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The Avifauna of the Western Rodopi Forests (N. Greece)

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The Avifauna of the Western Rodopi Forests (N. Greece) Belg. J. Zool., 135 (2) : 261-269 July 2005 The avifauna of the western Rodopi forests (N. Greece) Stavros Xirouchakis Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, P.O. Box 2208, Heraklion GR-71409, Crete, Greece e-mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT. The composition of the avifauna in the upland forests of western Rodopi (North Greece) was investi- gated during spring and summer of 1997 and 1998. A total of 109 species were detected in the area, while 93 of them (85.3%) are regarded as breeders. Ten-minute counts in 260 points in plots of the most representative forest stands produced 3 418 bird sightings of 42 species (13.14 individuals/ point, –x = 6.2 species/ point). Bird density in different forest habitats ranged from six to 34 birds/ 10 ha (–x= 19 birds/ 10 ha). The greatest figure was recorded in oak woods and conifer forests dominated by mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) and the lowest in pinewoods. Spe- cies diversity was also greater in Norway spruce and broadleaf forests. Species richness should be attributed to the geographical position of the area, and the differences in bird density to the vegetation structure in the various forest habitats. KEY WORDS : Forest birds, species richness, bird density, Rodopi. INTRODUCTION encompasses the southern slopes of the Rodopi mountain chain whose highest peaks are located in Bulgaria. Its alti- In Greece very few studies have looked at forest bird tude ranges from 300 to 1 600 m a.s.l and covers approxi- communities (CATSADORAKIS, 1991, 1997 ; SFOUGARIS et mately 1 400 km2. The climate is transitional from the al., 1998), and for species inhabiting commercially sub-Mediterranean type to central European with a strong exploited forests relevant published accounts are even continental character. Mean annual temperature is 11.4° C scarcer. In the Rodopi region (North Greece) special cli- while the mean annual precipitation is about 1 200 mm matic and geomorphologic conditions as well as sociopo- distributed through out the year in 100-130 days (MAVRO- litical events have produced widespread woodlands with MATIS, 1980 ; Sidironero-Drama & Leivaditis-Xanthi low human pressure and very few settlements (0.01%). Forested areas cover about 1 180 km2, which represents Meteorological Stations : 1978-1989). Forests cover 83% 68% of the region. The forests of the area are the most of the study area with 65% of them containing dense for- productive in the country and one the most intensively est stands (i.e. 50-75% coverage). In the southern part commercialized. Logging usually extracts 187 000 m3 of 100,339 ha (61%) of oak woodland cover the hilly coun- wood per year, a figure that represents 30% of the annual try, adjacent to the valley of the Nestos river and comprise timber production in Greece and gives the highest annual the sub-Mediterranean zone (300-600 m a.s.l). Moving up forestry revenue at the national level (DAFIS & SMIRIS, to the north the beech-spruce zone spreads over 34 500 ha 1981; GATZOGIANNIS, 1999). The ecological value of the (21%) dominated by beech (Faqus sylvatica), Mace- area lies in its homogenous forests, some of them at the donian fir (Abies borisii-regis), black pines (Pinus nigra), edge of their European distribution, and a great variety of and silver birch (Betula pendula). Between the two previ- habitats that result in a high degree of biodiversity ous zones black pine forests occupy 6700 ha (4%) only in (SMIRIS, 1987 ; BAUER, 1986). 6.5% of pure stands, but mainly in mixtures with beech, The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge on Scots pine and oaks (e.g. Quercus frainetto, Quercus the distribution of certain bird groups (i.e. birds of prey, pubescens and Quercus dalechampii). Further north the grouses) in the vegetation zones of the region and to pro- conifer-broadleaf zone extends up to the Greek-Bulgarian vide preliminary information on their breeding status. An border (1600 m a.s.l) and covers 23 400 ha (14%) of attempt was also made to evaluate the significance of the dense woodland dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylves- different forest habitats for the avifauna by estimating tris) (78%), Norway spruce (Picea abies) and silver birch bird species richness and density. (ATHANASIADIS et al., 1993 ; TSIAOUSSI, 1996 ; GATZO- GIANNIS, 1999). Basic human activities include apiculture, MATERIAL AND METHODS cattle raising, lumbering and agriculture. Grassland and farmland cover 8.9% and 5.8% respectively of the total Study area area. The greater region is almost void of habitations and The study area is located in the western Rodopi region human density is about three people per square kilometer in the Drama prefecture, North Greece (Fig. 1) and (GATZOGIANNIS, 1999). 