An Assessment of Impacts of Rolling Knoll Landfill on Nearby Yater Resources Project Proposal
By Mark A. Hardy and Jean C. Lewis
SUMMARY
The Rolling Knoll Landfill operated in the northeastern part of the Great · -Swamp in Morris County, NJ from the 1930' s to 1968. Materials dumped at the landfill included domestic wastes, pharmaceuticals, and possibly some industrial wastes. Approximately 30 acres of the 140-acre landfill are currently within the Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge, managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The USFWS is legally required to monitor ground water quality around the landfill by a New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination (NJPDES) permit. However, the USFWS is also interested in determining how the landfill might impact the wetland that they manage.
This project will obtain data to help define the general geohydrology of :the Great Swamp around the landfill, install observation wells in appropriate locations on USFWS managed land, monitor ground-water and (or) surface-water quality, and generally examine surface-water quality and ground-water interaction with Loantaka Brook. Work will be accomplished by (1) performing a reconnaissance of water quality and water levels for surface water and shallow ground water around the landfill and in Loantaka Brook; (2) evaluating the chemistry of stream-bottom material in Loantaka Brook; (3) surveying electromagnetic conductivity variation around the landfill; (4) drilling and logging boreholes at several locations around the landfill and installing wells at selected boreholes; ant (5) collecting and evaluating chemical data and water-level data from observation wells and (or) surface water around the landfill. A major benefit will be that the study will begin to define how the landfill interacts hydrologically and chemically with shallow ground water and water in the wetland.
BACKGROUND
The Rolling Knoll Landfill (also known as Miele Landfill) is approximately 140 acres in size and is located in the northeastern part of the Great Swamp in Morris County, New Jersey (figure 1). A site inspection (NUS, 1985) indicates that the landfill was in operation'from the 1930's to 1968. In addition to domestic wastes, wastes produced from the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and, possibly, dioxin were deposited in the landfill. A 1986 investigation indicates the presence of several man-made organic compounds, but no dioxin, in samples of solid-phase material collected from the landfill (Diane Trube, NUS Corporation, Edison, NJ, 1986, written commun.).
Approximately 30 acr~s of the landfill are currently within the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, a federal landholding managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) has issued a Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NJPDES) permit requiring that the USFWS and other landowners install observation wells and monitor ground-water quality around the landfill.
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EXPLANATION ')).:.c" --;I/ ~ Approximate location of landfill Boundary, of Great: Swamp Nati~nal :. "- -- Wildlife Refuge
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Figure 1,-- Location of.Rolling Knoll Municipal Landfill, Green Village, New Jersey. L_ Genetal Geohydrology
The Great Swamp lies in the southwestern part of the bed of former glacial Lake Passaic. Glacial Lake Passaic was bounded by Yatchung Mountains to the north, east and south; and by the Ramapo f~ult escarpment to the west.
The swamp acts as a detention basin during periods of excessive runoff from the surrounding region. This is true both when the water level in the swamp is low and the excess water seeps into the upper swamp deposits, and -when the water level is high and the throughwater-flow rate is slowed by the .. . winding channels and low gradienos (Vecchioli and others, 1962).
Figure 2 shows the general geohydrologic framework for the swamp. The sand and gravel aquifer underlying the lakebed clay and silt receives recharge at its edges, where it is exposed to the surface. Because the recharge area is higher than the surface level of the swamp, an artesian head is created in the part of the aquifer which lies beneath the thick confining layer of the lakebed. Numerous wells screened in the confined aquifer indicate that the artesian head in the aquifer averages about 5 feet above land surface (Vecchioli and others, 1962). As a result, water from the aquifer flows upward through the confining layer into the swamp, to be dissipated by evapotranspiration or carried off by streamflow (Minard, 1967). However, because the confining layer has low permeability relative to the aquifer, the amount of water discharged from the confined aquifer to the swamp is probably small.
