SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) of the KABELI CORRIDOR 132 kV TRANSMISSION LINE

Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT (KCTLP) Submitted to Kabeli Corridor 132kV Transmission Line Project, Transmission Line I substation Construction Department, Transmission and System Operation Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Prepared by Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services, Pvt. Ltd. (NESS) GPO Box 7301 Kathmandu, Nepal (Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali) Phone: 424.4989/424.1001, Fax: 422.6028

Public Disclosure Authorized [email protected], www.ness.com.np

December, 2011 ,

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1: NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL I INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT. 1 1.1 PROPONENT...... 1 1.2 INSTITUTION RESPONSIBLE FOR PREPARING THE DOCUMENT ...... 1 CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 2 2.0 BACKGROUND ...... 2 2.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 2 2.1.1 Project Location and Accessibility...... 2 2.1.2 Project Salient Features ...... 5 2.3 POPULATION OF PROJECT AFFECTED VDCs ...... 7 CHAPTER 3: STUDY APPROACH, TASKS AND METHODOLOGy...... 12 3.0 SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS REPORT...... 12 3.1 THE ASSIGNMENT ...... 12 3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT...... 12 3.3 COMMUNICATION AND CONSULTATION WITH STAKEHOLDERS ...... 13 3.4 SIA FIELDWORK...... 13 CHAPTER 4: SUMMARY FINDINGS ...... 16 4.1 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT VDCs ...... 16 4.1.1 Physical Characteristics ...... 16 4.2 POPULATION ...... 18 4.3 COMMUNITY GROUPS SAMPLE SURVEYS...... 19 4.3.1 Indigenous Groups (AdivasiIJanjati) Findings ...... 19 4.4 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... : ...... 21 4.4.1 Attitudes and Perceptions towards the KCn Project...... 21 4.4.2 Socio-Economic and Environmental Conditions, Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Project VDCs...... 22

ANNEXES

Annex 1: Survey License Annex 2: Field Study Schedule along with Team Composition Annex 3: Focus Group Discussion Checklist I Format for Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment; Demographic Features of Nearby Settlements and List of Focus Group Participants Annex 4: Detailed Socio-Cultural Data on Characteristics of Indigenous Peoples in the KCTL Project Area

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Salient Features ofthe KCTLP Table 2.2 Population Distribution in the Project VDCs Table 2.3 Population of Different Age Group and Sex, Project Affected VDCs Table 3.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with Indigenous and Vulnerable Groups Table 4.1 Angle Towers (AT) and Power SUbstations (PSIS) in Project Affected VDCs Table 4.2 Number of Angle Towers by Land Type by District Table 4.3 Demographic Characteristics of the Project Districts Table 4.4 Matrix of Socio-Economic Conditions of Households and Communities in Project Affected VDCs

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Project Location Map, KCTLP Figure 2.2 Districts and VDCs across the KCTLP

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project Terms and Definitions

A. Abbreviations

AT Angle tower I CFUG Community Forest User Group DDC District Development Committee • DFO District Forest Office/Officer DOED Department of Electricity Development Environmental Impact Assessment • EIA FGD Focus Group Discussion . Government of Nepal • GON Hhs Households IDA International Development Association Initial Environmental Examination • lEE I INPS Integrated Nepal Power System KCTLP Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project · KV Kilovolt MW Megawatt

I NEA Nepal Electricity Authority NFDIN National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities • NPDP Nepal Power Development Project OP Operational Policies PCRs Physical Cultural Resources • PSIS Power Substation Resettlement Action Plan ~ Right-of-Way SIA Social Impact Assessment SMEF Social Management and Entitlement Framework SMF Social Management Framework TL Transmission Line TLIROW Transmission Line Right-of-Way VDC Village Development Committee .WB World Bank

B. Definitions

Vulnerable Groups in Nepal are defined as groups that have been marginalized economically, socially and politically since ages past by more privileged castes (the erstwhile 'upper' or 'higher' castes) and by Adivasi/Janajati groups (see below). The Vulnerable Groups in the project area include women and Dalits (traditional artisan castes). Poverty is a key feature of vulnerability, though poverty does not discriminate by caste, ethnicity or gender.

