A Revision of the American Spider Genus Strotarchus Simon, 1888 (Araneae: Dionycha, Systariinae)

A revision of the American spider genus Strotarchus Simon, 1888 (Araneae: Dionycha, Systariinae)

ALEXANDRE B. BONALDO1, REGIANE SATURNINO1, MARTÍN J. RAMÍREZ2 & ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT3 1 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Zoologia, Laboratório de Aracnologia, Av. Perimetral, 1901, Terra Firme, Cep: 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, División Aracnología, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Bue- nos Aires, Argentina 3 Instituto Butantan, Laboratório Especial de Coleções Zoológicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Cep: 05503-900, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Table of contents

Abstract ...... 1 Introduction ...... 2 Material and methods ...... 3 Taxonomy ...... 4 Strotarchus Simon, 1888 ...... 4 Key to species ...... 15 Strotarchus violaceus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899...... 17 Strotarchus praedator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) ...... 19 Strotarchus nebulosus Simon, 1888 ...... 19 Strotarchus monasticus new species ...... 20 Strotarchus tamaulipas new species ...... 22 Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917) ...... 22 Strotarchus jacala new species ...... 25 Strotarchus beepbeep new species ...... 25 Strotarchus gandu new species ...... 27 Strotarchus silvae new species ...... 28 Strotarchus minor Banks, 1909 ...... 31 Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847) ...... 31 Strotarchus planeticus Edwards, 1958 ...... 33 Strotarchus urarina new species ...... 33 Strotarchus tlaloc new species ...... 34 Strotarchus michoacan new species ...... 35 Strotarchus bolero new species ...... 36 Strotarchus mazamitla new species ...... 37 Acknowledgments ...... 37 References ...... 38

Abstract

The genus Strotarchus Simon, 1888 is characterised for 18 species occurring from United States to Brazil. Seven previously known species are redescribed: S. nebulosus Simon, 1888, the type species; S. praedator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898); S. piscatorius (Hentz, 1847); S. violaceus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899; S. minor Banks, 1909; S. tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917) and S. planeticus Edwards, 1958. Eleven new species are described: S. monasticus n. sp., S. mazamitla n. sp., S. tamaulipas n. sp., S. tlaloc n. sp., S. jacala n. sp., S. bolero n. sp. and S. michoacan n. sp. from Mexico; S. silvae n. sp. and S. urarina n. sp. from Peru; S. beepbeep n. sp. from United States and S. gandu n. sp. from Brazil. The male of S. minor and the female of S. tropicus are described for the first time.

Accepted by C. Vink: 7 May 2012; published: 3 Jul. 2012 1 Key words: Clubionidae, Miturgidae, Taxonomy, Neotropical Region, Neartic Region.

Introduction

The genus Strotarchus was proposed by Simon (1888) for a single female from Mexico described as S. nebulosus Simon, 1888, in the family Clubionidae, which at that time included several major groups that today stand as families of their own. Presently, the genus includes another seven American species, recorded from southern United States to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and two additional species from Lahore, Pakistan, described by Dyal (1935). Spec- imens of Strotarchus are easily recognised by the combined presence of a particularly long apical segment of the posterior lateral spinnerets, widely separated anterior lateral spinnerets, long and narrow cymbium in the male palp and a well-defined, posteriorly positioned atrium in the female epigynum. Despite these conspicuous characters, early contributions to the taxonomy of these spiders produced no less than three additional generic names: Bedri- acum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898, considered a junior synonym of Strotarchus by F.O. Pickard-Cambridge (1899); Marcellina Bryant, 1931, recognised as such by Edwards (1958); and Coreidon Mello-Leitão, 1917, an ear- lier name that is synonymous with Strotarchus, as proposed by Ramírez et al. (2004), which was confounded by its original placement in Agelenidae. Nevertheless, the taxonomic history of Strotarchus, at least at the species level, could still be considered more or less straightforward when compared with that of some other dionychan genera. Apart from the two species decribed by Dyal (1935), which apparently belong elsewere, only one additional species was misidentified as Strotarchus, i.e. S. braendegaardi Caporiacco, 1955, which was synonymised with Temi- nius insularis (Lucas, 1857) by Bonaldo (1992). On the other hand, the ease in recognising a given species as belonging to Strotarchus contrasts with the difficulty in classifying the genus in the currently known families. Lehtinen (1967), while deconstructing Simon’s Araneomorphae classification, transferred Strotarchus from Clubionidae to Eutichurinae, one of six subfamilies of his Miturgidae, a controversial family erected as a provisory assemblage. Bonaldo (1994), while revising the Neotropical genera of Eutichurinae, rejected the placement of Stro- tarchus in Eutichurinae, tentatively including the genus in Miturginae on the grounds of similarities shared with species of the Australian Miturga Thorell, 1870 and the American Teminius Keyserling, 1887. This includes, among several putatively plesiomorphic characters, at least one apparently derived state: the widely separated anterior lateral spinnerets. Ramírez et al. (1997) transferred the genera Macerio Simon, 1897, Cheiracanthium C.L. Koch, 1839, Tecutium Benoit, 1977 and Helebiona Benoit, 1977 (the latter synonymised with Cheiracanthium by Lotz 2007) to Eutichurinae, proposing three putative synapomorphies for that subfamily. The recognition of Chei- racanthium, a relatively well-known, worldwide megadiverse genus, as a representative of Eutichurinae was promptly accepted, but its inclusion in Miturgidae was controversial. Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) advocated the return of Eutichurinae, together with her new subfamily Systariinae, to Clubionidae, based on the absence of cylindrical gland spigots on the female posterior spinnerets. The mono- phyly of Systariinae was not yet tested, but the diagnosis provided by Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) (separated, taper- ing anterior lateral spinnerets, deep thoracic groove and unequally sized anterior eyes) suggests that Strotarchus may belong to this subfamily, and this genus is tentatively treated in the present paper as such. Silva (2003) sug- gested that Miturgidae sensu stricto, represented by Miturga Thorell, 1870, Teminius Keyserling, 1877 and Mitu- liodon Raven & Stumkat, 2003 (the latter referred by Silva 2003 as “Uliodon tarantulinus (L. Koch)”, see Raven & Stumkat 2003), are more closely related to the Ctenoid spiders than either to the Eutichurinae or Clubionidae, presenting a tree in which Strotarchus and Eutichurus Simon, 1897 arise as sister groups, forming a monophyletic clade sister to Clubionidae. Raven and Stumkat (2003) and Raven (2009) supported the restoration of Eutichurinae to Clubionidae, arguing soundly that the long apical segment of the posterior lateral spinerets is a synapomorphy for only a group of derived Miturgidae sensu stricto, composed of Miturga and its closest relatives. An additional subfamily of Miturgidae sensu stricto was recognised by Raven (2009), Diaprograptinae, which includes miturgids with a short, domed apical segment of the posterior lateral spinnerets. Lehtinen’s prediction that “the spliting of Miturgidae is unavoidable” (Lehtinen, 1967: 315) is now almost ful- filled. The spider catalog by Platnick (2012) lists in Miturgidae only those genera assigned to the two subfamilies of Miturgidae sensu stricto (Miturginae and Diaprograptinae), and those included in Eutichurinae and Systariinae. Raven (2009) demonstrated that an instance of enlargemet of the apical segment of posterior lateral spinnerets is a synapomorphy of a sub-group of Miturgidae sensu stricto and the results of Silva (2003) suggest that Eutichurus

2 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. and Strotarchus do not belong to any lycosoid or ctenoid clade. Thus, the present debate is focused in the placement of Systarinae and Eutichurinae in Clubionidae or, alternatively, in a family of its own. The familial placement of Eutichurinae and Systariinae is more complicated than previously thought. First, although it is true that Eutichurus, Strotarchus and Systaria Simon, 1897 lack the grate-shaped tapetum typical of lycosoids (Silva, 2003; M. Ramírez pers. obs.), it is also true that some typical miturgines lack such a tapetum conformation (Teminius and Syspira Simon, 1895, M. Ramírez pers. obs.). Second, a careful examination of the spinnerets of representatives of the euti- churine genera Eutichurus and Macerio Simon, 1897 revealed the presence of cylindrical gland spigots, previously overlooked because of their slight differences with the aciniform gland spigots (Martín Ramírez, unpublished data). Third, Systaria males have a membranous area on the retrolateral tibial apophysis (M. Ramírez pers. obs.), a character that was reported as a synapomorphy for Miturgidae sensu stricto by Raven (2009). Since there is no clear pattern of characters that could easily solve the family placement of Strotarchus, either in Clubionidae or Miturgi- dae, we prefer to focus here in the alpha-taxonomy of the genus. The family placement of Strotarchus and Systaria is beyond the scope of this paper, and will be addressed elsewhere with a phylogenetic analysis of dionychan spiders (Ramírez, in prep.). In this paper we present a taxonomic review of Strotarchus, with eigtheen species, eleven of which are newly described. The genus presents a wide distribution, from northeastern United States to southern Brazil, but the majority of the species treated below seem to be restricted to Mexico, where eleven species are recorded. Three species are known to occur in USA, one of which with records in Mexico as well; a single one is recorded in Costa Rica and only four species are South American, two occurring in Peruvian Amazonia and two in Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Members of Strotarchus differ from those of other Systariinae genera by the characteristic genitalia. Several characters in both male palp and female epigynum may be regarded as putative synapomorphies for the genus: long male palpal cymbium, absence of a hyaline conductor and embolus with a complex median process in the male palp; female epigyne with a large epigynal atrium leading to an atrial pocket that encapsulates the anterior vulval elements, acting as large, unsclerotised copulatory openings. The male palpal bulbus is also unique in possessing a retrolateral process, widely fused to the tegulum, here called a tegular apophysis. Judging by its position in the tegulum, this process may be homologous to the loosely attached median apophysis found in the Eutichurinae. In that case, the absence of this feature in all Asian Systariinae known thus far may represent a synapomorphic loss unit- ing this large group of genera, sugesting that Strotarchus is a basal, sister genus of the remaining Systariinae.