Geohydrplogy of the Landfill
No records of deep boreholes have been found for the landfill area. However, lithologic logs of several boreholes near the landfill are available from the State of New Jersey Office of Yater Allocation, U.S.G.S. well files, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The locations of these boreholes are shown on figure 3, and table 1 lists reported thicknesses of the lakebed clay and silt at those sites. These data suggest that the lakebed clay and silt are thick enough to prevent the landfill from significantly impacting the underlying aquifer even if ground-water flow in the silt and clay was not upward.
Information on sedimentary deposits overlying the lakebed clay at the landfill were obtained from a geologic map that predates the landfill (Salisbury and Peet, 1896), a soil survey of Morris County (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1976), and shallow boreholes augered at the landfill in 1986 (Diane Trube, NUS Corporation, Edison, N.J., 1986, written communication). Generally, the data suggest that organic deposits directly underlie the eastern part of the landfill, while stratified drift composed of sand, gravel, silt, and clay directly underlies the western part. Figure 4 shows a hypothetical schematic of the stratigraphy for the landfill. The landfill thickness ranges from approxima,tely 5 to 25 feet. The thickness of the stratified drift and organic deposits is not knoN-n, but there may be areas where neither exist. The thickness of lakebed clay.and silt ranges from approximately 60 to 125 feet. A dredged segment of Loantaka Brook is the closest stream to the landfill having a well-defined channel (see figure 1). It may drain a significant part of the wetland near the landfill.
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Figure 2;-- Generalized geologic framework and ground-water flow patterns in the Great Swamp, New Jersey. (Note: the uppermost stratified drift and organic sediments of the swamp are too thin to show because of the scale.) (llased on Vucchioli and others, 1962.)
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5 Table 1.--Thickness of clay and silt underlying the Great Swamp at selected boreholes.
Reported thickness of clay and silt Yell No. (feet)
74 C-29A 72 C-38 122* G-4 80 G-5 80 M-3 62 M-4 70 M-5 71 Y-70
' * Well G-4 is near the eastern edge of the SWa!'il?. 1he 122 feet of clay
reported above includes two interlayered beds of sancy materials having
thicknesses of 25 and 30 feet.
\ NO'l' 'l'O SCALE I I W.- E ~ ~ l.l A /l 'A ll A 0.. 0. 1..1 ti a A Fill A 4 D A L\ 4 4. Landfill 4 /.:,. Ll 4 materials a. , <> • 0 ... \ ~-~~ ,,., .;; , .- • , 0 c,s St:rat:i:£1ed · @_L1y·.:..-.:::: -:::- . ::::, - ~ . - . G ~ Organic drift "\o c-o a ., • C , • ,, • ,.o • - ~ o;- - Peat -tlepusit:s CJ : c----- Clay:::.~~ _.:. ·· n-;:-;"... .,-1 ,.:::-c --- -- ... - . , , --- - 11 I " - - - \ ... - I - - "'- ' ' ' , ___ - - .....,, -- \ -- - _, _ ... --\._ ' I - -·. . I .... -·- - ( - '-· -l'_>Lakebetl clay - ' - - - ' - -- ,- Lakebed Clay and Silt - - - - I - - , .I ,- ...... - " - ' r ,_ .,..._ ( I ------... -- ' - - ' - a, Cl <::. I C Q' Q , C> Q 0 ,. , (.J r 0 \) , 0 I Sand, Silt, and Gravel 0 i.:;,,, . · 1~ Stratified , -d)
,, Figure 4.-- Schematic·representation·of hypothetical geologic framework underlying Rolling Knoll Municipal Landfill, Green Village, New Jersey. PROBLEM
The impact of the Rolling Knoll Landfill on water resour~es of the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is currently unknown. To obtain information to (1) fulfill the requirements of the NJPDES permit and (2) manage the Great Swamp Wildlife Refuge, the genera1 interaction of ground water and surface water and the chemical characteristics of water resources near the Rolling Knoll Landfill must be defined and monitored.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to:
(1) Define the general geoh~drology of the Great Swamp around the landfill,
(2) Install observation wells in appropriate locations around the landfill,
(3) Monitor the quality of ground water and (or) surface water around · the landfill,
BENEFITS
While assessments of landfills routinely done in New Jersey only address shallow ground water, results from the study will also begin to define how the landfill interacts hydrologically and chemically with water in the wetland. If significant impacts are disco~ered, the site may provide an ideal location in investigate the interaction of man-made contaminants with wetlands. Because landfills commonly occupy former wetlands, investigation of wetland contaminant interaction might have significant transfer value.
