Common Skin Diseases
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MODULE \ Common Skin Diseases Degree Program For the Ethiopian Health Center Team Zewdu Bezie, Bishaw Deboch, Dereje Ayele, Desta Workeneh, Muluneh Haile, Gebru Mulugeta, Getachew Belay, Adane Sewhunegn, Ahmed Mohammed Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2005 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2005 by Zewdu Bezie, Bishaw Deboch, Dereje Ayele, Desta Workeneh, Muluneh Haile, Gebru Mulugeta, Getachew Belay, Adane Sewhunegn, Ahmed Mohammed All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The preparation of this module has passed through series of meetings, discussions revisions and group works. We, the authors would like to express our deep appreciation to The Carter Centre, Atlanta Georgia for funding the activities all the way through. And we extend our heart felt thanks to our reviewer Dr.Kifle W/Micheal who has contributed for the success of this work. We would also like to extend our gratitude to w/t Tsegereda Fiseha for typing the manuscript. i PREFACE Teaching –learning is a challenge under all circumstances. It is even more challenging in developing countries like Ethiopia where textbooks are scarce, learning materials few, teachers overwhelmed and conditions unfavorable. Moreover, many of the learning materials such as textbooks are often bulky and at times not suitable to the conditions existing in the home country. This module is prepared specifically for the health centre team, which must learn to work effectively together. The health centre team is basically involved in primary care at the grass-root level. Most of the activities concentrate on health promotion, identification and treatment of common illnesses, and disease prevention and control. This module addresses common skin diseases, which are a major public health problem in Ethiopia. It consists of a core module and five satellite modules. The Core Module is prepared for health officers, pubic health nurses, environmental health, medical laboratory technology students and Health extension Workers. We believe that the essentials of common skin infections should be known by all categories. Therefore the satellite modules are prepared to strengthen the professional training of each category. On top of that they supplement what is included in the Core module. It should be pointed out that this module is not supposed to replace textbooks. This module does show clearly that it is essential to consider the teacher, the students, the learning materials and the circumstances together. It is hoped that the reading of this module will stimulate teachers to produce teaching materials that are problem-based and learner centered. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page Acknowledgement .................................................................................................... i Preface .................................................................................................................. ii Table of contents .................................................................................................. iii List of figures .......................................................................................................... iv UNIT ONE .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................1 1.2 Directions for using the Module .................................................................. 2 1.3 Purpose and use of the Module ..................................................................2 UNIT TWO ..............................................................................................................3 2.1 Core Module ................................................................................................3 UNIT THREE ........................................................................................................11 Satellite Module for Health Officers ..................................................................11 UNIT FOUR ..........................................................................................................62 Satellite Module for Nurses .............................................................................62 UNIT FIVE ...........................................................................................................109 Satellite Module for Laboratory Personnel ....................................................109 UNIT SIX .............................................................................................................130 Satellite Module for Environmental Health ....................................................130 UNIT SEVEN ......................................................................................................145 Satellite Module for Health Extension Workers ............................................. 145 UNIT EIGHT ........................................................................................................174 Annexes ........................................................................................................193 8.1 Diagnostic guide .........................................................................174 8.2 Answer Keys ..............................................................................195 8.3 Bibliography ...............................................................................198 8.4 About Authors ............................................................................200 iii List of Figures 1. Figure .1 Pathogenesis of Herpes simplex Virus------------------------------------30 2. Figure 2. Normal Pelosebacous unit----------------------------------------------------46 3. Figure 3. Fungal hypae-------------------------------------------------------------------121 4. Figure 4. Candidia Albucans Yeast----------------------------------------------------121 5. Figure 5. Leishmania amstigotes in Giemsa stained Skin snip-----------------128 iv UNIT ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction The importance of skin disease is usually over looked. However; dermatological conditions and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are highly prevalent in Africa including our country and some of the conditions are on the rise. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, changing life style of the societies, increasing use of industrial chemicals, global warming and more are incriminated as the contributing factors for the rise in the prevalence of some skin diseases. Some 90% of patients with HIV/AIDS will have one or more dermatological manifestations at early stage of the disease. In some centers, 28% of medical and 25% of pediatrics cases have dermatological problems. On the other hand, little changes have been made to tackle the problems. Although most of the dermatological conditions do not result in death, they lead to misery and incapacitations. The quality of life in this group of patients is compromised in different ways. Apart from the morbidity that is usually chronic, patients face a lot of agony from social stigma and low self-esteem due to deformities and disabilities of various degrees. For one or more of the reasons they become unproductive and live in poverty of a deeper degree. Despite the extent of the problem, dermatology service delivery in our country has remained poor. Some of the reasons are poverty, lack of trained staff and lack of knowledge. The intent of this module is to highlight the Health Officers, Nurses, Medical Laboratory Technicians and Environmental Health Technicians with the diagnosis, management, control, and prevention of common dermatological conditions in our setting. 1 1.2 Direction for using this Module To be well equipped with the necessary knowledge and competent care for a patient with skin infections by using this module; follow these directions first: - Try to study and answer all the questions in the pre-test that is for all categories in the core module, and the specific questions to your category in the respective satellite module - After the pretest go through the core module - Each category of the health center team should read their respective satellite module - Answer all the questions in the pretest and compare your results using the keys after finishing the core and satellite modules. -