Culture Media & Sport

CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | FEATURE FEATURE | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT CULTURE MEDIA & SPORT 106 LUCKY FOR SOME 110 OPINION: HAS VIDEO KILLED THE RADIO STAR? 111 ’TWAS EVER THUS; LANGUAGE AS A COPING MECHANISM 112 DIGITAL DIVIDE? 114 TWO-WHEEL REVOLUTION 115 TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING 116 OPINION: PM OR PRESIDENT? 117 FIGURES: THE PARALYMPICS

LUCKY FOR SOME Bingo has a reputation for being a social game, played in traditional halls across the UK mostly by women. But research reveals that it’s also big business throughout the world… GETTY

106 BRITAIN IN 2015 BRITAIN IN 2015 107 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | FEATURE FEATURE | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT CULTURE MEDIA & SPORT 106 LUCKY FOR SOME 110 OPINION: HAS VIDEO KILLED THE RADIO STAR? 111 ’TWAS EVER THUS; LANGUAGE AS A COPING MECHANISM 112 DIGITAL DIVIDE? 114 TWO-WHEEL REVOLUTION 115 TOO MUCH OF A GOOD THING 116 OPINION: PM OR PRESIDENT? 117 FIGURES: THE PARALYMPICS

106 BRITAIN IN 2015 BRITAIN IN 2015 107 CORBIS F and gamblinglawpractitionersintheUKabroad. Association (thetradeassociationrepresenting theindustry) (which regulates mostgamblingintheUK),Bingo as well asrepresentatives from theGambling Commission ongambling, and includesseveral leadingacademicexperts chaired Professor by gamblingpolicyexpert Gerda Reith board that’s advisory byThe project avoluntary issupported Williams, aleadingcriticalconsumerfinancelawexpert. instockmarket regulation,an expert andProfessor Toni Dr Bedford isworking withDr Oscar Alvarez-Macotela, gambling sectorisregulated indifferent countries. team islookingathow thisdistinctive butlittle-understood Canada, Brazil andtheEuropean Union (EU),theresearch about how lawshapes playandrisk-taking. across theglobe,andaskingwhatgamecantellus the Bingo Project isexaminingtheregulation ofbingo |FEATURE &SPORT MEDIA CULTURE, 108 BRITAIN IN 2015 employ more people.In disputes about Alabama, regulatory yet intheUKbingohallsoutnumber casinos fourtooneand academic andpolicyattentiongiven to casinos,forexample, is markedly under-researched. It attractsafractionofthe going out,socialisingandstayingconnected tofamily.” lives, notjustinterms ofwinningbutinterms everyday role inwomen’s important The gamecanplayavery as herprize Ineededhouseholdsupplies! becausesheknew just before Christmasinherlocalhallandchosetheknifeset grandmother over tenyears ago:shewonaprize bingogame year. The knifesetinmy kitchenwaswonformeby my in thebingosowe gotthesameholidayforfree thenext Wales: onthelastnightmymumwonfullhousegame Our firstfamilyholidaywasatacaravan park in South ofthefabricmyfamily’sa childandithasbeenpart life. inspiration fortheresearch: “I’ve played bingosinceIwas Dr Bedford saysthatthisdimensionofthegamewas countries, dominatedby olderworking classwomen. unions, charitiesandsocialclubs. as akeysource offundraisinginmanyreligious groupings, circuits inthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesemerged Bingo andmissionary spread globally through military andthenumberscanbecrossed offautomatically.be virtual bingo lingo)butinnewer formsofthegameticketscan paper-based andmarked offusinglargepens(‘dabbers’ in patterns andwinprizes. The ticketswere traditionally called randomlyby acaller, offapurchased tickettoform gamewhereBingo players cross isalottery-style numbers, BINGO? REALLY Using casestudiesofbingoregulation intheUK, Perhaps becauseofitsdistinctive player base,bingo The gamealsohasadistinctive player baseinmany Reader inLawatthe University ofKent, headlines: bingo. Ledby Dr KateBedford, gambling sectorthatislessofteninthe researcha new project aimstoexplore a But to seeinggamblingintheUKnews. machines inbettingshops,we are used debate over fixed-odds bettingterminal casino plantothecurrent political rom themediastormover Blair’s super-

PARTICIPANTS MORE VARIED ATTRACTING POPULAR, ARE BECOMING ‘DRAG’ BINGO, THE GAME,LIKE NEW FORMS OF MOVERS &SHAKERS reasons why bingo reasons why bingo The Bingo Project The BingoProject will examine the the criminallaw was atarget for

operators andregulators, andvisitingcommercial halls, social in fieldwork upanddown thecountry, bingo interviewing and Wales. Dr Bedford andDr Alvarez have beenengaged on thecommercial andcharitablebingo sectorsinEngland impact ofchangesmadetoUKgambling lawssince2005 The Bingo Project beganinSeptember 2013by exploringthe THE STORY SOFAR of course,bingoplayers themselves.” bingoinalternative forms(likedragbingo);and, who run in oureconomic,socialandpoliticallife.Dr Bedford said: fuller picture ofhow gambling lawrelates tobroader patterns bingo sectorisregulated indifferent countriestoprovide a protest marches inRioby players andemployees ofclubs. da Silva attemptedtocriminalise bingoin2004there were Toronto’s iconicCNtower. In Brazil, whenPresident Lula in Canadamore peoplevisitOntario’s bingohallsthanvisit bingo, notcasinos,dominatedthe2010governor’s race,and The Bingo Project aimstolearnmore abouthow the

who work for those charities; people who work forthosecharities;people that usebingotofundraise;volunteers charities andreligious organisations online orinhalls;paidworkers; commercial bingogames,whether laws andpolicies;peoplewhomanage policies; peoplewhoenforce those include peoplewhomakelawsand are involved inthebingosector. These they are experiencedby peoplewho regulating bingoindifferent places,as legal andpolicychallengesinvolved in “We wanttoknow more aboutthekey

halls butisrarely raisedinthesocialclubsector. ofthesector–itisakeyconcernincommercial bingo parts requires discussion. further This impactvaries across different underage players, vulnerableplayers orproblem gamblers emphasisonsocialresponsibilityregulatory regarding bingo licensingdecisionsisakeydebatetoo. especially onmachines. otherkindsofgaming licence andtheabilitytorun in non-traditionalenvironments, suchaspubs. is linkedtothepotentialforlicensedbingobelaunched variant’ gamesby somesectorsoftheindustry. technological developments andtheembraceof‘bingo points includethefollowing: debatesaboutbingointheUK. regulatory The discussion tocommunitylife. of gamblingthatwasimportant hall closures andprotect jobsinwhatwasseenasasoftform Chancellor announcedacutinbingoduty, toprevent inpart in lawandpolicy. For example,intheApril 2014budgetthe clubs andholidayparks. They have alsotrackedbingodebates their analysisofthesefindingstodifferent groups including Over thenextyear theresearchers willpresent Finally, theuneven operationalimpactofgrowing Local level discretion withincouncilswithregard to Another concernistherelationship between abingo Also important iswhereAlso important bingoshouldbeplayed. This First, thedefinitionofgameitself, prompted by In thefirst year, theteamhasidentifiedseveral key