Indigenous Peoples or Indigenous Nationalities (also known as Adivasi/Janajati) are defined in Nepal as those ethnic groups or communities that "have their own mother tongue and traditional customs, distinct cultural identity, distinct social structure and written or oral history of their own" (National Foundation for Development of Indigenous Nationalities Act, 2002).

Physical Cultural Resources are defined by the World Bank as archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious resources (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic, or other cultural significance.

Caste (caste group) (in Nepali: jaat or jaat/) is defined as belonging to the Hindu system: e.g., Brahmin, Chhetri, Dalit and other.

Ethnic group is defined as one of the recognized hill or terai Indigenous Peoples (Indigenous Nationalities, or Janjati/Adivasi); e.g., Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Magar and other. See Indigenous Peoples, above. Social Impact Assessment &Management Report Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project ii Chapter 1: NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL I INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT

1.1 Proponent

The proponent of the Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project (KCTLP) is the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). It has obtained survey license (Annex 1) valid up to 2067/3/21 for the development of KCTLP from Department of Electricity Development (DoED).

The NEA is the Government of Nepal undertaking responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy in Nepal. As 2009, NEA has a total of 9,280 staffs working under the Corporate Office and Business Group - the technical wing of NEA. The section responsible for SIA study within the NEA is Kabeli Corridor 132kV Transmission Line Project, Transmission Line 1 substation Construction Department, Transmission and System Operation.

The official address of the proponent for the purpose of the SIA study is as under:

Kabeli Corridor 132kV Transmission Line Project Transmission Line I Substation Construction Department Transmission and System Operation Nepal Electricity Authority Jamal, Kathmandu, NEPAL P.O.Box: 10020 Tel: 00977-1-4153037

1.2 Institution Responsible for Preparing the Document

Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited is assigned as a consultant by NENESSD to carryout the SIA study as per the World Bank Guidelines. The address of the lead consulting firm is as mentioned hereunder.

Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services, Pvt. Ltd. (NESS) Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali GPO Box 7301, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone: 424.4989/424.1001, Fax: 422.6028 [email protected], www.ness.com.np

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 1 I Chapter 2: INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT I

2.0 Background

Development of power projects is always correlated with the power evacuation network available in the proposed power development area. As NEA is the solely responsible utility for expansion and reinforcement of networks of Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS), NEA had conducted several evacuation studies considering the candidate hydroelectric projects.

At present, INPS had 132 kV transmission network from Anarmani in the East to Mahendranagar on the Far-West region running through the Terai Physiographic Zone of the country. As most of the hydroelectric projects are located in the northern hilly region, the limiting factor for the hydropower dev.elopment is pOinted out to be the lack of North South extending high voltage transmission lines in the existing INPS. In the context of the ever increasing electricity demand and annually spiraling load shedding, there is a need of the development of critically important North South high voltage transmission line to facilitate the development of candidate hydropower projects vis-a-vis meet the energy demand and abolish ongoing load shedding.

As of the date there are 17 hydropower projects in the lIam district (67MW), 4 projects in Panchthar (32MW), and 14 projects in Taplejung (312MW). All of the above projects from lIam, Panchthar, and Taplejung have been licensed for development. It is to be emphasized that additional 33 hydropower projects of above 950 MW have applied for survey license to DoED for the hydropower development in the same region. These projects are delayed for a Simple reason that the area lacks an adequate capacity high voltage transmission line to evacuate the power from the area to the consumption centers. It is for this reason, feasibility study conducted in 2003 recognizing the need of development of the proposed Kabeli Corridor as priority high voltage transmission line project in the Eastern Development Region to provide transmission line facility to the licensed hydropower projects to be developed in the immediate future.

2.1 Project Description

2.1.1 Project Location and Accessibility

The Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project (KCTLP) is part of the Government of Nepal's Kabeli Power Generation Project under development by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). The project is funded through the Nepal Power Development Project (NPDP) under a loan from the World Bank/IDA.

