 8035 495 1.25 8039 4,96 1.59 8253 1.89 80387-20 (20MHz 459.95 SWITCHES SALE 7486 . .25 SALE .29 8253-5 1.95 80387-25 (25MHz 569.95 7489 8052AHBASIC 24.95 JMT123 SPOT. On -On 1.19 206-8 SPST, 16.pn DIP 1.25 35 .25 _..... 1.95 1.85 82C53-5 3.95 82284 (8MHz).. ..948 7.95 7410..... SALE 7490 _..._. 8080A 286 1.49 MPC121 SPOT Onoxet 1.19 MS102 SPST. Momentary .39 .15 .49 .39 8254 3.95 82288 (8MHz)....996 7.95 '411_.._.. SALE 7493 _.._ __.. .45 8085A 249 1.95 .19 .35 8255A-5 2.95 DATA ACQUISITION D -SUB CONNECTORS 7414..___...._ SALE 25 7495 SALE .29 8085A-2 3.59 8087 (5MHx) ...9186 82C554-5 .49 ADC0804LCN 3.25 7416 SALE .19 74107 SALE .13 94.95 DB25P Male, 25 -pin .69 108255 Female 25 -pin .75 8087.1 10Hz)...... 184.95 8259-5 2.25 ADC0808CCN..-.686 5.49 7417 SALE .19 74121 SALE 25 8087-2 8MHz) 134.95 8272 396 2.95 ADC0809CCN... _. 3.69 LEDS 7420 _. 29 .19 74123 . SALE 35 8274 4.95 8088 ( Hz) 4.96 3.49 686 ADC1205CCJ-1 18.49 XC556R Red...... 13 7154, Yellow.... 7427. _. SALE .13 74125 . SALE 35 Ttr XC556Y .17 8088-2 (8MHz) 646 5.95 8279-5 398 2.75 DAC0808LCN > /b 1 49 7430.... SALE .15 74147.. _ SALE 1.49 005560 To". Green.___ .17 XC556C Tex'. Clear/Red 17 8116. ....486 3.95 8282 3.49 AV -3-1015D. -195 7432 39 .29 74150 SALE 1.10 8155 ._ 2.49 8284 _ 1.75 AY-5-10137 7438 SALE 25 74151 SALE .13 IC SOCKETS 7442 _. SALE 29 74154 ...... 1.35 1.25 Low Profile Wire Wrap (Gold) Level 02 7445 SALE .59 74161 69 .59 STATIC RAMS 6500/6800 8LP .11 8WW .59 7446.._. 89 .79 74173 SALE .59 Part No. Function Price 68000 Series 14LP .12 146464 .85 7447 89 79 74174 SALE 35 16LP .13 WW 69 201612 2048x8 .._276 2.95 Part No. Price :ne.... 1 95 1.85 74175 _ SALE .35 241F .25 24WW 1.19 2102 1024x1 39 29 74193.. 79 69 6402 396 3.49 28LP .27 28WW 1.39 2112 256x4 450ns MOS ...... 249 1.95 6502 9.96 2.25 40LP. .29 40WW 189 2114N 1024x4 65024. 378 2.59 Solxertall Slanaarx IGo14 a Tin) & flee-». Plug Sockets Aiao Avellerle 74LS 21146.21 1024x4 200ns Low Power ...... 1.49 65CO2 (CMOS) 7.75 SALE .15 74LS139 SALE 29 21014 1024x4 200ns (CMOS) ...... 49 6520 1.95 74HC HI-SPEED CMOS 47302 SALE .15 74LS151 SALE 29 5101 256x4 450ns (CMOS)...... _...... 286 2.49 6522 2.95 '4LS03 6116P-1 2048x8 OOns(16K CMOS ...... 8% SALE 15 74LS153.- SALE .25 3.19 65C22 4.25 part No. Pricy Part 14o. %At -4LSO4 SALE .19 741_5154. .. 1.19 1.09 611613 2046x8 50ns(16K)CMOS ...... ê.48 2.79 6532 6:49 4.95 74HC175 .59 741505 SALE .19 74LS157 45 .35 6116LP-1 204848 00ns (16K) LP CMOS...... 429 3.59 6551 246 2.69 741-1CO2...... _. SALE .17 74HC221.___..._ SALE .69 '4LS06 .59 49 74LS161._.. SALE .29 6116LP-3 204848 50ns (16K) LP CMOS...... 396 3.09 65C802(CMOS)468614.75 74HC04 SALE .17 74HC240. _.... SALE .59 '4LS07 .59 .49 74LS163__. SALE .35 6264P-10 819248 00ns (64K) CMOS ...... 9.96 9.49 6800 446 1.49 744-1C08 SALE .17 74HC244.__.. . .79 "4L508 .28 .18 74LS164..._. SALE 6264P-15 8192x8 SOns (64K) CMOS ...... 926 7.49 6802 2.95 35 74010__. SALE .19 74HC245.__.. SALE 69 74LS09 SALE .15 74LS165 75 .65 62641.110 819248 OOns (64K) LP CMOS...... 4226 10.25 6808 1.95 74HC14...... 29 74HC253...... SALE .39 '4LS10 .15 74LS166..... SALE .69 62641P-12 819248 20ns (64K) LP CMOS.. 4848 8.95 6810 446 .99 SALE 74HC30 _. SALE .19 74HC259. .49 "4L$11 .29 .19 74LS173... SALE .35 6264LP-15 819248 50rrs (64K) LP CMOS...... 4926 795 6820 2.75 74H032_. ._.SALE .25 74HC273._.. SALE 49 '4LS14 SALE 29 74LS174____. SALE .29 6514 1024x4 6821 446 1.49 74HC74... _. SALE 29 74HC373...... 69 '4LS20 SALE .15 74LS175... SALE 43256-10L 32,768x8 300n5 (256K) Low Power...... _...26.95 68821 ...... 1.75 .29 496 7414C75 ....SALE .29 74HC374. SALE 59 -4LS21 _...... 43256.151 3276848 150ns (256K) Power ...... ,_-...2525 6840.....__.___ SALE .19 74LS191...._.,._.. SALE .39 Low 2149 2.95 74H076.. SALE .29 74HC595. -4LS27 SALE .19 74LS192 62256LP-85 3216848 85ns (256K) 6845 2e76 2.49 .69 .59 LPCMOS...... _._.2995 74HC85_.. .55 74HC688 SALE 1.25 '4LS30 SALE .15 74LS193 62256LP-10 32,76848 100ns (256K) LP ...... __..27.95 6850 4,96 1.49 .69 .59 CMOS 74HC86.. ._..SALE .25 74HC943. SALE 7.95 -4LS32...... __ SALE .19 74LS194 SALE .45 62256LP 12 32768x8 ' 20ns LP .27 25 6852...... _ .59 1256K) CMOS 36 74HC123 ..SALE .49 74HC4040. SALE 79 -4LS38 SALE 25 74LS221 ..... SALE 49 MC68000L8.... 9:86 9.49 74HC125 .49 74HC4049_. SALE 25 -4LS42 .49 39 7413240 SALE 45 MC68000L10 4419610.95 DYNAMIC RAMS 74HC132 SALE .39 741104050.. SALE 25 '4LS47.._ .89 79 74LS241._. SALE .49 MC68010L10 2986 34.95 74HC 138 _. 45 74HC4060_. SALE 69 74LS73 SALE 25 74LS244 SALE 49 THM91000L 10 1.048,576x9' 007514E0+9 SIP..__._.. 39996 32995 MC68020RC 128...... 89.95 74HC139 SALE .35 74HC4511._. SALE 99 74LS74 SALE .19 741$245...... SALE 59 THM91000S.10 1,048,576x9 100es 1MEGx9 SIM...... 29996 299.95 MC68701 17.95 74HC154 _. 1 49 74HC4514 _..1.79 74LS75 SALE 25 7415257.__ _..SALE THM91000L-80 1,048,57649 8076IMEGx9 SIP ...... 44446 34995 MC68705P3S 9.95 29 74HC163 SALE 39 74HC4538 SALE 99 74LS76 .39 .29 74LS259...... _.._.. .99 .89 THM91004S-80 1.048,57649 Bons 1 MEGx9 SIM ....._...... 449.96 33995 MC68705U3L 10.95 74HC174 59 74HC4543 SALE 99 74L583 .59 .49 74LS273 .89 .79 TMS4416-12 16,384x4 12076__..__...._....__...... 196 595 MC68705U3S 10.95 74LS85 .59 .49 74LS279._____ 49 .39 TMS4416-15 16,384x4 15076...... 6.26 549 MC68450L10 498639.95 74LS86 29 .19 7415367 SALE .29 4116-15 16,38441 150ns(MM5290N-2) ...... 4,29 125 MC68881 RC 12A.... _.109.95 74HCT-CMOS TTL 74LS90 SALE 29 741S373._. SALE .59 412845 131,072x1 150ns (Pggyback(.-- --..$29 4.49 MC68881RC16A 14995 74HCTOO____.. SALE .15 74HCT139 ...SALE .29 74LS93 SALE 29 74LS374. SALE .49 4164400 65,53641 70076 .._. _,...... _ ...... 3.49 74HCTO2. __._.. SALE .15 74HCT157 SALE .19 74LS123 SALE 35 74LS393_.. SALE .69 4164120 65.536x1 120ns .._ ...... _ ...... 2.95 Commodore 74HCT04...... SALE .17 74HCT174. SALE .25 74LS125 49 39 74LS541.... SALE .99 74HCT08 SALE .15 74HCT175.__. SALE -4LS132 WD1 770 886 749 25 __.. _SALE 29 74LS590.. 5.95 5.85 41256{4 262.144x1 60ná ...... 4999 10.49 74HCT14 ...29 74HCT240 SALE 59 49 513052P 126 .99 '4L0'38 39 74LS688 7 39 2 29 41256.80 262.14441 Bons ...... 8,05 8.49 74HCT32...... SALE .17 49 65044 1.19 74HCT244 SALE 41256.700 262.144x1 Sons ...... 8.49 7.95 74HCT74 SALE 74HCT245 6510 14.95 25 SALE .49 74S/PROMS' 41256-120 262.14441 2074 _ ...... 7,96 74HCT86..._.... SALE 15 7.49 6526 14.95 74I4CT373 SALE 45 41256-150 262.144x1 50rá ...... _...... 349 7.25 74HCT138.. 39 74HCT374 SALE 4 '4S00_._...... SALE .19 74S188' 1.49 6526A 15.95 41264-12 641x4 20es Video RAM ...... 4996 74504 SALE .19 745189 1.49 1795 6545-1 .386 2.95 41464-10 65,53644 74S32 SALE .19 745240 139 00es ...... 4446 9.95 6560 49.95 8.95 LINEAR 41464-12 ...... _...996 74574 SALE .19 745244... SALE .75 65,536x4 20rrs 9.25 6567 24.95 TL071CP .. .59 LM1489N 45 745112. SALE .25 745287'_...... 1.49 41464-15 65,536x4 Sons ...... 48.86 8.95 6572 4195 7.95 TL072CP .. .79 DS14C89N ,CMOS 1 19 51258-10 262,144x1 OOns Stack Cblumn...... 4406 10.95 745124 SALE 125 7482821_. 1.49 6581 (12V) 12.95 TL074CN .99 85227-10PL 262,144x9 0076 256K49 SIP...... _....44995 105.95 LM1496N .69 745138 SALE .49 745373... SALE .99 6582 (9V) 4286 9.95 TL081CP .49 LM1871N 1.95 74S153 SALE .25 745374__. SALE .99 85227.10PS 262,14449 Sons 256Kx9 SIM ...... 44996 105.95 8502 7.95 TL082CP .49 511000P-10 1,04827641 LM1872N 1.95 245167 SALE 75 745387' 129 8564 496 2.95 TL084CN .89 ULN2003A .75 511000P-80 1,048.57641 80ns 17 Meg) _.. 24-96 22.95 -1" SALE 25 '4S472' SALE 2.49 8566 986 7.95 LM301N .35 XR2206 3.95 5142548-10 262.14444 100ns 11 Meg) 2996 95 SALE .. 2.49 24 8701 9.95 LM307N .39 XR2211 2.95 514258-10 262144,4 '. 05ns Static Column 3',95 8722 4186 8.95 LM308N .59 XR2240 1.49 CD-CMOS EPROMS 82S100PLA- 15.95 LM309K 1.25 26LS29 225 90122511 15.95 LM310N 1.29 26LS31 .99 7M50516 4G15,0 4507/ 15V, 5-06 4.95 901226-01 1595 LM311N .39 26LS32 99 1i4002 .19 LM317T .65 C04052._ .59 TMS2532 4096x8 450es (255¡..._ _.. _ ...... 5.95 901227-02 4.95 26LS33 1.49 004007 .. .25 CD4053 .59 TMS25324 4096x8 450ns (12.5V)...... _....449 901227-03 15.95 LM318N .99 ULN2803A 1.19 3.25 LM319N 1.29 CD4011 .19 CD4060 .65 TMS2564 819248 &Sons (25V)..._ ...... 6.95 901229-05 15.95 LM2901N .25 CD4012 1 LM323K 3.49 25 C04066 .29 TMS2716 2048x8 450ns (-5V. 55V.4125).... .196 6.49 901460-03 95 LM324N .35 004013 .29 CD4069 .19 17024 256x8 2K(fps( ...... 4.95 90148506 2.95 11442917N (8 pin) 1.79 0D4015. .49 LM335Z 1.39 CD4070 .29 2708 1024x8 450es..... _. _...... _. _..... _ ...... 6.95 'No specs available MC3470P 1.19 LM3362 .99 "D4016 .29 CD4071 .22 2716 2048x8 "Note. 82S100PLA MC3479P 3.95 .49 LM337T 1.09 04017 U17 (C-64) - MC3486P 1.19 CD4072 .22 2716-1 2048x8 LM338K 4.49 -D4018.. .59 MC3487P .99 CD4073 .22 27C16 204848 450ns (25V) CMOS.. .496 3.75 LM339N .39 04020 .59 UDN3613M .39 CD4081 .22 2732 4096x8 450es (25V) ...... 3 95 LF347N 1.49 04021 .59 74C/CMOS LM3900N .49 CD4093 35 27324.20 4096x8 200ns (21V) ...... 424 395 LM348N .69 = D4024 .45 LM3905N 1.19 CD4094 .89 27324.25 409648 250ns (21V) ...... 8.96 3.75 74C00 Sale 19 74C174 Sax 39 LF351N .39 ^D4027 ... .35 LM3909N .89 C04503 ,3g 27032 4096x8 74CO2 Sale 19 740175 Sale 59 04028 49 LM3914N 1.79 CD451 1 .69 276420 819248 74004 LF356Ñ .79 54029 .69 Sale .19 740192 Sale 99 NE5532 .69 C04518 .75 2764-25 8192x8 250ns (21V) ...... 3.59 LF357N .89 C A4030 .35 74008 Sale 19 740194 Sale 49 NE5534 .69 27644-25 819248 250ns (12.5VI ...... _..2.69 3.39 LM358N .49 1'04040 .65 CD4520 .75 74010 Sale .15 7805K LM34(1K-5) 1.29 27064-15 8192x8 150ns (12.5V1 CMOS ...... _...... _...... 5.95 LM380N .89 04042 59 C04522 79 7812K LM340K-12) 1.29 27128-20 16,38448 (21V).._..__._-..._...... &96 740240 Sale .75 LM386N-3 .89 - D4043 59 CD4528 .69 200ns 6.49 7815K LM340K-15. 1.29 27128-25 16.38448 250ns 74C32 Sale .19 LM393N .39 CD4538 .79 121V) - . 595 D4046 65 LF398N 1.95 7805T (LM340T-5) 45 54047 CD4543 79 27128445 16,384x8 740373 Sale 1.49 65 78121 (LM340T-12 . .45 271280..20 16,38448 200ns (12.5V) ._ _. LF411CN .79 CD4584 .. .. _.. .49 616 525 740374 Sale 1.49 781ST (1M3405-1 5) .45 270128-25 16,38448 LF412CN 1.29 .69 74086 Sale .19 740914,._....695 7905K (LM320K-5) 1.35 27256-15 32,768x8 NE555V .29 74089..Sale 2.95 XRL555 79051 (LM320T-5) .49 2725620 32,76848 .59 LM556N .45 75113 1.19 EEPROMS 2725625 32,76848 7409155441 19 LM565N .89 75150 1.19 27C256-15 32,76848 150ns (12.59) CMOS ...... 196 725 740151 Sal 1.49 740917 Sale 3.95 Read Write _ 5 25 LM566CN 1,19 75154 1.19 27C256-25 32,76848 250ns (12.5V) CMOS...... __626 5.49 740154 Sale 2.75 740920 Sale 3.95 LM .75 75174 2.95 27512-20 65,53648 200es (12.5V) ...... 70.95 740157 Sale 1.25 740921 ,174 2048x8 350ns 5V Read/Write 7.95 Sale 2.95 LM723CN .39 75175 2.95 27512.25 65,536x8 25076 (12.58) ...... _...... _...._.9.95 740160 Sale .49 LM741CN .29 75176 2.29 "9644 8192x8 250ns 5V Read/Write (Pin 1.NoRiB1t3.95 270512-25 65,536x8 250ns (12.5V) CMOS ...... 9,49 8.49 LM747CN .49 75451 .39 7954A-30 8192x8300ns5VRead/WrItelPm1 740161 Sale 49 NoRie112.95 27C1024 131,07258 200ns (12.55) CMOS (1 Meg) ...... 24.95 LM1458N .35 75452 .39 29e5A-30 8192x8 Read/Write 740162 Sale .49 300ns 5V 9.95 68764 8192x8 64K 450es (25V) (Chip Enable) . 19.95 LM1488N 75492 .79 740173.___.._59 ',2913 2048x8 350ns (21V) 5V Read Only 1 49 68766 819248 64K 350ns (25V) (Output Enable)._. 19.95 DS14C88N (CMOS)._.1.19 MC145406P 2.95 PARTIAL LISTING OVER 4000 COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES IN STOCK! , CALL FOR QUANTITY DISCOUNTS RAMS SUBJECT TO FREQUENT PRICE CHANGES