BINGO ISPLAYED COUNTRIES WHERE THE NUMBERSIN WHO CHASE CLASS WOMEN OLDER WORKING IT TENDS TO BE THE PLAYER BASE

www.kent.ac.uk/thebingoproject revenue. In Brazil, thecriminallawwasproposed asasolution them tounderstandbingoregulation better. n totellthatmighthelp ifyou haveparticularly abingostory Twitter (@bingo_project), contacttheteamviaitswebsite – with aconference in2016. You canfollow thework on will beheldtodiscussfindings,andtheproject willclose available tointerested visitorsviaitswebsite. Public events academic andnon-academicbingo-related research materials significantlyacrosscurrently the28memberstates. vary will review thelawsgoverning theonlinebingosector, which stakeholders responded. Finally, intheEU,research team being lifted in other oftheworld,andathowparts different at atimewhengamblingrestrictions were law criminal the Project willexaminethereasons whybingowasatargetfor was unsuccessfulinoutlawingthegame.Here theBingo to perceived withinbingo,butthePresident corruption sourcecommunity groups, of forwhombingoisanimportant reforms inBritish ColombiaandOntario affectcharitiesand Project willberesearching how hotlydebatedregulatory Bingo The ofcharitablecauses. can onlybeplayed insupport In by aprovincial Canada,unlessit isrun government bingo the bingoindustry. the Gambling Commission, the Institute of Licensing and Commission, theInstitute ofLicensingand Gambling the FEATURE As theproject develops, theteamwillmakemore ofits From late2014,theteamwillturnitsattentionoverseas. CULTURE, MEDIA &SPORT MEDIA |CULTURE, BRITAIN IN2015 109

CORBIS F and gamblinglawpractitionersintheUKabroad. Association (thetradeassociationrepresenting theindustry) (which regulates mostgamblingintheUK),Bingo as well asrepresentatives from theGambling Commission ongambling, and includesseveral leadingacademicexperts chaired Professor by gamblingpolicyexpert Gerda Reith board that’s advisory byThe project avoluntary issupported Williams, aleadingcriticalconsumerfinancelawexpert. instockmarket regulation,an expert andProfessor Toni Dr Bedford isworking withDr Oscar Alvarez-Macotela, gambling sectorisregulated indifferent countries. team islookingathow thisdistinctive butlittle-understood Canada, Brazil andtheEuropean Union (EU),theresearch about how lawshapes playandrisk-taking. across theglobe,andaskingwhatgamecantellus the Bingo Project isexaminingtheregulation ofbingo 108 BRITAIN IN 2015 employ more people.In disputes about Alabama, regulatory yet intheUKbingohallsoutnumber casinos fourtooneand academic andpolicyattentiongiven to casinos,forexample, is markedly under-researched. It attractsafractionofthe going out,socialisingandstayingconnected tofamily.” lives, notjustinterms ofwinningbutinterms everyday role inwomen’s important The gamecanplayavery as herprize Ineededhouseholdsupplies! becausesheknew just before Christmasinherlocalhallandchosetheknifeset grandmother over tenyears ago:shewonaprize bingogame year. The knifesetinmy kitchenwaswonformeby my in thebingosowe gotthesameholidayforfree thenext Wales: onthelastnightmymumwonfullhousegame Our firstfamilyholidaywasatacaravan park in South ofthefabricmyfamily’sa childandithasbeenpart life. inspiration fortheresearch: “I’ve played bingosinceIwas Dr Bedford saysthatthisdimensionofthegamewas countries, dominatedby olderworking classwomen. unions, charitiesandsocialclubs. as akeysource offundraisinginmanyreligious groupings, circuits inthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesemerged Bingo andmissionary spread globally through military andthenumberscanbecrossed offautomatically.be virtual bingo lingo)butinnewer formsofthegameticketscan paper-based andmarked offusinglargepens(‘dabbers’ in patterns andwinprizes. The ticketswere traditionally called randomlyby acaller, offapurchased tickettoform gamewhereBingo players cross isalottery-style numbers, BINGO? REALLY |FEATURE &SPORT MEDIA CULTURE, Using casestudiesofbingoregulation intheUK, Perhaps becauseofitsdistinctive player base,bingo The gamealsohasadistinctive player baseinmany Reader inLawatthe University ofKent, headlines: bingo. Ledby Dr KateBedford, gambling sectorthatislessofteninthe researcha new project aimstoexplore a But to seeinggamblingintheUKnews. machines inbettingshops,we are used debate over fixed-odds bettingterminal casino plantothecurrent political rom themediastormover Blair’s super-

of course,bingoplayers themselves.” bingoinalternative forms(likedragbingo);and, who run in oureconomic,socialandpoliticallife.Dr Bedford said: fuller picture ofhow gambling lawrelates tobroader patterns bingo sectorisregulated indifferent countriestoprovide a protest marches inRioby players andemployees ofclubs. da Silva attemptedtocriminalise bingoin2004there were Toronto’s iconicCNtower. In Brazil, whenPresident Lula in Canadamore peoplevisitOntario’s bingohallsthanvisit bingo, notcasinos,dominatedthe2010governor’s race,and operators andregulators, andvisitingcommercial halls, social in fieldwork upanddown thecountry, bingo interviewing and Wales. Dr Bedford andDr Alvarez have beenengaged on thecommercial andcharitablebingo sectorsinEngland impact ofchangesmadetoUKgambling lawssince2005 The Bingo Project beganinSeptember 2013by exploringthe THE STORY SOFAR The Bingo Project aimstolearnmore abouthow the

