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Contribution of Botanist in the System of Classification PROF

Contribution of Botanist in the System of Classification PROF

COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF , NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

Contribution of botanist in the system of classification PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT Assistant professor Department of Botany Narajole Raj College

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist #1. ( 370-287BC) • “Father of Botany” • He classified plant based on the habit , into 4 groups Herbs, Undershrub, Shrubs and Trees. • Described and named 480 plants and published his work in Historia Plantarum. Theophrastus • Important contributions: I. Fundamental difference between Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. II. Difference between centripetal and centrifugal type of inflorescences. III. Difference between polypetalous and gamopetalous corolla. IV. Difference between superior and inferior ovary.

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist #2: Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624) • His work frequently referred the plants with a binary nomenclature and made distinction between genus and species. • Botanist #3: Joseph Pitlon de Tournefort (1656-1708) • He placed primary emphasis on the classification of genera, basing his classification entirely upon the structure of flower and fruit. • He provided major step in the development of the Gaspard Bauhin - by the use of a single name for genus and two-word Latin name to denote each species.

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist #4: Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) • ”Father of Modern Botany” • The significance of flower and fruit structure was first recognized by him. • He emphasized the basic numerical characteristics of sexual parts i.e., stamen and carpels. Thus the the system known as sexual system. • He classified the plant kingdom into 24 classes then order. Linnaeus

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist #5 Michel Adanson (1727-1806) • Grand Father of Numerical • He reject all the artificial system and proposed his classification in favour of natural system. • Published his work in Families de Plantes (1763)

• Botanist #6 Augustin P. de Candolle (1778-1841) • Introduce the term Taxonomy( taxis-arrangement, nomos-rules) • He attempt to write a for the whole world in “Systematis Naturalis RegniVegetabilis “.

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist # 7 George Bentham (1800-18840 and (1817-1911) • Published • Classified only seed plant

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist #8 Adolf Englar (1844-1930) and Karl Prantl • Includes the entire plant kingdom • Gymnosperm separated and placed before the Angiosperms • Dicotyledons placed after monocotyledons • The term Natural order replace by family • The term series has been replace by order

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist # 9 John Hutchinson (1884-1972) • Relating to the general habit of plants, • Trees and shrubs are probably more primitive than herbs and trees and shrubs are older than climbers. • Monocot have been derived from Dicots. • Free petal are more primitive than connate petals. • The endospermic seed with small embryo is primitive and the non endospermic seed more recent.

• In primitive flowers, there are many stamens. Angiosperm

Dicotyledons Monocotyledons

Lignosae Herbaceae Calyciferae Corolliferae Glumiflorae

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

• Botanist# 10Takhtajan and Cronquist • The Dicot has been discussed prior to Monocots • The families are small homogenous units made up of closely related genera • The Dicots begin with Magnoliales, which is highly satisfactory as Magnoiliales are universally considered to be the most primitive living Angiosperms

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

A) Artificial system: The system where the organisms are classified into different taxa based on one or a few superficial characteristics only.

B) Natural system: The plants are grouped on the basis of common natural characteristics and placed into different taxa like classes, orders , families and genera, etc.This type of system does not consider the evolutionary sequence .

C) Phylogenetic system : Here the construction of classification is based on the course of and tries to arrange the plants based on genetic and phylogenetic relationship.

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION. COMPILED AND CIRCULATED BY PROF. NANDITA BHAKAT, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, NARAJOLE RAJ COLLEGE

THANK YOU

BOTANY: SEM-IV, PAPER-C10T: PLANT SYSTEMATICS, UNIT-4: SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION.

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