The KCTLP is located in Nepal's Eastern Development Region within Mechi and Koshi Zones and passes through four districts: Terathum of Mechi Zone, and Panchthar, lIam and Jhapa of Koshi Zone (Figure 1). The transmission line (TL) corridor is 83.74 km in length, crOSSing 25 VDCs in the four districts. They are (from north to south) one VDC in Terathum District (Chattedhunga), 10 VDCs of Pachthar District (Amarpur, Shubhang, Bharapa, Phidim, Chokmagu, Siwa, Nawamidanda, Imbung, Pauwasartap and Chilingden) , 13 VDCs of lIam District (Phakphok, Chamaita, Ektappa, Mangalbare, Sangarumba, Siddhithumka, Soyak, Godak, Chisapani, Danabari, Mahamai, Bajho and Chulachuli) , and one VDC of .Ihapa District (Lakhanpur). At Lakhanpur, near the city of Damak on the East-West Highway, the transmission lines will link into the national electricity supply grid. Figure 2.2 depicts the districts and VDCs crossed by the Transmission Line.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 2 Figure 2.1. Project Location Map, KCTLP

LEGEND

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KabeI-Oamak 132kV Transmlaaion ~Ine Project

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o NEPAl. ELEC1RICIIY AIJ1'IO!ITY ENGINEERING SERVICE KAIIaJ- DHMf( '32 IN T'RAN8IMf88K)N ~ PROJECT NOT TO SCALE: "EiUIf DI*r""",-1IIoPOI) PROJECT DEVEI..OPMENT DEPARTMENT """""'" I.oooIUon- Map ­

3 Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project Figure 2.2. Districts and VDCs across the KCTLP

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 4 From the South, the KCTLP is first accessed at Sabitrachowk of Lakhanpur VDC of Jhapa District through the all weather Mahendra Highway about 600 km east of Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. The Bhadrapur airport at Jhapa, with daily flight services from Kathmandu is located about 40 km southeast of Sabitrachowk. The KCTLP alignment is also assessed at various points of Mechi highway, extending from Charali (Jhapa), lIam (lIam), Phidim (Panchthar) up to Taplejung (Taplejung). The Mechi Rajmarga is an all weather road up to Phidim. From Phidim to Taplejung it is a fair weather road with jeep and bus services regularly operating for most of the time. Besides, there are a number of fair­ weather roads linking various project VDCs from the Mechi Rajmarga. The major settlements near TL route accessed by fair-weather road linking Mechi Rajmarga are Ekchepa of Subhan VDC; Chokmagu, Maidane and Bhadaure of Chokmagu VDC; Patle Bhanjyang of Nawamidanda VDC; Kolbun, Hanyok and Imbung of Imbung VDC; Sartap of Pauwasartap VDC, Deurali of Phakpok VDC, Phalate Bazaar, Simsara , Chaulagaigau and Thapagau of Chamaita VDC.

2.1.2 Project Salient Features

The proposed KCTLP starts from 132/33 kV SUb-station at Sabitra Chowk of Lakhanpur VDC in the Terai and extend northeast through Chaju Khola at the foothills of Chure and across Chure mountains into the valley of Mai Khola in the Mahabharat and Midland hills. From Soyak, it bifurcates into two branches. The one extending north east is a short 6 km long arm terminating at Godak 132/33 kV substation (Setuwabesi, Godak VDC-3). The longer arm proceeds north-northwest from Soyak up to the Amarpur 132/33 kV Power Sub-Station (PSIS) at Pinasighat, Amarpur VDC-9, Panchthar District, in the northern part of midland zone. Table 2.1 summarizes the VDCs and wards of the four districts traversed by the KCTLP.

Table 2.1: Salient Features of the KCTLP

SN Feature Description Remarks Jhapa, lIam, Panchthar and 1. Project Districts Terhathum i 2. S~stem Data System nominal voltage kV 132 System maximumvoltage kV 145 System nominal freguengy kV 50 3. Line Data 3.1. Total Line Length 83.74Km 3.1.1 Phidim Kabeli 8.7Bkm 3.1.2 Phidim-S;rl

4.1.1 Maximum ambient temperature °c 45 i • 4.1.2 Minimum ambient temperature "c 0 • 4.1.3 Maximum temperature of conductor °c 80 • 4.1.4 Everyda~ teme.erature of conductor "c 32 • 4.2 Wind Loads Wind pressure on the whole ,.. ~Jvvwv ! of I 4.2.1 conductors kg/m2 I 4.2.2 Wind pressure on the whole projected areapf 121

