DOCSLIB.ORG

The Englishtake Totea:Wars in Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Englishtake Totea:Wars in Europe chapter 6 The English Take to Tea: Wars in Europe Tea as a Plant Species neously credited to Linnæus, was already gener- ally in use amongst botanists long before. Similarly, Rembert Dodoens of Mechelen employed the numerous binomial species names such as Cala- binomial system of nomenclature to label species mus aromaticus, Cassia fistula, Costus indicus and in the six volumes of his detailed and colourfully Nux indica abound in Dutch botanical and colonial illustrated herbal of 1554,1 and Gaspard Bauhin of references, such as the work of Isaac Commelin,4 Basel did so too in his hefty manual of plant spe- long before this system of labelling species was cies, published in 1623. Species specifications of adopted and codified by Linnæus. this format naturally developed into the binomial One of the species which Bauhin classified in system ever since they were applied with great 1623 was tea. This first attempt at a taxonom- consistency by Rembert Dodoens, who described ical classification of the plant was based on the many hundreds of species names such as Anchuſa description which had appeared in Jan Huygen van onoclia, Anchuſa alcibiadion, Capſicum oblongius, Linschoten’s work. However, Bauhin erroneously Portulaca ſylueſtris, Raphanus ſatiuus and so forth. classified tea as a species of fennel or Fœniculum Such binomial designations characteristically con- under the Umbelliferæ.5 This mistaken conjecture sist of a noun followed by a possessive or an adjectival modifier, and such labels likewise occur orvm Libri Qvatvor. Venetiis [Venice]: apud Franciſcum de in the botanical writings of Clusius from 1574.2 Franciſcis Senenſem. Prosper Alpinus, today more often known by 4 Isaac Commelin. 1646. Begin ende Voortgangh, van de the Italianate form of his name Prospero Alpini, Vereenighde Nederlantſche Geoctroyeerde Oost-Indiſche Compagnie Vervatende de voornaemſte Reyſen, by de In- in 1591 likewise used the binomial system of woonderen der ſelver Provincien derwaerts gedaen. Alles labelling plant species, with such species designa- Nevens de beſchrijvinghen der Rijcken, Eylanden, Havenen, tions as Phaſiolus rubrus, Cypervs rotundus, Sam- Revieren, Stroomen, Rheeden, Winden, Diepten en On- bac arabigvm and Ligustrum aegiptium.3 This sys- diepten; Mitſgaders Religien, Manieren, Aerdt, Politie ende Regeeringhe der Volckeren; oock meede haerder Speceryen, tem of labelling species, which is sometimes erro- Drooghen, Geldt ende andere Koopmanſchappen met veele Diſcourſen verrijckt: Nevens eenighe Koopere Platen verciert. 1 Rembert Dodoens, Medecijn van der ſtadt van Mechelen. Nut ende dienſtigh alle Curieuſe, ende andere Zee-varende 1554. Cruijdeboeck. In den welcken.die gheheele hiſtorie, dat Liefhebbers (two volumes). Amsterdam: Johannes Jans- es Tgheslacht, tfatſoen, naem, natuere, cracht ende werck- sonius. inghe, van den Cruyden, niet alleen hier te lande waſſende, 5 Casparus Bauhinus Basileensis. 1623. ΠΙΝΑΞ Theatri Bota- maer oock van den anderen vremden in der Medicijnen oor- nici Caſpari Bavhini Baſileenſ. Archiatri & Profeſſoris Ordin. boorlijck, met grooter neerſticheyt begrepen ende verclaert ſive Index in Theophraſti Dioſcoridis Plinii et Botanicorum es, met der ſeluer Cruyden natuerlick naer dat leuen conter- qui à Seculo ſcripſerunt Opera: Plantarvm circiter sex mil- feytſel daer by gheſtelt. Antwerpen: by Jan van der Loe. livm ab ipſis exhibitarvm nomina cvm earundem Synonymiis 2 Carolus Clusius. 1574. Aromatvm et Simplicivm aliqvot & differentiis Methodicè ſecundùm earum & genera & ſpe- Medicamentorvm apvd Indos Nascentivm Historia: Primùm cies proponens. Basel: Ludovicus Rex. In the section on quidem Luſitanica lingua per Dialogos conſcripta, D. Gar- the genus Fœniculum, Bauhinus refers to van Linschoten’s cia ab Horto, proregis Indiæ Medico, auctore: Nunc verò earlier report that cha from Japan is drunk as powdered Latino ſermone in Epitomen contracta, & iconibus ad viuum tea and served to honoured guests: ‘Chaa, herba in Japonia, expreßis, locupletioribusq́ annotationculis illuſtrata à Car- ex cujus pulvere decoctũ precioſum parant, & hoſpitibus olo Clvsio Atrebate. Antverpiæ: ex officina Chriſtophori dignioribus propinant: & olla in qua hujus herbæ decoctio Plantini, Architypographi Regij. facta, in eo apud ipſos precio, in quo apud nos Adamantes 3 Prosper Alpinus. 