APPROACH
Because of the great thickness of the lakebed silt and clay (60 ft and greater) and upward movement of ground water through them, work will be direc ted toward ground water above the lakebed silt and clay and surface water ..
The approach will include three phases:
I Reconnaissance of water quality, shallow ' ground-water levels, and electromagnetic conductivity around the landfill.
II Siting borehole locati~ns, borehole drilling, and well installation.
III Monitoring.
While USFWS has been able t~ arrange access to the privately owned part of the landfill for reconnaissan¢e and for transporting equipment to the USFWS managed part, well installation will not be allowed on the privately owned part. As a result, monitoring will only occur east and southeast of the landfill.
8 All field activities for pha$es I, II, and III will be governed by the safety plan in Appendix 1.
Phase 1
Comparisons of water levels and physical and chemical properties of water (specific conductance, pH, and occurrance of volatile and extractable organic compounds) in shallow ground wate~ and surface water will be made at up to 14 sites around the landfill and at up to four sites along Loantaka Brook. At ·the sites farthest upstream and dlownstream on Loantaka Brook, stream-bottom ·;amples will be collected and analyzed for the constituents· shown in table 2. All chemical analyses for this phase will be performed by the USGS District Laboratory or the USGS Central Laboratory. Based on locations of anomalies discovered, surveys of electromagnetic conductivity will be made to help define the aerial distribution o! the anomalies. This information will be used to determine lateral and vertical hydraulic gradients, the locations of boreholes, and locations of surface-water sampling sites.
Phase II . Boreholes will be drilled at three to five sites on USFWS managed land based on information from Phase 1. Boreholes will probably be located at or near sites MW4, MWS, and MW6 as proposed by the NJPDES permit (figure 5). Split-spoon samples will be collected to define various geologic units encountered. All holes will be drilled at least ten feet into the basal lakebed silt and clay unit to ensure that all significant permeable deposits have been defined. All drilling cuttings will be deposited in containers £°or appropriate disposal later. If analysis of the cuttings reveals that they are not contaminated, they will be disposed of on site. If the cuttings are contaminated, methods and costs for disposal will be arranged after discussion with all concerned parties. Drilling equipment will be steam cleaned between sites to minimize possible cross contamination.
Wells will be installed near sites MW4, MWS, and MW6 shown in figure 5 if a formation of sand or gravel above the basal clay is encountered. Screens will be placed in the upper five feet of the saturated part of the formation. Data suggests that sand and gravel formations may not be present at some sites. lnstallation·of observation wells at such sites, as required by the NJPDES permit, would not produce usable data and would ignore surface water in the marsh, where impacts would frobably be most pronounced. Therefore, if a sand or gravel formation is not encountered, no well will be installed, the borehole will be sealed with grout, and approaches 'to sampling surface water or organic formations will be considered for future monitoring. Elevations of all wells will be determined. At sites where wells are not installed but wetland surface water is to be sampled, water-level staff gages will be installed and elevations determined.
Wells will be 2-inch diameter to minimize the amount of water that must be purged and disposed of before sampling. Stainless steel casing and screens will probably be used to minimize interactions with organic contaminents. However, circumstances could be encountered that require use of a different material. Casing materials will be appropriately cleaned before installation.
9 N
I •
n_1at LANc;ftLL I {,,:, /'{O 1,a.rs) ',. ,t·~ I ______.. JC. __ _,,,. I ·~ ~ •s ~ I? I • J... 1 ,~ I·~ ..,• _.- GREAT SHA}f? UATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
~EY e Proposed NeY Ground Water Monitoring Wells
DF~~ING ~OT TO SC.1\..LE Figure 5.--Proposed Locations of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells by NJPDES Permit Number NJ0063177- 10 Phase III
Chemical and Physical Measurement~
Types of data to be collected and the collection frequency are shown in table 3. Chemical analyses will be preformed by a USGS contract laboratory (certified by NJDEP) and will include all constituents required by the NJPDES permit. Some analyses are proposed in addition to those required by the _l!JPDES permit. These will:
(1) Help define anthropogenic compounds present that may be designated as priority pollutants in the future,
(2) help define constituents or ratios of constituents that may be a "signature" of the landfill plume to be used for later studies, and
(3) provide valuable quality assurance information.