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 5 SN Feature Des'cription Remarks steel angle members kglm< I I 4,2,3 Wind pressure on 1.71 times projected area of • 207 2 steel angle face of structure kglm I j 5. Number of Highway crossing 4 . 6. Number of 33kV Crossing 1 ~~Of 11kV Crossing 5 ~ umber of Angle Points 55 9. Total Number of towers 287 Self supporting Lattice steel ~_TYpe of Towe" structures Approximate area - deviation angle I-up to ~ required for i 10.1 Suspension this type of • - No. ofthis type of tower \ -231 tower 12x12 meter approximate area I - deviation angle Below required for 10.2 Angleffension 6d' this type of -No. ofthis type of tower -53 tower 14x14 meter approximate - deviation angle Up to area 9d' required for 10.3 I Dead end (45' as this type of terminal) tower 16x16 I -No. of this ty,pe of tower -3 J J meter i 7,0 meter at + 65

! 16, Substations IHubs Damak Substation. -to connect Hydro Electric Projects (HEPs) in the Kabeli Corridor to the Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS) 16.1.1 Purpose 16.1 -to improve distribution networks in Jhapa district (Pachgachi and Damak area) and Urlabari of I I Morang District -four number of 132kV I I 16,1.2 \ Line Bays -two number of 33kV I -four number of 11kV i

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 6 SN Feature Description I Remarks

-30 MVA, 132133 kV ! 16.1.3 Transformer -8 MVA, 33/11 kV I "am Hub ! I - to facilitate power evacuation ! I . 16.2.1 i Purpose i from HEPs to be developed in i 16.2 ,I,...._____I--__~______+_I.;.;,.lIa=:.m:.:..;:::.D..:.;;isc;;.tr""'ic.::..-t...~_:_:_:'..,..---__i------__; I two number of 132kV • Line Bays - i 16.2.2 • -two number of 33kV 16.2.3 I Transformer -30 MVA, 132/33 kV ! Phidim Hub I ~ - to facilitate power evacuation 16.3.1 : Purpose i from HEPs to be developed in I 16.3 . Panchthar District I -Four number of 132kV ! 16.3.2 I Line Bays i -two number of 33kV i I 16.3.3 • Transformer -20 MVA, 132/33 kV I I Kabeli Hub 16.4.1 ! Purpose ' Panchthar, Taplejung District I Two 132 kV ! 16.4.2 I Line Bays Two 33 kV 16.4.3 ' Transformer 30 MVA, 132/33kV I Source: Kabell Comdor Transmission Lme Survey Report, Engmeermg Services, NEA, 2010

2.3 Population of Project Affected VDCs

According to the 2001 census, the project VDCs have a total population of 168,747 constituting 13% percent of the total population of the project districts. Average household size is 5.34 with male to female ratio of 1:1.02. The figure for household size of the project VDCs is higher than those of the project districts. Table 2.2 presents the population of the affected VDCs with respective household size, male and female population plus their ratio.

Table 2.2: Population Distribution in the Project VDCs

2001 Census Data . District and VDC Total HH TotalHH Male Female Ratio Population size % % Jhapa District Lakhanpur 13911 2723 5.11 6715 48.27 7196 51.73 1: 1.07

! lIam District Bajho 7324 1308 5.60 3717 50.75 3607 49.25 1: 0.97

Chulachuli 18176 3349 5.43 9018 49.61 9158 50.39 ! 1: 1.02 Mahamai 10776 1964 5.49 5351 49.66 5425 50.34 1: 1.01 Danabari 12693 2400 5.29 6351 50.04 6342 49.96 1: 100 Chisapani 4923 935 5.27 2473 50.23 2450 49.77 1: 0.99 Sopak 3378 619 5.46 1712 50.68 1666 49.32 1: 0.97 Godak 4600 924 4.98 2338 50.83 2262 49.17 1: 0.97 Sidhithumka 3454 676 5.11 1700 49.22 1754 50.78 1: 1.03 Sangrumba 5497 1048 5.25 2739 49.83 2758 50.17 1: 1.01 Mangalbare 6799 1281 5.31 3424 50.36 3375 49.64 1: 0.99 Ektappa 4875 918 5.31 2374 48.70 2501 51.30 1: 1.05 Chameta 6210 1082 5.74 3049 49.10 3161 50.90 1: 1.04 Phakphok 5288 906 5.84 2681 50.70 2607 49.30 1: 0.97 Panchthar District Chilindin 3918 727.00 5.39 1928 49.21 1990 50.79 1: 1.03 Pauwasartap 4322 801.00 5.40 2083 48.20 2239 51.80 1 1.07