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www.americanradiohistory.com 19741ANNIVERSARY Worldwide Since YEAR QUALITY COMPONENTS COMPE7ITIVEPRICING 1974 - 1989 PROMPT DELIVERY

TEST EQUIPMENT JAMECO IBM PC/XT 8MHz Turbo PROTOTYPING PRODUCTS Metex Digital Multimeters Compatible Kit With 256K RAM Jameco Solderless Breadboards Metex General Specs: Free! OAPLUS Diagnostic Handheld, high accuracy Software Included! AC DC Voltage. AC DC Current, Resistance, Free! PC Write Word Pro- Diodes. Continuity, Tran- cessing Software Included! sistor hFE Manual rang- 256K RAM Included, ing w. overload protection Expandable to 640K M3650 B 8 M4650 only: AMI BIOS ROMs Included Also measures frequency 4.77 or 8MHz Operation JE23 JE24 and capacitance JE27 Regular $592.01 value for Part Dim. Contact Binding M4650 only: $479.95! Data Hold Switch only No. L" x W" Points Posts Price Flip -Top Case w/150 Watt 4.5 Digit M4650 Pictured JE20 6.5x.75 200 0 $1.95 Power Supply JE21 3.25x2.125 400 0 $4.95 M3610 3.5 Digit Multimeter $49.95 360K Disk Drive JE22 6.5x1.325 630 0 $5.95 M3650 3.5 Digit w/Freq. & Capacitance $69.95 Parallel Printer Port JE23 6.5x2.125 830 0 $7.95 M3650B Same as M3650 w Bargraph $79.95 84 -Key Keyboard gat JE24 6.5x3.125 1,360 2 $12.95 M4650 4.5 Dig. w.Freq.. Capacitance Monochrome Amber Monitor JE25 6.5x4.25 1,660 3 $19.95 JE26 6.875x5.75 2,390 4 $24.95 and Data Hold Switch $99.95 J E3002 IBM Compatible PCOCT 8MHz Turbo Kit $499.95 JE27 7.25x7.5 3,220 4 $34.95 Metex Autoranging $479.95 Jumbo EZDOS Digital Research MS/PC-DOS Comp. Operatinçi System....$49.95 Readout DMM DATAK Photo Etch PCB Kit EZDOSP Same as above with TrueBASIC $69.95 Make your own circuit boards! AC/DC Voltage, AC/DC Current, Resistance, Diodes. IBM COMPATIBLE DISPLAY MONITORS The ER4 Continuity and Frequency photo etch AMBER 12" Amber Mono 3.75 Digit (.8" High) $99.95 kit contains all the Ruggedized, HD55H 14' RGB 640x240 $249.95 chem- Water- icals neces- resistant case TM5154 EGA 14" 720x350.. $399.96 $369.95 sary for any Easy -to -use pushbutton JE1059 EGA Monitor & Card $61996 $499.95 hobbyist, en- TM5155 14" Muttiscan switches 800x5608.649196 $499.95 gineer or OC1478 14" VGA 720x480..... $449,96 $399.95 M80 $59.95 0C1478 student to JE2055 VGA Monitor & Card.. $649:96 $599.95 eetee Pictured create pro- A.R.T. EPROM fessional circuit boards. Contains: Print frame, Programmer JAMECO IBM PC/XT/AT COMPATIBLE CARDS photo copy film. resist developer, etch resist, 2 Programs all current EPROMs copper circuit boards, concentrated etchant, film JE1050 Monochrome Graphics Card wParallel Printer Port (PC-x:T. AT $59.95 in the 2716 to 27512 range plus developer and fixer, resist patterns and complete JE1052 Color Graphics Card w/Parallel Printer Pon (PC/XT/AT) $49.95 the X2864 EEPROM May be instructions. JE1055 EGA w/256K Video RAM (PC/XT/AT) operated by any RS232 port w) Card $159.95 ER4 Photo Etch PCB Kit $34.95 terminal emulation Fully intel- JE1071 Multi I/O Card w/Controller 8 Monochrome Graphics (PC/XT) $119.95 ligent ASCII command driven JE1060 I/O Card w/Serial. Game. Printer Port 8 Real Time ClockrPC/XT) $59.95 Jameco Prototype PC Boards Menu driven software included JE1061 RS232 Serial Half Card (PC/XT) $29.95 Specs: Laminated EPP $179.95 JE1062 RS232 Serial Half Card (AT) $34.95 glass epoxy .062" thick JE1065 I/O Card weerial, Game and Parallel Printer Port (AT)..... $59.95 2 oz. copper clad with Oscilloscope Probes solder tin finish. All JE1081 2MB Expanded or Extended Memory Card (zero -K on -board) (AT) $99.95 holes are .042" dia. on Attenuation: at / x10 JE1041 2040MB Hard Disk Controlen Card (PC/XT) $79.95 .10" x .10" grid pattern. JE40/ Pictured Capacitance (LF180): JE1043 360K/720K/1.2MB/1.44MB Floppy Disk Controller Card (PC/XT/AT) $49.95 180pF / 22pF: (LF210): JE401 4.5"x6.5"1 -sided 3-hole pad pattern $9.95 JE1044 3601< Floppy/Hard Disk Controller Card (PC/XT) $129.95 40pF / 17pF JE403 4.5"x6.5" 1 -sided pwr 8 gnd busses $9.95 LF180 Pictured JE1045 360K/720K/1.2MB/1.44MB Floppy/Hard Disk Controller Card (AT) $149.95 JE405 4.5"x6.5" 1 -sided general purpose $9.95 LF180 40MHz Oscilloscope Probe $19.95 SEAGATE HALF -HEIGHT HARD DISK DRIVES JE407 5"x13.25" 2 -sided general purpose $19.95 LF210 100MHz Oscilloscope Probe $29.95 JE417 4 2"x6 5" PC /XT 1 2 card prolo boarn $19.95 ST225 20MB Drive (PC/XTlATI Digital Logic Probes and only $224.95 JE421 4 75'43 "' IBM PC XT Card Extender $19.95 Logic Pulser ST225XT 20MB w/Controller (PC/XT) $269.95 ST225AT 20MB w/Controller (AT) $339.95 ENGINEERING/DATA BOOKS ST238 30MB Drive only (PC/XT/AT $249.95 21035 Sams TTL Cookbook 036( $14.95 ST238XT 30MB w/Controller (PC/XT) $299.95 21398 Sams CMOS Cookbook (88) $19.95 ST238AT (AT) Logic Probes: PRB20 Pictured 30MB w/Controller $389.95 ST225XT Pictured 22453 Sams Op -Amp Cookbook (88) $21.95 High, low and pulse indication 20MHz and Seagate 40MB and 60MB Hard Disk Drives Also Available! 270645 Intel 8 -bit Controller Hndbk. 1891 $19.95 50MHz versions available Circuit powered w/ 270646 Intel 16 -bit Controller Hndbk. (89) $19.95 over/undervoltage indicators IBM PC/XT/AT COMPATIBLE MOTHERBOARDS ' 270647 Intel 32 -bit Controller Hndbk. (89) $19.95 Logic Pulser (LP540): JE1001 4 7,' 400041 NSC Linear Data Book Vol. 1 (88) $14.95 Generates "one-shot" pulse or continuous 5Hz 8MHz (PC XL $89.95 400042 NSC Linear Data Book Vol. 2 (88) $9.95 pulse train Audible tone Compatible with: TTL, JE1002 477:10MHz (PC :xi, $109.96 $99.95 400043 NSC Linear Data Book Vol. 3 (88) DTL, RTL, HTL. HINIL, MOS and CMOS ICs JE3005 Baby 8/12MHz (AT) . $229,86 $299.95 $9.95 ICM89 1989 IC Master (3 Volume Set) PRB20 20MHz Logic Probe $26.95 JE3010 Baby 8/16MHz NEAT (AT i$499-98 $399.95 $129.95 PRB20A 20MHz Audible Logic Probe $33.95 JE3020 Baby 16MHz 80386 (ATi _.$999.95 EDUCATIONAL KITS PRB50 50MHz Logic Probe $47.95 JE3025 Baby 20MHz80386(ATi $1199.95 JE310ß15: Fiber op- JE3026 r .ii' Size 25MHz 80386 AT, $1999.95 LP540 Logic Pulser $19.95 .Æ3025 Pictured tics kits demonstrate RS232 IBM PC/XT/AT DRIVES the principles of fiber Tester and Breakout Box COMPATIBLE 3.5"/5.25" DISK optic system design. Make Your Own Custom Cables! 352KU 3 h :20KB (PC 0T AT) $109.95 Complete step-by- Complete cable breakout 356KU 3.5' 1 44MB (PC XT AT) $129.95 step instructions, the- and reconfiguration exists JE1020 5.25" 360108 (PC/XT/AT) Black $89.95 ory of operation and with 24 in -line switches JE1021 5.25" 360KB (PC:XTrAT) Beige $89.95 tutorial info. incl. and 54 in -line machine ..:r.,. JE1022 JE2206: Function JE1022 5.25" 1 2MB iPC XT AT] JE2206 Pictured Boge $99.95 7 r' Pictured tool sockets Bi -color generator kit provides LEDs tell you if a line is hi, IBM PC/XT/AT COMPATIBLE INTERNAL MODEMS three basic waveforms: sine, triangle and square low or off Male to female wave. Frequency range: 1Hz to 100kHz 1200H 1200 300 Baud mernal Modern Mir vM,te 1PC D825 pin connectors In- u Comm Software XT ATI $69.95 JE310 Fiber Optics Experimenter Kit. $19.95 cludes device wiring 2400 1200'300 Internal chart 2400H Baud Modem w. MaxlMae Comm Shy. (PC XT ATI $129.95 JE315 Advanced Fiber Optics Kit.... $29.95 MLA1 $29.95 External Modems and Pocket -Size Modem Also Available! JE2206 Function Generator Kit $19.95