Material and methods

The material is deposited in the following institutions (abbreviations and curators in parenthesis): American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH, N.I. Platnick); Florida Station Collection of Arthropods, Gainnes- ville (FSCA, G.B. Edwards); Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C. (USNM, J.A. Coddington); Instituto Butantan, São Paulo (IBSP, D. Battesti); Museu de Ciências Naturais, Funda- ção Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCN, E.H. Buckup); Museu Nacional, Universidade Fed- eral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ, A.B. Kury); Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém (MPEG, A.B. Bonaldo); Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo (MZSP, R. Pinto da Rocha); Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge (MCZ, G. Giribet); Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHN, C. Rollard). Approximated latitude and longitude data for those records that were not georeferenced were obtained in online gazetteers (Fallingrain Genomics 2006). All geographic information not extracted from vial labels was listed in brackets. Female epigyna were dissected and immersed in clove oil for better visualization of the internal struc- tures (Levi 1965). For visualization of hidden sclerites, males palp were immersed in 10% KOH (sodium hydrox- ide solution) for a few hours and immersed in distilled water for osmotic expansion. Spine notations follow Petrunkevitch (1925) and are presented in full in the species descriptions. All measurements are in millimetres. The illustrations were made with a stereomicroscope Leica MZ16, using a camera lucida. Scanning eletron micrographs (SEM) were taken with a Zeiss Leo 1450 VP from the Laboratório Institucional de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MPEG), or a FEI TMP XL30 from the Servicio de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (MACN). SEM samples were critical point dried and sputter-coated with AuPd. High-resolution images of S. piscatorius (Hentz, 1847) produced in MACN were deposited in Morphbank under Collection Id 784577. The following abbreviations were used throughout the text: A―Atrium; ALE―Anterior lateral eyes; AME―Anterior median eyes; AP―Atrial

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 3 pocket; BEF―Basal embolar fold; BH—Basal haematodocha; CD―Copulatory ducts; Cy―Cymbium; EA―Embolar apex; EB―Embolar basis; EP―Embolar process; FD―Fertilization ducts; GK―Glandular knob; laRTA―Apical lamella of retrolateral tibial apophysis; MH―Median haematodocha; P―Petiole; PLE―Posterior lateral eyes; PME―Posterior median eyes; ppRTA―Prolateral process of retrolateral tibial apophysis; R―Reser- voir; RTA―Retrolateral tibial apophysis; S―Spermathecae; SS―Spermathecae stalk; ST―Subtegulum; TA―Tegular apophysis; T―Tegulum.

Taxonomy

Strotarchus Simon, 1888

Strotarchus Simon, 1888: 210 (type species by monotypy, S. nebulosus Simon, 1888); Bonaldo, 1994; Platnick & Bonaldo, 1995. Bedriacum O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898: 251 (type species by monotypy, B. praedator O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898). Syn- onymised with Strotarchus by F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899: 87. Marcellina Bryant, 1931: 103 (type species by original designation, Clubiona piscatoria Hentz, 1847). Synonymised with Stro- tarchus by Edwards, 1958: 373. Coreidon Mello-Leitão, 1917: 15 (type species by monotypy, C. tropicum Mello-Leitão, 1917). Synonymised with Strotarchus by Ramírez et al., 2004: 179.

Diagnosis. Members of the genus Strotarchus can be recognised by the male palp with an elongate cymbium (Figs. 54, 58−65); tegulum with widely fused retrolateral apophysis (Figs. 70−71, 73−74), without a hyaline conductor; embolus with a large base, abruptly narrowed distally, with a distinct median process (Figs. 48−49, 51−53); female epigynum with an anterior atrium, forming a copulatory pocket, without conspicuous copulatory openings (Figs. 66−69). Description. Total length (males and females) 4.8−14.5. Carapace subquadrate in dorsal view (Figs. 1, 7), smooth, with weak radial grooves, widest at coxae II, cephalic area poorly delimited, abruptly narrowed, except in S. planeticus, gradually narrowed; anterior margin truncated; in lateral view, thoracic area not pronounced, with gentle posterior declivity; thoracic groove longitudinal, short and shallow, longer and deeper in S. monasticus n. sp. and S. michoacan n. sp.; clypeus rebordered anteriorly, clypeal height 0.5 to 1 times AME diameter; eight eyes placed in two rows; anterior eye row straight or slightly recurved in frontal view; posterior eye row straight or slightly procurved in dorsal view; ocular quadrangle longer than wide or as long as wide in dorsal view; anterior median ocular tubercle absent; eyes circular; AME slightly larger than others. Interdistances: AME―AME separated by their diameter (as in S. tropicus), less than half their diameter (as in S. silvae n. sp.) or half their diameter (as in S. monasticus n. sp.); AME―ALE separated by approximately half a ALE diameter or almost contiguous (S. beepbeep n. sp., S. tlaloc n. sp., S. jacala n. sp., S. silvae n. sp. and S. tropicus); PME―PME separated by two times their diameter (except in S. piscatorius and S. silvae n. sp., almost two times their diameter); PME―PLE by approximately a PME diameter; ALE―PLE contiguous (except in S. monasticus n. sp., separated by half a PLE diameter), not placed in a common comorus. Tapeta of indirect eyes shiny, with median darker band, not grate- shaped (observed in S. piscatorius). Chilum glabrous, entire or separated in two pieces (not completely divided in females of S. planeticus and S. michoacan n. sp.). Chelicerae slightly geniculate, with short basal condylus (Fig. 8); retrolateral surface with transversal, subdistal grooves and proximal field of setae with tuberculated bases; promargin of fang furrow with 2, 3 or 4 teeth (mostly with 3), median larger; retromargin with 2 to 7 teeth (mostly with 2) of same size; cheliceral length approximately equal to half of carapace length (except in S. minor, approximately two thirds of carapace length); endites parallel, promargin slightly concave, retromargin with shallow longitudinal excavation, serrula in single row (Fig. 12); labium as long as wide or longer than wide (Fig. 14) (wider than long only in S. urarina n. sp.), with proximal constrictions; sternum longer than wide (Fig. 15), strongly rebordered, pre- coxal triangles present. Leg formula: I, IV, II, III. Legs long, covered by feathery and simple hairs; tarsi and metatarsi with sparse scopula (more sparse in metatarsi); metatarsi III and IV with ventral distal clusters of black setae; two pectinate claws, with 5−6 teeth (Figs. 33−39); claw tufts absent, tenent setae of tarsal scopula not projecting distally, only plumose setae apically (Fig. 37, 38); tarsal organ capsulate, with circular or oblong aperture (Figs. 16−27); tarsal trichobothria in 2 dorsal rows, trichobothrial base (Figs. 28−32) with several elongated ridges; female palpal tarsus clavate, with one pectinate claw; all trochanters notched.

4 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 1–7. Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917), carapace, female: 1) dorsal; 2) laterodorsal. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), carapace, female: 3) lateral; 4) frontal; 5) dorsal; 6) lateral. Strotarchus beepbeep new species, carapace, male: 7) dorsofrontal.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 5 FIGURES 8–15. Strotarchus tamaulipas new species, male, chelicerae: 8) basal condylus. Strotarchus beepbeep new species, male: 9) chelicerae, ventral. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), female: 10) chelicerae, posterior; 11) chelicerae, mesal; 12) serrula; 13) maxillary glands; 14) endites and labium; 15) sternum.

6 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 16–23. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), tarsal organ, female: 16) Leg I; 17) Leg II; 18) Leg III; 19) Leg IV; tarsal organ, male: 20) Leg I; 21) Leg II; 22) Leg III; 23) Leg IV.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 7 FIGURES 24–32. Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917), tarsal organ, female: 24) leg I. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), tarsal organ, female: 25) leg I, left. Strotarchus beepbeep new species, tarsal organ, male: 26) leg II. Strotarchus tamaulipas new species, tarsal organ, male: 27) leg III. Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917), thricobothria, female: 28) tibia I; 29) tarsus I. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), female: 30) tarsus I. Strotarchus beepbeep new species, male: 31-32) metatarsus, leg II.

8 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 33–39. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), claws, male: 33) leg IV; 34-35) leg II; 36) female, palpal claw; 37) retrolateroapical, leg IV; 38) retrolateral, leg IV. Strotarchus beepbeep new species, claws, male: 39) retrolateral.

Abdomen long or suboval (as in S. tlaloc n. sp., S. tamaulipas n. sp. and S. jacala n. sp.), densely covered by feathery hairs, with sparse long simple setae; booklung spiracles narrow, margins not sclerotised; tracheal tubercle absent; colulus inconspicuous, with few setae. Spinnerets without sexual dimorphism (Figs. 40−47; all spigots inferred from S. piscatorius): anterior lateral spinnerets parallel, conical, subcontiguous, two-segmented, distal segment short, truncate, with one major ampullate gland spigot on mesal margin, posterior major ampullate gland spigot reduced to nubbin, and many piriform gland spigots (Figs. 41, 45); posterior median spinnerets parallel, contiguous, one-segmented, with many aciniform gland spigots and two minor ampullate gland spigots (Figs. 42, 46); posterior lateral spinnerets divergent, conical, separated by more than their diameter, two-segmented, distal segment long, conical, with many aciniform gland spigots (Figs. 43, 47); females without cylindrical gland spigots on either posterior median and posterior lateral spinnerets; anal tubercle small, not modified.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 9 FIGURES 40–47. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), spinnerets: 40, female spinnerets; 41, female right ALS. 42, female right PMS. 43, female right PLS. 44, male spinnerets. 45, male right ALS. 46, male right PMS. 47, male left PLS. (AC―aciniform, MAP―major ampullate, mAP―minor ampullate, nu―nubbin of major ampullate, PI―piriform).

10 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 48–53. Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917), male: 48) palp, embolar process; 49) palp, ventral. Strotarchus tamaulipas new species, male: 50) apophysis tibial retrolateral; 51) palp, retrolateral; 52) palp, ventroapical. Strotarchus beepbeep new species, male: 53) palp, lateroventral.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 11 FIGURES 54–57. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), male, palp: 54) dorsal; 55) ventroapical; 56) retrolateral; 57) prolateral.

Male palp: femur with three dorsal and one prolateral apical spine. Patella unmodified. Tibia with unique, apical RTA; RTA with a small ppRTA (Fig. 73), except in S. minor and S. piscatorius; apices lamellar (laRTA, Fig. 73) in S. nebulosus, S. monasticus n. sp. and S. tropicus. Cymbium without apical dorsal scopulae or basal projections; oval, elongate, distal portion extremely elongate, almost tubular in S. silvae n. sp., S. minor, S. piscatorius and S. urarina n. sp.; BH large; P small, triangular; ST semicircular, cup-shaped, without anelli; MH small, indistinct; T generally rounded (compact in S. silvae n. sp.), with a widely fused RTA (small in S. urarina n. sp., S. minor, S. gandu n. sp.and S. silvae n. sp.); R with three basal folds; conductor absent; E with bulk, unsclerotised basis, distal portion generally long, filiform (short, with hook-shaped apices in S. violaceus); embolar process generally conspicuous, extremely elaborated in S. nebulosus and S. monasticus n. sp., represented only by a small distal sharp projection in S. violaceus. Epigynum with lateral borders well defined; atrium (A) deep, located anteriorly, generally large, rounded (small in S. violaceus; narrow in S. mazamitla n. sp., S. jacala n. sp. and S. beebeep n. sp.); ventrally composed of weakly sclerotised dorsal pocket (atrial pocket, AP), divided by a median slit, encapsulating anterior vulval elements and apparently acting as funtional copulatory openings that leads to CD; CD helicoid in most species (oval in S. mazamitla n. sp., kidney-shaped posteriorly in S. tropicus), connected medially or anteriorly to AP, typically coiling around itself toward posterior margin of epigynum, turning anteriorly toward large, curved stalk of spermathecae; GK present as a cul-de-sac duct, inserted laterally in the anterior end of CD; SS a long, wide, curved sclerotised duct connecting CD and S; S posteriorly placed, contiguous to each other, globose (as in S. gandu n. sp.) or undifferentiated (as in S. mazamitla n. sp.); FD small, inserted dorsally in spermathecae. Composition. Eighteen Neartic and Neotropical species. It is beyond the scope of this revision to access the two species from Pakistan described by Dyal (1935) in Strotarchus (S. alboater and S. vittatus). The original descriptions suggest that these species probably do not belong here, but without examination of types it is impossi- ble to attribute these species with an acceptable degree of certainty to one of the Systariinae genera occurring in the Oriental Region.