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 7 2001 Census Data District and VDC Total HH Total HH Male % Population size % Female Ratio Imbung 2378 455.00 5.23 1144 48.11 1234 51.89 1: 1.08 Nawamidanda 4345 797.00 5.45 2090 48.10 2255 51.90 1'1.08 Siwa 3970 700.00 5.67 1916 48.26 2054 51.74 1: 1.07 Chokmagu 4133 744.00 5.56 1987 48.08 2146 51.92 l' 1.08 Phidim 13652 2927.00 4.66 6854 50.21 6798 49.79 1: 0.99 Bharapa 7268 1301.00 5.59 3560 48.98 3708 51.02 1: 1.04 Subhan 5316 954.00 5.57 2602 48.95 2714 51.05 1: 1.04 Amarpur 7743 1375.00 5.63 3743 48.34 4000 51.66 1. 1.07 Terhathum District Chhatedunga 3798 695 5.46 1811 47.68 1987 52.32 1: 1.10 1: 1.10 Total 168747 31,609 I 5.34 83360 49.40 85387 50.60 Source: CBS, 2001

About 40% of the total populations in the project VDCs are below 14 years of age while those above the 60 years of age constitute 6% of the total population. The population between 15 to 59 years of age constitutes 54%. The age wise distribution pattern of population in the project VDCs is similar to those of the project districts although the population of younger and older is slightly higher in the project VDCs than in the project districts (Table 2.3).

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 8 Table 2.3: Population of Different Age Group and Sex, Project Affected VDCs