1355 Shoreway Road $20.00 Minimum Order - U.S. Funds Only MENU Belmont, CA 94002 r Mail Order Electronics- Worldwide CA Residents Add 6%, 6.5 i or 7% Sales Tax MasterCard) 24 Hour Order Hotline (415) 592-8097 Shipping - Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance FAX's (415) 592-2503 or (415) 595-2664 e110ittraa4ss012.10111 (May vary according to weight) Telex 176043 - Ans. Back: Jameco Blmt Terms: Prices subject to change without notice Data Sheets - 50c each arreco We are not responsible for typographical errors. VI'SA' Send $2.00 Postage fora FREE 1989 CATALOG We reserve the right to substitute manufacturers. _.,_ ::,"_ ,_; ELECTRONICS 1989 Jameco Electronics 8/89 Items subject to availability and prior sale. IBM is a registered trademark of Products pictured may only be representative International Business Machines Complete list of terms warranties is available upon request.

24 -Hour Order Hotline (415) 592-8097 The Following Phone Lines Are Available From 7AM - 5PM P.S.T.: Customer Service (415) 592-8121 Technical Assistance (415) 592-9990 Credit Department (415) 592-9983 All Other Inquiries (415) 592-7108

CIRCLE 114 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com MMC MICROCOMPUTER MARKETING COUNCIL d Il bra Mrkeug Asa rn JDR Microdevuces ° 1 TOLL -FREE TECHNICAL SUPPORT ilb 30 DAY MONEY BACK GUARANTEE YEAR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS MEMORY SALE! STATIC RAMS DYNAMIC RAMS 1 r EPROMS Inter MATH PART SIZE SPEED PRICE PART SIZE SPEED PRICE PART SIZE SPEED Vpp PRICE 2112 256x4 450ns 2.99 4116-150 16384x1 150ns .99 2708 1024x8 450ns 25V 4.95 COPROCESSORS 2114 1024x4 450ns .99 4164-150 65536x1 150ns 2.49 2716 2048x8 450ns 25V 3.49 2114L-2 1024x4 200ns 1.49 4164-120 65536x1 120ns 2.89 2716-1 2048x8 350ns 25V 3.95 2.49 4164-100 65536x1 100ns 3.39 2732 4096x8 450ns 25V 3.95 8 -BIT COPROCESSORS TMS4044-3 4096x1 300ns TMM2016-200 2048x8 200ns 2.95 TMS4416 16384x4 150ns 8.95 TMS2532 4096x8 450ns 25V 5.95 5 97.95 8087 MHz TMM2016-150 2048x8 150ns 3.25 41128-150 131072x1 150ns 4.95 2732A 4096x8 250ns 21V 3.95 MHz 139.95 8087-2 8 TMM2016-100 2048x8 100ns 3.95 TMS4464-15 65536x4 150ns 14.95 2764 8192x8 450ns 12.5V 3.49 10 MHz 189.95 8087-1 HM6116-4 2048x8 200ns 2.95 TMS4464-12 65536x4 120ns 15.95 2764-250 8192x8 250ns 12.5V 3.69 HM51258-100 262144x1 100ns 10.95 2764-200 8192x8 200ns 12.5V 4.25 16 -BIT COPROCESSORS HM6116-3 2048x8 150ns 3.95 HM6116-2 2048x8 120ns 4.95 41256-150 262144x1 150ns 6.49 27C64 8192x8 250ns 12.5V 4.95 80287 6 MHz 157.95 HM6116LP-4 2048x8 200ns 3.95 41256-120 262144x1 120ns 6.99 27128 16384x8 250ns 12.5V 4.25 80287-8 8 MHz 219.95 HM6116LP-3 2048x8 150ns 4.49 41256-100 262144x1 100ns 7.99 27128A-200 16384x8 200ns 12.5V 5.95 80287-10 10 MHz 264.95 HM6116LP-2 2048x8 120ns 5.49 41256-80 262144x1 80ns 8.49 27256 32768x8 250ns 12.5V 4.95 200ns 12.5V 5.95 32 -BIT COPROCESSORS 1111> HM6264LP-15 8192x8 /5Ons 8.95 1 MB -120 1048576x1 120ns 19.95 27256-200 32768x8 120ns 9.95 1 MB -100 1048576x1 100ns 21.95 27C256 32768x8 250ns 12.5V 5.95 80387-16 16 MHz 397.95 HM6264LP-12 8192x8 150ns 24.95 1 MB -80 1048576x1 8Ons 2495 27512 65536x8 250ns 12.5V 8.95 80387-SX 16 MHz 389.95 5 YEAR HM43256LP-15 32768x8 HM43256LP-12 32768x8 120ns 29.95 414256-100 262144x4 100ns 29.95 27C512 65536x8 250ns 12.5V 9.95 80387-20 20 MHz 469.95 WARRANTY HM43256LP-10 32768x8 100ns 34.95 414256-80 262144x4 8Ons 36.95 27C101-20 131072x8 200ns 12.5V 29.95 80387-25 25 MHz 589.95 CALL TO CONFIRM CURRENT PRICES CALL TO CONFIRM CURRENTi PRICES CALL TO CONFIRM CURRENT PRICES PARTIAL LISTINGS ONLY! r SIMM MODULES EPROM ERASERS CALL FOR COMPLETE CATALOG 41256A8B-15 256K x 8 -BIT FOR MAC 150ns $69.95 41256A8B-12 256K x 8 -BIT FOR MAC 120ns $74.95 DATARASE 11 $39.95 41256A8B-10 256K x 8 -BIT FOR MAC 100ns $84.95 SHIRT POCKET SIZEI I 42100A88-10 1MB x 8 -BIT FOR MAC 100ns $239.95 SERIES ERASES MOST EPROMS, 74 LOGIC 41256A9B-15 256K x 9 -BIT FOR PC 150ns $79.95 EPLD'S IN 3 MINUTES ALL PC 120ns 7400 745 41256A9B-12 256K x 9 -BIT FOR $84.95 SIZES UP TO 4 AT A TIME 74LS76 .29 41256A9B-10 256K x 9 -BIT FOR PC 100ns $94.95 7400 .19 74S00 .29 DATARASE II 74LS83 .49 41256A9B-80 256K x 9 -BIT FOR PC 8Ons $109.95 .19 74S02 .29 7402 74LS85 .49 42100A9B-10 1MB x 9 -BIT FOR PC 100ns $27995 .19 74SO4 .29 7404 74LS86 .22 ,42100A9B-80 1MB x 9 -BIT FOR PC 8Ons $299.95 SPECTRONICS CORPORATION 7405 .25 74LS90 .39 74S32 .35 N of Intensity Unit 7406 .29 74LS92 .49 74S74 .49 Model 'Timed Chips (uW/Cm') Cost 7407 .29 74LS93 .39 74S86 .35 7408 .24 74LS109 .36 745112 .50 PE -140 NO 9 8,000 $ 89 7410 .19 74L5112 29 74S138 .79 9enci s PE -140T YES 9 8,000 $139 7411 .25 74LS123 .49 74S240 1.49 PE -240T YES 12 9,600 $189 7414 .49 74LS125 .39 74S244 1.49 PL -265r YES 30 9,600 $255 7416 .25 74LS132 .39 74S287 1.69 74S288 1.69 H IGH -TECH 7417 .25 74LS138 .39 7420 .19 74L5139 .39 745373 1.69 r 7432 .29 741S151 .39 74S374 1.69 MICROPROCESSORS 7447 .89 74LS153 .39 SPOTLIGHT 7473 .34 74LS154 1.49 74F 8200 6500 7474 .33 74LS155 .59 74F00 .35 8000 Here at JDR we are constantly reminded how difficult it is 6502 2.25 7475 .45 74LS156 .49 74F04 .35 8031 3.95 8254 2.79 to keep up with new developments. Four years ago we could 6502A 2.69 7476 .35 74LS157 .35 74F08 .35 8035 1.49 assure our customers that they needed 9 chips at a time to 4.25 7586 .35 74LS158 .29 74F32 .35 8039 1.95 8255-5 2.49 65028 expand their PC. Then the AT became popular and we began 65CO2 7.95 7489 2.15 74LS161 .39 74F74 .39 8052AH 8256 15.95 saying 9 for PC's and 18 for 80286 -based machines. Later we 6522 2.95 7490 .39 74LS163 .39 74F138 .79 BASIC 34.95 8259 1.95 said that you added memory to an 80386 using 36 chlps at a 13.95 7493 .35 74LS164 .49 74F244 1.29 8080 2.49 8259-5 2.29 6526 time. 6532 5.95 74121 .29 74).5165 .65 8085 1.95 8272 4.39 When the available memory chips were designed so that 8085A-2 3.75 4.95 6551 2.95 74123 .49 74LS166 .95 74HC 8274 74151 .55 74L5175 one chip supported one bit on the data bus, It was easy to 8088 5.99 8275 16.95 6581 14.95 .39 74HC00 .21 74154 1.49 make rules like these. But the rules have changed, which can 8088-2 7.95 8279 2.49 CMOS 74LS192 .69 74HC04 .25 74157 .55 be very good as we shall shortly see. The number of chips is 8155 2.49 8279-5 2.95 74LS193 .69 74HC08 .25 6800 74166 1.00 really determined by the width of the data bus AND the width of 8155-2 3.95 8282 3.95 74LS197 .59 74HC14 .35 6800 1.95 74LS221 .59 the Dynamic RAM memory chip. 8156 2.95 8283 3.95 74HC32 .35 8741 9.95 2.25 6802 2.95 741500 74LS240 .69 For example, if you used a 1 Meg chip that is configured 8284 74HC74 .35 8748 7.95 6809 2.95 .i6 74LS241 .69 256K by 4 bits wide, you could design an 80386 motherboard 8286 3.95 74HC138 .45 68B09 5.99 74LS244 .69 that Is expandable In increments of 9 chips at a time. (256K by 8749 9.95 8287 3.95 74LS02 .17 74HC139 .45 6809E 2.95 74LS245 .79 4.9 = 256K by r36). The obvious advantage Is the savings in 8755 14.95 8288 4.95 74LS03 .18 74HC154 1.09 68B09E 5.49 74LS251 .49 board space, which makes room for more memory, and the 74LSO4 .16 74HC157 .55 8200 Z-80 6808 2.49 74LS257 .39 lower cost for memory, since 1 Meg chips cost less. 74LS05 .18 74HC244 .85 8205 3.29 Z80 -CPU 1.25 6810 1.95 .18 74LS258 .49 74LS08 74HC245 .85 Because the goal Is to create products that are 8212 1.49 280A -CPU 1.29 6821 1.25 .16 74LS259 1.29 74LS10 74HC373 .69 reliable, compatible, full featured and competitively priced, the 8216 1.49 Z80B-CPU 2.75 68621 1.85 74LS260 .49 1 1 74LS11 .22 74HC374 .69 new 1 Meg chips in both Meg by and 256K by 4 are very 8224 2.25 Z80A-CTC 1.69 6840 3.95 74LS273 .79 74LS14 .39 desirable. With that in mind, look for new products that take 8226 2.25 Z80B-CTC 4.25 6845 2.75 74).S279 .39 74LS20 .17 advantage of these more flexible memory options. 8237 3.95 Z80A-DART 5.95 6847 4.75 74LS322 3.95 74HCT 74LS21 .22 Derick Moore, Director of Engineering 8237-5 4.75 Z80B-DART 6.95 6850 1.95 74LS323 2.49 74HCTOO .25 74LS27 .23 8238 4.49 Z80A-DMA 5.95 6883 22.95 74LS367 .39 74HCT04 .27 74LS30 .17 8243 1.95 Z80A-PIO 1.89 74LS373 .79 74HCT08 .25 - 74LS32 .18 r' PALS STARTER KIT 8250 6.95 280B -PIO 4.25 V-20 74LS374 .79 74HCT32 .27 74LS38 .26 16L8 $2.95 20L8 $4.95 COMPLETE ENTRY-LEVEL 8251 1.29 Z80A-S10/0 5.95 V20 6.95 74LS377 .79 74HCT138 35 74LS42 .39 16R4 2.95 20R4 4.95 PAL DEVELOPMENT KIT 8251A 1.69 Z80A-S10/1 5.95 V20-8 8.95 74LS393 .79 74HCT240 .89 74LS47 .75 16R6 2.95 20R6 4.95 FROM CUPL. 8253 1.59 280A-SIO/2 5.95 V20-10 11.95 74LS541 1.49 74HCT244 .89 74LS51 .17 16R8 2.95 20R8 4.95 MOD-MPL -SOFT $99.95 L8253-5 1.95 Z8671 BASIC 9.95 V30 13.95 74LS73 .29 74LS670 .89 74HCT245 .99 20X8 4.95 i 74LS74 .24 74LS682 3.20 74HCT373 .99 74LS75 .29 74LS688 2.40 74HCT374 .99 i MISC. r CRYSTALS" r CRYSTAL -1 LINEAR COMPONENTS ADC0804 2.99 32.768 KHz .95 OSCILL. TL071 .69 TL497 3.25 MC3487 2.95 r STANDARD CMOS LOGIC ADC0809 3.85 1.0 MHz 2.95 1.0MHz 5.95 TL072 1.09 NE555 .29 LM3900 .49 SHORTING DAC0800 3.29 1.8432 2.95 NE556 .49 LM3909 .98 4001 .19 4050 .29 1.8432 5.95 TL084 1.49 DAC0808 1.95 2.0 1.95 5.95 .34 NE558 .79 LM3914 1.89 4011 .19 4051 .69 BLOCKS 2.0 LM301 1793 9.95 2.4576 1.95 5.95 LM565 .95 IC7760 1.99 4013 .35 4060 .69 2.4576 LM309K 1.25 5/51.00 4.39 1.95 4.95 .79 7805T .49 4015 .29 4066 .29 8272 3.579545 4.0 LM311 .59 LM567 8.95 4.0 1.95 4.95 2.95 7808T .49 4016 .29 4069 .19 COM8116 5.0688 LM311K 3.49 NE570 UPD765 4.39 5.0688 1.95 4.95 NE590 2.50 7812T .49 4017 .49 4093 .49 8.0 LM317T .69 1691 6.95 6.0 1.95 10.0 4.95 LM723 .49 78151 .49 4024 .49 14411 9.95 LM318 1.49 2143 6.95 1.95 14.31818 1.95 LM741 .29 79057 .59 4040 .69 4511 .69 8.0 LM319 1.25 AY5-3600 10.0 1.95 16.0 4.95 3.49 MC1330 1.69 7912T .59 4046 .69 4538 .95 LM323K I PRO 11.95 12.0 1.95 18.432 4.95 LM324 .34 MC1350 1.19 7915T .59 `4049 .29 4702 9.95_4 AY3-1015 4.95 14.31818 1.95 20.0 4.95 LM334 1.19 LM1458 .35 MAX232 7.95 AY51013 3.95 16.0 1.95 24.0 4.95 LM336 1.75 LM1488 .49 ICL8038 3.85 DISCRETE BYPASS CAPS MC146818 5.95 18.0 1.95 LM338K 4.49 LM1489 .49 ICM7207A 5.95 MM58167 9.95 20.0 1.95 LM339 .59 LM1496 .85 ICM7208 15.95 1N751 49 2N3904 .10 CERAMIC DISC: MM58174 9.95 22.1184 1.95 LF353 .59 ULN2003 .79 75150 1.95 IN4004 10/1.00 2N3906 .10 .01UF 100/5.00 MSM5832 2.95 24.0 1.95 LF356 .99 XR2206 3.95 75154 1.95 IN4148 25/1.00 2N4401 25 .1UF 100/6.50 IM6402 3.95 XR2211 2.95 75188 1.25 KBP02 .55 4N26 .69 LM358 .59 MONOLITHIC: IM6403 9.95 CA3046 .89 75189 1.25 2N2222 .10 4N35 .89 LM380 .89 .01UF 100/10.00 INS8250 6.95 CA3146 1.29 75451 .39 2N2907 .25 JMBO RED .10 LM386 .89 1UF 100/12.50 10.95 1.95 75452 .39à .79 JMBO GRN .14A l NS16450 LM393 .45 MC3470 N3055 J \ 1 1 I

MACHINES. JDR MICRODEVICES AND THE JOR MICR00EVICES LOGO ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF JDR MICROOEVICES. IBM. AT. PS/2 ARE TRADEMARKS OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

96 CIRCLE 113 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD www.americanradiohistory.com POWER SUPPLIES SOLDER STATIONS WIREWRAP 135 WATT POWER SUPPLY SOLDER/DESOLDER STATION PROTOTYPE CARDS UL APPROVED OIL -FREE VACUUM PUMP FR -4 EPDXY GLASS LAMINATE WITH GOLD PLATED .5V@15A,[email protected], TEMP ADJUSTS (212 ° F-900° F) EDGECARD FINGERS AND SILK SCREENED LEGENDS -5V @ .5A, -12V @ .5A & VACUUM (0-60 CM/HG) $59.95 WITH GUN -REST, COOLING TRAY, PS -150 150W SUPPLY 869.95 WIRE BRUSH & TIP CLEANER ROD 200 WATT POWER SUPPLY XY999SD $399.95 UL APPROVED XY999D DESOLDER ONLY $349.99 r5V@20A,.12V07A, DELUXE SOLDER STATION -5V @ .5A, -12V @ .5A PS 200 $89.95 ROTARY SWITCH TEMP CONTROL (200 ° F-878 °F RANGE) JDR-PR1 WITH .5V AND GROUND PLANE $27.95 dipAPPLE TYPE SUPPLY LED TEMPERATURE READOUTS JDR-PR2 ABOVE WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT 529.95 WITH APPLE CONNECTOR INCLUDES COOLING TRAY JDR-PR2PK PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR2 ABOVE $8.95 .5V @ 6A, .12V @ 3A, XY9-60L $79.95 FOR AT -5V@ IA. -12V@1A PS -A $49.95 SOLDER STATION JDR-PR10 16 BIT WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT $34.95 JDR-PR1OPK PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR10 ABOVE $12.95 36 WATT POWER SUPPLY UL APPROVED FOR P5/2 4 4.5V 02.5A, .12V @1.5A HEAT SETTING ADJUSTS JDR-PR32 32 BIT PROTOTYPE CARD $69.95 3 PIN INPUT, 6 PIN OUTPUT TIP TEMPERATURE READOUT JDR-PR16 16 BIT WITH I/O DECODING LAYOUT REPLACEMENT TIPS @ $2.95 $49.95 SELECTABLE 110V -220V JDR-PR16PK PARTS KIT FOR JDR-PR16 ABOVE $15.95 168-3C $59.95 1 PS -3045 $12.95 JDR-PR16V 16 BIT FOR VIDEO APPLICATIONS $39.95

DATA SWITCH BOXES EXTENDER C4RDS IDR INSTRUMENTS--2 YEAR WARRANTY! TYPE 4OF POS. PARALL. SERIAL PRICE FOR PROTOTYPE DEBUGGING, 35 MHZ DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE TESTING AND TROUBLESHOOTING PUSHBTTN. 2 -WAY AB -P AB-S 39.95 WIDE BAND WIDTH VARIABLE HOLDOFF ROTARY 2 -WAY RSP-2 RSS-2 24.95 EXT-8088 XT COMPATI 3LE 29.95 MODEL -3500 (SHOWN) $499.95 ROTARY 3 -WAY RSP-3 RSS-3 27.95 EXT-80286 AT COMPATI3LE 39.95 ROTARY 4 -WAY RSP-4 RSS-4 29.95 20 MHZ DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPE EXT-16 MICROCHANNEL 16 -BIT 69.95 TV SYNC FILTEA COMPONENTS TESTER EXT-32 MICROCHANNEL 32-BIT 99.95 MODEL 2000 $389.9 MOLDED COMPUTER CABLES 3.5 DIGIT PROBE TYPE DMM