The funding for this proposal includes only one year of monitoring.
Samoling Techniques
All sampling techniques will be approved methods of the USGS. Wells will be purged before sampl~s are collected. The criteria for successful purging will be (1) a minimum of three ca$ing volumes of water removal and (2) relative stability of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen measurements. Purged water will be discharged into drums and stored at the site for disposal later. To avoid possible cross-contamination of wells, both the outside and inside of the equipment will be rinsed with a detergent solution followed by flushing with high grade tap water. Wash blanks of the flushed tap water will be collected and analyzed by gas chromatography using a flame-emission detector to help indicate instances of insufficient cleaning.
Specific techniques for sampling surface water in the wetland will be determined after the sites (if any)· are established and visited.
Data Integrity
One duplicate sample set will be collected fr~m one randomly selected sampling site for each sampling occasion. Comparison of the analytical results of the duplcate samples and will be used as indicators of potential analytical and (or) sampling problems. Chain of custody will be maintained for all samples required by the NJPDES permit.
11 Oata Storage
All data having parameter codes will be entered into the.USGS data-:_base (WATSTORE). All data in WATSTORE is transmitted•to STORET. Paper copies of data collected will be given to USFWS and NJDEP after analyses for each sampling event are complete.
REPORTS
A USGS Water -Resources Investigation report will be written describing the results of work covering Phases I - III.
' '
\
12 Table 2.--Types of analyses to be performed on stream-bottom materials from Loantaka Creek
Trace elements* General organics
Organochlorine compounds Organophosphorus compounds Phenoxy acid compounds
Base/neutral and acid extractable compounds (priority compounds and tentative identification of other compounds)
*To ensure data comparability, all inorganic chemical analyses will be performed only on the silt-clay fraction (less than 63 µm) of stream bottom materials.
13 Table 3.--Monitoring data to be collected and frequency of collection from ground water and surface water around Rolling Knoll Landfill.
0 frequency Type of Analyses (times/year)
Field measurements and water levels 4
Major cations, anions, and properties 4
-., Nutrients 4
Trace elements 4
Turbidity 1
Asbestos 1
General organic analyses 4
Purgeable organic compounds (priority compounds and tentative identification of 2 other compounds)
Extractable organic compounds (priority compounds and tentative identification of 1 other compounds)
Gross PCB's 2
Bacteria 1 BUDGET
The total cost for the project is $385,000. A breakdown of costs is shown below:
FY 1989 FY 1990-92
Manpower 22,100 62,900 Travel 2,100 3,200 Drilling 43,000 Analytical 13,160 38,000 Supplies and Equipment 16,000 3,000 WOTSC 16,750 48,500 DOTSC 37,990 78,300 Total 108,100 276,900
15 PERSONNEL
Personnel that will work on the project are summarized below. All individuals are currently available in the District.
FY 89 FY 90 FY 91 . FY 92
GS-12 Hydrologist 1/3 time 1/2 time 1/2 time 1/4 time GS-11 HYDROLOGIST 1/12 time 1/2 time 1/2 time 1/4 time GS-09 Hydro. Tech. 1/12 time 1/2 time 1/2 time
16 SELltCTED REFERENCES
Minard, J.P., 1967, Summary report on the geology an mineral resources ~f the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New ~ersey: Geological Survey Bulletin 1260-E, 14p.
New Jersey Department of Envirorunental Protection, 1986, Draft NJPDES Permit Number NJ0063171, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resource$, Ground Water Quality Management, 44 p.
NUS Corporation, 1985~ Final Draft Site Inspection Report and Hazardous Ranking System Model, Green Village Disposal: Report number 02-8301-SSA SI-RI, NUS Corporation, Edison, N.J., 8 sections.