262 Stavros Xirouchakis detection strip was estimated as the one where the number of birds (regardless of species) dropped below 20% of the average number of the five meters strips closest to the observer (EMLEN 1977). Twenty sample points per plot were established by making stops at 150-m intervals along a straight line by using a prismatic compass. The centre of the sample point was checked by a densiometer for the right percentage of canopy closure. All sample points were situated within the forest away from openings in order to minimize the edge effect. The duration of each count was ten minutes starting about five minutes after arrival, allowing the birds to recover from any distur- bance. At each sample point the highest count for each bird species was taken at ranges 0-r m and 0 m to infinity. The pre-selected radius r was equal to the length of the full-detection strip produced by the transect lines’ count. Densities were estimated by assuming that the probability of detecting a bird declines with distance from the observer. The general shape of this decline follows a half normal function, exp [-(x/a)2] where x is the distance from the observer and a is a constant equivalent to the effective radius of the census depending on the circum- Fig. 1. – Location of the study area in Northern Greece. stances (JARVINEN & VAISANEN 1975). Given that the detectability function has this shape and certain assump- tions are met (BUCKLAND 1984), the constant a and the Field techniques and statistics bird density D can be calculated directly by the formula : 2 Bird surveys were carried out in May-July 1997 and D= loge (n/n2) x n/m(pr ) where n = total number of birds 1998. In 1997 most of the fieldwork was spent collecting detected, n2 = number outside the fixed radius (r) and m= quantitative data on the species distribution and breeding the number of points. Standard errors of bird density esti- status. During 11:00 am-15:00 pm observations were mates were calculated by using the jackknife method made from vantage points and by road surveys with a (MILLER 1974, KREBS 1989). Differences in bird abun- mean speed of travel of 35 km/h, investigating for birds of dance between sample plots were evaluated using one- prey. All raptors sighted with the unaided eye were identi- way ANOVA (F statistic). The Shannon index of diver- fied by the use of binoculars (8x50) and plotted on sity (H’) and a heterogeneity index (H’/ H’ max) were cal- 1 :50.000 scale maps in an effort to delineate their territo- culated (MAGURRAN 1988) per sample plot based on the ries (WOFFINDEN & MURFHY 1977, BILSTEIN 1978, FULLER mean number of individuals counted within the fixed & MOSHER 1987). The distribution of owl species was detection radius in the point counts. Statistical compari- surveyed by the playback method by eliciting calls from sons were made using the student’s t-test with a= 0.01 20:30h till 23:30h (FALLS 1981). Voice imitations started (ZAR, 1984). with the smallest species gradually proceeding to the larger ones (CALL 1978). A search for the abundance of RESULTS the Capercaillies (Tetrao urogallus) was also undertaken by following 35 transects of 42 km total length, all above the 1000-m contour line. As the species is quite cryptic Signs of breeding activity and suitable nesting habitat and very reluctant to fly counts were made within a 10m accounted for 93 (85.3%) species out of a total of 109 that belt walking in a zigzag manner or throwing stones in belong to 29 families (Appendix 1). order to flush any close-sitting individuals. Diurnal raptors were poorly represented with only ten In 1998 the relative abundance and density of passe- species. The buzzard (Buteo buteo) was the commonest rines was censused by point counts (BIBBY et al., 1992). raptor distributed equally in all forest habitats and vegeta- Thirteen sample plots were selected from maps of a land- tion zones. Twenty eight territories were located over an scape analysis by the use of a geographic information sys- area of about 300 km2 producing a density of one pair per tem in such a manner as to comprise of homogeneous for- 10.7 km2. Honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) were est stands in terms of age (DBH>30 cm), tree condition recorded in oak forests and mixed stands of conifers with and canopy closure (50-75%). Forest stands were deciduous trees up to the conifer-broadleaf zone where no selected to be large enough (>60 ha) and dominated by more than five territories were detected. In addition four the main tree species of the area. Transient areas among territories of short-toed eagle (Gircaetus gallicus) were the four vegetation zones were avoided apart from those delineated at middle and low altitude (<600 m), all in oak encompassing oaks with black pines and Scots pines with forests and marginally in the transient zone between the beech as these tree species intermix a lot in the area.
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