AUTORANGING AC/DC 2V - 500V, RESTS. 2K -2M GOLD-PLATED CONTACTS; 100% SHIELDED DPM-1000 (SHOWN) $54.95 CBL-PRINTER PC PRINTER CABLE 9.95 CBL-PRINTER-25 AS ABOVE -25 FT. 15.95 3.5 DIGIT POCKET SIZE DMM CBL-PRINTER-RA RT. ANGL. PRINTER 15.95 BASIC DC ACCURACY±0.5% 14 RANGES CBL-DB25-MM DB25 MALE -MALE 9.95 NEW DMM-100 $29.95 RELIABLE, CBL-DB25-MF DB25 MALE -FEMALE 9.95 LOW SOLDERLESS CBL-9-SERIAL 9 PIN -25 PIN SERIAL 6.95 PRICf51 3.5 DIGIT FULL FUNCTION DMM HIGH QUALITY CBL-KBD-EXT KEYBOARD EXTEN. 7.95 BREADBOARDS BASIC DC ACCURACY ±0.25% 22 RANGES TEST EQUIPMENT, CBL-CNT-MM 36 PIN CENTRON.-M/M 14.95 DMM-200 $49.95 REASONABLY CBL-HD-20 20 PIN HARD DISK 3.95 PDS -100 1360 TIE PTS PRICED CBL-HD-34D 34 PIN DUAL HARD DISK 6.95 PDS -200 1660 TIE PIS $$$$12.9519.95 THE ULTIMATE 3.5 DIGIT DMM CBL-FDC-EXT 37 PIN EXT. FLOPPY 9.95 PDS -300 2390 TIE PTS 24.95 BASIC DC ACCURACY ±0.25% 34 RANGES CBL-MNT-9 9 PIN MONITOR EXTEN. 6.95 PDS -400 3220 TIE PTS 34.95 TEMP, TRANSISTOR 5 RESISTANCE FEATURES CBL-MODEM DB25 DB25FEMALE 7.95 DMM-300 (SHOWN) ninkal $79.95 ' VOLU RS -232 IDE34 IDC CONNECTORS/RIBBON CABLE DISCOUNTSC 69` each [ BREAKOUT BOX 25. OTY CONTACTS DESCRIPTION ORDER BY FOR TROUBLESHOOTING 10 20 28 34 40 50 SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS SOLDER HEADER IDHxxS .82 1.29 1.68 2.20 2.58 3.24 OPEN/CLOSE INDIVIDUAL RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER IDHxxSR .85 1.35 1.76 2.31 2.72 3.39 CIRCUITS 20 JUMPERS WIREWRAP HEADER IDHxxW 1.86 2.98 3.84 450 5.28 6.63 CROSS -CONNECT ANY TWO RIGHT ANGLE WIREWRAP HEADER IDHxxWR _2.05.128 4.22 445 480 7.30 CIRCUITS 10 CIRCUIT PC RIBBON HEADER SOCKET IDSxx .55 .55 .75 .75 1.19 1.19 ACTIVITY LEDS BREADBOARD GENDER -BO $34.95 mar< RIBBON HEADER IDMxx -- 5.50 6.25 7.00 7.50 8.50 RIRRON FrAFAARD IDExx .55 .55 .75 .9S _129,1.89 RIBBON CABLE 10 FT. RCxx 1.50 3.00 3.90 5.10 6.00 7.50 SURGE SUPPRESSOR FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS, SEE D-SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS BELOW PROTECTS YOUR EQUIPMENT! DB25P VOLUME SIX 3 -PRONG AC OUTLETS 62 CLEARLY LABELLEL BUS LINES DISCOUNTS sor l4CA D-SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS CALL! 15 AMP CIRCUIT BREAKER ACCEPTS UP TO 24 14 -PIN ICS ..... 26. OTY CONTACTS 6' HEAVY DUTY CORD 1940 TIE POINTS DESCRIPTION ORDER BY 15 AMP MAX LOAD, 1875 WATTS EXT FEMALE DB25 D-SJB CONNECT 9 15 19 25 37 50 UL APPROVED PDS -604 $49.95 SOLDER CUP MALE DBxxP 45 59 69 69 1.35 1.85 FEMALE DBxxS 49 75 75 1.39 2.29 POWER -SURGE $12.95 69 POWER -STRIP W/O SURGE $9.95 RIGHT ANGLE MALE DSxxPR 49 69 79 2.27 GENDER CHANGERS PC SOLDER FEMALE DBxxSR .55 .75 .85 2.49 WIREWRAP MALE DBxxPW W 1.69 2.56 3.89 5.60 GENDER -FF FEMALE-°EMALE $7.95 FEMALE DBxxSW W 2.76 4.27 6.84 9.95 LITHIUM BATTERY GENDER -MM MALE -AALE IDBYYP 1.39 IDC RIBBON CABLE MALE 1.99 2.25 6V FOR 286 AND 386 PCS GENDER -MF MALE -FEMALE 7.95 FEMALE IDBxaS 1.45 2.05 2.35 4.49 -- GENDER -NM NULL MODEM .95 MOTHERBOARD CONNECTOR METAL MHCODxx 1.05 1.15 1.25 1.25 GENDER-JB JUMPER BOX .95 HOODS PLASTIC HOODxx .39 .39 - .39 ADHESIVE VELCRO MOUNTING GENDER -MT MINITESTER $14.95 69 STRIP GENDER -VGA DB9-D615 $19.95 ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: INSERT THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS IN THE POSITION MARKED LITHIUM 6.8V 311.95 GENDER-9-25 DB9-DB25 $4.95 "xx"OF THE "ORDER BY" PART NUMBER LISTED. EXAMPLE : A 15 PIN RIGHT ANGLE MALE PC SOLDER WOULD BE DB15PR COIN TYPE BATTERY MOUNTING HARDWARE .59 LONG-LASTING 3V LITHIUM 3V-MHW $1.95 HOLDER VOLU E $1.49 IC SOCKETS/DIP CONNECTORS DISCOUNTS CALL! SC CONTACTS APPLE -COMPATIBLE PRODUCTS 8 14 ' 16 18 20 22 24 28 40 FLOPPY DRIVE FOR APPLE II SERIES "SNAPABLE" HEADERS SOLDERTAIL SOCKETS xxST .11 .12 .15 .18 .15 .20 22 .30 AP -150 (W/CABLE, CONNECTOR) $99.95 WIREWRAP SOCKETS xxWW .69 .99 1.09 1.39 1.49 1. 69 1.99 SNAP APART TO MATE ANY SIZE REPLACEMENT KEYBOARD FOR APPLE /l6 IF 5.95 - 6.95 7.95 7. 9510.95 HEADER, WITH .1" ENTERS KEYBOARD -AP $59.95 TOOLED SOCKETS AUGATxx .59 .69 .79 .85 .85 .99 1.09 1.29 EPROM PROGRAMMER. NOT REC. FOR CMOS. 1 x 40 STRAIGHT LEAD .99 TOOLED WW SOCKETS 112=ZIIM 1.30 1.80 2.10 2.40 2.50 2.90 3.15 3. 70 5.40 RP -525 (NO POWER SUPPLY REO.) $89.95 1 x 40 RIGHT ANGLE LEAD 51.49 .49 .59 .69 .99 .99 .99 .99 1. 09 1.49 16K RAM CARD BOOSTS 48K APPLE TO 64K 2 x 40 STRAIGHT LEAD $2.49 DIP PLUGS IDC) IDPxx .95 .49 .59 1.29 1.49 -- .85 1.49 1.59 2 x 40 RIGHT ANGLE LEAD RAM -CARD (2 YEAR WARRANTY) $39.95 3$2.99 FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS® SEE 0 -SUBMINIATURE CONNECTORS ABOVE

JDR MICRODEVICES, 2233 BRANHAM LANE, SAN JOSE, CA 95124 Terms: Minimum order $10. For shipping and handling include $3.50 for ground and 54.50 for air. Orders over 1 lb and foreign orders may require additional shipping 111113731M LOCAL (408) 866-6200 FAX (408) 559-0250 TELEX 171-110 charges -please contact the sales department for the amount. CA residents must include applicable sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice. We are not RETAIL STORE: 1256 SOUTH BASCOM AVE., 3AN JOSE. CA responsible for typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sales. A lull copy of our (408) 947-8881 HOURS: M -F 9-7 SAT. 9-5 SUN. 12-4 terms is available upon request. Items pictured may only be representative. MasterCard ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000 COPYRIGHT 1989 JDR MICRODEVICES MON.-FRI. ï A.M. TO S P.M., SATURDAY, 10 A.M. TO 3 P.M. (PST)