Salisbury, R.D. and Peet, C.E., 1896, A preliminary map of the surface formations of the valley of the Passaic with the country eastward to Newark and Southward to the Raritan River, Scale 1:63,360, in Geological Survey of New Jersey, 1894, Annual Report of the State Geologist.
United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, 1976, Soil Survey of Morris County, N~w Jersey: National Cooperative Soil Survey, 111 p.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service, 1987, Master Plan Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge; Morris County, New Jersey: Final Environmental Impact Statement, 202 p.
Vecchioli, John, Gill, H.E., and Lang, S.M., 1962, Hydrologic role of the Great Swamp and other marshland in Upper Passaic River Basin: Journal American Water Works Association, Vol 54, No. 6, p. 695-701.
17 Appendix 1
Health and Safety Plan for an Initial Site Assessment
of Rolling Knoll Landfill,
Morris County, New Jersey
18 I. General Summary As a minimum, all personnel involved with this site inve~tigation will follow the applicable Federal/State rules artp regulations~ In addition, all site personnel and subcontractors will follow, as a minimum, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Hazardous Response Support Division's Standard Operating Safety Guides and Chapter 9, Hazardous Substance Response, from the EPA OccU1Pational Health and Safety Manual. All personnel and subcontrctors will be responsible for familiarizing themselves with these two documents.
In the ev~nt of conflicting plans/requirements, personnel must implement those safety practices which afford the highest personnel protection. Should site conditions change, requiring a modification of the approved protection levels (B through D), the safety designee on site (SD) shall notify the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) before making recommendations to site pettsonnel. The OSC should confer on a regular basis with the New Jersey District Safety Officer (NJSO) to insure plan conformity with prescribed Division policy. In the extremely unlikely event that level A protection might be called for, no one is to commence work until the NJSO has conferred with Yayne Hammond, Division Safety Officer (DSO) and r~ceived appropriate written approval.
II Approvals
District Project Chief Date District Safety Officer Date
Division Safety Officer Date District Chief Date
Acceptance of terms and conditions
Drilling Contractor Date Refuge Manager Date
19 III Summary of Minimum Reguiremtnts
This plan describes the health and safety procedures and practices· to be used during the- assessment of ground-wat~r contamination in the-area of Rolling Knoll Landfill, Morris County, New Jersey. All U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) employees and the drilling contractor will follow this plan. Variances will be cleared through the On-Scene coordinator (OSC) prior to implementation.
The prime responsibility for overseeing employee safety and supplying safety equipment will rest With: (1) USGS for its own employees; (2) drilling contractor for their employees, and (3) U.S. Fish and Wildlife for their employees. The designated OSC directs the safety program and provides on-site monitoring of work activities. The OSC consults with the USGS Project Chief on safety concerns related directly to the drilling operation. If an emergency situation develops the OSC should try first to contact the Fish and Wildlife Refuge Manager or his alternate. They have the necessary authority to commit any necessary resources of the Refuge.
The USGS, the drilling contactor, and other parties participating in on-site work will comply with all applicable OSHA requirements, following the procedures outlined in U.S. EPA's Standard Operating Safety Guide (1984) and the EPA Occupational Health and Safety Manual.
A. Site Description
The Rolling Knoll Landfill is about 140-acres in size. About 30 acres of the landfill are located on land currently owned by the Interior Department as part of the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. The proposed work for this investigation includes the installation of ground-,water monitoring wells in the marsh surrounding landfill (see figure 1). Although two buildings exist on site, field inspection revealed that they are not being used to store hazardous materials. At present, there are no plans to enter any enclosed structures for the purpose of sampling.
B. Work Elements and Haza¾d Types
The work elements have been divided into three major categories: 1) Reconnaissance of hydraulic gradients and siting of boreholes, 2) borehole drilling artd well installation, and 3) data collection. These activities have the following tasks associated with them:
(1) Reconnaissance installation of temporary piezometers in the swamp around the landfill to compare water levels and collect chemical samples.
(2) Monitoring well installation using hollow-stem augering and mud or air rotary techniques, or drive-point installations.