12 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 58–65. Strotarchus silvae new species, male, palp expanded: 58) dorsolateral; 59) ventral; 60) retrolateral; 61) prolateral. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), male, palp expanded: 62) dorsal; 63) ventral; 64) prolateral; 65) retrolateral. Abbreviations: BEF—Basal embolar fold; Cy―Cymbium; EA―Embolar apex; EB―Embolar basis; EP―Embolar process; MH―Median haematodocha; P―Petiole; R—Reservoir; ST―Subtegulum; T―Tegulum.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 13 FIGURES 66–69. Strotarchus monasticus new species, female: 66) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917), female: 67) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), female: 68) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus planeticus Edwards, 1958, female: 69) epigynum, dorsal. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: A―Atrium; AP―Atrial pocket; CD―Copulatory ducts; FD―Fertilization ducts; GK―Glandular knob; S―Spermathecae; SS―Spermathecae stalk.

Key to species

1. Male palp with embolus short and wide, apices hook-shaped (Fig. 70); female epiginal atrium small, occupying one third of the epigynal width (Fig. 72) ...... S. violaceus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 - Male palp with filiform embolus (Figs. 73, 77); female epigynal atrium occupying at least half of the epigynal width (Figs. 75, 79) ...... 2 2(1). Males (those of S.nebulosus Simon, 1888, S. planeticus Edwards, 1958, S. tlaloc n. sp., S. michoacan n. sp., S. bolero n. sp. and S. mazamitla n. sp. unknown) ...... 3 - Females (those of S. praedator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898), S. silvae n. sp. and S. urarina n. sp. unknown) ...... 13 3(2). Embolus relatively short, with basal fold restricted to retrolateral side of tegulum (Figs. 73, 74) ...... 4 - Embolus relatively long, with basal fold traversing apical portion of tegulum (Figs. 97, 101) ...... 9 4(3). Embolar process extremely developed (Figs. 73, 77) ...... 5 - Embolar process smaller (Figs. 81, 85)...... 6 5(4). Embolar apices long, embolar process with a bifid apical projection (Fig. 73).. . . . S. praedator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) - Embolar apices relatively small; embolar process with a flattened, entire apical projection (Fig. 77) . . . . . S. monasticus n. sp. 6(4). Proximal fold of reservoir open-angled (Figs. 81, 85) ...... 7 - Proximal fold of reservoir closed-angled (Figs. 89, 93) ...... 8 7(6). Embolar process sclerotised, halfmoon-shaped (Figs. 85, 86) ...... S. tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917) - Embolar process lamellar, flattened (Figs. 81, 82) ...... S. tamaulipas n. sp. 8(6). Basal embolar fold narrow (Fig. 89) ...... S. jacala n. sp. - Basal embolar fold wide (Fig. 93)...... S. beepbeep n. sp. 9(3). Tegular apophysis conspicuous; embolar apices emerging prolaterally in unexpanded palp (Figs. 97, 103) ...... 10 - Tegular apophysis inconspicuous; embolar apices emerging retrolaterally in unexpanded palp (Figs. 101, 112) ...... 12 10(9). Tegular apophysis globose, inserted ventrally (Fig. 97) ...... 11 - Tegular apophysis long, inserted in the retrolateral margin of tegulum (Fig. 103)...... S. minor Banks, 1909

14 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. 11(10). Cymbial apices extremely long; embolar process small, flattened (Fig. 106, 107) ...... S. piscatorius (Hentz, 1847) - Cymbial apices smaller; embolar process larger, cup-shaped (Fig. 97, 98) ...... S. gandu n. sp. 12(11). Cymbium extremely long; tegulum small (Figs. 101, 102) ...... S. silvae n. sp. - Cymbium short; tegulum larger (Figs. 112, 113)...... S. urarina n. sp. 13(2). Atrium narrow, slit-like (Figs. 91, 95, 120)...... 14 - Atrium otherwise (Figs. 75, 79, 105) ...... 16 14(13). Atrial anterior margin projected medially, almost touching posterior margin (Fig. 95)...... S. beepbeep n. sp. - Atrial anterior margin otherwise (Figs. 91, 120)...... 15 15(14). Atrial posterior margin procurved (Fig. 120) ...... S. mazamitla n. sp. - Atrial posterior margin straight (Fig. 91) ...... S. jacala n. sp. 16(13). Posterior atrial margin with median evagination (Figs. 99, 108) ...... 17 - Posterior atrial margin without median evagination (Figs. 75, 79)...... 18 17(16). Copulatory ducts divergent (Fig. 108) ...... S. piscatorius (Hentz, 1847) - Copulatory ducts parallel (Fig. 99) ...... S. gandu n. sp. 18(16). Copulatory ducts divergent (Figs. 87, 105, 119)...... 19 - Copulatory ducts parallel (Figs. 75, 99, 110) or convergent (Figs. 79, 83, 91, 114)...... 21 19(18). Atrium ellipsoid (Fig. 105) ...... S. minor Banks, 1909 - Atrium subsquared (Figs. 87, 118) ...... 20 20(19). Atrial anterior border extending laterally beyond posterior border (Fig. 118) ...... S. bolero n. sp. - Lateral anterior margins of atrium continuous (Fig. 87)...... S. tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917) 21(18). Copulatory ducts convergent (Figs. 79, 83, 114) ...... 22 - Copulatory ducts parallel (Figs. 75, 110, 116) ...... 24 22(21). Atrial posterior margin procurved (Figs. 79, 83) ...... 23 - Atrial posterior margin recurved (Fig. 114) ...... S. tlaloc n. sp. 23(22). Atrial anterior border extending laterally beyond posterior border (Fig. 79); atrial posterior margin sinuous ...... S. monasticus n. sp. - Lateral anterior margins of atrium continuous; atrial posterior margin not sinuous (Fig. 83) ...... S. tamaulipas n. sp. 24(21). Atrium wider than long (Fig. 110) ...... S. planeticus Edwards, 1958 - Atrium as wide as long (Figs. 75, 116) ...... 25 25(24). Atrium trapezoid (Fig. 75) ...... S. nebulosus Simon, 1888 - Atrium subsquared (Fig. 116) ...... S. michoacan n. sp.

Strotarchus violaceus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 Figs. 70−72

Strotarchus violaceus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899: 87, pl. 6, figs. 15−16. Male lectotype and female paralectotype, here des- ignated, from Omitelme [Omiltemi, Guerrero, 99º40.2'W, 17º30'N], Mexico, H.S. Smith coll., deposited in BMNH 1901/3/ 3/259-260, examined.

Diagnosis. Males can be distinguished by the relatively short cymbium, well developed and elaborated tegular apophysis, composed of an oval, distally narrowed projection on the retrolateral margin of tegulum; short and acute embolar process, directed prolaterally; and embolar apices hook-shaped (Fig. 70). Females resemble those of S. mazamitla n. sp. by the reduced atrium, but differ from this species by the semi-circular shape of this structure, with anterior border unsclerotised (Fig. 72). Description. Male (Lectotype). Carapace red brown, chelicerae darker. Legs orange with distal area of the articles darker. Abdomen yellow with orange anterior dorsal stripes. Total length 10.60. Carapace 4.80 long, 4.00 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.35, ALE 0.27, PME 0.25, PLE 0.25. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: femur I 5.80/ II 5.20/ III 4.30/ IV 5.40. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-1p-2. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-1p-2. III—femur d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. Palpal tibiae strong, large, half of cymbium length; RTA rectangular, extending retrolaterally; ppRTA a pointed tip. Tegulum sub-oval; proximal fold of reservoir retrolaterally oriented; TA well developed, with an oval projection, flattened distally; EB large, strongly sclerotised, not folded; EP short, with pointed tip; EA short, hook-shaped (Figs. 70, 71). Female (Paralectotype). Coloration as in male. Total length 11.00. Carapace 4.60 long, 3.70 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, ALE 0.26, PME 0.27, PLE 0.25. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: I femur 4.80/ II 4.40/ III 3.60/ IV 4.60. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-2, r1-1-1, tibia

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 15 d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. II—femur d1-1-1-, p0-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1- 0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. III—femur d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. Epigynum (not dissected): epigynal surface excavated, atrium semi-circular with posterior margin slightly projected posteriorly, strongly sclerotised, anterior margin not so scletorised (Fig. 72). Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Other material examined. None.

FIGURES 70–72. Strotarchus violaceus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899, male: 70) palp, ventral; 71) palp, retrolateral; female: 72) epigynum, ventral. Scale bar = 0.5 mm: 70-71; 0.25 mm: 72.

Strotarchus praedator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) Figs. 73−74

Bedriacum praedator O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898: 251, pl. 33, fig. 7. Male holotype from Orizaba [97º6.0'W, 18º51.0'N, State of Veracruz], Mexico, Gas. coll., deposited in BMNH, examined. Strotarchus praedator; F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899: 87, pl. 6, fig. 17.

Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus praedator resemble those of S. monasticus n. sp. by the well developed embolar process. Differ by the longer embolar apices and by the embolar process presenting a bifurcated apical projection (Figs. 73, 74). Description. Male (holotype BMNH). Carapace red brown, cephalic area orange. Chelicerae, labium and endites brownish. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs yellow. Abdomen pale brown. Total length 9.00. Car- apace 4.00 long, 3.20 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.28, ALE 0.24, PME 0.23, PLE 0.20. Chelicerae with 4 promarginal teeth and 3 retromarginal denticles. Leg measurements: femur I 4.80/ II 4.65/ III 3.80/ IV 4.60. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1-1-0, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. III—

16 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p-1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. Palpal tibiae strong, approximately one-third of cymbium length; RTA subsquared, laRTA conspicuous, ppRTA small and rounded. Tegulum projected pro-apically; proximal fold of reservoir oriented prolaterally; TA large, projected retrolaterally; BEF restricted to retrolateral side of bulbus, transversally disposed in relation to tegulum; EP large, sub-rectangular, with a rounded retrolateral extension and bifid projection inserted medially; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 73, 74). Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Other material examined: None.