CIRCLE 170 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 97 www.americanradiohistory.com NEW LOW PRICESI HARD DISKS KITS 2400 BAUD MODEM VGA $8995 COMPATIBLE 20 MB $199 20 MB $249 HAYES COMPATIBILITY PACKAGE $499 30MB $219 30 MB $279 AUTO DIAL/ANSWER SELF-TEST ON POWER UP FULL AND HALF DUPLEX 720 X 540 MAX RESOLUTION, 640 X 480 IN 16 COLORS. 40 MB $319 deSea Tate TOUCHTONE OR PULSE DIALIN 528 X 480 RESOLUTION IN 256 COLORS IBM STYLE MONITOR 1111111 2ND PHONE JACK VGA, EGA, CGA. AND MGA COMPATIBLE 28 MS $389 MCT-241 VGA-PKG (INCLUDES VGA CARD AND MONITOR) PROMETHEUS MODEMS VGA MONITOR $359 60 MB $38 PRO -241 2400 BAUD INTERNAL1/2 CARD $99.95 14" ANALOG VGA GLARE RESISTANT SCREEN 720 X 480 PRO -121 1200 BAUD INTERNAL 1/2 CARD $69.95 TILT/SWIVEL BASE FRONT MOUNTED POWER SWITCH so MB $569 PRO-24E 2400 BAUD EXTERNAL MODEM $149.95 VGA-MONITOR PRO-12E 1200 BAUD EXTERNAL MODEM $99.95 AVG. FORM DRIVE AT FM MULTI -SCAN $429 SIZE MODEL SPEED FACTO ONLY KIT FULL FEATURED MULTISCAN MONITOR WITH UNLIMITED COLORS HIGH RESOLUTION, 14" NON -GLARE DISPLAY 20MB ST -225 65 MS 5.1/4" $199 $249 $309 DFI HANDY SCANNER -400 DPI AUTO SWITCHING TTL/ANALOG VIDEO INPUT 20MB ST -125 40 MS 3-1/2" $259 $299 $373 JDR-MULTI 30MB RLL ST -238 65 MS 5-1/4' $219 $279 $379 30MB ALL ST -138 40 MS 3.1/2" $289 $339 $429 EGA MONITOR $339 40MB ST -251 40 MS 5-1/4" $319 5369 $429 $19995 r 640 X 200/350 RESOLUTION 14" BLACK MATRIX SCREEN 40MB ST -251-1 28 MS 5.1/4" $389 $439 $499 QUICKLY SCANS UP' TO 4.1' ''' 16 COLOR DISPLAY 9 -PIN CABLE 60MB ALL ST -277 40 MS 5-1/4" $389 $449 $549 WIDE IMAGES 100. 200. 300. EGA -MONITOR 80MB ST -4096 28 MS 5-1/4" $569 - $679 400 DPI BOTH DIRECTIONS B&W & 3 HALF -TONE MODES 32 LEVELS OF EGA SPECIAL! CARD & MONITOR --JUST $479 GRAY SCALE HERCULES. CGA, EGA AND VGA COMPATIBLE INCLUDES HALO DPE AND IMAGE EDITOR SOFTWARE JDR-RGB 14- RGS MONITOR TILT SWIVEL BASE $239.95 HS -3000 JDR-MONO 12" TTL MONOCHROME- GREEN $69.95 OCR -SOFT CHARACTER RECOGNITION SOFTWARE $99.95 JDR-AMBER 12" TTL MONOCHROME -AMBER $69.95 80MB SCSI DRIVES ARE FASTRE J J KEYBOARDS ST -296N BY SEAGATE UPRIGHT MCI -SCSI HOST ADAPTOR CARD $49.95 PAD: ST -02 SCSI ADAPTOR W/FLOPPY $79.95 411113 101 KEY ENHANCED, WITH SEPARATE CURSOR CASE $29995 BTC-5339 AUTOSENSE FOR XT: AT. AUTOREPEAT $69.95 K103 -A AUDIBLE "CLICK" STYLE $84.95 SPACE SAVING DESIGN HOLDS ALL SIZES MAX -5339 MAXI -SWITCH W/TACTILE FEEDBACK $84.95 OF MOTHERBOARDS AND INCLUDES: 250W POWER SUPPLY MOUNTS 84 KEY STYLES: 1.44 MB 3-1/2" DRIVE FOR 3 FLOPPY 8 4 HARD DRIVES BTC-5060 AUTOSENSE FOR XT/AT $59.95 TURBO & RESET SWITCH LED SPEED MAX -5060 MAXI -SWITCH W/TACTILE FEEDBACK $64.95 -*se. DISPLAY POWER & DISK LED'S $ 9995 ALL HARDWARE. FACEPLATES & SPEAKER CASE -100 ULTRA HIGH DENSITY NEW LOW READ/WRITE 720K DISKS. TOO CASE-FLIP FOR 8088 BOARDS $39.95 - MODULAR CIRCUIT TECHNOLOGY PI9CESI FDD-1.44X BLACK FACEPLATE CASE-SLIDE FOR 8088 BOARDS $39.95 FDD-1.44A BEIGE FACEPLATE CASE-70 FOR 286 BOARDS $89.95 DRIVE CONTROLLERS: FDD-1.44 SOFT SOFTWARE DRIVER $19.'5 CASE -50 FOR 8088/286 BOARDS $59.95 MCT-FDC FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $29.95 CASE -JR MINI 286W/150W PS $149.95 MCT-FDC-1.2 1.2 MB FLOPPY CONTROLLER $49.95 1/2 HEIGHT FLOPPY DISK DRIVES: MCT-H DC HARD DISK CONTROLLER $79.95 FD -55B 5-1/4" TEAC DS/DD 360K $99.95 MCT-RLL RLL CONTROLLER $89.95 FD -55G 5-1/4" TEAC DS/HD 1.2M $129.95 MCT-FH FLOPPY/HARD CONTROLLER $139.95 FF C) 5-1/4" DS/DD 360K $69.95 DFI SERIAL MOUSE $ 3995 MCT-AFH 286/386 FLOPPY/HARD $149.95 FDD-1.2 5-1/4" DS/HD 1.2M $109.95 3 -BUTTON OPTO -MECHANICAL _.. MCT-AFH-RLL 286/386 RLL CONTROLLER $199.95 FDD-3.5X 3-1/2" 720K (BLACK) $97.95 200 D.P.I. 5-1/2' CABLE DISPLAY ADAPTOR CARDS: FDD-3.5A 3-1/2" 720K (BEIGE) $97.95 USES SERIAL PORT COM 1/2 INCL. SOFTWARE DRIVERS MCT-MGP MONOCHROME GRAPHICS $59.95 DMS -200E MCT-CG COLOR GRAPHICS ADAPTOR $49.95 MCT-EGA ENHANCED GRAPHICS ADAPTOR $149.95 NEW LOW MOUSE & HALO-OPE SOFTWARL MCT-VGA-8 REGISTER COMPATIBLE VGA $199.95 MOTHERBOARDS PRICES! DMS -200 $59.95 MCI -VGA -16 16 -BIT VGA, 1024X768 RES. $329.95 25 MHZ 386 MCI-MGMIO MONOGRAPHICS MULTI I/O $119.75 $1049 10/25 MHZ NEW LOGITECH 3 -BUTTON MIC MCT-MGAIO 286/386 MONOGRAPHICS I/O $99.95 NEW SERIES 9 MICE FEATURE 320 DPI RESOLUTION. SERIAL 16 MB RAM CAPACITY - 8MB MICE ARE ALSO PS/2 COMPATIBLE. MULTIFUNCTION CARDS: ON-BOARD(0K), 8 MB RAM CARD LOGC9 SERIAL MOUSE $98.95 MCI-M10 MULTI I/O FLOPPY CONTROLLER $79.95 USES 256K OR 1 MB DRAMS LOGC9-P SERIAL MOUSE WITH PAINTSHOW $109.95 MCI-10 MULTI I/O CARD $59.95 8 SLOTS: 1X32-BIT RAM LOGC9-PBL SERIAL MOUSE WITH PUBLISHER $149.95 MCT-AMF 286/386 MULTIFUNCTION $139.95 2X 8 -BIT 8 5X 16 -BIT LOGC9-PC SERIAL MOUSE WITH PAINT CAD $154.95 MCT-A10 286/386 MULTI I/O CARD $59.95 SHADOW RAM FOR BIOS LOGB9 BUS MOUSE $89.95 MEMORY CARDS: VIDEO AMI BIOS INTERLEAVED MEMORY LOGB9-P BUS MOUSE WITH PAINTSHOW $104.95 MCI-RAM 576K -RAM CARD $59.95 LOGB9-PBL BUS MOUSE WITH PUBLISHER $139.95 MCT-EMS EXPANDED MEMORY CARD $129.95 ADJUSTABLE BUS SPEEDS LOGB9-PC BUS MOUSE WITH PAINT'CAD $149.95 MCT-AEMS 286/386 EMS CARD $139.95 MCT-386MB25 MCI-386MB20 10/20 MHZ 386 $849.00 MCT-386-M 8MB RAM CARD (0K) $149.95 MCT-XMB STANDARD 4.77 MHZ 8088 $87.95 MODULAR PROGRAMMING SYSTEM EPROM MODULE $119.95 MCI -TURBO 4.77/8 MHZ 8088 $95.95 PROGRAMS 24-32 PIN EPROMS. CMOS EPROMS MCI -TURBO -10 4.77/10 MHZ SINGLE CHIP 8088 $99.00 INTEGRATED MODULAR SYSTEM EASILY EXPANDS! ALL & EEPROMS FROM 16K TO 1024K HEX TO OBJ MCT-M286 MHZ MINI.286 $269.95 MODULES USE A COMMON HOST ADAPTOR CARD --USE JUST CONVERTER AUTO, BLANK CHECK/PROGRAM/ 6/10 ONE SLOT TO PROGRAM EPROMS, PROMS, PALS & MORE VERIFY VPP 5, 12.5. 12.75. 13. 21 8 25 VOLTS MCT-M286-12 6/12 MHZ MINI -286 $299.00 NORMAL, INTELLIGENT, INTERACTIVE & QUICK MCT-M286-16 8/16 MHZ 286 $489.95 PULSE PROGRAMMING ALGORITHMS MCT-M286-20 10/20 MHZ 286 $589.00 HOST ADAPTOR CARD $29.95 MOD -MEP MI-386MB-1 MYLEX 386 16MHZ/I MB $1299.00 FOR ALL UNIVERSAL INTERFACE MOD -MEP -4 4 -EPROM PROGRAMMER 169.95 MI-386MB-4 MYLEX 386 16MHZ/4MB $1999.00 THE PROGRAMMING MODULES, MOD -MEP -8 8 -EPROM PROGRAMMER 259.95 MI-386MB20-1 MYLEX 386 20MHZ/1 MB $1499.00 SELECTABLE ADDRESSES MOD -MEP -1616 -EPROM PROGRAMMER 99.95 PREVENTS CONFLICTS MI-386MB20-4 MYLEX 386 20MHZ/4MB $2399.00 MOLDED CABLE DIGITAL IC MODULE $129.95 MOD -MAC TESTS TTL. CMOS DYNAMIC 8 STATIC RAM s* AUTO SEARCH FOR UNKNOWN PART NUMBERS EPROM PROGRAMMER $12995 UNIVERSAL MODULE $499.99 r USER -PROGRAMMABLE TEST PROCEDURES PROGRAMS 27XX AND 27XXX EPROMS UP TO 27512 PROGRAMS EPROMS. EEPROMS. MOD-MIC SUPPORTS VARIOUS PROGRAMMING FORMATS & PALS. BI -POLAR PROMS, 8748 8 8751 VOLTAGES SPLIT OR SERIES DEVICES: 16V8 AND 20V8 GALS PAL MODULE $249.95 COMBINE CONTENTS OF SEVERAL EPROMS OF (GENERIC ARRAY LOGIC) FROM LATTICE. PROGRAMS MMI, NS, TI 20 8 TI 24 PIN DEVICES DIFFERENT SIZES NS. SGS TESTS TTL. CMOS. DYNAMIC PROGRAM. AUTO, READMASTER, BLANK CHECK, READ. WRITE, COPY, 8 STATIC RAMS LOAD DISK. SAVE DISK. VERIFY & SECURITY FUSE BLOW ERASE, CHECK & VERIFY EDIT. BLANK CHECK. PROGRAM. AUTO. MOD -MPL READ MASTER. VERIFY AND COMPARE SOFTWARE FOR HEX PAL KIT. AND INTEL HEX FORMATS TEXTOOL SOCKET FOR 3" TO .6'W. IC'S ( 8-40 PINS) CUPL SOFTWARE -ENTRY-LEVEL DEV. MOD-MUP MOD -MPL -SOFT MOD -EPROM

r MICRODEVICES, 2233 BRANHAM LANE. SAN JOSE, CA 95124 Terms: Minimum order $10.00. For shipping 8 handling include S3.50 for ground JDR and $4.50 air. Orders over 1 lb and foreign orders may require additional shipping TELEX 171-110 charges -please contact the sates department for the amount. CA residents must LOCAL (408) 866-6200 FAX (408) 559-0250 include applicable sates tax. Prices subject to change without notice. We are not responsible tor typographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and to RETAIL STORE: 1256 SOUTH BASCOM AVE.. SAN JOSE, CA substitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sales. A full copy of our terms is available upon request. Items pictured may only be representative. (408) 947-8881 HOURS: M -F 9-7 SAT. 9-5 SUN. 12-4 MEMBER FREE ORDER TOLL 800-538-5000 COACT COPYRIGHT 1989 JDR MICRODEVICES W111RETNi AsSOCIATIpl