(3) Development and p\l1Illping of monitoring wells.
(4) Monitoring well sampling.
20 (5) Leachate seep, drainage ditches, and swamp water/sediment sampling.
The general types of hatards associated'~ith these tasks are listed below:
Physical hazards: Cuts, contusions (bruises), bei~g struck by or striking objects, being caught between objects, or .-stress-induced sprains and fractures from carrying heavy loads into swampy areas.
Chemical hazards: Field exposure to chemicals mentioned in the chemical hazards section of this plan.
Thermal hazards: Exposure to outside temperature extremes and stress induced by personal protective clothing (Level Band/or C).
C. Hazard Analvsis Installation of the temporary piezometers will be performed off the landfill with minimal disruption of the surrounding wetland. Thermal hazards will primarily be encountered. However, splash .:-;· protection will be used when working with water from the piezometers. The drilling and well installation activities will potentially expose field personnel to all of the hazards listed below. The surface- and ground-water monitoring activities will primarily involve chemical and thermal hazards.
Physical hazards:
Exposure to physical hazards associated with the drilling activities include the following: snapping cables, being struck by equipment, falling objects, and becoming entwined in rotating tools. These hazards will be controlled by a combination of personal protective equipment use (hardhats and safety boots) and training of drilling employees in safe and proper operation of drilling equipment (as provided by the drilling contractor).
Chemical hazards:
This hazard assessment is predicated on tqe assumption that piezometer installation and drilling will be done around the perimeter of the landfill, and not through any significant thickness of buried wa$te. Any drilling that penetrates landfill refuse of unknown comp~sition must at all times be performed with level B protective equipment.
'.'
21 Boring into contaminate~ soil and ground water by drilling equipment could result in the release of organic vapors into the air in the direct vicinity of the well. Table 1 provides a list of potential chemical hazatds identified d4ring the 1986 NUS site inspection of Rolling Knoll Landfill (Diane Trube, NUS Corp., written comm., 1986) ani any associated air pollution factors. The operator of the landfill reported that no facility records exist that might characterize the waste. Despite Mr. Miele's denials at least one chemical company reported the disposing of liquid hazardous waste at the site.
Air monitoring will be performed for potential inhalation and exposure hazards. If photoionization detector (PID) readings using 10.2 and 9.5 ev lamps exceed 5 ppm above ambient concentration, a toluene detector tube reading will be taken every 30 minutes. If the tube reading is greater than 100 ppm, all field personnel will begin wearing certified fit-tested full face respirators and work in level ·C gear. If toluene is not found to be a major component of the unknown contaminant(s) in air, personnel must respond to unknown vapor concentrations in excess of 5 ppm by wearing level C equipment. At any time, if PID readings of unknown vapors exceed 250 ppm, or if the drill cuttings indicate drum or raw chemical product penetration, level B equipment, with supplied breathing air, must be worn. Le~l A would only be recommended in the extremely unlikely event that toxins are identified that are known to be acutely toxic thr1ough absorption into skin. The USGS has a contractor that should be employed to verify hazard upgrades to levels B or A. Division approval would have to be obtained prior to commencing level A ~ork, assuming that the USGS would be willing to do the work at all. Monitors and personal protection equipment will be made available to USGS workers by the District Safety Officer, using the HydDologic Instrumentation Facility as the primary supplier, whenever possible.
During the development, pumping, and sampling of monitoring wells field personnel could oome into contact with contaminated ground water. Table 1 shows some co~taminents that could be present. Unless PIO readings at the sample stream exceed 5 ppm above background, level D protective gear, with adequate splash protection, nitrile gloves, and polyethylene boot covers should be adequate.
22 Thermal hazards:
For personnel working in level C and B protection, special attention must be given to thermal hazarps. In warm temperatures (above 50° F), personnel must be monitored for signs of heat induced stress (heat stroke and the like). Personnel must have body temperatures monitored during breaks, and bre~ks should occur at least once (10-15 minutes duration) after every.30 minutes of work (including decontamination). If serious heat-induced stress occurs, that individual ~ust be removed from the job site for the rest of that day. Appropriate medical attention must be obtained as quickly as possible.