1591. Prosperi Alpini de Medicina Aegypti- sunt: Linſcot.par.2.Ind.or.c.28.’ (1623, lib. iv, sect. iv, p. 147). the english take to tea: wars in europe 369 figure 6.1 Gaspard Bauhin of Basel (1560– 1624), as depicted in the matric- ulation register of the rectorate of the University of Basel, Uni- versitätsbibliothek Basel, Vol. 2 (1586–1653), AN ii 4, f. 71r on Bauhin’s part was inspired by his medical know- nel when administering it to nursing women to ledge of the warm barley-based beverage known stimulate lactation, and that this decoction also as ptisana, in use amongst the ancients. On the acted as a diuretic.6 basis of van Linschoten’s description, Bauhin had gleaned that tea was drunk warm, just like ptisa- 6 Casparus Bauhinus. 1658. Theatri Botanici Historiæ Planta- rvmexveterumetrecentiorumplacitispropiaq.observatione na. At this time, Europeans knew soups, stews and concinnatæ. Basel: Ioannes König (col. 453); cf. ‘Fenoüil broths, but no warm beverages. Bauhin knew that commun … la decoction de la feüille priſe, eſt bonne aux the ancients mixed this medicinal brew with fen- accidens des reins & de la veſcie, parce qu’elle fait uriner’.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Antillean Plant of Beauty, a French Botanist, and a German Name: Naming Plants in the Early Modern Atlantic World
    Estonian Journal of Ecology, 2012, 61, 1, 37–50 doi: 10.3176/eco.2012.1.05 An Antillean plant of beauty, a French botanist, and a German name: naming plants in the Early Modern Atlantic world Laura Hollsten Faculty of Arts, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Åbo, Finland; [email protected] Received 10 December 2010, revised 7 March 2011, accepted 27 June 2011 Abstract. This paper investigates the naming of plants in the work of the French botanist Charles Plumier (1646–1704). Plumier made three trips to the French Antilles between 1690 and 1697, was appointed royal botanist in 1693, and published his first work, Description des Plantes de l’Amérique, in the same year. Plumier was the first ‘modern’ botanist to describe the flora of the Caribbean in a time when natural history underwent significant qualitative changes as a result of the European expansion and transatlantic contacts. Plumier’s ambition was to replace the confusing multitude of names given to New World plants with a universal taxonomically based nomenclature. His modernity and scientific ethos manifest themselves in his neutral way of organizing the plants according to a taxonomic system and his use of a Latin nomenclature, often naming plants after well-known botanists. Through Plumier’s naming process, I argue, it is possible to highlight the colonial and Atlantic context of his work, his network as part of the scientific elite of his country, and his professionalism resulting from years of botanical studies. Key words: history of botany, early modern natural history, plant nomenclature. INTRODUCTION According to a story entitled ‘The Tree of Riches’, the French botanist Charles Plumier decided that he would like to travel the world and get rich (Pellowski, 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles
    An Inordinate Disdain for Beetles: Imagining the Insect in Colonial Aotearoa A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in English By Lillian Duval University of Canterbury August 2020 Table of Contents: TABLE OF CONTENTS: ................................................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................ 6 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION: INSECTOCENTRISM..................................................................................................................................... 8 LANGUAGE ........................................................................................................................................................... 11 ALICE AND THE GNAT IN CONTEXT ............................................................................................................................ 17 FOCUS OF THIS RESEARCH ....................................................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER ONE: FRONTIER ENTOMOLOGY AND THE