98 CIRCLE 171 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD www.americanradiohistory.com TI-1 1 9 S 5 MARK V FREE NEW CATALOG IS NOW AVAILABLE ! ANNIVERSARY Free giftwith any purchase from JULY to AUGUST. EI MORE THAN 60 ITEMS IN AUDIO AND DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS Ess ^'^ i 9 8 9 I LOW PRICE AND EFFICIENT MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES A indicates the level of difficulty in the assembling of our Products. A Beginner AA Intermediate AAA Advanced * Fully Assembled AMPLIFIERS PROFESSIONAL COLOR LIGHT 8 -DIGIT I GHZ MULTI -FUNCTION CONTROLLER SM -328 * MODEL DESCRIPTION KIT ASS. COUNTER FC -1000A * TA-001 1W Mini -Amplifier Assembled & tested $150.00 s 5.07 TA-006 6W Mini -Amplifier 6.90 Assembled/ tested & CAL $192.00 The SM -328 professional TA-007 12W Mini -Amplifier 11.20 color light controller is key- The FC -1000A is a multi- TA-10 Stereo Pre-Amp. w/magnetic mic. programmable for amp. 8.20board function 10 hertz tot ht TA-28M112 Di ItaI Voice Recorder na. ease of use, rams furl con- 30.00 40.00 dual- range frequency trol of intensity and flash rate. TA-50A/B Multi -Purpose Melody Generator 11.84 16.58 has counter. It can measure It four separate channels TA-50C Multi -Purpose with capacity of 1170 watts Melody Generator 12.65 17.71 frequency, period and total events. Readout is a large 0.5" per channel. Total wattage capability is y. 1 0wa TA-120MK2 Class "A" Main Power Mono 31.25 8. -digit. 7-segmentdisplay.LED It utilizes two crustal osci- This is equivalent to bulbs or 936 5 -watt colored bulbs and TA-300 30W Multi-Purpose Single ChannelAmp.g Amp. 15.00 ilators which can be individually calibrated for maximum is sufficient for the largest halls and auditoriums. In- long term accuracy against a frequency standard TA-302 60W Stereo Power Booster 5000 such as dependent input signal control Professional styled transmissions. Additional features include a value - control panel 4 independent outputs 4 independent+TA-3221 50W 50W IC StereoWWVAmp. w/Led level display 35.50 ble self -check mode and a two step input attenuator dimmer controls Chaser speed controls Automatic TA-323A HO 30W + 30141 Stereo Amp. 29.50 SPECIFICATIONS : Frequency range : 10hz to 10mhz, chaser operation 4 preset 10mhz to 10mhz. 100mhz to 1000mhz : chaser programs Clock- TA-377A PET Stereo Pre -Amp. 59.95 75.00 Resolution wise chaser Control Anti -clockwise chaser 1000hz to 0.1hz depending on range Accuracy : ±1 control TA-400 40W Sold State SPECIFICATIONS : Input sensitivity (music model) Mono Amp 16.62 digit, ± time base error Period measurement: 10hz f 100mV, (music 8 program) : 2V Output power: 1170W TA-477 120W Mosfet Power Mora Amp. 68.00 10mhz Period measurement resolution: 10-7 to 10-to per channel 4680W total Power requirement : 105 - TA-800 80W 4- BOW DC Pre -Main & Power Amp 60.92 seconds depending on gate time Totalization measure - 120V, Bohr Dimensions: 14.32" wide, 9" high 3.19" deep. :ent: 10hz to 10mhz Totalization display: 99999999 TA-802 80W +80W DC Stereo Main Power Amp.45.94 Sensitivity : 15mV 10hz to 70mhz, 30mV 70mhz to TA-820A 60W + 60W OCL DC Pre -Main Stereo Amp. 48.00 100mhz, 15mV 100mhz to 1000mhz Input impedance: 300W HI-FI POWER AMPLIFIER TA-1000A 100W Class "A" Main Power Mono Amp 59.69 880.58 1 megohm 10hz to 100mhz, 50ohms 100mhz to 1000mhz TA-1500 100Wx2 Pwer to (MONO) TA -3600 AAA Class"A" DC Stereo Pre-Main Amp 73.70 20VAC, 60hz ort220VAC, 500 0 70hz Dimension 3" TA-2400A Electronic Echo & Reververalion Amp 93.30 116.80 high, 9.69" wide, 7.87" Assembled & tested $110.00 deep. TA-2500 HO ProAmp. w/10 band graphic equalizer 90.00 Complete Kit $86.00 Transformer $38.00 TA-2800 Hi-Fi BFFet Pre -Amp. w/3 way tone contest 48.90 SURROUND SOUND PROCESSOR AA TA -3000 Stereo Simulator 33.20 43.38 10,000 OF 80V E. Cap $20.00 SM -333 Assembled & tested $83.00 TA -3600 300W HO Hi-Fi Power Mono Amp 86.00 110.00 The TA -3600 is an extremely Completed kit $62.00 MISCELLANEOUS high power amplifier specifi- The new SM -333 surround . catty designed to reproduce TV- I A Battery Flourescent Light Driver .... 5.19 sound processor is a full TY-7 Electronic Touch Switch 7.15 the high dynamic range avail- featured unit that is designed to provide your system with TY-8 ELectronic Lotto 1500 able on compact discs. It has the ultimate musical realism. ... 7Y-11 A Multi -Functional Control Switch 5.19 ^^ low noise, high stability, low It has inputs isc and Comact Disc an Digital Clock w/timer 16.63 distortion, extended frequency can also be used with FM tuners apeddecks and LP discs- 7Y-13 Color Led Audio Level Meter 20.15 in fact anything that can be connected to your preamplifier. range and high It efficiency in a compact package. Two of 7Y-14 Electronic Shock 6.25 also has front panel control of dynamic noise reduction, these units with appropriate power supply and pre -am level, effect and time delay up to 50 milliseconds plifier are required for stereo reproduction. lY-18 High Precision Sound Control Switch 9.22 Rear panel outputs for front and rear stereo speaker SPECIFICATIONS: Power output: 300 watts sine wave-surround 7Y-20 V Shape Color Led Level Meter amplifiers The unit may be 21.45 purchased as a kit or fully 540 watts music power Frequency response : Total 7Y-230 3 Channel Color Light Controller 71.50 82.50 assembled ready to plug in. harmonic distortion : Less than 0.05% Sensitivity : SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency response: 20hz to 20khz 7Y-25 Stereo LoudspeakerD Protector 12.65 1 Vms at 47K Power requirements : 60 to 75VDC at Total harmonic distortion: Front channel: 0.05%, Rear Bamp. TV-35 FM Wireless Microphone 9.22 channel: Less than 0.25% Input signal voltage: 0.1 to TY-36 AC/DC Quartz Digital Clock 18.00 3.5V Output: Front channel: 0.110 3.5V, Rear channel 6.6V : 1Y-38 Sound/Touch Control Switch : Delay time 5 to 50 milliseconds Input im- I00W DYNAMIC CLASS A MAIN 12.00 Power TY-41 MK111 Infrared Remote Control Unit 15.00 25.00 50/ 60hz Dimensi04 : 14.2"requirementsde, 4.82" deep 2.1" high., POWER Infrared oir AMPLIFIER TA-1000A AA TY-41 MKV Remote Control Unit 20.00 35.00 Assembled & TY-42 Bar/Dot Level Meter 24.15 31/2 MULTIFUNCTION LED ¡, tested 580.58 TY-43 3'h Digital Panel Meter 33.00 46.20 TY-45 20 Steps Bar/Dot Audio Level Display 38.45 DIGITAL PANEL METER SM-43 AA Complete kit TV -47 Electronic Roulette 19.46 Assembled/ tested & CAL $43.00 $59.69 SM-222 7 Bands Graphic Equalizer 26.80 38.80 Completed kit $34.50 N.- SM-328 4 Channel Professional Color Light Controller 150.00 SM-333 AudioNideo Surround Processor Free Gold -Plated edge This well designed and sta- Sound 62.00 83.00 * T-1 - . ai ble amplifier features DC LCD Thermometer Clock w/in-outdoor sensor 22.00 connector included coupling throughout and a T-2 LCD Thermometer Clock w/ F 8 C measurement 19.80 This is a high quality device with fully complementary symme 8501 Parrot Talking Clock 15.50 try circuit topology. It operates in class A at low and excellent specifications medium levels and gradually shifts to class AB operation at 8504 MynahM Talking Clock 15.50 Instructions are included to use high levels A pair of these amplifiers provide 200 watts of super high fidelity sound reproduction. POWER SUPPLIES this instrument as a voltmeter, ammeter, ohmmeter, SPECIFICATIONS : Power output : 100 watts into 8 temperature meter, frequency meter and capacitance ohms, 125 watts into ohms Frequency response: l0hz TR -I OOA 0-15V 2A Regulated DC Power Supply 59.50 69.50 meter. The accuracy of this meter is ±0.1 %, ±1 digit. to 100khz Total harmonic Less than 0.008% distortion: TR -355A 0-15V 5A Regulated DC Power Supply 12.92 Input impedance is 100 megohms. It has high vibration to noise : Signal ratio Better than 80dB SensitivityTR-3558 resistance and so can be used in a mobile or portable 1V Power requirements 35 to 45V @ 0-30V 3A Regulated DC Power Supply 12'92 environment Resets to zero automatically. The meter is Suggested rack mount cabinet : Mark V G19243ampDDY or TR-503 0-50V 3A Regulated DC Power Supply 14.76 LG1925 temperature compensated so that it can be used from 0 INSTRUMENTS to + 150 degrees fahrenheit. STATE OF THE ART FULLY COMPLE - SPECIFICATIONS: DC votage range: 1 mV to 1000V SM -43 31/ Multi -Functional Led D.F. M. .. .. 34.50 43.00 AC voltage range : 1 m V to 1000V Thermometer range to 1 MENTARY SYMMETRICAL FET STE - SM -48 4'h Hi -Precision D.P.M. 38.00 48.00 . 0'C f00C DC current range : microamp to 2 amps. Capacitance range : 1 pl to 2 micro farads -48A 4'h Hi -Precision P. M. PRE -AMPLIFIER TA-377A SM D. w/ stndrd case 41.20 52.00 Frequencycounter: 10hz to20khz Display: 3'h digit SM -100 150MC Digital Frequency Counter 90.00 0.5" high LED Maximum indication. -1999or+1999 Complete kit $59.95 FC1000A 1 GHz Frequency Counter 18200 Power suPPY:I 5 t0 6 VDC, 200ma Dimensions: 3'/." Significant features of this outstan ing wide, i %"high, 4-1/18" deep. stereo preamplifier are the use of fully METAL CABINETS complementary and symmetrical FET MODEL DESCRIPTION EA SET LOS ANGELEStransistor stages Employs 1% metal LG -1273 3x12" x7" 20.16 T film resistors Power supply is WASHINGTON BLVD. MREO fully x LG -1684 4" 16" x 8" regulated. Has a time delay circuit which prevents turn -on 30.04 l.G-1924 4" x 19" x 11.5" 30.00 Power supply on board so that it LG-I925 5" x 19" x 11.5" MONTE6E1.L0 requithumps.res only an external transformer.Iisae 33.00 4SrvO SPECIFICATIONS: Frequency response: 10hz to 100khz TRANSFORMERS 7Q RIAA curve deviatioe í0.2d0. 30 torate15,000hz Total 6 MODEL DESCRIPTION PIECE MARK V CS harmonic distortion : Less than 0.007% at rated output S9 _..,,Cs 001 28V x 2 6A to 300 e 2 6A Intermodulation distortion : Less than 0.005% at rated 25.00 T F E LE CT R". output Channel separation at ikhz: Better than 70dB z 002 36V x 2 3A ... 19.00 9,9 CP tJSON AVE' : : 24.00 9 Hum and noise : Phono Better than 70dß, Aux Better a 003 40V x 2 6A .. ti9 .1n6 gut E- Si- NU 90dB Sensitivity: Phono: 2mV @ 47K Output a 004 24V x 2 6A 19.00 T4 : 1.5V Record 15OmV Maximum r 005 output: outputaf.1% 260023A.... 12.00 r , distortion : 15V Power requirements : External trans- 0 006 180 x 2 5A 13.60 4 RO former. 30V x 2 400ma. Power : 12w 9/ e consumption x 007 53V v 2 8A 18.00

T -. - LIF.J , FAX: WE ACCEPT MAJOR CREDIT CARDS. MONEY ORDERS AND CHECKS. BUSINESS & SHOWROOM HOURS:' (PACIFIC TIME) MON.- FRI.: 9:30 A.M.- 5:00 P.M., SAT.: 10:00 P.M. A.M.-5:00 INFORMATION: 213-888-8988, CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR FREE CATALOG TERMS 610.00 MIN. ORDER $20 MIN CHARGE CARD ORDER WE SHIP UPS GROUND ADD 10% OF TOTAL ORDER (MIN. $3.001 FOR SHIPPING OUTSIDE USA ADD 20% (MIN. 55.001 TRANSIT INSURANCE ADD 5% OF TOTAL(OUTSIDE USA ONLY) CA RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX ALL MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO PRIOR SALE PRICES ARE SUBJECT TOCHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE WE ARE NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS MARK V ELECTRONICS, INC. 8019 E. Slauson Ave., Montebello, CA 90640 CIRCLE 93 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 99 www.americanradiohistory.com *QUALITY PARTS *DISCOUNT PRICES *FAST SHIPPING ALL ELECTRORICS CORP. 12-36 VDC GEAR - 6 Vdc MOTOR 3 to CASSETTE MECHANISM 6 VOLT D.C. HEAD MOTOR with GEARBOX Alpine cassette 9.5 AMP/HOUR Brevel# Probably designed for childs toy. transport GEL -CELL 780-953075 Lever selects 2 forward and one mechanism. Rated for 36 Vdc: 95 rpm. reverse speed. 1st gear aprox. Includes 0.5 amps no load. 65 rpm, stereo tape head, Elpower# 695 120 rpm/6vdc, 1.5 amp Cott 12 MnI torque. Gearbox Mitsubishi # MET-3RF2B 13.2 Vdc 6 volt, 9.5 amp/hour 2nd gear aprox. Is 3 1/4' X 3 1/4' X 1 15/16' deep. motor, belt, pulleys, capstan, fast - rechargeable Motor Is 1 1/2" diameter X 3 1/2' 300 rpm/6vdc, and eject actuator. gel -cell battery. forward, rewind long with double flatted 5/16" X 1' Reverse aprox. section. 4.25" X 2.75' X 5.5". Does not include amplifier shaft. Ideal for pumps, lift mecha- 120 rpm/6vdc. Quick connect terminals 6 12" X 5 1/4" X 1 3/4". nisms, robotics and other high torque X 1.75" X 3.25" 5 $7.50 each CAT# GC -695 3.35" CAT# CMEC applications. CAT# MOTG-11 $15.00 each CAT# DCM-10 $6.00 10 fo $65.00 $15.00 each 2 for $25.00