Strotarchus nebulosus Simon, 1888 Figs. 75−76

Strotarchus nebulosus Simon, 1888: 211. Female holotype from Presidio, Mexico, deposited in MNHN 6436, examined.

Diagnosis. Females of Strotarchus nebulosus differ from those of other species with parallel copulatory ducts by the large pentagonal atrium (Figs. 75, 76). Description. Female (Holotype MNHN). Carapace red brown, with cephalic area orange. Chelicerae, labium and endites brownish. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange, abdomen yellowish. Total length 12.50. Carapace 5.40 long, 4.00 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.25, ALE 0.30, PME 0.17, PLE 0.20. Chelicerae with 2 promarginal teeth separated by their width and 3 retromarginal teeth, the proximal one dislodged. Leg measurements: femur I 4.55/ II 3.90/ III 3.35/ IV 4.45. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1-1-0, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-0; tibia d0, p2-2, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-2, r0, v2-2-2. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-1; tibia d0, p2-2, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p2-2, r2-2, v2-2-1r; metatarsus d0, p1- 2-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1, p2-2, r2-2, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-2-2, r1-2- 2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium large, pentagonal, anterior margin with a small median projection, posterior margin procurved; AP rounded posteriorly, median slit deep, ample, without lateral notches, rounded anteriorly; CD parallel, heavily helicoid; GK triangular, short, medially oriented; SS slightly constricted posteriorly, with a small basal protuberance; spermathecae globose (Figs. 75, 76). Variation. Six females: total length 8.50−10.40; carapace 3.60−4.30; femur I 3.40−4.20. Distribution. Mexico. Other material examined: MEXICO. Nayarit, 800 m el., Mecatan [105º7.8'W, 21º31.8'N], 1 female, May 23, 1949, G.M. Bradt coll. (AMNH); 1 female (MPEG); 1 female (IBSP 43401); Sinaloa, Piaxtla (river, 106º40'W, 23º50'N), 1 female, May 16, 1953, W.J. Gertsch & W. Ivie coll. (AMNH); Guerrero, 7 mi. South of Chilpacingo [99º30'W, 17º33'N], 2 females, Jul. 29, 1956, W.J. Gertsch & V. Roth coll. (AMNH).

Strotarchus monasticus new species Figs. 66, 77−80

Type material. Male holotype and three female paratypes from Desierto de Los Leones [99º19.8'W, 19º15.0'N], 2900 m el., Districto Federal, Mexico, Aug. 15−29, 1941, H. Wagner coll. deposited in AMNH (1 male, 1 female), MPEG 19114 (1 female) and IBSP 43403 (1 female); female paratype (Aug. 4, 1946) and male paratype from same locality (Mar. 13, 1941) Goodnight coll. (AMNH); male paratype from Districto Federal [99º6.18'W, 19º14.4'N], Mexico, 1941−1942, H. Wagner coll.; 1 female paratype from Morelos, Cuernavaca [99º15'W, 18º55.2'N], 1700 m el., Sept. 1941, H. Wagner coll. (AMNH); 1 female paratype and 6 juveniles (May 8, 1963, W.J. Gertsch & W. Ivie) and 1 female paratype (Sept. 1941, H. Wagner coll.) from Guarnica Pass (summit 9.300 ft., 100º55'W, 19º40'N). Etymology. The specific name refers to the ancient monastery of Carmelites, established in the woods of the Parque Nacional Desierto de Los Leones, the type locality. Presently, it serves as an entertainment and tourist site. Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus monasticus n. sp. resemble those of S. praedator by the extremely developed embolar process. Differ by the shorter embolar apices (and distal part of cymbium) and by the triangular embolar

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 17 process, presenting a flattened, entire apical projection (Figs. 77, 78). Females differ from those of other species with convergent copulatory ducts by the semi-circular atrium with a sinuous posterior margin (Figs. 79, 80). Description. Male (Desierto de Los Leones, DF, Mexico). Carapace orange, cephalic area red brown. Chelic- erae red brown, fangs black. Endites and labium red brown, with white distal area. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange, with ventral face of coxae, metatarsi and tarsi red brown. Abdomen dark gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 14.50. Carapace 6.70 long, 5.40 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.22, ALE 0.20, PME 0.22, PLE 0.20. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by twice their width. Leg measurements: femur I 5.90/ II 5.50/ III 4.50/ IV 5.50. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-1p-1p. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. III—femur d1-1-0, p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1- 0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r0 or 0- 1-0, v1p-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae approximately half of the length of the cymbium; RTA square, with rounded tip; ppRTA small, with rounded tip; laRTA present. Tegulum sub-circular, proximal fold of reservoir prolaterally oriented; TA developed and rounded, slightly pointed distally; BEF restricted to retrolateral side of bulbus, transversally disposed in relation to tegulum; EP with flattened apical projection; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 77, 78). Female (Deserto de Los Leones, DF, Mexico). Coloration as in male, except abdomen gray, with darker transverse dorsal stripes. Total length 10.50. Carapace 4.70 long, 3.70 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.22, PME 0.22, PLE 0.24. Cheliceral teeth as in male. Leg measurements: femur I 3.80/ II 3.50/ III 3.10/ IV 3.80. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-0-1, r0, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0- 1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-1, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-2. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0- 0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-2. Epigynum: atrium sub-oval, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin with two lateral projections; AP rounded posteriorly, median slit without lateral notches, almost circular anteriorly; CD heavily helicoid; GK small, globular, slightly constricted at base, posteriorly oriented; SS not constricted, gently curved posteriorly; S globose with a rounded anterior protuberance (Figs. 79, 80). Variation. Three males: total length 14.50−15.50; carapace 5.20−6.70; femur I 4.70−6.00; eight females: total length 9.30−15.80; carapace 4.20−6.10; femora I 3.50−5.00. Distribution. Mexico. Other material examined. None.

18 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 73–80. Strotarchus praedator (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898), male: 73) palp, ventral; 74) palp, retrolateral. Stro- tarchus nebulosus Simon, 1888, female: 75) epigynum, ventral; 76) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus monasticus new species, male: 77) palp, ventral; 78) palp, retrolateral; female: 79) epigynum, ventral; 80) epigynum, dorsal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm: 73-74, 77-78; 0.25 mm: 75-76, 79-80. Abbreviations: A―Atrium; AP―Atrial pocket; BEF―Basal embolar fold; CD―Copulatory ducts; EA―Embolar apex; EB―Embolar basis; EP―Embolar process; FD―Fertilization ducts; GK―Glandular knob; laRTA―Apical lamella of Retrolateral tibial apophysis; ppRTA―Prolateral process of Retrolateral tibial apophysis; S―Sper- mathecae; SS―Spermathecae stalk; TA―tegular apophysis.

Strotarchus tamaulipas new species Figs. 8, 27, 50−52, 81−84

Type material. Male holotype and four male paratypes from Gomez Farias (ravine litter, 300m.) [93º9'W, 23º3'N], Tamaulipas, Mexico, Jun. 06, 1983, S. & J. Peck coll. deposited in AMNH (two males), MPEG 19115 (1 male), IBSP 43402 (1 male); female paratype from Cueva del Abra [El Abra, 98º58.8'W, 23º6.6'N], Tamaulipas, Mexico, Jun. 1964, T. Raines coll. (AMNH). Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 19 Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus tamaulipas n. sp. resemble those of S. tropicus by the basal embolar fold disposed parallel in relation to the tegulum, and by the tegular apophysis inserted retrobasally. They differ by the long palpal tibia, smooth base of the embolus and by the entire, lamellar embolar process (Figs. 81, 82). Females can be distinguished from those of S. monasticus n. sp. and the other species with convergent copulatory ducts by the large, sub-oval atrium with procurved posterior margin, without lateral projections (Figs. 83, 84). Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, with darker cephalic area, thoracic groove brown. Chelic- erae, endites and labium red brown. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange. Abdomen light gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 7.40. Carapace 3.20 long, 2.50 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.20, ALE 0.20, PME 0.20, PLE 0.18. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by twice their width. Leg measurements: femur I 3.70/ II 3.40/ III 2.90/ IV 3.60. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0- 1-1-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r1-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae thin, almost as long as cymbium (0.8 times); RTA sub-triangular with a rounded tip; ppRTA small, rounded; laRTA absent. Tegulum sub-oval, proximal fold of reservoir ventrally oriented; TA egg-shaped; BEF restricted to retrolateral side of bulbus, EP small, unsclerotised, rectangular; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 81, 82). Female (Paratype). Coloration as in male. Total length 7.20. Carapace 2.80 long, 2.10. Eye diameters: AME 0.16, ALE 0.18, PME 0.16, PLE 0.20. Chelicerae as in male. Leg measurements: femur I 3.60/ II absent/ III 2.70/ IV 3.40. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. II—femur - absent. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-2, v2-2-1r; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-1, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: AP small, truncated posteriorly, median slit without lateral notches, rounded anteriorly. CD with few helicoid folds; GK small, rounded, base slightly constricted, anteriorly oriented; SS enlarged posteriorly, gently curved; spermathecae continuous with SS (Figs. 83, 84). Variation. Six males: total length 7.40−8.80; carapace 3.00−4.40; femur I 3.50−4.30. Distribution. Mexico. Other material examined. MEXICO. Tamaulipas, Gomez Farias (ravine litter, 300m.) [93º9'W, 23º3'N], 1 male, Jun. 6, 1983, S. & J. Peck coll. (SEM preparation, AMNH).

Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917) Figs. 1−2, 24, 28−29, 48−49, 67, 85−88

Coreidon tropicum Mello-Leitão, 1917: 15. Male holotype from Pinheiro [presently Piraí, Pinheiral, 43º58.8'W, 22º31.2'S], Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, deposited in MNRJ 964, examined; Silva-Moreira et al., 2010: 38. Strotarchus tropicum; Ramírez et al., 2004: 181. Strotarchus tropicus; Platnick, 2012.

Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus tropicus are readly distinguished from other species of the genus by the embolar base covered by thin hair-like projections and by the halfmoon-shaped embolar process (Figs. 48, 49, 85, 86). Females are also easily identified by the hexagonal atrium and by the uncoiled copulatory ducts (Figs. 87, 88). Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, margins paler. Chelicerae red brown. Endites and labium red brown with white apexes. Sternum yellow, margins brown. Legs orange, with base of the articles darker. Abdomen greenish, spinnerets yellow. Total length 8.30. Carapace 3.10 long, 2.50 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.28, ALE 0.17, PME 0.17, PLE 0.27. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 2.80/ II 2.60/ III 2.20/ IV 2.80. Leg spination: I— femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2. II—femur d1- 1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2. III—femur d1- 1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-0-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae thin, short, half cymbium length; RTA square, with rounded tip; ppRTA absent; laRTA weak. Tegulum sub-circular, posteriorly truncated; proximal fold of reservoir ventrally oriented; TA small, inserted retro-basally; BEF restricted to retrolateral side of bulbus, disposed parallel (in relation)/relative to tegulum, covered with small hair-like projections; EP small, sclerotised, bifurcated; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 85, 86).