In colder environments (below 40°-45° F), thermal exposure of the extremities (fingers, toes, etc.) must be monitored. Frostbite is a possibility when working in level C or B gear, since chemical resistant gloves and boots do not provide any degree of insulating thermal protection.
D. Medical Surveillance and Employee Training
All USGS field personnel will be on a medical monitoring program and will have taken a U.S. EPA training course in the use of personnel protection equipment. The drilling contractor is responsible for the training of drilling personnel and having his own equipment available for level C or B personnel protection of the drilling crew.
The OSC is responsible for ensuring that all field team members understand the ~ealth and Safety Plan and have received all training related to the plan. Each week, prior to beginning site work, the OSC will meet with any new field employees to discuss the contents of the Safety Program Plan and ensure that all field personnel are adequately informed of the latest safe work practices.
· E. Monitoring
The environmental exposure of personnel to airborne hazards will be monitored to ensure that environmental exposures do not exceed acceptable limits. Airborne contaminatio~ will be measured by photoionization detectors, a combustible gas indicator, and direct reading colorometric detection tubes.
An HNU or equivalent photoionization detection (PID) instument will be used during drilling activities. In addition, a combustible gas indicator (CGI) will be used to monitor potentially explosive conditions during drilling. Work will cease whenever a value is obtained exceeding 25 percent of the lower explosive limit. PID and CG! measurements will be made at the drill site following each auger flight or drill rod. Drilling cuttings will be surveyed with the PID at regular intervals.
23 A log of any PID and or CGI results which are above background will be made a part of the petmanent project safety record. The time, data, location, concentr$tion, and name of individual making the reading will be recorded. ,
A detector tube kit will be used to determine airborn concentra tions of specific contaminants during drilling activites. Detector tubes are available for only one currently identified contaminant (toluene). During drilling, the OSC should attempt to procure and utilize detector tubes for any new compounds found to be associated with the drilling site. One detector tube will be collected for each of these compounds if PIO measurements indicate contaminant levels in excess of 5 ppm above ambient concentration. A log of the results of the deteotor tube observations will be made part of the safety program file. The log will include the time, date, location, type of detector reading, any observed color change, and the name of the individual taking the reading.
F. Personnel Protection
The OSC or his designee must be certified in standard first aid. A complete first aid kit ~ust be on-site at all times. Protective equipment will be worn by all personnel within the work area (fig. 1). For the reconnaiss~nce, only rudimentary body protection will be required (Level D). It is anticipated that most drilling and monitoring activities will require only rudimentary body protection (Level D), but at times may require more sophisticated splash and respirator protection (level C or B) depending on the results of air monitoring. Energy escape units will be carried by each USGS employee during drilliqg and monitoring activities. The drilling contractor will provide personnel protective equipment for all drilling personnel. The three levels of protection which may be used on this job are defined as follows:
Level D
Level D protection is primarily a work uniform. It should not be worn on any site where respiratory or skin hazards exist. Personal protective equipment for Level D typically includes the following:
a. Cloth coveralls with protective gloves if needed for abrasion and chemical protection. b. Neoprene or butyl rubber boots or leather shoes, with steel toe and shank. Boot protectors are optional. c. Hard hat with face shield. d. Escape unit with h~od.
Level C
24 Level c protection is to be used when airborne concentrations of unknown organic contaminants exceed 5 ppm above background, as indicated by PID or OVA ~eadings. Level C will also _be worn wben toluene concentrations exceed 100 ppm. •All criteria £or using air purifying respirators must be met, and occasional exposure of the skin to vapor must be pemissible. Periodic monitoring of the air must be performed.
Personal protective equpment for Level C will be provided by the drilling ~ontractor for irilling personnel and by USG~ for USGS personnel. This equipment typically includes the following:
a. Full-face air-purifying respirator (MSHAJNIOSH approved) with GMA-H cartridges or canister. b. Chemical-resistant clothing. c. Chemical-resistant inner latex and outer nitrile or butyl rubber gloves. d. Chemical-resistant outer boots of neoprene or butyl rubber boots with steel toe and shank. e. Hard hat with face shield. f. Escape unit with hood.