halls butisrarely raisedinthesocialclubsector. ofthesector–itisakeyconcernincommercial bingo parts requires discussion. further This impactvaries across different underage players, vulnerableplayers orproblem gamblers emphasisonsocialresponsibilityregulatory regarding bingo licensingdecisionsisakeydebatetoo. especially onmachines. otherkindsofgaming licence andtheabilitytorun in non-traditionalenvironments, suchaspubs. is linkedtothepotentialforlicensedbingobelaunched variant’ gamesby somesectorsoftheindustry. technological developments andtheembraceof‘bingo points includethefollowing: debatesaboutbingointheUK. regulatory The discussion tocommunitylife. of gamblingthatwasimportant hall closures andprotect jobsinwhatwasseenasasoftform Chancellor announcedacutinbingoduty, toprevent inpart in lawandpolicy. For example,intheApril 2014budgetthe clubs andholidayparks. They have alsotrackedbingodebates their analysisofthesefindingstodifferent groups including Over thenextyear theresearchers willpresent Finally, theuneven operationalimpactofgrowing Local level discretion withincouncilswithregard to Another concernistherelationship between abingo iswhereAlso important bingoshouldbeplayed. This First, thedefinitionofgameitself, prompted by In thefirst year, theteamhasidentifiedseveral key

BINGO ISPLAYED COUNTRIES WHERE THE NUMBERSIN WHO CHASE CLASS WOMEN OLDER WORKING IT TENDS TO BE THE PLAYER BASE

www.kent.ac.uk/thebingoproject them tounderstandbingoregulation better. n totellthatmighthelp ifyou haveparticularly abingostory Twitter (@bingo_project), contacttheteamviaitswebsite – with aconference in2016. You canfollow thework on will beheldtodiscussfindings,andtheproject willclose available tointerested visitorsviaitswebsite. Public events academic andnon-academicbingo-related research materials significantlyacrosscurrently the28memberstates. vary will review thelawsgoverning theonlinebingosector, which stakeholders responded. Finally, intheEU,research team being lifted in other oftheworld,andathowparts different at atimewhengamblingrestrictions were law criminal the Project willexaminethereasons whybingowasatargetfor was unsuccessfulinoutlawingthegame.Here theBingo to perceived withinbingo,butthePresident corruption revenue. In Brazil, thecriminallawwasproposed asasolution sourcecommunity groups, of forwhombingoisanimportant reforms inBritish ColombiaandOntario affectcharitiesand Project willberesearching how hotlydebatedregulatory Bingo The ofcharitablecauses. can onlybeplayed insupport In by aprovincial Canada,unlessit isrun government bingo the bingoindustry. Commission, theInstitute ofLicensingand Gambling the FEATURE As theproject develops, theteamwillmakemore ofits From late2014,theteamwillturnitsattentionoverseas. CULTURE, MEDIA &SPORT MEDIA |CULTURE, BRITAIN IN2015 109

CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | OPINION NEWS | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT

STEREOTYPES ‘Benefits claimants shouldn’t be given cash Centre for Corpus Approaches to Social but receive stamps for food, clothes and rent.’ Sciences are working on a project funded by ‘They live in huge houses; they steal; they eat the Newby Trust to track modern attitudes too much.’ to the poor back to their historic roots. For ‘TWAS ‘They’re out of work not because there’s a lack the 17th century alone, using computer- WHAT EFFECTS HAVE ONLINE of jobs but because they’ve got bad attitudes and assisted analysis, the researchers can explore MUSIC VIDEOS HAD ON THE don’t make an effort.’ a billion words of writing. Overall they ‘If they spent less time in the pub, they might are using computers to search and analyse SALE OF MUSIC NOW THAT not need to claim.’ approximately ten billion YOUTUBE IS THE ‘NEW’ MTV? EVER ‘They don’t claim from the words of texts from the 17th place where they were born, to 19th centuries to develop OPINION but come here to do it.’ Negative an analysis of historical MANY REMEMBER THE introduction of MTV THUS Where do such views stereotyping of perceptions of poverty in the 1980s with glamorous video premieres HAS VIDEO KILLED come from? In this case, with a breadth and depth of artists like Madonna and Michael Jackson. Attitudes to the poor have while the views echo those people in financial that has previously been Before it descended into Pimp my Ride and My THE RADIO STAR? changed little over the years found in an analysis of 1.5 need will not easily unimaginable. Super Sweet 16, and before pesky ringtone ads, million words of Tweets be overcome The research has found MTV was the marketing innovation of the music about Benefits Street, the that often when it comes industry, adding a visual component to what By Professor Tobias IN JANUARY 2014 Channel 4 first aired its quotes do not come directly to talking about the poor used to be just audio. Kretschmer and Dr documentary series Benefits Street. Those that from that discussion. They today little is new – as MTV has now been replaced by YouTube. Christian Peukert followed the debate around the programme are actually paraphrases of views expressed by the examples from Richard Dunning show. Almost 70 per cent of the 1,000 most popular on Twitter may have noticed frequent claims a writer named Richard Dunning in a People have held and expressed those negative uploads are music videos. But YouTube about those on benefits such as: pamphlet called ‘Bread for the Poor’ written views for centuries. This sobering thought is different. People can stream videos on ‘They soon become lazy and believe that in 1698 – yet the sentiments appear suggests that negative stereotyping of people in demand so that record labels no longer control the state is obliged to keep them... They commit remarkably contemporary. financial need will not easily be overcome. n advertising through exposure to videos. benefit fraud as they find this less trouble than Helen Baker, Ian Gregory, Andrew With MTV, you could only watch what was ‘on working for a living every day.’ Hardie and Tony McEnery from the ESRC’s cass.lancs.ac.uk/?tag=benefits-street rotation’ (some top 100); now consumers can choose among gazillions of videos. Recent surveys show that many people SOCIAL MEDIA frequent across all periods, to appeals for capital (especially teenagers) use YouTube as their punishment and blatant racism and Islamophobia. main source of music consumption. This raises videos online while leaving those not by Sony or LANGUAGE AS A A key incident captured in the Twitter data the question of whether the role of the music Recent surveys Universal artists unavailable. was talk surrounding a reactionary protest march video has switched from promoting records to We find iTunes sales in restrictive Germany conducted by the English Defence League after substituting for records. similar to iTunes sales in other countries, taking COPING MECHANISM Rigby’s attack. The hashtags #islam, #muslim A superficial look at the data isn’t useful: show that other country differences and time trends into How the press and Twitter reacted to Lee Rigby’s murder and #edl were frequent during the periods of songs that are popular on YouTube may also account. But maybe people watching music attack and conviction and were embedded in be popular in the sales charts, on iTunes for clips on YouTube simply have no intention of BRITISH SOLDIER LEE RIGBY was murdered 1,180,278 tweets that occurred during these tweets expressing both Islamophobic sentiment example. The reason could be that people see many people buying songs because music and video are by Islamic extremists on the streets of Woolwich, periods. The subsequent database totalled almost in addition to negative reactions to Islamophobia. videos and then buy songs, but it may also be separate things. That’s possible, but we also London, on 22 May 2013. The incident was 26 million words. Using techniques pioneered at that people watch videos of good songs, or they find that more restrictions lead to lower album widely reported by the British press and public Lancaster University to allow researchers to SPREADING THE NEWS simply buy good songs just because they are sales in Germany compared to other countries. with the public relying heavily on social media. analyse large bodies of data, they found that, While discussion on Twitter was broadly good, not because they watched the video. use YouTube And looking at the introduction of VEVO in To better understand discussion around the despite differences, the reactions of the traditional reactionary and characterised by nebulous Germany, sales of songs that now have a video incident, the subsequent trial and sentencing, media and social media were heavily intertwined. opinions, the press reporting discussed a much THE GERMAN MODEL increase relative to those that don’t. Robbie Love, Professor Tony McEnery and Tweets relating to these events were more wider range of implications of the murder detached For the complete picture we would have to as their main All this suggests that record labels do not Mark McGlashan at the ESRC Centre for Corpus volatile in opinion than press reporting. Talk from the initial details or reactionary language make it impossible to substitute YouTube views lose money from online music videos, but that Approaches to Social Science (CASS) at Lancaster ranged from outpourings of condolence at – such as the Muslim identity of the murderers for purchase for some (randomly selected) videos seem to be effective in advertising. University examined 2,235 news articles and hashtags #rip and #ripleerigby, which were in more detail, while attempting to distance songs, but not for others. Here Germany source of music So should the industry simply stop worrying the murder from Islam by characterising it as provides the perfect example. Due to a royalty about streaming videos, unlicensed cover an isolated incident. Despite the differences dispute between YouTube and representatives songs (there are nearly 40,000 cover versions between the press and Twitter, there was a high of the artists (the German royalty collection of Adele’s Rolling in the Deep on YouTube) and level of interaction between the two. Seventy per society GEMA), about 80 per cent of the most perhaps illegal copies? cent of the top ten retweets from the sentencing popular music videos are blocked. This has Not necessarily: one-hit wonders may period were originally tweeted by news outlets, been going on since 2009 but it’s only part suffer because their key sales channel is under showing that Twitter users often referred to the of the story. In October 2013, the industry threat. But something similar to the MTV model traditional media, perhaps as validation of their responded to the deadlocked situation by where streaming videos are teasers that whet commentary or in trying to help spread the news. launching an alternative platform to give the appetite for further (paid) music by the same Overall the research shows that language consumers access to music videos. VEVO, artist would certainly benefit an established is more important than ever as a tool for coping a joint venture between Sony and Universal, PROFESSOR TOBIAS artist with a back catalogue. So a ‘one-size-fits- with horrifying news events and influencing is part of YouTube in most other countries, all’ copyright law may have different effects public opinion and attitudes. Rather than social but runs its own site in Germany. KRETSCHMER AND for different artists and the benefits from media ‘replacing’ traditional media, the two Comparing Germany (no music on YouTube) DR CHRISTIAN PEUKERT advertising through exposure on free channels heavily intertwine. Social media might be less to other countries (music on YouTube) lets us Professor Kretschmer is Head of Institute for Strategy, will have to be considered when weighing up regulated than the press, but not all reactions to answer whether consuming music on YouTube Technology and Organisation, Munich School of the costs and benefits of copyright protection.n such events were as ‘knee jerk’ as expected. n Lee Rigby’s widow Rebecca arrives at the makes people buy less music. VEVO constitutes Management; Dr Peukert is a senior research associate Old Bailey for the trial of her husband’s killers a second experiment by taking some music at the University of Zurich cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1265.pdf cass.lancs.ac.uk/?p=1052 GETTY

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110 BRITAIN IN 2015 BRITAIN IN 2015 111 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | FEATURE FEATURE | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT

Internet usage by young and old, on laptops, percentage of tablets or mobiles, is being mapped nationwide internet users Patterns of internet usage across the country show that the highest estimated Internet Aberdeen 77% use (88-89%) is concentrated in the South East, with London Dundee dominating. The entire North Glasgow 77% 75% East region is in the lowest category (59-70% use). Edinburgh 76% Source: www.oii.ox.ac.uk Newcastle-upon-Tyne 64% Middlesbrough 61%

York Leeds 78% Manchester 78% Sheffield 80% 77% Liverpool Nottingham 75% 87% Leicester Birmingham 87% DIGITAL 80% Cardiff 75% London 85% DIVIDE? Swansea 72% Bristol Britain has one of the world’s largest internet 87% Southampton economies but digital inequality still exists 87% meaning some local economies are disadvantaged

