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Backyard Hens and the Changing Geography of Human-Chicken Relations in Toronto

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Backyard Hens and the Changing Geography of Human-Chicken Relations in Toronto Cultivating Care: Backyard Hens and the Changing Geography of Human-Chicken Relations in Toronto by Stephanie Christine Demetriou A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto © Copyright by Stephanie Christine Demetriou 2021 Cultivating Care: Backyard Hens and the Changing Geography of Human-Chicken Relations in Toronto Stephanie Demetriou Master of Arts (MA) Department of Geography and Planning University of Toronto 2021 Abstract This project examines the changing geography of human-chicken relationships in Toronto, Ontario. Anchoring my project to themes of care and belonging, I first explore the city’s historical live animal debates through textual news media to highlight how arguments about the inhumane treatment and slaughter of urban chickens informed the expulsion of farm animals from residential and market spaces in the late-twentieth century. I then use contemporary media, documents, and semi-structured interviews with participants of the municipal pilot UrbanHensTO to consider how chickens are making a visible return to Toronto. My study shows that urban chicken-keeping is working in the city in transformative and subversive ways; it is allowing residents to cultivate a companionable ethic of care that brings the individuality, lifeworlds, joy, and suffering of chickens into focus. Importantly, these companionable backyard relations are challenging the ethical invisibility of farm animals while making chickens matter as more-than-producers and other-than-food. ii Acknowledgments I am grateful to my sister, my parents, and my two bunnies, for always being there and for inspiring me in different ways. Thank you to my Supervisor, Dr. Sarah Wakefield, for guiding and supporting me throughout this project, and for encouraging me to find my academic voice. And, to the FEAST research group, I enjoyed our weekly conversations and learned so much from each of you. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the chicken-keepers who took interest in my project and introduced me to their caring and endearing human/chicken worlds. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the birds whose ongoing presence and historical legacy in our city has made this research project possible. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vii List of Appendices ........................................................................................................................ viii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Chapter Summaries ............................................................................................................. 3 2 Literature Review ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Animal Domestication and Exploitation ............................................................................. 8 2.1.1 Making and Unmaking Chickens through Domestication ...................................... 8 2.1.2 Domesticates in Relation ....................................................................................... 10 2.1.3 Exploitation and Suffering in Factory Farming ..................................................... 12 2.1.4 Animal Welfare and Expertized Care .................................................................... 15 2.1.5 Seeking Alternatives: Contributions of Care Ethics .............................................. 18 2.2 Urban Chickens: Historical and Contemporary Farm Animal Geographies ..................... 23 2.2.1 Urban Histories of Animal Farming ...................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Return of Chickens: Backyard Urban Coops ........................................................ 25 3 Methods and Methodology ....................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Research Design ................................................................................................................ 29 3.2 Case Selection, Context, and Background ........................................................................ 30 3.3 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis ......................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Historical Media Analysis ..................................................................................... 32 3.3.2 Contemporary Media and Document Analysis ..................................................... 34 3.3.3 Semi-Structured Interviews ................................................................................... 36 4 Historical Perspectives: Media Analysis (1970-1989) ............................................................. 39 4.1 The Suffering of Animals at Live Markets ........................................................................ 40 iv 4.1.1 Bearing Witness to Cruelty ................................................................................... 41 4.1.2 Preventing Animal Suffering: The Role of the Humane Society .......................... 46 4.2 The Prospect of (Inhumane) Slaughter .............................................................................. 50 4.2.1 Places and Practices of Slaughter .......................................................................... 51 4.2.2 Pets versus Meat: Issues of Care in/and Killing .................................................... 53 4.3 The Place of Farm Animals in Canadian Society .............................................................. 55 4.3.1 Animals in Agri-Business ...................................................................................... 55 4.3.2 Diminishing Cruelty: Distance, Difference and Animal Welfare ......................... 58 4.4 Chapter Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 62 5 Contemporary Practices and Perspectives, Part I: Media and Document Analysis (2001- 2020) ......................................................................................................................................... 65 5.1 The Oppositional Voice Revisited: The “Proper” Place and Care of Farm Animals ........ 66 5.1.1 An Imagined Paradox: Urban Density and the Farm Animal Multitude ............... 66 5.1.2 Questions of Care-Related Competencies ............................................................. 69 5.2 The Human/Hen Counter-Voice: Stories of Care and Belonging from Toronto’s Urban Coops ...................................................................................................................... 72 5.2.1 Chickens Belong Here: Making Space for (a few) Hens ...................................... 73 5.2.2 Humane Cities and Ethical Urban Farmers ........................................................... 76 5.2.3 Hens Aren’t Food: Urban Chickens as Productive Backyard Pets ........................ 78 5.2.4 Seeing, Thinking, and Feeling with (Pet) Chickens .............................................. 81 5.3 Chapter Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 85 6 Contemporary Perspectives and Practices, Part II: Semi-Structured Interviews ...................... 87 6.1 Motivations of Chicken-Keepers ....................................................................................... 88 6.1.1 Farm Animal Encounters ....................................................................................... 88 6.1.2 Beyond Eggs: Seeing and Caring for Chickens .................................................... 90 6.1.3 Knowing “Where” Food Comes From .................................................................. 91 6.2 Human-Chicken Relationality: Hens as Outdoor Pets, Producers, and Farm Animals ..... 92 v 6.2.1 Sociability, Familiarity and Attachment ................................................................ 92 6.2.2 Handling and Hygiene ........................................................................................... 95 6.2.3 Work, Cooperation and Exchange ......................................................................... 97 6.3 Practices of Care and Knowledge-Building .................................................................... 100 6.3.1 Learning the Language of Chickens .................................................................... 100 6.3.2 Friends, Strangers and Neighbours ...................................................................... 103 6.3.3 Predation, Pests, and Protection .......................................................................... 104 6.3.4 Creature Comforts: Coops, Enclosures and Spaces to Roam .............................. 108 6.3.5 Hen Health and Veterinary Support .................................................................... 112 6.4 Impacts of Companionable Human-Hen Relationships .................................................. 113 6.4.1 Care versus Expertise .........................................................................................
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