20 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. Female (Paratype). Coloration as in male, except abdomen paler. Total length 7.90. Carapace 3.20 long, 2.80. Eye diameters: AME 0.26, ALE 0.15, PME 0.15, PLE 0.25. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 2.70/ II 2.60/ III 2.40/ IV 2.80. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1- 1, r1-1-0, v2-2-1. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-0, v2-2-1. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v0-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1- 2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-10; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium with posterior margin recurved; AP large, rounded posteriorly, lateral borders folded dorsally; median slit shallow, without lateral notches, rounded anteriorly; CD divergent, C-shaped posteriorly; GK long, tubular, base slightly constricted, laterally oriented; SS enlarged posteriorly, gently curved; S continuous with SS (Figs. 87, 88). Variation. Seven males: total length 6.30−8.30; carapace 2.70−3.30; femur I 2.60−3.10. Seven females: total length 6.70−8.70; carapace 2.80−3.30; femur I 2.30−2.80. Distribution. Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil. Other material examined. BRAZIL. Bahia: Coaraci [39º31.8'W, 14º37.8'S], Fazenda Boa Esperança, 1 male, Sept. 18, 1970, Ceplac (IBSP 15329); 1 male, Jan. 28, 1971 (IBSP 15324); Prado [39º13.2'W, 17º21'S], Fazenda Furado, 1 male, Aug. 7, 1970 (MNRJ 6273, field number 3134); 1 male, Sept. 26, 1970 (MNRJ 6274, field number 3171); Gandu [39º30'W, 13º45'S], Fazenda Pedra Branca, 1 male, Feb. 5, 1970, Ceplac (IBSP 15330); 1 male, May 11, 1970 (MNRJ 6275, field number 3056); Fazenda São Rafael, 1 male 1 female, Mar. 1, 1971, Ceplac (IBSP 15322); 2 females, Mar. 26, 1971 (MNRJ 6276, field number 3261); 2 males, Feb. 4, 1969 (MNRJ 6277); 1 male 1 female, Sept. 6, 1970 (MNRJ 6278, field number 3146); 1 female, Jan. 3, 1969 (MNRJ 6279, field number 2501); 1 male 1 female, Oct. 19, 1970 (MNRJ 13308, field number 3184); Fazenda São Rafael, 2 males, Feb. 4, 1969 (MNRJ 6280); Itamarajú [39º31.8'W, 17º4.2'S], Fazenda Pau Brasil, 1 female, Mar. 27, 1969 (MNRJ 6281, field number 2619); Jussari [39º31.8'W, 15º12'S], Fazenda São Francisco, 1 female, Sept. 10, 1970, Ceplac (IBSP 15321); Fazenda Ribeirão do Antônio 1 male, Apr. 11, 1970 (MNRJ 6282, field number 3049); Jussari [39º31.8'W, 15º12'S], Fazenda Arizona, 2 females, Mar. 4, 1971 (MNRJ 13389, field number 3252); Camacan [39º29.4'W, 15º24.6'S], 1 female, no date (MNRJ 6283, field number 2434); Lomanto Júnior, 1 male 1 female, no date (MNRJ 6286); Porto Seguro [39º3.8'W, 16º27'S], Fazenda São Jorge, 3 females, Jan. 8, 1971, all collected by Equipe Ceplac (MNRJ 6285, field number 3225); Itabuna [39º16.2'W, 14º48'S], campus do Ceplac, 2 males 1 female (MNRJ 4255); Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa [40º35.6'W, 19º55.8'S], Estação Ecológica de Santa Lúcia, 1 male 1 juvenile, Sept. 12−14, 2008 (MNRJ 4258), A. Chagas & N. Benaim coll.; Rio de Janeiro: Parque Nacional da Tijuca [43º16.8'W, 22º56.4'S], Jan. 18, 2005, 1 male, R.L.C. Baptista coll. (MNRJ 4259); Volta Redonda [44º6'W, 22º31.2'S], Floresta da Cicuta, 1 male 1 female, Jun. 2001, Equipe Biota coll. (IBSP 161740; 161741); Petrópolis [43º10.8'W, 22º30.6'S], Fazenda Ranchinho Porto da Roça, 1 male, 2000, A.D. Brescovit coll. (IBSP 42283); São Paulo: São Paulo [46º37.2'W, 23º31.8'S], 1 female, 1993, no coll. (IBSP 6046); Parque Estadual do Pico do Jaraguá [46º45.6'W, 23º24'S], 3 females, Oct. 16, 2002, Equipe Biota coll. (IBSP 161742, 161743, 161744); Parque Estad- ual da Serra da Cantareira [-46.52ºW, -23.37ºS], Pedra Grande, 1 female, Dec. 21, 2000, R. Pinto da Rocha et al. coll. (MZSP); Parque Estadual da Serra da Cantareira [46º3'W, 23º22.2'S], Sede, 1 female, Dec. 22, 2000, R. Pinto da Rocha et al. coll. (IBSP); Ubatuba, Ilha Anchieta [Ilha dos Porcos, 45º3.6'W, 23º32.4'S], 2 males 1 female, Jul. 25−29, 2001, Equipe Biota coll. (IBSP 161746-161748); Ilhabela [45º21'W, 23º46.2'S], Parque Estadual de Ilha- bela, 1 male, Oct. 11, 2001, Equipe Biota coll. (IBSP 161749); Salesópolis, Estação Ecológica de Boracéia [45º51'W, 23º32.4'S], in nest of Trypoxylon—Sphecidae, 1 male, May 10, 2003, E.F. Santos coll. (IBSP 39668); Mogi das Cruzes [46º10.8'W, 23º31.2'S], Parque Municipal da Serra do Itapety, 2 males, Oct., 2003, Equipe Biota coll. (IBSP 161750-161751); Cotia, Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande [46º55.2'W, 23º36'S], 1 male, Mar. 14, 2003, A.A. Nogueira coll. (IBSP 161753); Paraná: Antonina [48º43.2'W, 25º25.2'S], 1 male, Feb. 16, 1987, Eq. Profaupar coll. (MCN 20830); Rio Grande do Sul, Maquiné [50º10.8'W, 29º4.8'S], Fepagro, 1 female, Jan. 21, 2002, Equipe Biota coll. (IBSP 161752).

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 21 FIGURES 81–88. Strotarchus tamaulipas new species, male: 81) palp, ventral; 82) palp, retrolateral; female: 83) epigynum, ventral; 84) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus tropicus (Mello-Leitão, 1917), male: 85) palp, ventral; 86) palp, retrolateral; female: 87) epigynum, ventral; 88) epigynum, dorsal. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Strotarchus jacala new species Figs. 89−92

Type material. Male holotype, male and female paratypes from 43 km of SW Huejutla [98º25.2'W, 21º7.8'N] (1500m. elev., cloud forest), Tlanchinol, Hidalgo, Mexico, Jun. 14−Aug. 4, 1983, S. & J. Peck coll.; female paratype from 15 mi NE of Jacala, at km. 303 (small cave, 99º02'W, 21º05'N), Jul. 27, 1966, J. & W. Ivie coll., all deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus jacala n. sp. resemble those of S. beepbeep n. sp. by the tegular apophysis rounded and medially inserted in the tegular margin, but differ by the basal embolar fold narrower and displaced

22 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. transversely in relation to the tegulum, allowing the embolar base to be visible in ventral view (Figs. 89, 90). Females differ from most of the other species of the genus by the narrow atrium; from those of S. beepbeep n. sp. by the short, weakly coiled copulatory ducts and from those of S. mazamitla n. sp. by the straight posterior atrial margin (Figs. 91, 92). Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, with darker cephalic area, thoracic groove brown. Chelic- erae, endites and labium red brown. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange. Abdomen light gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 7.40. Carapace 3.10 long, 2.60 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.20, PME 0.22, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I absent/ II 3.00/ III 4.10/ IV 5.20. Leg spination: I—absent. II— femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-1, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2- 1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-1r; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2- 1m. Palpal tibiae thin, with half of the cymbial length; RTA triangular; ppRTA small, rounded; laRTA weak. Tegu- lum slightly pointed basally, proximal fold of reservoir retrolaterally oriented; TA oval, inserted on retrolateral margin of tegulum, medially weakly sclerotised; EB visible ventrally in unexpanded bulb; BEF restricted to retrolateral side of bulbus; EP ornamented, composed of a triangular portion with distal pointed tip, a basal, small curved projection and a posterior rounded projection; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 89, 90). Female (Paratype). Coloration as in male. Total length 9.00. Carapace 3.60 long, 2.80. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.22, PME 0.20, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by twice their width. Leg measurements: femur I 3.30/ II 3.00/ III 2.60/ IV 3.20. Leg spination: I— femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. II— femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1r; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium sub-eliptical, anterior margin slightly projected medially; AP large, rounded posteriorly, posterior lateral margins straight; median slit deep, without lateral notches, almost circular anteriorly; CD parallel, with few helicoid folds; GK rounded, base indistinct, anteriorly oriented; SS slightly enlarged on the basis; spermathecae globose (Figs. 91, 92). Variation. Two males: total length 7.40−8.00; females: total length 9.00−9.20; carapace 2.50−3.30; femur I 3.10−3.30. Distribution. Mexico. Other material examined. None.

Strotarchus beepbeep new species Figs. 7, 9, 26, 31−32, 39, 53, 93−96

Type material. Male holotype and four male paratypes from Upper Cave Creek, 6000–7500 ft. elev., Chiricahua Montains, Cochise Co. [109º55.2'W, 32º6.6'N], Arizona, United States, Sept. 6, 1984, V. Roth coll., deposited in AMNH (male holotype and two male paratypes), MPEG 19116 (1 male), IBSP 43400 (1 male); female paratype from Guadalupe Canyon, Cochise Co., Arizona, United States, Aug. 5, 1966, B. Nockumas coll. and male paratype from Huachuca Mts., Ramsey Canyon, Cochise Co., Arizona, Nov. 1979, J. Anderson coll., both deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name refers to the cartoon character Road Runner, which always manages to fool its enemy Wile E. Coyote in the classic TV series Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies. The Road Runner character vocalises mostly with a sharp "Beep, Beep" and was inspired upon the bird Geococcyx californianus that is recorded in Arizona, where the species here described is known to occur. Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus beepbeep n. sp. differ from those of S. jacala n. sp. by the wide basal embolar fold, disposed parallel relative to the tegulum (Figs. 93, 94). Females resemble those of S. jacala n. sp. and S. mazamitla n. sp. by the narrow atrium, but differ by the atrial anterior margin considerably projected medially and by the extremely elongated and heavily helicoid copulatory ducts (Figs. 95, 96).