AGE GROUPS District GENDER TOTAL VDC %

Jhapa Both 13911 1204 8.66 4631 33.29 3246 23.33 3334 2397 1659 11.93 1041 Lakhanpur Male 6715 594 8.85 2355 35.07 1510 22.49 1525 22.71 793 11.81 532 Female 7196 610 8.48 2276 31.63 1736 24.12 1809 25.14 866 12.03 509 7.07 lIam ..._._.­ .._-- .._._...­ ....­ ..­ _._.­ Both 18176 1930 10.62 5263 28.96 4147 22.82 4720 25.97 1052 5.79 1064 ..~ 5.8~ ..~ Chulachuli Male 9018 996 11.04 2701 29.95 2032 22.53 S189 24.27 549 6.09 ~1 6.11 ..­ _.­ - _ ---­ -.-r---­~-- --­~- Female 9158 934 10.20 2562 27.98 2115 23.09 2531 27.64 503 5.49 513 5.60 ..­ .~ ..­ ----­ ! Both 6210 733 11.80 2626 42.29 1266 20.39 1433 23.08 539 8.68 346 5.57 ! ..­ .­_._- --- Chameta Male 3049 368 12.07 1311 43.00 570 18.69 r--:ro7- 279 9.15 182 5.97 ~19 . -­ - ---­~---r-. Female 3161 365 11.55 1315 41.60 696 22.02 726 22.97 260 8.23 164 5.19 I ...­ ---­ _.- --_.­ . __.­ ----­ Both 4923 545 11.07 1912 38.84 1048 21.29 1218 24.74 465 9.45 280 5.69 ,-­ , Chisapani Male 2473-1--271 10.96 951 38.46 515 20.82 619 25.03 239 9.66 149 6.03 -.­ - ...­ .­ .­ Female 2450 274 11.18 961 39.22 533 21.76 599 24.45 226 9.22 131 5.35 --.--_.r----­ -­ ..­ Both 12693 1412 11.12 5220 41.13 2622 20.66 3039 23.94 1211 9.54 601 4.73 , ~- - Danabari Male 6351 693 10.91 2590 40.78 1291 20.33 1496 23.56 652 10.27 322 5.07 f--­ ._­ .-~ ._­ ._-.­ ----­ --­ Female 6342 719 11.34 2630 41.47 1331 20.99 1543 24.33 559 8.81 279 4.40 .­ --­ -~ --­ ---­c-----1----.-,------­-----­ .~ Both 4875 f 556 11.41 1900 38.97 1017 20.86 1140 23.38 457 9.37 361 7.41 ,----­ ._- 1---­ --­ --­ f---.- - Ektappa Male 2374 272 11.46 f--971 40.90 473 19.92 523 '22:03 218 9.18 189 7.96 --­ -.-­ Female 2501 284 11.36 929 37.15 544 21.75 617 24.67 239 9.56 172 6.88 .... _._-­ - _._-­ ~- ._._-- _._­ _._ -~ _._. -...1---­ .... 1---­ -.-.­ - _._­ ----- f----­ Both 4600 480 10.43 1665 36.20 961 20.89 1192 25.91 485 10.54 297 6.46 ---_.r--­ r---- Godak Male 2338 246 10.52 861 36.83 459 19.63 612 26.18 248 10.61 158 6.76 .-~ ._­ -----­ Female 2262 234 10.34 804 35.54 502 22.19 580 25.64 237 10.48 139 6.15 ----­ ----­----­ ._­ ----­ ----­ - 1---­ - '---­ - ---­ Both 10776 1334 12.38 4719 43.79 2234 -20.73 2343 21.74 1013 9.40 ~67 4.33 r-­ ,-----­ --­ -.--­ -- Mahamai Male 5351 675 12.61 2346 43.84 1082 20:22-~18~89 554 10.35 251 4.69 I---­ ..­ - ---­~---1-­ --­f----­ Female 5425 659 12.15 2373 43.74 1152 21.24 1225 22.58 459 8.46 216 3.98 ... . __.­ 1--­ _ __.­.._...­ Both 6799 632 9.30 2478 36.45 1497 22.02 1719 25.28 697 10.25 408 6.00 1--._­--­ ---_.­ Mangalbare Male 3424 316 9.23 1278 37.32 721 ~06-r---a42 24.59 376 10.98 207 6.05 r---­ -.- _.­ r-­ ....--1-­ ---­ Female 3375 316 9.36 1200 35.56 776 22.99 877 25.99 321 9.51 201 5.96 ~-.- -­ .. 1----­ -. - Phakphok Both 492 6.22 5288 632 11.95 L_. _.___2141 40.49 1064 20.12 1262 23.87 9.30 329 ,_.­ _._'--­ - ~-.-.- Social Impact Assessment & Management Report, Kabel; Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 9 AGE GROUPS District ----­ --­ ------­ --­ "­ GENDER TOTAL 0-4 15·24 25-49 50-59 VDC % 5-14 YEARS % % % % Over 60 % YEARS Years Years Years Male 2681 330 12.31 1089 40.62 522 19,47 640 23.87 254 9,47 176 6.56 r------­ -----­ --­ -----~ --­ Female 2607 302 11.58 1052 40.35 542 20.79 622 23.86 238 9.13 153 5.87 1-----f---­ -----r- Both 3378 339 10.04 1253 37.09 717 21.23 826 24.45 357 10.57 225 6.66 r---.-­ f--­ -- Soyak Male 1712 205 11.97 655 38.26 360 21.03 408 23.83 180 10.51 109 6.37 t------. --c---. 1---­ ---­ r·----~ -----­ - --­ -----­ --­ --.---­ Female 1666 134 8.04 598 35.89 357 21.43 418 25.09 177 10.62 116 6.96 -­ ------­ ---­ ---­ f----. --- r---. Both 3454 !