The internet has made an enormous difference It turns out that OxIS and the census The resulting map shows that usage is of the internet, there is a marked inequality and policymaking around local patterns of the story of internet use; this is the first estimate in our social life, culture and economy, which (happily) use exactly the same boundaries to concentrated in the South East, with London in its uptake and use (the so-called ‘digital digital participation. For example, the very of the likely use at a local level, based on makes it surprising that we know almost define local areas, generally of around 40-250 dominating. Bristol, Southampton and divide’), and very little is known about who is low estimated use in the North East is striking. what is already known about the people who nothing about local patterns of internet access households. This means the researchers could Nottingham also have high levels of use, and and isn’t connected. Without knowing And worrying. But Cornwall (despite being live there. In future, researchers will expand the and use across the nation. No one knows, directly compare the two datasets – combining the rest of the south (including rural Cornwall, something about local-level patterns, it is so rural) is above average in terms of likely model to include urban-rural differences, the for example, the proportion of internet users understanding of internet use and behaviour interestingly) with estimated usage levels of impossible to identify which area would benefit internet users and is also the recipient of a index of multiple deprivation, occupation data in Glasgow, because national surveys simply (from OxIS) with local-level demographic 78-83 per cent. Leeds, York and Manchester most from policy intervention to improve major European Regional Development Fund and socioeconomic status into the analysis to don’t have enough respondents to make reliable information (from the census) to estimate and are also in this category. The entire North access and encourage use. effort to extend the county’s broadband. But provide even more detailed data. n city-level estimates. New research by Grant map internet use across Britain. OxIS shows East region is in the lowest category (59-70 Using these statistical techniques opens the researchers find that possible access to the Blank, Mark Graham and Claudio Calvino whether someone is likely to use the internet per cent estimated use). Cities show much the up a whole new area for social media research internet via fibre-optic cable is just one part of www.oii.ox.ac.uk from the University of Oxford has revealed from very basic data like their age, income and same pattern, with southern cities having the for the first time the local patterns of digital education. And because the census records highest estimated internet use and Newcastle inequality across Britain. these demographics for everyone in Britain, and Middlesbrough, again, the lowest. The work was done using statistical the depth of OxIS can be combined with the THE WORLD WIDE WEB techniques to combine two important but very breadth of the census, using the strengths of one Boosting local economies When Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web, he opened up the internet to use by different datasets – the national census, and to offset the gaps in the other. There are clear policy implications from this the masses. Here we have a brief history of its development and significant milestones the Oxford Internet Surveys (OxIS) run by This approach obviously assumes that work. Britain has one of the world’s largest 1989 1990 1991 1993/4 1996 1997 1998 2001 2004 MID 2000s 2010 2014 the Oxford Internet Institute at the University the people living in each of the census ‘small internet economies, contributing an estimated Berners-Lee Berners-Lee The first Browsers are Internet Google Blogs Wikipedia, Berners-Lee Advanced Wikileaks The of Oxford. By definition, census data is available areas’ will match national patterns of internet 8.3 per cent to GDP and strongly supporting proposes invents the web pages developed Explorer 3.0 arrives develop, the free receives a 3g networks publishes beheadings for very small areas, and reaches (basically) use; ie that those who are better educated, jobs and income growth. People benefit from a ‘global first server begin to such as is given free to open a offering real web-based knighthood. mean the sensitive of American, everyone in Britain. But, unfortunately, employed and young are more likely to use better communications and businesses are hypertext’ appear Mosaic and to users gateway online encyclopedia, Facebook internet can defence British and because it is so expensive to run, the census the internet. The research also assumes there likely to locate to areas with good digital access, project Netscape with to the opportunities becomes first appears. be accessed documents French known as Navigator, Windows 95 whole web to interact available, By 2006 on the go from the US nationals doesn’t collect many variables: it has no data is no cultural skew (for example, ‘Northerners thereby boosting local economies. the World accelerating and express and can be it has on mobile army – the by jihadist on internet use, for example. The OxIS prefer the internet’), or anything unusual Because the internet has made such an Wide Web the web’s contributed encouraged phones internet is a extremists dataset, drawn from a random sample about a particular group of households that enormous difference to our social life, culture progress into to and millions to be platform for are made of around 2,000 British people, is a rich makes it buck national trends (for example, and economy, it is important to bring people mainstream accessed more active openness available source of information on all kinds of internet ‘the young people of Wytham Street, Oxford, online, to encourage them all to participate usage by anyone online worldwide online activity, behaviour and attitudes. hate the internet’). and benefit. But despite the clear benefits Source: thocp.net GETTY