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 23 Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, with paler margins. Chelicera red brown. Endites and labium red brown with white apexes. Sternum yellow, with brown margins. Legs orange, base of the articles darker. Abdo- men orange. Total length 8.40. Carapace 3.50 long, 2.80 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.18, ALE 0.20, PME 0.18, PLE 0.18. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 contiguous retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: femur I 3.90/ II 3.60/ III 3.00/ IV 3.70. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0, r0, v2- 2-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1- 1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1- 2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae thin, half of the cymbial length; RTA rectangular, with rounded corners; ppRTA small and rounded, laRTA weak. Tegulum sub-circular; proximal fold of reservoir ventrally oriented; TA rounded, distally pointed, inserted on retrolateral margin of tegulum; EB not visible ventrally in unexpanded bulb; BEF restricted to retrolateral side of bulbus, disposed parallel in relation to tegulum; EP composed of two long projections, one pointed, other rounded; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 93, 94). Female (Paratype). Coloration as in male. Total length 9.80. Carapace 3.60 long, 2.70. Eye diameters: AME 0.22, ALE 0.20, PME 0.20, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 3.50/ II 2.90/ III 2.40/ IV 3.30. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0, r0, v0-1p-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-1p-1p. II—femur d1-1-0, p0- 0-1, r0; tibia d0, p0, r1-1-0, v0-1p-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-1p-1p. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0- 1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0 or 1p-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0- 1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1r; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium very narrow, AP large, rounded posteriorly, median slit narrow, pointed anteriorly; CD parallel, curved; GK represented by a rounded hump, base indistinct, laterally oriented; SS slightly enlarged medially; S continuous to SS, wider than long (Figs. 95, 96). Variation. Six males: total length 6.00–8.40; carapace 2.70−3.50; femur I 3.10−3.90. Distribution. Southwestern United States. Other material examined. None.

24 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 89–96. Strotarchus jacala new species, male: 89) palp, ventral; 90) palp, retrolateral; female: 91) epigynum, ventral; 92) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus beepbeep new species,. male: 93) palp, ventral; 94) palp, retrolateral; female: 95) epigynum, ventral; 96) epigynum, dorsal. Abbreviations: BEF―Basal embolar fold; EA―Embolar apex; EB―Embolar basis; EP―Embolar process; TA―tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm: 89-90, 93-94; 0.25 mm: 91-92, 95-96.

Strotarchus gandu new species Figs. 97−100

Type material. Male holotype from Fazenda Pedra Branca, Gandu [39º30'W, 13º45'S], Bahia, Brazil, Feb. 5, 1970, Ceplac coll.; female paratype from Reserva Mata do Pau Ferro (35º44'W, 06º57'S), Areia, Paraíba, Brazil, Sept. 23–29, 1990, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll., both deposited in IBSP (IBSP 161754 and IBSP 42282, respectively); female paratype from Fazenda Martinica, Mucuri [39º34.2'W, 18º4.8'S], Bahia, Brazil, Oct. 12, 1970, Ceplac coll. (MNRJ 6287). Note. Right legs I, III and IV of the holotype are missing.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 25 Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus gandu n. sp. differ from those of other species with a basal embolar fold traversing the apical portion of tegulum by the large, cup-shaped embolar process (Figs. 97, 98). Females share with those of S. piscatorius a median notch on the posterior atrial margin, differing by the parallel copulatory ducts and by the longer glandular knob (Figs. 99, 100). Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, margins paler. Chelicera red brown. Endites and labium red brown with white apexes. Sternum yellow, with brown margins. Legs orange, with base of the articles darker. Abdomen green gray, spinnerets yellow. Total length 5.80. Carapace 2.40 long, 1.60. wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, ALE 0.25, PME 0.27, PLE 0.25. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 separated retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: femur I 2.20/ II 1.80/ III 1.50/ IV 1.80. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1- 1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-1, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0- 0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v1r-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0, r0- 0-1; tibia d0, p0, r0, v1-1-0; metatarsus d0, p0-0-1, r1-1-2, v2-0-1m. Palpal tibiae long, approximately one third of the cymbial length; RTA sub-squared, slightly serrated apically, with retrolateral pointed tip; ppRTA small, laRTA absent. Tegulum sub-circular, basal and distal margins flattened; proximal fold of reservoir ample, ventrally oriented. TA oval, inserted ventrally on retrolateral side of tegulum; EB not visible ventrally in unexpanded bulb; BEF narrow; EP large, cup-shaped; EA sinuous, arising prolaterally (Figs. 97, 98). Female (Paratype IBSP). Coloration as in male. Total length 7.60. Carapace 2.50 long, 2.00. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, ALE 0.25, PME 0.30, PLE 0.25. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 2.20/ II 1.90/ III 1.70/ IV 2.00. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r0, v1r-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-0, v2-2-2. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1-1p-0 or 1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2- 1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium sub-oval, with posterior margin projected posteriorly; AP large, rounded posteriorly, median slit deep, ample, with lateral notches, narrowed anteriorly; CD curved, long, with several helicoid folds; GK with base slightly constricted, laterally oriented; SS not enlarged medially; spermathecae rounded (Figs. 99, 100). Variation. Two females: total length 6.40−7.60; carapace 2.50−2.60; femur I 2.40−2.50. Distribution. Northeast Brazil. Other material examined. None.

26 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 97–102. Strotarchus gandu new species, male: 97) palp, ventral; 98) palp, retrolateral; female: 99) epigynum, ventral; 100) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus silvae new species, male: 101) palp, ventral; 102) palp, retrolateral. Abbreviations: BEF―Basal embolar fold; EA―Embolar apex; EP―Embolar process; TA―tegular apophysis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Strotarchus silvae new species Figs. 58−61, 101−102

Type material. Male holotype from Zona Reservada Pakitza, Madre de Dios, Peru (11º58'S, 71º18'W), Oct. 4, 1987, J. Coddington & R. Acero coll.; male paratype, Sept. 27, 1987, J. Coddington & D. Silva coll.; male paratype, Rio Tambopata, Albergue Sachavacayoc, Madre de Dios, Peru, (12º51'21”S, 69º21'43”W), Aug. 10–17.1996, J. Ochoa coll.; all deposited in USNM.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 27 Etymology. The specific name is a patronym in honor of arachnologist Diana Silva Davila, one of the collec- tors of the types. Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus silvae n. sp. resemble those of Strotarchus urarina n. sp. by the u-shaped proximal fold of reservoir, the embolar base visible retrolaterally in ventral view of unexpanded bulb and by the embolar apices arising retrolaterally but is readly recognised by the extremely elongated, strongly curved ventrally cymbium (Figs. 101, 102). Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, margins paler. Chelicera red brown. Endites and labium red brown with white apex. Sternum yellow, with brown margins. Legs orange, with base of the articles darker. Abdo- men light gray, spinnerets yellow. Total length 5.00. Carapace 2.10 long, 1.80 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.20, ALE 0.18, PME 0.20, PLE 0.18. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by five times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 2.20/ II 2.00/ III 1.60/ IV 2.10. Leg spination: I— femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1- 0, p0-0-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-1, r0, v1r-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0- 1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-0, v0-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0- 0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae extremely short, approximately one sixth of cymbium length; RTA square; ppRTA small, laRTA absent. Tegulum small, subsquared, proximal fold of reservoir thick, u-shaped; TA inconspicuous; EB visible ventrally as a large, retrolateral triangular area between tegulum and BEF in unexpanded bulb; BEF wide, traversing apical portion of tegulum but obliquely displaced; EP small, sub-triangular, apically truncated; EA extremely long, arising retrolaterally (Figs. 101, 102). Variation. Two males: total length 5.00−5.50; carapace 2.10−2.30; femur I 2.20−2.40. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Other material examined. None.

FIGURES 103–105. Strotarchus minor Banks, 1909, male: 103) palp, ventral; 104) palp, retrolateral; female: 105) epigynum, ventral. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Strotarchus minor Banks, 1909: 200, pl. 5, fig. 18. Female holotype from Tristan, Turrialba [83º40.8'W, 9º54'N], Costa Rica, N. Banks coll., deposited in MCZ, examined.

Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus minor differ from those of other species with a basal embolar fold traversing the apical portion of the tegulum by the long tegular apophysis, represented by a fold in the retrolateral margin of the tegulum; the small, unsclerotised, rectangular embolar process; and the embolar base visible ventrally in ventral view (Figs. 103, 104). Females are readly recognised by the combined presence of an elliptical atrium, with sharply pointed lateral corners, and the divergent copulatory ducts (Fig. 105). Description. Male (Puntarenas, Costa Rica). Carapace red brown, with cephalic area yellow and thoracic groove brownish. Chelicerae red brown. Labium and endites reddish with white apex. Leg yellow, with brown basal area of the articles. Abdomen cream with transverse dorsal stripes. Total length 6.70. Carapace 3.40 long, 2.60 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.26, ALE 0.20, PME 0.22, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, median largest, and 7 retromarginal denticles. Leg measurements: femur I 3.80/ II 3.20/ III 2.70/ IV 3.30. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-0; metatarsus d0-1m-0, p1-1-2, r1-1- 2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1r; metatarsus d0-1m-0, p1-1-2, r1- 1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae long, approximately one third of the cymbium length; RTA rectangular, slightly serrated apically; ppRTA and laRTA absent. Tegulum large, sub-triangular, truncated apically; proximal fold of reservoir wide, placed ventrally; TA inserted in retrolateral margin of tegulum; BEF narrow, traversing apical portion of tegulum; EP small, squared, hyaline; EA arising prolaterally (Figs. 103, 104). Female (Holotype). Coloration as in male, except carapace light brown and abdomen yellow. Total length 7.10. Carapace 3.65 long, 2.90 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.25, ALE 0.25, PME 0.22, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 4 promarginal teeth, the second largest, and 4 retromarginal teeth. Leg measurements: femur I 3.60/ II 3.15/ III 2.65/ IV 3.45. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-2, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-1, r0-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. II—femur d1-0-0, p0, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-2-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-2. III—femur d1-1-0, p0, r0; tibia d0-1, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-2-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v1-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-2-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1. Epigynum (not dissected): Copulatory ducts with several helicoid folds; spermathecae squared, with a median constriction visible by transparency in ventral view (Fig. 105). Distribution. Costa Rica. Other material examined. COSTA RICA. Puntarenas Prov., between Quepos [84º9'W, 9º27'N] and Santa Maria de Dota, 1 male, W. Eberhard coll. (MCZ).

Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847) Figs. 3−6, 10−23, 25, 30, 33−38, 40−47, 54−57, 62−65, 68, 106−109 Morphbank Collection Id 7845771

Clubiona piscatoria Hentz, 1847: 450, pl. 23, fig. 15. Types from Alabama, United States, depository unknown, lost. Anyphaena piscatoria: Simon, 1897: 95. Marcellina piscatoria: Bryant, 1931: 104 pl. 6, figs. 1−2; 1938: 12, fig. 4, 7, 11; Kaston, 1948: 368, figs. 1273−1275. Strotarchus piscatorius: Edwards, 1958: 373, fig. 1−3, 15, 205; Ramírez et.al., 1997: 51, figs. 14−19.

Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus piscatorius resemble those of S. gandu n. sp. and S. minor by the wide, ventrally placed proximal fold of the reservoir, and those of S. silvae n. sp. by the extremely developed cymbium. They differ by the subtriangular course of the proximal fold of the reservoir and by the conspicuous, oblong tegular apophysis (Figs. 106, 107). Females resemble those of S. gandu n. sp. by the median notch on the posterior atrial margin,

1. http://www.morphbank.net/?id=784577

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 29 but differ from this species by the divergent, straight copulatory ducts and the shorter glandular knob (Figs. 108, 109). Description. Male (Arizona Portal, Cochise, USA). Carapace brown, cephalic area paler. Chelicerae, endites and labium red brown with white apex. Sternum orange with brown margins. Legs light brown, except ventral coxae, yellow. Abdomen uniformly gray. Total length 6.60. Carapace 2.70 long, 210 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.20, ALE 0.18, PME 0.16, PLE 0.16. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by their width. Leg measurements: femur I 3.00/ II 2.50/ III 2.00/ IV 3.00. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r0, v0-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-1p-1p. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r0, v0- 1p-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-1p-1p. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2- 0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2- 2-2; metatarsus d0-0-1, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Palpal tibiae approximatelly one quarter of the cymbium length; RTA enlarged apically, with serrated apices; ppRTA very small, laRTA absent. Tegulum large, triangular in ventral view, placed ventrally; TA inserted ventrally in retrolateral side of tegulum; EB not visible ventrally in unexpanded bulb; BEF wide, traversing apical portion of tegulum; EP square, with pointed tips (visible only in retrolateral view); embolus apex arising prolaterally; EA very elongated, arising prolaterally (Figs. 106, 107). Female (Callicon, N.Y., USA). Coloration as in male. Total length 10.20. Carapace 3.60 long, 2.90 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.22, PME 0.20, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae as in male. Leg measurements: femur I 3.40/ II 2.90/ III 2.60/ IV 3.40. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0, r0, v0-2-0 or 0-1p-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-1p. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r0, v0-1p-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-1, r0, v2-2-1p. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1p-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2. v2- 1p-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1r-1p, p1-1-2, r1-1-1, v2-2-2. Epigynum: atrium sub-oval with posterior margin projected posteriorly; AP large, rounded posteriorly, median slit deep, ample, with lateral notches, sub-triangular anteriorly; CD long, with several helicoid folds; GK with base slightly constricted, anteriorly oriented; SS posteriorly enlarged; spermathecae rounded (Figs. 108, 109). Variation. Eight males: total length 6.00−8.00; carapace 2.60−3.70; femur I 2.80−4.00; ten females: total length 6.50−10.20; carapace 2.60−4.10; femur I 2.60−4.60. Distribution. United States and north of Mexico. Other material examined. UNITED STATES. Washington D.C. [122º9.6'W, 48º58.2'N], 1 female (AMNH 2188); Oklahoma [97º6.6'W, 35º0.1'N], Latimer Co., 1 female, Apr. 1990, K. Stephan coll. (AMNH); Pennsylva- nia, 2 mi. E. of Jamison, Horseshoe Bend (Neshaminy Creek, 75º03'W, 40º16'N), 3 males 4 females, May 1955, W. Ivie coll. (AMNH; MPEG; IBSP 43404); 2 males 1 female, May 1955, W. Ivie coll. (AMNH); Georgia, Millen (81º55'W, 32º45'N), Apr. 16, 1943, W. Ivie coll. (AMNH); 4 miles NE of Sylvania (81º33'W, 32º46'N), 1 male 1 female, Apr. 9, 1943, W. Ivie coll. (AMNH); Lousiana [92º8.7'W, 31º14.6'N], Camp Plauche, 1 male, Mar. 30, 1944, D.E. Beck coll. (AMNH); Alabama, Tuscaloosa Co., Alberta City [94º56.9'W, 42º46.9'N], 1 female, Jun. 5, 1941, A.F. Archer coll. (AMNH); Illinois, La Salle Co. [89º5.4'W, 41º20.4'N], Starved Rock St. Pr., French Cyn., 1 male, Jun. 17, 1941, D.C. Lowrie coll. (AMNH); Massachussets, Middlesex, Pepperell [71º35.3'W, 42º39.9'N], 1 female, Oct. 24, 1970 (under bark), no coll. (AMNH); Barnstable Co., Hatchville, FCWMA, 1 female, Aug. 14, 1989, R. L. Edwards, oak trunk (USNM; SEM preparation MJR1001); 1 female, Aug. 17, 1990, R. L. Edwards, pine trunks, 159m, (USNM; SEM preparations MJR1002–1004, 1006); Connecticut, No. Stamford [73º32.3'W, 41º3.2'N], 1 male 1 female, May 8, 1937, B.J. Kaston (AMNH); Portland City [73º38.4'W, 41º34'.2N], 1 female, Jun. 16, 1935, B.J. Kaston coll. (AMNH); Pennsylvania, NE Jamison [75º5.3'W, 40º15.3'N], Horseshoe Bend, Neshaminy Cr., 4 males 10 females, May 1955, W. Ivie (AMNH); New Jersey, Kinnelon (south side, 74º23'W, 40º58'N), 1 male 1 female, Jun. 12, 1965, J. & W. Ivie coll. (AMNH); Tennessee, near Harriman (35°N, 84°W), 1 female, Nov. 7, 1933 (AMNH); New York, Callicoon [75º3.6'W, 41º46.2'N], 1 female, Jul. 02, 1935, S.C. Bishop coll. (AMNH); Arizona, Portal, Cochise Co. [109º55.2'W, 32º6.6'N], 1 male, Jul. 1−15, 1965, W.J. Gertsch coll. (AMNH); Virginia [78º39'W, 37º26'N], Silesco, Mt. Lake, 1 female, Aug. 19, 1949, no coll. (FSCA); Harrisonburg [78º52'W, 38º27'N], 1 female, Jul. 7, 1950, M.A. Cazier coll. (AMNH); West Virginia, Summers [80º51'W, 3º9'N], Hinton, Bluestone State Park, 1 male, May 27, 1967, N. Price coll. (AMNH); Preston Co. [79º41'W, 39º26'N], WV University Forest, Chestnut Ridge, hardwood, pitfall trap, Stand 8 Plot 13, 1 male, Jun. 5−12, 1989, D. T. Jennings coll. (USNM; SEM preparation MJR1005); Minnehaha Springs, Pocahontas Co., 1 female, Jul. 1947, K.W. Haller coll. (AMNH); Florida [81º30'W, 27º39'N], Jackson Co., 1 female, Apr. 12, 1935, H.W. coll. (AMNH); Florida, Caverns Saint Park, Jackson Co., 1 female, Apr. 13, 1960, H.V. Weems Jr. coll. (AMNH); N. of Winter Park, 1

30 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. male, Apr. 11, 1938, W.J. Gertsch coll. (AMNH); Leon Co. [84º11'W, 30º29'N], Tall Timbers, 1 male, Apr. 20−27, 1970 (FSCA); Leesburg [81º52'W, 28º48'N], Lake County, 1 female, Mar. 1−11, 1954, M. Statham (AMNH); Diles co., 1 female, Aug. 26, 1935, W.D. Kilby (AMNH); MEXICO. Hidalgo, Jacala [99º10.8'W, 21º1.2'N], 4500 ft, 1 female, Jun−Jul., 1939, Hoogstrall coll. (AMNH); Monterrey [100º19.2'W, 25º40.2'N], 15 mi. S. of Nuevo Leon, 1 female, May 23, 1952, M. Cazier, W. Gertsch & R. Schrammel coll. (AMNH); Desembarque [Desemboque, 112º22.8'W, 29º30'N], Sonora, 1 male, Aug. 15−31, 1953, B. Malkin coll. (AMNH); Tamaulipas [98º50.0'W, 24º16'N], Cueva del Brinco (20 m), 1 female, 1979, D. Pate coll. (AMNH).

Strotarchus planeticus Edwards, 1958 Figs. 69, 110−111

Strotarchus planeticus Edwards, 1958: 374, figs. 159, 179, 206. Female holotype from Laguna Madre, 25 miles south-east of Arlington (97º6'W, 32º44'N), Texas, United States, Jun. 13, 1945, D.E. Hardy & V.L. Hooley coll., deposited in AMNH, not examined.

Diagnosis. Females of Strotarchus planeticus are distinguished from those of S. piscatorius by the atrium wider than long, with the posterior margin straight, without a median notch. The thin, relatively long glandular knob is also diagnostic (Figs. 110, 111). Description. Male. Unknown. Female (Laguna Madre, Texas). Carapace orange, cephalic area red brown. Chelicerae red brown, fangs black. Endites and labium red brown, with white distal area. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange, with ventral face of coxae, metatarsi and tarsi red brown. Abdomen light gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 9.10. Cara- pace 3.70 long, 2.90 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.22, ALE 0.22, PME 0.22, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by twice their width. Leg measurements: femur I 3.50/ II 2.90/ III 2.30/ IV 3.50. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r0, v2- 2-0; metatarsus d0-0-1, p1-1-1-2, r1-2-1, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-1-, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1r- 2-0; metatarsus d0-1-1, p1-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-1-1-1; tibia d1-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1- 0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1p; metatarsus d0-1-1, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium oblong; AP large, rounded posteriorly, median slit deep, without lateral notches, anteriorly sub-triangular; CD parallel, with few helicoid folds; GK anteriorly oriented; spermathecae not globose, wider than long (Figs. 110, 111). Variation. Two females: total length 6.80−9.10; carapace 2.90−3.70; femur I 2.50−3.50. Distribution. United States and Mexico. Other material examined. UNITED STATES. Laguna Madre, 25 m. SE of Harlingen [97º42'W, 26º11'N], Texas, United States (from nest of Rodentia Neotoma micropus Baird), Aug. 17, 1945, 1 female, D.E. Hardy & V.L. Wooley coll. (AMNH); Jun. 18, 1945, 1 female, D.E. Hardy & V.L. Hooley coll. (AMNH); MEXICO. Tama- zunchale (98º47'W, 21º15'N), San Luis Potosi, Aug. 17, 1964, 1 female, J. & W. Ivie coll. (AMNH); Jalapa [96º55.2'W, 19º31.8'N], Veracruz, 1948, 1 female, H.M. Wegerer coll. (AMNH).