-364 10.54 1279 37.03 736 21.31 860 24.90 326 9.44 253 7.32 '----: ---­I---. ----­ f--­ --­ --­ --- Sidhithumka Male 1700 190 11.18 641 37.71 349 20.53 421 24.76 171 10.06 118 6.94 Female 1754 174 9.92 638 36.37 387 22.06 439 25.03 155 8.84 135 7.70 -­ f------r--­ Both 5497 634 11.53 2150 39.11 1136 20.67 1284 23.36 562 10.22 365 _. 6.64 _.----­ -----­ --­ -­ c-----. -~ 1---. c-----. -­ Sangrumba Male 2739 314 11.46 1077 39.32 547 19.97 640 23.37 282 10.30 193 7.05 --­ Female 2758 320 11.60 1073 38.91 589 21.36 644 23.35 280 10.15 172 6.24 -' --­ -­ --~.--- Panchthar ---_.--­ ------,--­ --­ r-­ ------­ Both 3918 569 14.52 1741 44,44 670 17.10 901 23.00 362 9.24 244 6.23 --­ -f---. ----­ --- Chilindin Male 1928 294 15.25 884 45.85 305 15.82 427 22.15 180 9.34 132 6.85 _.--­ ----­ f-. --­ -­- Female 1990 275 13.82 857 43.07 365 18.34 474 23.82 182 9.15 112 5.63 -­ _. 1----­-.­ 1-'­ --­ Both 4322 593 13.72 1860 43.04 853 19.74 935 21.63 427 9.88 247 5.71 -.­ f----­ ---- Pauwasartap Male 2083 308 1479 940 45.13 384 18.43 410 19.68 212 10.18 137 6.58 _. ;---. --_. --­ f---­ -­ ----­ Female 2239 285 12.73 920 41.09 469 20.95 525 23,45 215 9.60 110 4.91 --­ -~ ------­ ------­ f------­ --- --­ --­ f-----­ _. Both 2378 311 13.08 982 41.30 444 18.67 510 21,45 262 11.02 180 7.57 Imbung Male 1144 168 14.69 479 41.87 208 18.18 251 21.94 114 9.97 92 8.04 _.--­ ----­ f-. -- 1----­ --­ ----­ --­ f---­- Female 1234 143 11.59 503 40.76 236 19.12 259 20.99 148 11.99 88 7.13 ~------­ f----.- -.­ f--. Both 4345 499 11.48 1195 27.50 913 21.01 1095 25.20 265 6.10 378 8.70 _. - .-­ -­ c-----. Nawamidanda Male 2090 238 11.39 591 28.28 440 21.05 522 24.98 116 5.55 183 8.76 _.---1---­ Female 2255 261 11.57 604 26.78 473 20.98 573 25,41 149 6.61 195 8.65 _.--­ --­ Both 3970 509 12.82 1646 784 865 21.79 433 10.91 242 6.10 41.46 -----­ ----c-- Siwa Male 1916 246-'12.84 801 41.81 365 19.05 393 20.51 229 11.95 128 6.68 -­ --­ '---1­ --­ Female 2054 263 12.80 845 41.14 419 20.40 472 22.98 204 9.93 114 5.55 _.­ -­ ----­ -­ --­ c----­ Both 4133 569 13.77 1721 41.64 789 19.09 883 21.36 431 10.43 309 7,48 -f--­ --- Chokmagu Male 1987 292 14.70 856 43.08 366 18.42 399 20.08 215 10.82 151 7.60 _.-----_.--­ 1--­ --­ ---I---. --­ f-­ -­ --­ Female 2146 277 12.91 865 40.31 423 19.71 484 22.55 216 10.07 158 7.36 ~-- --­ Both 13652 1579 11.57 5279 38.67 3043 22.29 3563 26.10 1169 8.56 598 4.38 Phidim Male 6854 787 11.48 2669 38.94 1419 20.70 1836 26.79 618 9.02 312 4.55 ----~--- Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 10 AGE GROUPS District ---­ -,------,----­ --,---­ -----.------­ ------­ ----­ GENDER TOTAL 0-4 15-24 25-49 50-59 VDC % 5-14 YEARS % % % % Over 60 % YEARS Years Years Years Female 6798 792 11.65 2610 38.39 1624 23.89 1727 25.40 551 8.11 286 4.21 f------­ -­ --­ -.­--..- - ..­ --­ Both 7268 930 12.80 3093 --42.56 1419 19.52 1649 22.69 645 8.87 462 6.36 -----­ --­ ---.­ -­ ---.­ ---­ --- Bharapa Male 3560 434 12.19 1508 42.36 722 20.28 788 22.13 319 8.96 223 6.26 ----.­ --­ Female 3708 496 13.38 1585 42.75 697 18.80 861 23.22 326 8.79 239 6.45 --.-­ ._-­ ----._--­ -----­ -­ Both 5316 608 11.44 2171 40.84 1037 19.51 1180 22.20 491 9.24 437 8.22 Subhan Male 2602 324 12.45 1114 42.81 482 18.52 543 20.87 234 8.99 229 8.80 Female 2714 284 10.46 1057 38.95 555 20.45 637 23.47 257 9.47 208 7.66 ,-----­ Both 7743 1033 13.34 3351 43.28 1450 18.73 1724 22.27 645 8.33 573 7.40 -- Amarpur Male 3743 531 14.19 1647 44.00 690 18.43 818 21.85 315 8.42 273 7.29 ------­ ------~ -­ Female 4000 502 12.55 1704 42.60 760 19.00 906 22.65 330 8.25 300 7.50 ,------Terhathum ------­ .--­ ~2,---Both 3798 455 --11 98 ­ 1473 _. 22.62 376 9.90 346 9.11 Chhatedunga Male 181-1 c-­ 221 ~20:--722 22.25 180 9.94 167 9.22 ...Female 1987 234 11,78 751 _ 22.95 196 9.86 179 9.01 ~:[~:l~~~! --­ --­ Source: CBS, 2001