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Review of Systematic Biology and Nomenclature - Alessandro Minelli
    BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. II - Historical Review of Systematic Biology and Nomenclature - Alessandro Minelli HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY AND NOMENCLATURE Alessandro Minelli Department of Biology, Via U. Bassi 58B, I-35131, Padova,Italy Keywords: Aristotle, Belon, Cesalpino, Ray, Linnaeus, Owen, Lamarck, Darwin, von Baer, Haeckel, Sokal, Sneath, Hennig, Mayr, Simpson, species, taxa, phylogeny, phenetic school, phylogenetic school, cladistics, evolutionary school, nomenclature, natural history museums. Contents 1. The Origins 2. From Classical Antiquity to the Renaissance Encyclopedias 3. From the First Monographers to Linnaeus 4. Concepts and Definitions: Species, Homology, Analogy 5. The Impact of Evolutionary Theory 6. The Last Few Decades 7. Nomenclature 8. Natural History Collections Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The oldest roots of biological systematics are found in folk taxonomies, which are nearly universally developed by humankind to cope with the diversity of the living world. The logical background to the first modern attempts to rationalize the classifications was provided by Aristotle's logic, as embodied in Cesalpino's 16th century classification of plants. Major advances were provided in the following century by Ray, who paved the way for the work of Linnaeus, the author of standard treatises still regarded as the starting point of modern classification and nomenclature. Important conceptual progress was due to the French comparative anatomists of the early 19th century UNESCO(Cuvier, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire) – andEOLSS to the first work in comparative embryology of von Baer. Biological systematics, however, was still searching for a unifying principle that could provide the foundation for a natural, rather than conventional, classification.SAMPLE This principle wasCHAPTERS provided by evolutionary theory: its effects on classification are already present in Lamarck, but their full deployment only happened in the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue 294 Recent Acquisitions CATALOGUE 294 Catalogue 294
    ANTIQUARIAAT JUNK ANTIQUARIAAT Antiquariaat Junk Catalogue 294 1 Recent Acquisitions CATALOGUE CATALOGUE 294 Catalogue 294 Old & Rare Books Recent Acquisitions 2016 121 Levaillant Catalogue 294 Recent Acquisitions Antiquariaat Junk B.V. Allard Schierenberg and Jeanne van Bruggen Van Eeghenstraat 129, NL-1071 GA Amsterdam The Netherlands Telephone: +31-20-6763185 Telefax: +31-20-6751466 [email protected] www.antiquariaatjunk.com Natural History Booksellers since 1899 Please visit our website: www.antiquariaatjunk.com with thousands of colour pictures of fine Natural History books. You will also find more pictures of the items displayed in this catalogue. Items 14 & 26 sold Frontcover illustration: 88 Gessner Backcover illustration: 121 Levaillant GENERAL CONDITIONS OF SALE as filed with the registry of the District Court of Amsterdam on No- vember 20th, 1981 under number 263 / 1981 are applicable in extenso to all our offers, sales, and deliveries. THE PRICES in this catalogue are net and quoted in Euro. As a result of the EU single Market legisla- tion we are required to charge our EU customers 6% V.A.T., unless they possess a V.A.T. registration number. Postage additional, please do not send payment before receipt of the invoice. All books are sold as complete and in good condition, unless otherwise described. EXCHANGE RATES Without obligation: 1 Euro= 1.15 USD; 0.8 GBP; 124 JPY VISITORS ARE WELCOME between office hours: Monday - Friday 9.00 - 17.30 OUR V.A.T. NUMBER NL 0093.49479B01 134 Meyer 5 [1] AEMILIANUS, J. Naturalis de Ruminantibus historia Ioannis Aemy- liani... Venetiis, apaud Franciscum Zilettum, 1584.