Strotarchus urarina new species Figs. 112−113

Type material. Male holotype and male paratype from Rio Samiria [74°17'W, 4°42'S], Loreto, Peru, 1990, T. Erwin coll., deposited in USNM. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition referring to the “Urarina”, indigenous people from Peruvian Amazon basin (Loreto). The ethnonym “Urarina” may derive from Quechua: “uray” meaning below, and “rina” referring to “runa”, or people. Diagnosis. Males of Strotarchus urarina n. sp. resemble those of S. silvae n. sp. by the U-shaped proximal fold of reservoir, the embolar base visible retrolaterally in ventral view of unexpanded bulb and by the embolar apices arising retrolaterally but is readly recognised by the shorter cymbium and the larger tegulum (Figs. 112, 113). Description. Male (Holotype). Carapace orange, margins paler. Chelicerae red brown. Endites and labium red

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 31 brown with white apices. Sternum yellow, margins brown. Legs orange, with bases of articles darker. Abdomen and spinnerets light gray. Total length 6.70. Carapace 2.70 long, 2.30 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.20, ALE 0.18, PME 0.20, PLE 0.20. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by more than seven times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 2.70/ II 2.30/ III 2.00/ IV 2.40. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d0-1m-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1m-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-2. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1-1; tibia d0-1m-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1m-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2- 2-2. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1m-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0-1m-0, p1-1-2, r1- 1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-1p-0; metatarsus d0-0-1m, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m-2. Palpal tibiae thin, short, with one fourth of cymbium length; RTA square; ppRTA small, tip rounded, laRTA absent. Tegulum sub-oval; proximal fold of reservoir thick, u-shaped; TA inconspicuous; EB visible ventrally as a retrolateral triangular area between tegulum and BEF in unexpanded bulb; BEF wide, traversing apical portion of tegulum but obliquely displaced; EP small, covered by BEF in both ventral and retrolateral views; EA arising retrolaterally (Figs. 112, 113). Variation. Two males: total length 5.50−6.70; carapace 2.40−2.70; femur I 2.30−2.70. Distribution. Peruvian Amazonia. Other material examined. None.

Strotarchus tlaloc new species Figs. 114−115

Type material. Female holotype from Cerro Pelon [96º6.6'W, 17º00'N], Oaxaca, Mexico, Apr. 1962, W.S. Miller coll. and female paratype from 15 mi. NE of Jacala at km 23 (small cave, 99º02'W, 21º05'N), Hidalgo, Mexico, Jul. 27, 1966, J. & W. Ivie coll., both deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name refers to Tlaloc, an important deity in the Azteca religion, related to rain, fertil- ity and water. He was known to give life and sustenance, but he was also feared for sending hail, thunder and light- ning. He was associated with caves, springs and mountains. Tlaloc can be translated as “that which lies upon the surface of the earth”, a reference to the clouds that form around the tops of mountains during the rainy season. Diagnosis. Females of Strotarchus tlaloc can be recognised by the large atrium, with recurved posterior margin and by the medially inserted glandular knob (Figs. 114, 115). Description. Male. Unknown. Female (Holotype). Carapace orange, cephalic area darker, thoracic groove brown. Chelicerae, endites and labium red brown. Sternum yellow, margins brown. Legs orange, metatarsi and tarsi I and II red brown. Abdomen light gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 13.70. Carapace 6.20 long, 4.50 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, ALE 0.30, PME 0.28, PLE 0.28. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 5.40/ II 5.00/ III 4.00/ IV 5.00. Leg spination: I— femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p0-1-1, r0-1-1, v2-1r-0. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r0-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r0-1-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0-1-1, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium sub-oval; AP large, flattened posteriorly, median slit deep, without lateral notches, rectangular, bordering SS; CD short, convergent, folds present but unsclerotised; GK short, globose, base slightly constricted, laterally oriented; SS slightly curved posteriorly, crenulated; spermathecae large, globose (Figs. 114, 115). Variation. Two females: total length 6.80−13.70; carapace 3.20−6.20. Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Other material examined. None.

32 · Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press BONALDO ET AL. FIGURES 106–113. Strotarchus piscatorius (Hentz, 1847), male: 106) palp, ventral; 107) palp, retrolateral; female: 108) epigynum, ventral; 109) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus planeticus Edwards, 1958, female: 110) epigynum, ventral; 111) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus urarina new species, male: 112) palp, ventral; 113) palp, retrolateral. Scale bar = 0.5 mm: 106-107, 110– 113; 0.25 mm: 108–109.

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 33 FIGURES 114–117. Strotarchus tlaloc new species, female: 114) epigynum, ventral; 115) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus michoacan new species, female: 116) epigynum, ventral; 117) epigynum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Strotarchus michoacan new species Figs. 116−117

Type material. Female holotype from Jiquilpan (102º41'W, 19º59'N), Michoacan, Mexico, May 9, 1963, W.J. Gertsch & W. Ivie coll., deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females of Strotarchus michoacan n. sp. resemble those of S. tropicus by the hexagonal atrium, but are easily distinguished by the highly coiled, extremely long, posteriorly enlarged copulatory ducts (Figs. 116, 117). Description. Male. Unknown. Female (Holotype). Carapace orange, cephalic area red brown. Chelicerae red brown, fangs black. Endites and labium red brown, with white distal area. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange, with ventral surface of coxae, metatarsi and tarsi red brown. Abdomen dark gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 12.40. Carapace 4.50 long, 3.40 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.30, ALE 0.22, PME 0.22, PLE 0.22. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 4.30/ II 3.50/ III 3.00/ IV 4.10. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-0, r0, v2-2-1m. II—femur d1-1-1 or 1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0-1-0, r0-0-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-0, p1-1-1, r0-1-1; tibia d1-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2,

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 34 r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-1r; metatarsus d0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium hexagonal, large, anterior margin slightly projected medially; AP large, rounded posteriorly, projected laterally, median slit deep, without lateral notches, rectangular, bordering SS; CD parallel, curved, long; GK short, rounded, laterally oriented; SS enlarged medially; spermathecae not globose, wider than long (Figs. 116, 117). Distribution. Known only from the type locality. Other material examined. None.

FIGURES 118–121. Strotarchus bolero new species, female: 118) epigynum, ventral; 119) epigynum, dorsal. Strotarchus mazamitla new species, female: 120) epigynum, ventral; 121) epigynum, dorsal. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Strotarchus bolero new species Figs. 118−119

Type material. Female holotype from Palo Bolero, 1200 m, Morelos [99º6.0'W, 18º40.8'N], Mexico, Aug. 14, 1955, B. Malkin coll. and female paratype from 10 km south of Temixco [99º13.8'W, 18º51.0'N], Morelos, Mexico, Jul. 14, 1956, W. Gertsch & V. Roth coll., both deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females of Strotarchus bolero n. sp. can be readly recognised by the atrium shape, with anterior margin raised and slightly projected medially (Fig. 118). Description. Male. Unknown. Female (Holotype). Carapace orange, with darker cephalic area, thoracic groove brown. Chelicerae, endites and labium red brown. Sternum yellow with brown margins. Legs orange. Abdomen light gray, spinnerets orange. Total length 9.50. Carapace 3.50 long, 2.60 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.24, ALE 0.22, PME 0.20, PLE 0.20. Che-

REVISION OF THE SPIDER GENUS STROTARCHUS Zootaxa 3363 © 2012 Magnolia Press · 35 licerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 4.40/ II 3.80/ III 3.40/ IV 4.60. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-0-1, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-1r-1p. II—femur d0-1-0, p0-1-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0-0-1, r0, v2-2-0; metatarsus d0, p1-1-1-0-1, r0-0-1, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p0-1-1-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2- 0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2- 2-2; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium sub-squared, superposed laterally to posterior border; AP small, posteriorly pointed, median slit deep, ample, without lateral notches, rounded anteriorly; CD divergent, with few helicoid folds; GK rounded, base heavily constricted, laterally oriented; SS enlarged posteriorly; spermathecae not globose, wider than long (Figs. 118, 119). Variation. Two females: total length 9.50−9.80; carapace 3.50−4.20; femora I 3.60−4.40. Distribution. Mexico. Other material examined. None.

Strotarchus mazamitla new species Figs. 120−121

Type material. Female holotype from Mazamitla [103º1.8'W, 19º55.2'N], Jalisco, Mexico, Aug. 2, 1954, W.J. Gertsch coll., deposited in AMNH. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. Diagnosis. Females of Strotarchus mazamitla n. sp. differ from those of other species with small, slit-like atrium by the procurved atrial posterior margin and by the unfolded copulatory ducts (Figs. 120, 121). Description. Male. Unknown. Female (Holotype). Carapace orange, with cephalic area red brown. Chelicerae red brown, fangs black. Endites and labium brown, distal area white. Sternum yellow with margins red brown. Legs orange. Abdomen light gray with brown transversal dorsal slim stripes. Total length 7.80. Carapace 3.40 long, 2.40 wide. Eye diameters: AME 0.22, ALE 0.22, PME 0.20, PLE 0.20. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal teeth, the median largest, and 2 retromarginal teeth, separated by three times their width. Leg measurements: femur I 3.50/ II 2.80/ III 2.40/ IV 3.40. Leg spination: I—femur d1-1-0, p0-1-1, r0; tibia d0, p0, r0, v1p-2-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-1p-1p. II—femur d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0; tibia d0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v0-1p-0; metatarsus d0, p0, r0, v2-2-1m. III—femur d1-1-1, p1-1-1, r0- 0-1; tibia d0-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v1p-2-0; metatarsus d0-1-0, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. IV—femur d1-1-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-1; tibia d1-1-0, p1-1-0, r1-1-0, v2-2-2; metatarsus d0-2-1p, p1-1-2, r1-1-2, v2-2-1m. Epigynum: atrium narrow, slit-like; AP small, weakly sclerotised, rounded posteriorly, median slit deep, ample, without lateral notches, rounded anteriorly; CD parallel; GK rounded, base heavily constricted, laterally oriented; SS enlarged posteriorly; spermathecae continuous with SS (Figs. 120, 121). Distribution. Known only to the type-locality. Other material examined. None.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the curators and institutions that loaned specimens. To Hilton Costi, Rolf Silva, Naiara Abrahim, Junxia Zhang, Facundo Labarque, Matías Izquierdo and Cristian Grismado for helping with SEM photographs, images and laboratory facilities. Greg Riccardi and Deb Paul aided with the submission of images to Morphbank. Bruno Rodrigues helped with our specimen database. We also thank the reviewers, Charles Haddad and Robert Raven, as well as the Zootaxa editor, Cor Vink, for their most helpful comments and suggestions. The authors were supported by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico - CNPq (ABB PQ grant #303591/ 2006-3, ADB PQ grant #301776/2004-0, RS DOC grant #141884/2009-6), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (ADB #99/05446-8), Nacional Science Foundation, USA (MJR grant EAR-0228699), Agen- cia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, Argentina (MJR grant PICT-2007-01393), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (MJR grant PIP 3209) and Universidad de Buenos Aires (MJR grant UBACYT 2010-2011 01/1240).

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