ALARM PIEZO WIDE BAND AMPLIFIER WALL LED'S DOOR/WINDOW NEC* UPC1851G. 1200 Mh,, ®3 dis. JUMBO TRANSFORMERS STANDARD Protects WARNING Gain: 19db O f-500 hr. 5 volt operetion. DIFFUSED T 1-3/4 ers. ALL PLUG doors and DEVICE Small package 4mn dia X 2.5 mm thick RED CATI LED -1 UPC -1651 2 for $1.00 DIRECTLY Murata Erie a PKB8-4A0 CATI 101or $1.50 10010, $13.00 windows 10010, INTO 120 VAC High pitched audble atarm. Op- 10 for $4.50 535.00 GREEN CATI LED -2 OUTLET from on Vdc ®20 na 1 10 for 1001or 517.00 erates 3.20 N -CHANNEL MOSFET 52.25 52.00. de 8 Vdc®200 ma CAT» DCTX420 a 7/8' dia P.C. board mount. ft YELLOW CATI LED -3 intruders. high HF-511 TO -220 nee BVdc®750 nu. CAM DCTX-675 $150 100101$17.00 CATI PBZ-$4 $1.75 each CATI IRF 511 DCTX-925 $2.50 lofor 82.00 Opening of door or window pulls 9Vdc Si250 ma. CATI $1.00 each 1010, 59.00 ACTX-1293 $150 FLASHING LED 12 Vac® 930 ma CATI pin from alarm module and triggers LARGE QUANTITY AVAILABLE with bpi. in drome NICKEL-CAD 18 Vac ®l errs. CAT/1 ACTX-1695 $3.50 loud buzzer. Simple instalation. Oper- operate. on 5 erne.. BATTERIES RED $1.00 each ates on 2 AA batteries (not included). (RECHARGEABLE) STROBE KIT SWITCHES CATI LED4 101. $9.50 Plastic case is 3.32' X 2.29" X 1.19". ITT PUSH BUTTON GREEN $1.00 each SPECIAL!! AAA SIZE Ivory brushed aluminum face. ITT MDPL eerie. 3r4 X CAT. LED -4G 101. $9.50 with Panasonic/ P.18AAA w." 12' gray rectangular BI POLAR LED CATI DWA $2.00 each 1.2 vol 0 180 MM key cap. S.P.S.T. N.O. Lights RED one direction, 5 for $9.00 CATI NCB-AAAX $1.50 inch 80 to 120 Posh to does. RATED:0.1 anrp twitching, 0.25 GREEN the other. Two bade. 10 for $13.50 100 for 5125.00 Variable rate strobe bU, !lathes between arty wry current. P.C. mount. CAT. Pao CATI LED4 21. $1.70 how per minute. Wit operate on either 8 or 12 Vdc VIDEO depending upon how you wire the dreut. Caren 65s each 101. $8.00 100 1.550.00 LED HOLDER SOUND AND complete wkh P.C. board and kntruotionn for easy Two piece holder. MODULATOR 10 POSITION MINI-ROTARY asesnbly. CAT» STROBE-1 $750 each CAT» HLED 1010f 850 8 TI/ UM1381.1. Designed for use Grsyhills 56P36-01 -1.10N -C welt T.I. computers. Can be used fflelAA SIZE 9200 each Mini rotary retch. Non -shorting. with video cameras, genes or 1.25 vote 500 ookh TELEPHONE COUPLING 1 dock. 10 poilions. .125" di. RELAYS other audio/video source. Buis CATI NCB -AA Matt X .375 lap. .377 behind 12 VOLT D.C. COIL S.P.O.T. TRANSFORMER in A/B .wad enables user to the panel Mph. P.C. pin. Onnonl 132E -184P 4 Amp contact. AA SIZE $220 each Mufti Products Internationale AI9N-HO-10/1 twitch from T.V. antenna without CAT. MRS-10 WAS $2.50 NOW $1.50 each 335 ohm cell. WITH SOLDER TABS Primary 800 ohm dioonnedion. Operate. on channel Sugar arts4 CAT. NCB -SAA Secondary: 600/000 ohm 3.4. Requires 12 Vdc. Hook up SPDT PUSHBUTTON .Or X .47 5 .44' high. C SIZE $4.25 EACH .77' X . high. diagram included. Marquardt 1843 P.C. mount with pine on DIP spacing. 1.2 volts 1200 nVV, B p.c. pins on CAT» AVMOD $5.00 each Rwd 6 anew 0125/250 Vac. .j._ CATI RLY-787 $1.50 each CATI NCB -C Primary inductance: Black plastic puMdtan. D SIZE $4.50 each 300 mil nun., at 11d42, 1 volt. 5 VOLT DC SIP RELAY Switch body .97 X .94 x .85 1.2 volts 1200 mbh CAT» TCTX-1 91.25 each Gould, Abed Control LIGHT ACTIVATED MOTION CATI P8-18 $1.85 each 10 I0, $1.50 each CATI NCB -D 101. $11.00 1001.595.00 SR IA 5VDC SENSOR SPST-normdly This device contain. a A.C. LINE CORDS III O O p open SIP reed reley. 95 ohm coil. photocell which sense. Black alt., 152, WI/ TRANSISTORS OPTO SENSOR et 2 ampoontAde. .7 X.29" X37 sudden change in ORDER BY PART» U sped package with mounting high. Housing resist. 11esiets flue o- light. Could ambient eat.. 1/8 opening. 3/4 mounting NON POIARCMD PLUG carbon and ahlerinated commercial PN2222 NPN be used as a door holes. CATS OSU-I 50e each CATI LCAC 21.51.00 1001. $45.00 CATI RLY-SIP6 enunciator or modified for 750 solvents. TO -92 5 101.34.50. 1001. 940.00 POLARIZED PLUG $1.00 each 1010,88.50 to trigger other devices. PN2907 PNP CATI LCP-1 80e each 100 for 350.00 5 1/7 X 4 X1'. Operates on 8 Vdc. Requires 4 AA batteries (not included) TO -92 5 for 750 12 VOLT DC SOLID ÚN11( WHAT $1.00 WILL BUY 10 AMP SOLID CATI L3M0 $5.75 per unit 2N3055 NPN STATE RELAY TO -3 $1.00 each STATE BUZZER 200 ASSORTED i01 Star. CMB-12 fib ELECTROLI S2181 1/4 WATT RESISTOR KIT MJ2955 PNP 1/4 WATT RESISTORS 14 pin DIP socket CONTROL: Ideal for the workshop. this Bent leads, carbon carp. and carbon film. Rated 5.519 10Vdc TO -3 $1.50 each CMOS campalide. 1/4 watt resistor Idt contains 10 CATI ORES $1.00 per ascnment (will on 332 Vdc). operate plea* each of 42 of the most MJE2955T PNP Operates on 7 - 17 Vdc @I ma PC pins. LOAD: 10 arm 240 Vac -{:11:13-1 200 ASSORTED ® popular vo o. (420 pieces to- TO -220 750 each Has trigger terminal. 70 dB @ 20 an. 0.856" 21/4X13/4X7r8- tal). Includes a dNlded boe and X 0.82 X 575' high. 1/2 WATT RESISTORS CATI SSRLY-10B $9.50 each MJE3055T NPN leads, carbon coop and carbon film. a parts locata. CATI CMB-12 $1.25 each Bent QUANTITY DISCOLAIT TO-220 750 each CAT. GRABRE $1.00 per assortment 10 for 585.00 251.8175.00 VALUES In this kit are: TIP31 NPN 50 ASSORTED 501. $300.00 100 for $500.00 1 ohm. 10 ohm. 39 ohm 14.7 VOLT TRANSFORMER 47 ohm, 51 ohm. 88 ohm, 100 ohm, 130 ohm. TO-220 750 each DISC CAPACITORS Spotte Industries) 150 ohm, 180 ohm 220 ohm, 330 ohm, 470 ohm, TIP32 PNP Most are orb (p.c. led.). Some to 500 vota XENON TUBE CS -510A. 14.7 volt, 580 ohm, 680 ohm. 1K, 1.2K, 1.5K, 2K, 2.2K, 2.7K. TO-220 750 each CAT. ORABOC $1.00 per assortment 3K, 4.7K, 5.1K, 5.8K, 10K, 15K, 22X. 30K, 33K, 39K, 60 h2, 8.82 Va. TIP121 NPN OF 47K, 58K, I38K, 100K, 120K, 150K, 220K, 470K, 1.81" high X1.95-X 15 VALUES kung IlasMirbe pepped with ,_4; 1 1 MEG, 5.1 MEG, 10 MEG TO-220 750 each 1.4T. Mounting holes on 2.32 centers. ELECTROLYTICS 3 1/7 red and blade leads. Ideal 1or The resistor. alone world sell for $21.00. TIP126 PNP CAT# TX-147 $3.00 each Contains bath aced and rdlal styles from 1 mid. electronic f/ah or strobe projects. CATI GRABCP 81.00 per assortment CATI FLT -3 2 for 51.00 Complete kit CAT# REKIT-14 $17.00 TO -220 750 each 10 for $27.00 100 for $250.00 ORDER TOLL FREE CALL OR MAIL ORDERS TO: WRITE ALL ELECTRONICS 800-826-5432 INFO: (818)904-0524 FOR OUR P.O. BOX 567 FAX: (818)781-2653 DISCOVER VAN NUYS, CA 91408 MINIMUM ORDER $10.00 FREE QUANTITIES LIMITED TWX-51 01 01 01 63 (ALL ELECTRONIC) CATALOG CALIF. ADD SALES TAX MEMO OVER OUTSIDE THE U.S.A. USA: $3.00 SHIPPING FOREIGN ORDERS SEND $2.00 POSTAGE Ma 4000 INCLUDE SUFFICIENT J FOR A CATALOG!! PARTS! Now 60 pages! SHIPPING. NO C.O.D.

100 CIRCLE 107 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD www.americanradiohistory.com /7-800-344-4539/AK, Puerto Rico - 218-681-8874 Telex 82927914 FAX - 218481-3380 TWX 9103505982 0101 KEY CORP CORPORA=/iIK' T I O ïN / - - INTEGRATED CIRCUITS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS SILICON rRAN5I5TORS 1/3 METAL OX10E FILM RESISTORS DISC CAPACITORS PANASONIC V SERIES 701.262 1 10 21273302 7990Tn 4242 46 2222.21 Moro. MJ! 1330 0 h. h* 60 2002 E 32.22411 72 Äx1w07 x 1... 1 War. Inn 5 rM 0204444 van m !á 9l22 4312 33 4.12 46 322 333 222 M 0.052 .18 1.546.m 109.70 45612 7.3722 75 6N»16mMW 6# 45052 56 667136110 12001.32a P4514 0.022 2D 1.73 14.79 Ñ » 6 38 222 2 32 232 E 6 123. 43 62721412 0,362 Vi_ M___49 AmE1 a5 PO 80 _eÌ4262 Lw91N 2w 1/4 Wet 1425#w_ 6273116 iO# m.22 3:331J2m 3 212162 2.75 R 1) 451122 60 6279218 W..1r.1.e.N... ,A.rr.. 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PANASONIC LS SERIES _e__Iam36 32 P4660 741662 80 .OWº4x 327229 76 611253714L 1 23223 ;2 24323 41 E 0356 2114323 1 . 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