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is right’ notion makes accidents with cars the driver’s A NEW STUDY OF 10-15-year-olds has Young people who chatted on social websites base to recruit new supporters. fault, spurring cultural found that watching too much TV or social between one and three hours were about change and helping to 2% media interaction really can be bad for you. 40 per cent less likely to be happy as those Professor Rachel Gibson, make the bike the preferred of all UK journeys are by bike Researchers examined how young people spent who chatted for less than an hour a day. University of Manchester means of travel for all trips their time out of school and analysed their Young people who were on social media or TWO-WHEEL CELEBRITY IMPACTS under 7.5km and for 15 per happiness levels to see how growing trends computer games for more than four hours When celebrities work for good causes, cent of all trips above this of spending more time online or in front of a day were more than twice as likely to have 64% we assume that this attracts attention. REVOLUTION distance. In the UK, just say better infrastructure a screen might be affecting wellbeing and socio-emotional difficulties – such as problems This can be effective for working with 2.2 per cent of us rate the would make them cycle more happiness levels. with their peers or being business and government, but it can bike as our main mode They found that young hyperactive – than those The British are cycling more and more, bringing be limited among the wider public. of transport. Increasing people who spend more who spent less than an hour Research by Professor Dan Brockington When they overdo this can have significant than an hour a day chatting a day on them. Children finds that celebrity can work well for benefits to our health, wellbeing and the economy benefits for our health 250% on social networks or games it the risks of who were watching TV for fundraising but not awareness-raising. New York City’s huge growth as well, with only Icelandic consoles are more likely to more than four hours had In focus groups on media consumption in cycling in four years depression and and Maltese nationals experience socio-emotional significantly lower odds of of development issues, for example, ‘ROCK STAR’ CYCLIST Sir Bradley Wiggins has more obese than the Brits in Europe. difficulties, like depression other emotional happiness, so this really could celebrities are rarely mentioned as a made the mod look cool again, while Victoria Pendleton But it’s not all bad news as regular cyclists have been and anxiety, than those difficulties increase be detrimental to health. source of information or influence. CBE has encouraged us to grab the family and take part shown to be absent from work one day fewer each year who stick to just an hour a Dr Booker said: “More But celebrity advocacy does make 7% dramatically in a big bike event. We Brits are lapping up cycling to the than non-cyclists and infrequent cyclists. That means Seville grew cycling from day. But those who keep fit than half of UK youngsters an impression on politicians and business leaders, who enjoy meeting tune of £3 billion a year across bike sales, accessories and that the UK’s current regular cycling population of 0.5-7% of all journeys in through sport and exercise are using social media for at celebs and believe that they influence cycling-related employment. This has been driven by the 4.3 million could already be saving the economy just six years (less than a third do so daily) least an hour a day and our ‘Olympic effect’, Tour de France victories, awareness of £237 million a year in absentee costs. are more likely to be happy and experience study shows this interaction can help happiness the public – good news for well- our growing waistlines and a whack to our wallet thanks If cycling were adopted more widely and intensively good emotional wellbeing. levels. But when they overdo it the risks of connected charities who build to the arrival of a recession. the benefits could be many: demand for tailors could The researchers, led by Dr Cara Booker depression and other emotional difficulties credible brand associations with ‘Why would I cycle to work?’ has been replaced surge as alterations to take in clothes soar; some strain £2 from the Institute for Social and Economic increase dramatically.” The researchers found particular public figures. by ‘please make way for my Brompton fold-up’ as 1.3 on the NHS could ease; roads and trains could become Current annual UK spend Research at the University of Essex, followed the same problems with those young people But this also promotes certain forms of elite- million new cyclists were added in 2010 in the lead up less congested and our air cleaner; people could smile per head on cycling the lifestyles and emotional wellbeing of who are spending a lot of time playing domination, which is less to the Olympics and 3.7 million new bikes sold. This as they pedalled past each other quietly and without around 5,000 young people aged 10-15 who computer games or watching television. healthy in the longer term. was up 28 per cent from the previous year, generating stress. Better yet, we could witness the most significant are part of Understanding Society, one of the This research should prove useful to www.celebrityand £1.62 billion with £51 million of this going to local Dutch cycling benefit: men-who-wear-lycra replaced biggest panel studies in the world, that follows policymakers concerned with increasing the £27 development. manufacturers. Halfords, the UK’s largest cycle retailer, by cyclists wearing clothes that reflect their destination. Current annual Dutch spend individuals and households in the UK. nation’s health and to parents and young wordpress.com n saw a 5.7 per cent increase in like-for-like sales from We can dream, and hope. per head on cycling They found that 63 per cent of young people who want to make the right choices cycling early in 2012, while Tesco reported a 130 per people were using social networking sites like now for the sake of both their mental and Professor Dan cent increase in bicycle sales after the 2008 Beijing eprints.lse.ac.uk/47253 Source: *Time to #Choose Cycling, Facebook for at least an hour every single day. physical health in the future. n Brockington, by Chris Boardman, MBE, policy Olympics due largely to ‘the Team GB effect’. cep.lse.ac.uk adviser for British Cycling, the Television consumed more than an hour a day University of Manchester sport’s governing body for more than 75 per cent of young people. ajph.aphapublications.org GETTY ISTOCK