    [Show full text]
  • Nontrivial Collections
    NONTRIVIAL COLLECTIONS Igor Ya. Pavlinov Moscow Zoological Museum NONTRIVIAL COLLECTIONS 1. Two basic contexts 2. The origins: facts 3. The origins: philosophy 4. Interrelation of contexts 5. Quality and quantity 6. Digital collections 7. Nontriviality as a curatorial problem 8. Research museum collections are fundamentally nontrivial TWO BASIC CONTEXTS “There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.” Prince Hamlet There are no collections either trivial or nontrivial by themselves, but some contexts make them so. Igor Pavlinov TWO BASIC CONTEXTS There are two basic contexts that make research museum collections either trivial or nontrivial. Research museum collections: consist of museum objects => Museological context stored for conducting research => Scientific context TWO BASIC CONTEXTS MUSEUM NONTRIVIALITY of collections is closely connected to the nontriviality of certain curatorial tasks. They involve “museification” of the materials acquired and stored by museums, i.e. their preparation, preservation, registration, labeling, etc. TWO BASIC CONTEXTS SCIENTIFIC NONTRIVIALITY of collections is closely connected to the nontriviality of ideas and research tasks they allow to explore. Of course, these ideas and tasks, in their turn, appear to be nontrivial in certain general scientific contexts THE ORIGINS: FACTS Research museum collections were nontrivial in either context from their very beginning. This was because the previous research practice of the so called Herbal Epoch dealt with natural objects drawings and
    [Show full text]
  • Theory & Practice of Systematics Not Taxon-Specif
    Course Website: http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~dsikes/courses.htm Check weekly for lecture updates, readings, etc. Course Content: Theory & Practice of Systematics Not taxon-specific Introduction 25 % alpha taxonomy to 75 % phylogenetics Biosystematics - Lecture 2 Introduction to Biological Systematics Lecture 2: Introduction to Biological Systematics Website, Course Outline Outline: The role and value of Systematics Readings (text…, reserve reading room) Taxonomy (! taxonomy) - in decline? Midterm & final exam Describing species Project Identification, Classification “Labs” - Fridays meet in BI 182 Collections, Conservation Beetle exercise Phylogenetics (" taxonomy) Debates (discussions of readings) Phylogeny 5 Questions - bonus Classification (?) Open office hours - make appointment Evolutionary processes / patterns Conservation Biosystematics Godfray (2002) Lecture 1: Introduction to biological systematics (value) Mayr, E.& P. D. Ashlock (1991) Principles of Systematic Zoology, 2nd • alpha taxonomy / phylogenetics Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY. pp. 1-8. [PDF] (descriptive taxonomy / phylogenetic tax.) *Godfray, H. C. J. (2002) Challenges for taxonomy. Nature 417: 17-19. - suffering from lack of prestige & resources Flowers et al. (2002) Does the decline in systematic biology matter? Chapter 4 of report to the House of Lords (UK). Select Committee on Science & Technology. [webpage] • Solutions? Lecture 2: Value of biosystematics continued; History of taxonomy • “web monographs” ? *Gould, S. J. 2000. Linnaeus's Luck? Natural History.
    [Show full text]
  • On New Spain and Mexican Medicinal Botany in Cardiology
    HISTORIA Y MEDICINA On New Spain and Mexican medicinal botany in cardiology Alfredo de Micheli-Serra,* Raúl Izaguirre-Ávila* * Departamento de Hematología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. ABSTRACT En torno a la botánica medicinal novohispana y mexicana en cardiología Towards the middle of the XVI century, the empirical physi- cian Martín de la Cruz, in New Spain, compiled a catalogue of RESUMEN the local medicinal herbs and plants, which was translated into Latin by Juan Badiano, professor at the Franciscan colle- A mediados del siglo XVI el médico empírico novohispano ge of Tlatelolco. On his side, Dr. Francisco Hernández, the ro- Martín de la Cruz recopiló un catálogo de hierbas medicina- yal physician (protomédico) from 1571 until 1577, performed les locales, cuyo texto original, en náhuatl, fue traducido al a systematic study of the flora and fauna in this period. His latín por Juan Badiano, profesor en el colegio Franciscano notes and designs were not published at that time, but two epi- de Tlatelolco. Años después, el doctor Francisco Hernández, tomes of Hernández’ works appeared, respectively, in 1615 in protomédico de la Nueva España en el periodo 1571-1577, Mexico and in 1651 in Rome. During the XVIII century, two efectuó un estudio sistematizado de la flora y la fauna mexi- Spanish scientific expeditions arrived to these lands. They canas. Los apuntes y dibujos por él reunidos a lo largo de were led, respectively, by the Spanish naturalist Martín Sessé aquellos años no llegaron a publicarse en su tiempo. Pero and the Italian seaman, Alessandro Malaspina di Mulazzo, de- sendos epítomes de la obra hernandina fueron publicados, pendent from the Spanish Government.