Level B
Level B protectionist~ be used when airborne concentrations of unknown organic contaminants exceed 250 ppm. Level Bis also specified whenever the lDLH level (the concentration immediately dangerous to life or health) for any known contaminant is exceeded. Level B equipment is identical to Level C gear, except that a NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is substituted for the full face, air-purifying respirator.
G. Decontamination Procedures
Decontamination of pers1onnel in Level C or B will be required as per EPA's Standard Operating Safety Guide during field investigation and will essentially consist of a detergent and water solution wash followed by a clean water rinse.
H. Site Control
The drilling sites will be located in remote areas of the marsh and the perimeter of the dump. Unauthorized personnel would not likely wander onto the drillirtg/sampling sites. There is no substantial population within a mile of the proposed work areas. The work area will be periodically m~nitored for unauthorized personnel and formal site controls will be established if they are needed.
25 1. Site Emergencies
In any event of an emergency situation, the OSC shou~d notify""the Refuge Manager, Bill Koch, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (201-647-1222) or his alternate. Mr. Koch may subsequently request that the support units listed in table 2 mobilize as appropriate. In the Refuge Manager's absence, the OSC is empowered to request assistance directly from the listed support units.· Prior to commencing work, the QS,C wil notify the local police, fire, ambulance and hospital facilities and notify them of the nature of the work to be done as well as the time frame it will be done in. The ambulance and hospital services must be equipped to handle personnel that are chemically contaminated. Also, two weeks before commencing field work, the OSC will forward a letter outlining the work elements, the time frame for work, and the locations of work to:
Chief Robert H. Scherer Chatham Twp. Police Dept. 401 Southern Blvd. Chatham Twp., NJ 07928
J. Records
The OSC is responsible for maintaining a site log book that records the date, duration, and nature of each person's visit to the site. The OSC will also maintain records of air sampling results. The NSO will be responsible for assuring the OSC that all USGS field personnel have been properly trained and are participating in the District's Medical Monitoring Program prior to commencement of field work. The NSO will be responsible for maintaining files with all pertinent records relating to training and medical monitoring.
26 '·:·:.,, I ~j ' ••I J •-. •• ,_;._ :1_., -~....,~~.;_t ·:,i.::: : •. .. ~;--::r~,:'l.· Table 1.--Potentlal cheml.cal hazards noo associated air pollutloo factors of organic oc:rrpourx!s identified in • sant>les frCll\ Rolling Knolls Landfill.
t>m Irrltatla, Jlnalysls by Ioniuton TLV IDLII Respirator'' a,cmlcat Oetcctnblc Odor O:lor 'l'hrcohold Limlto Detector '1\Jbe? 1':>ten tia l (R"ffl) (R"ffl) Un electron 'I'rf8 vol to)
4-rrethyl-2-pent:ancne a.,eet, sharp approx 1.2 pt"rn eye•200 ppn 9,30 50 3,000 r» nasal•(00 RTn
tol\llme oour, burnt approx 2 [){"Ill yes 9,92 100 2,000 OJ
plletlallthrene .oss-.oG rro/cu m 7,0
2-rret:Jwlphenol approx .15 P{:b 9,93 s 250 CN/IIF:P (-rrethylphenol pungent, awro>< ,15 A'.b 9,99 5 250 CN/HFP tar-like
2,(-dimc!thyl phenol .ooos-.4 mJ/cu m
Beta DIIC awrox 12 mJ/kg Nine addltlooal polynuclear araratlc N h:;drocarbcns '1 were identified but there is no alr toxicity data availnble in the referenced lltcrat:11ro. Only J of thtrnc . . COIT)OUncla h11vc ~ liotro .. ' icnizaticn potentials. ~se values are between 7 .5 ard 7 .75. lt>tes:
0/=0rganlc PPD=Parts per PFM=Parts 'per rrg/cu 11Pmllllgrams rrg/kg=milligrams HEF=lligh per klllogram, efficiency vapor billi011 million, per cubic ireter1 particulate cartridge, filter cartr!dgo1
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