114 BRITAIN IN 2015 BRITAIN IN 2015 115 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | FEATURE NEWS | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT

WELLBEING TOO MUCH OF NEWS IN A GOOD THING Does excessive interaction with social media BRIEF Research before and after the Olympics indicated that over two and a half times the number of people were increase the risks of emotional problems? motivated to cycle following the Games, with ‘Social DIGITAL CAMPAIGNING A new study examines how the internet and Occasional Cyclists’ the largest group influenced. How much social media interaction is MANY FORMS is affecting electoral participation and But not content with only buying a bike, we Brits OF CYCLING – good for you, and how much is bad? INCLUDING BMX, campaigning. Researchers from the also cough up around £850 million a year for lycra gear, ROAD AND TRACK helmets, ‘customisation’ and other accessories, sold to us – HAVE EXPLODED University of Manchester explored the IN POPULARITY by some of the 23,000 people employed in UK cycling digital content and social media of that contribute over £500 million a year to the economy. political parties and undertook interviews and surveys with voters and party web campaigners. The research was based SAFETY CONCERNS TIME TO CHOOSE on the US 2012 experience and suggests We would cycle more, but ‘safety’ is the most commonly that digital campaigning doesn’t cited reason we don’t, and what makes the National CYCLING* necessarily make participation a priority. Cycle Network’s 14,700 miles of traffic-free routes Chris Boardman’s recent For example, social media platforms in especially appealing. Unfortunately this doesn’t cover report highlights interesting the most recent election served largely cycle-only lanes from our homes to work and we have statistics about how as sources of data on individuals and a long way to go to catch up with the Netherlands, a Britain’s awareness of their personal networks. In the UK, country that is the ‘poster child’ of cycling and the only cycling issues is growing while larger parties may see the internet European nation where cycle ownership is greater than as it slowly moves towards as a new channel for their strategic Getting Out The Vote (GOTV) efforts, 100 per cent (proving that something other than mobile being a cycling nation… phones can outnumber people). smaller parties such as the Greens The Dutch may also be smiling because ‘the bike benefit most by mobilising their activist is right’ notion makes accidents with cars the driver’s A NEW STUDY OF 10-15-year-olds has Young people who chatted on social websites base to recruit new supporters. fault, spurring cultural found that watching too much TV or social between one and three hours were about change and helping to 2% media interaction really can be bad for you. 40 per cent less likely to be happy as those Professor Rachel Gibson, make the bike the preferred of all UK journeys are by bike Researchers examined how young people spent who chatted for less than an hour a day. University of Manchester means of travel for all trips their time out of school and analysed their Young people who were on social media or TWO-WHEEL CELEBRITY IMPACTS under 7.5km and for 15 per happiness levels to see how growing trends computer games for more than four hours When celebrities work for good causes, cent of all trips above this of spending more time online or in front of a day were more than twice as likely to have 64% we assume that this attracts attention. REVOLUTION distance. In the UK, just say better infrastructure a screen might be affecting wellbeing and socio-emotional difficulties – such as problems This can be effective for working with 2.2 per cent of us rate the would make them cycle more happiness levels. with their peers or being business and government, but it can bike as our main mode They found that young hyperactive – than those The British are cycling more and more, bringing be limited among the wider public. of transport. Increasing people who spend more who spent less than an hour Research by Professor Dan Brockington When they overdo this can have significant than an hour a day chatting a day on them. Children finds that celebrity can work well for benefits to our health, wellbeing and the economy benefits for our health 250% on social networks or games it the risks of who were watching TV for fundraising but not awareness-raising. New York City’s huge growth as well, with only Icelandic consoles are more likely to more than four hours had In focus groups on media consumption in cycling in four years depression and and Maltese nationals experience socio-emotional significantly lower odds of of development issues, for example, ‘ROCK STAR’ CYCLIST Sir Bradley Wiggins has more obese than the Brits in Europe. difficulties, like depression other emotional happiness, so this really could celebrities are rarely mentioned as a made the mod look cool again, while Victoria Pendleton But it’s not all bad news as regular cyclists have been and anxiety, than those difficulties increase be detrimental to health. source of information or influence. CBE has encouraged us to grab the family and take part shown to be absent from work one day fewer each year who stick to just an hour a Dr Booker said: “More But celebrity advocacy does make 7% dramatically in a big bike event. We Brits are lapping up cycling to the than non-cyclists and infrequent cyclists. That means Seville grew cycling from day. But those who keep fit than half of UK youngsters an impression on politicians and business leaders, who enjoy meeting tune of £3 billion a year across bike sales, accessories and that the UK’s current regular cycling population of 0.5-7% of all journeys in through sport and exercise are using social media for at celebs and believe that they influence cycling-related employment. This has been driven by the 4.3 million could already be saving the economy just six years (less than a third do so daily) least an hour a day and our ‘Olympic effect’, Tour de France victories, awareness of £237 million a year in absentee costs. are more likely to be happy and experience study shows this interaction can help happiness the public – good news for well- our growing waistlines and a whack to our wallet thanks If cycling were adopted more widely and intensively good emotional wellbeing. levels. But when they overdo it the risks of connected charities who build to the arrival of a recession. the benefits could be many: demand for tailors could The researchers, led by Dr Cara Booker depression and other emotional difficulties credible brand associations with ‘Why would I cycle to work?’ has been replaced surge as alterations to take in clothes soar; some strain £2 from the Institute for Social and Economic increase dramatically.” The researchers found particular public figures. by ‘please make way for my Brompton fold-up’ as 1.3 on the NHS could ease; roads and trains could become Current annual UK spend Research at the University of Essex, followed the same problems with those young people But this also promotes certain forms of elite- million new cyclists were added in 2010 in the lead up less congested and our air cleaner; people could smile per head on cycling the lifestyles and emotional wellbeing of who are spending a lot of time playing domination, which is less to the Olympics and 3.7 million new bikes sold. This as they pedalled past each other quietly and without around 5,000 young people aged 10-15 who computer games or watching television. healthy in the longer term. was up 28 per cent from the previous year, generating stress. Better yet, we could witness the most significant are part of Understanding Society, one of the This research should prove useful to www.celebrityand £1.62 billion with £51 million of this going to local Dutch cycling benefit: men-who-wear-lycra replaced biggest panel studies in the world, that follows policymakers concerned with increasing the £27 development. manufacturers. Halfords, the UK’s largest cycle retailer, by cyclists wearing clothes that reflect their destination. Current annual Dutch spend individuals and households in the UK. nation’s health and to parents and young wordpress.com n saw a 5.7 per cent increase in like-for-like sales from We can dream, and hope. per head on cycling They found that 63 per cent of young people who want to make the right choices cycling early in 2012, while Tesco reported a 130 per people were using social networking sites like now for the sake of both their mental and Professor Dan cent increase in bicycle sales after the 2008 Beijing eprints.lse.ac.uk/47253 Source: *Time to #Choose Cycling, Facebook for at least an hour every single day. physical health in the future. n Brockington, by Chris Boardman, MBE, policy Olympics due largely to ‘the Team GB effect’. cep.lse.ac.uk adviser for British Cycling, the Television consumed more than an hour a day University of Manchester sport’s governing body for more than 75 per cent of young people. ajph.aphapublications.org GETTY ISTOCK