    [Show full text]
  • HUNTIA a Journal of Botanical History
    HUNTIA A Journal of Botanical History VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2 2018 Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh The Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, a research division of Carnegie Mellon University, specializes in the history of botany and all aspects of plant science and serves the international scientific community through research and documentation. To this end, the Institute acquires and maintains authoritative collections of books, plant images, manuscripts, portraits and data files, and provides publications and other modes of information service. The Institute meets the reference needs of botanists, biologists, historians, conservationists, librarians, bibliographers and the public at large, especially those concerned with any aspect of the North American flora. Huntia publishes articles on all aspects of the history of botany, including exploration, art, literature, biography, iconography and bibliography. The journal is published irregularly in one or more numbers per volume of approximately 200 pages by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. External contributions to Huntia are welcomed. Page charges have been eliminated. All manuscripts are subject to external peer review. Before submitting manuscripts for consideration, please review the “Guidelines for Contributors” on our Web site. Direct editorial correspondence to the Editor. Send books for announcement or review to the Book Reviews and Announcements Editor. All issues are available as PDFs on our Web site. Hunt Institute Associates may elect to receive Huntia as a benefit of membership; contact the Institute for more information. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation Carnegie Mellon University 5th Floor, Hunt Library 4909 Frew Street Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 Telephone: 412-268-2434 Email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.huntbotanical.org Editor and layout Scarlett T.
    [Show full text]
  • PG and Research Department of Botany PLANT SYSTEMATICS 17PBY309 K1 Level Questions
    PG and Research Department of Botany PLANT SYSTEMATICS 17PBY309 K1 level questions 1. The system of plant classification proposed by Carolus Linnaeus was artificial because a) It was based on evolutionary relationship of plants b) It was based on similarities and differences in floral and other morphological characters only c) It took into account the physiological facts along with the morphological characters d) None of the above 2. Linnaeus is credited with introducing a) The concept of inheritance b) Law of limiting factor c) Theory of heredity d) Binomial nomenclature 3. Out of the 4 widely known systems of classification one remains less phylogenetic and more natural and that is of a) Engler and Prantl b) Hutchinson c) Bentham and Hooker d) Rendle 4. The chief merit of Bentham and Hookers classification is that a) it is a natural system of classification of all group of plants b) a system based on evolutionary concept c) it also considered the phylogenetic aspect d) The description of taxa are based on actual examination of the specimens 5. ‘Systema Naturae’ written by Linnaeus contains a list of a) 4000 species of plants b) 2000 species of plants c) 4200 species of plants d) 4200 species of animals 6. Natural system of classification of plants differs from artificial system of classification in a) taking into account only one vegetative character b) taking into account only one floral character c) taking into account all the similarities between plants d) all of these 7. One of the best methods for understanding general relationships of plants is a) Cytotaxonomy b) Experimental Taxonomy c) Numerical Taxonomy d) Chemotaxonomy 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Angiosperms in Being Exalbuminous, the Embryo Itself Filling Almost All the Seed Cavity, and Nutritive Tissue Being Entirely Absent Or Very Scanty
    1 ANGIOSPERMS Angiosperms: Origin And Evolution T. Pullaiah Professor Sri Krishnadevaraya University Anantapur – 515 003 A.P 2 Angiosperms form the most dominant group of plants with atleast 2,34,000 species (Thorne, 1992), a number much greater than all other groups of plants combined together. Not only in numbers, Angiosperms are also found in a far greater range of habitats than any other group of land plants. Ancestors of Angiosperms The identity of the ancestors of the flowering plants is a most difficult problem which is as yet far from being solved. Several groups of plants have been considered as ancestral stock for angiosperms. Bennettilean ancestry Since Saporta (Saporta and Marion, 1885) Bennettitales have often been proposed as possible ancestors of angiosperms, and in this connection the resemblance in structure between the strobili of the Mesozoic genus Cycadeodea and the flower of Magnolia has often been pointed out. But this resemblance is wholly superficial, they are alike only in that both are bisexual and both consist of an elongated axis on which are arranged successively and in the same order, protective bracts (perianth members in Magnolia), microsporophylls and megasporophylls. But along with these few similarities there are profound differences. The microsporophylls (stamens) of Magnolia (as in other primitive angiosperms) are free and arranged spirally on the axis, but in Bennettitales they are whorled and mostly connate. The megasporophylls of the Bennettitales are very reduced, simplified stalk-like structures, sometimes very abbreviated, each bearing at its apex a solitary erect ovule. Between these stalk-like megasporophylls and alternating with them, are sterile organs (interseminal scales) which appear to be modified sterilized megasporophylls.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Botanist in the System of Classification PROF
    COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE Contribution of botanist in the system of classification PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT Assistant professor Department of Botany Narajole Raj College BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE • Botanist #1. Theophrastus ( 370-287BC) • “Father of Botany” • He classified plant based on the habit , into 4 groups Herbs, Undershrub, Shrubs and Trees. • Described and named 480 plants and published his work in Historia Plantarum. Theophrastus • Important contributions: I. Fundamental difference between Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. II. Difference between centripetal and centrifugal type of inflorescences. III. Difference between polypetalous and gamopetalous corolla. IV. Difference between superior and inferior ovary. BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE • Botanist #2: Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624) • His work frequently referred the plants with a binary nomenclature and made distinction between genus and species. • Botanist #3: Joseph Pitlon de Tournefort (1656-1708) • He placed primary emphasis on the classification of genera, basing his classification entirely upon the structure of flower and fruit. • He provided major step in the development of the Gaspard Bauhin binomial nomenclature- by the use of a single Latin name for genus and two-word Latin name to denote each species. BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE • Botanist #4: Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • ”Father of Modern Botany” • The significance of flower and fruit structure was first recognized by him.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Diversity
    www.selectialindia.com PLANT DIVERSITY Taxonomy : Taxis = arrangement, nomos = law Taxonomy is the study of principles and procedures of classification. This word was proposed by A.P. de. Candolle in his book "Theories elementaire de la botanique" (Theory of elementary botany) Taxonomy includes study of following 4 points ( 1 ) Identification : A process by which an organism is recognised from the others and is assigned to a particular taxonomic group is called identification. ( 2 ) Nomenclature : Naming of organism according to international scientific rules is called nomenclature. ( 3 ) Classification : A process by which the organism are grouped into different categories on the basis of similarities and dissimilarities is called classification. ( 4 ) Affinities : Study of inter relationship between living organisms Old Systematics :- (Branch related with taxonomy) (1) The term "Systematics" was proposed by Linnaeus. The word systematics is derived from the latin word "systema" which means systematic arrangement of organisms. (2) Systematics, is the study of diversity of organisms and all their comparative and evolutionary relationship. It includes description of external morphological characters of plants or living organisms. eg. Morphological characters of Root, Stem, Leaves, Flowers New systematics or Neo systematics :- (1) Neo - systematics - A new branch - Name given by Julian Huxley (1940) (2) It includes description of all external and internal structure, along with the structure of cell, development process and ecological informations of organisms. (3) It is used to know the inter relationship among living organism. Note : New systematics is mainly based on evolutionary as well as genetic relationship(experimental taxonomy) as compared to morphological characters. Some Informations : Practical significance of taxonomy is Identification of unknown organism.
    [Show full text]