114 BRITAIN IN 2015 BRITAIN IN 2015 115 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | OPINION FACTS & FIGURES | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT SPIRIT IN MOTION As the Paralympic movement grows in stature every year, we look at the history of the games

IN WHAT WAYS HAS THE THE PIONEER 1948 DR LUDWIG GUTTMANN, a Jewish doctor The Stoke Mandeville Games for the Paralysed, BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEM an archery event between two teams of born in Germany and specialising in spinal injuries, BECOME INCREASINGLY disabled athletes, takes place at the hospital comes to England in 1939. In 1944 he takes up a post on the same day as the opening ceremony PRESIDENTIALISED? at Stoke Mandeville hospital to treat patients with for the 1948 Summer Olympics at Wembley. paraplegia. But Guttmann is concerned with more OPINION than the patients’ physical problems – he believes in 1949-1951 rehabilitation. The seeds of a movement are sown… Stoke Mandeville Games ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS any student will learn about politics in the United Kingdom 1952 1960 The International Stoke The ninth ISMG* takes place in is that we have a parliamentary rather than PM OR WINTER Mandeville Games (ISMG) takes Rome – overseas for the first time. a presidential system. But the reality is that PRESIDENT? place – the first international It features 400 athletes from 23 PARALYMPICS Games, where a team from countries and later becomes known British politics has become increasingly Holland also participates. as the first Paralympics. The ‘presidentialised’ and nowhere is this more • 1976: The first competition is confined 1953 -1959 to those with spinal evident than in contemporary media coverage, By Professor Susan Banducci Winter Paralympics International Stoke cord injuries. exacerbated since 2010 by the introduction of and Dr Daniel Stevens takes place in Mandeville Games 1968 Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. Slalom, leaders’ election or referendum debates. Wasn’t Tel Aviv, Israel: giant slalom and Nordic skiing 1964 Mexico City, where the Tokyo, Japan: Tokyo is the it always like this? You could point to Margaret Summer Games take for amputees and visually last Games, until Seoul place, is deemed unsuitable Thatcher, Harold Wilson, Harold Macmillan, impaired athletes are the main 1988, when Olympic as a venue because of and Paralympic athletes David Lloyd George or William Gladstone as events. Ice sledge racing is a its high altitude compete in the same city. presidential figures in British political history. demonstration sport. 198 athletes and lack of from 16 countries take part. 1972 oxygen. But this is to miss several key points. Heidelberg, Germany: Ten subsequent Winter First, as research in our project Advancing Nearly 1,000 athletes from Paralympics take place 43 countries take part. Understanding in News Information, Political • 1984: Downhill is Knowledge and Media Systems Research added to the programme 1976 illustrates, political reporting is now routinely in Innsbruck, Austria. Toronto, Canada: Two new focused on the prime minister and the leaders of Sit-skiing or mono-skiing is a impairment groups are 1980 1988 demonstration sport, to become a added in 1976 – athletes Arnhem, Holland: Athletes Seoul, the major parties. That trend may be increasing: of the public are interested in politics, educate South medal event at the Nagano 1998. who are blind or have a with cerebral palsy in the 2001 and 2005 elections, about one Perceptions themselves on where parties stand on the visual impairment and compete for the first time Korea: The • 1994: Super-G is athletes with amputations. Paralympics in every two newspaper stories that quoted issues and vote accordingly. Instead, most and Ludwig Guttmann dies added at Lillehammer, at the age of 80. take place in a politician quoted the leader of the Labour, voters use a variety of short-cuts that allow Norway. Ice sledge the same city hockey first features, one of as the Summer Conservative or Liberal Democrat parties; in the of a leader as them to make the most informed vote they can Games, and the the most popular attractions for 1984 2010 election campaign, that had increased to with the least amount of effort. Stoke Mandeville and New York: The movement gains spectators at the Winter Games. momentum. Simon roughly seven in ten of the quotes. What people think of leaders can be a Games are split over two venues, with • 2006 Wheelchair the wheelchair events taking place Jackson is the only Second, there has been a change in the reasonable summary of whether the leader, curling is added in at Stoke Mandeville amid stirring scenes. British person to trustworthy win a Paralympic nature of media coverage of leaders, with much when they became prime minister, would Turin, Italy. judo gold and • 2010: Vancouver Games 1989 greater attention to his or her personal life than enact the kinds of policies the voter favours. International Paralympic Committee Tanni Grey wins her before. And third, the shift in media coverage But the extent to which voters can make these are attended by 500 athletes (IPC) is formed on 22 September 1989 as a first medal of many. from 42 nations. has extended to leaders’ spouses, who are now matter even judgements is still dependent on the quality non-profit organisation. It aims to develop • 2014: Despite sports opportunities for all people with an much more a focus of attention than in the past. of the information they receive. That may be impairment, from the beginner to elite level. 1992 concerns over Russia’s 1996 Barcelona, Spain: So how has this affected British politics? misleading because so much of the election military interventions Atlanta, USA: The first Brit Chris Holmes wins This may depend in part on what the public more to voters coverage of leaders is itself driven by their in the nearby Crimean Peninsula, Paralympics to get mass six swimming golds and looks for in its ‘British presidents’. American personalities and those of their spouses, and by the Sochi Paralympic Winter media sponsorship, with a superstar Tanni Grey budget of $81 million. wins the first of 11 academics write of a ‘presidential prototype’ how they are doing in the polls, rather than by Games feature 500 athletes gold medals. from 45 countries in 72 medal against which possible presidents are the policies they stand for. 2004 2000 in Britain events in five sports, and Athens, Greece: Back at its birthplace, over Sydney, Australia: In excess assessed, and where the specific qualities of The partisanship of the British press also snowboarding debuts. 3,800 athletes take part. South African of one million tickets are competence and trustworthiness are especially means that most voters are subject to a partial Oscar Pistorius, the ‘bladerunner’ sold to the public and Tanni important. Our research from the last two view of their leaders. Even if voters are not (T44 sprinter category), wins his first Grey-Thompson, at her fourth gold medal at a Summer Games and Games, wins four gold medals. general elections suggests that perceptions of affected by press coverage because they are I becomes a poster boy for INVICTUS AM 2012 2008 a leader as trustworthy matter even more to aware that it is partisan, the evidence from the GAMES London: ParalympicsGB the movement. Beijing, China: Britain’s voters in Britain – perhaps as a result of issues US is that even such partisan outlets as Fox on To underline that athletes wins 120 medals. Dave Weir, highly-prepared team Jonnie Peacock, Sarah Storey wins 102 medals. like the war in Iraq and the expenses scandal. the right and MSNBC on the left undermine views with a disability have entered the mainstream, and many more become Charismatic 13-year-old But competence, at least as represented by of the candidates they oppose but do not in September 2014 The household names, as elite swimmer Ellie Simmonds sportsmen and women. 2010 wins two gold medals ‘knowing what he is talking about’, matters less Invictus Games, for wounded Tanni Grey-Thompson enhance the views of the candidates they and the hearts of a nation. servicemen and women, is created a Life Peer. than in the US, and responsiveness more. favour. Partisan press coverage of leaders may takes place in London, Sarah Storey moves from therefore contribute to negative perceptions championed by Prince Harry. 2013 swimming to PROFESSOR SUSAN BANDUCCI cycling for SHORT-CUTS TO DECISION-MAKING of leaders of all parties. And in a parliamentary Some 400 competitors take Oscar Pistorius is arrested for AND DR DANIEL STEVENS part from 13 nations, over shooting and killing his girlfriend, gold again. Should this affect people’s votes? It is easy to system voters cannot express their frustration four days, competing in nine model Reeva Steenkamp. Found Sources: paralympics.org.uk; adaptive sports in world-class www.paralympic.org ; invictusgames.org; dismiss as trivial judgements of whether one Both are at the University of Exeter. with their ‘presidents’ by voting directly against 2014 guilty of culpable homicide in venues. The Games draws its The International September 2014, he is *The Paralympic Games evolved to include leader appears more trustworthy or more Professor Banducci is Professor of Politics; them. Thus the presidentialisation of our politics name and inspiration from Paralympic sentenced to five years athletes from all disability groups, while the responsive to the concerns of ordinary people Dr Stevens is an associate professor is ultimately detrimental to British democracy. n the iconic poem by William Committee in prison and banned Stoke Mandeville games continued as a multi- Ernest Henley, Invictus. The celebrates its from athletics for sport event for wheelchair athletes, evolving to than another. But political researchers long US inspired the event with its 25th anniversary the full term. ago gave up on the notion that most members socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/politics Warrior Games in 2013. in September. become the World Wheelchair Games and the World Wheelchair and Amputee Games INFOGRAPHIC: TIDY DESIGNS TIDY INFOGRAPHIC: GETTY; CORBIS; ALAMY CORBIS; GETTY;

116 BRITAIN IN 2015 BRITAIN IN 2015 117 CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT | OPINION FACTS & FIGURES | CULTURE, MEDIA & SPORT SPIRIT IN MOTION As the Paralympic movement grows in stature every year, we look at the history of the games

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