Social Impact Assessment & Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 11 I Chapter 3: STUDY APPROACH, TASKS AND METHODOLOGY I

3.0 Social and Environmental Requirements and Objectives of This Report

As per amendments of EPR schedules on January 27, 2010 (refer EPR, Schedule 1, Uu.Uu.1), the KCTLP is required to conduct Initial Environmental Examination (lEE) study and its approval from the Ministry of Energy (MoEn). However, it will also have to comply with the provisions of Guidelines to Permit Forest Land for Other Purpose (2006) of the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation. The NEA has conducted the lEE study of the above project and already received approval on lEE study on September 201 O.

Since the NEA is seeking financial assistance from the World Bank, all the Operational Policies of World Bank have to be complied prior the initiation of the project. It is in this context, the World Bank has requested the NEA to prepare the Social Impact Assessment Report, Social Management Framework, and Resettlement Action Plan of Angle Tower of the 132 kV KCTLP. Through competitive bidding process, NESS has secured this consulting assignment through NEA.

3.1 The Assignment

This assignment is to develop social aspects of the project preparation in compliance with relevant Nepali domestic laws, policies and World Bank operational poliCies. Its scope of work is as follows:

• Develop a socioeconomic profile of the project area and highlight key social, economic, cultural, ethnic and political features of the project areas, as well as key issues that should be considered under the project preparation;

• Identify broadly adverse social impacts under the project and determine which World Bank poliCies are triggered under the project and recommend the approach for planning as required by the Government and World Bank policies;

• Develop the required planning instruments to meet the World Bank requirements for appraisal, particularly on involuntary resettlement and indigenous people; and

• Carry out public consultations in the project areas to feed their concerns and recommendations into the project design.

3.2 Project Management

Understanding the objectives and scope of works, the consultant started the services with the following management approaches:

• Selection of those methods and technologies that have been tested and proven to be optimum and successful in ongoing and past projects. • Socially and culturally acceptable grassroots level planning. • Close contact and effective co-ordination with the client and with all concerned authorities. • In-depth knowledge of technical, financial management and accounting, gender and social development and institutional aspects. • Full use of available and applicable reports, guidelines, standards, maps and drawings, other relevant information that are found to be useful for execution and completion of the proposed services in accordance with accepted professional standards and practices. • Selection and timely mobilization of appropriate project team members. • Clear distinction of roles and responsibilities for each members of the team under strict adherence to the work schedule. • Strict adherence to the work schedule. • Work product of high quality to meet the study objectives. • Systematic monitoring of both process and performance.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, KabeJi Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 12 • Completion of the proposed services within the stipulated time. • Sufficient flexibility to respond to desired changes and direction. • Enhancement of environmental qualities and environmental protection at all times during works

Additionally, for quality assurance of the project works, the consultant has established backstopping with technical and administrative support to the consulting team. The objective of such backstopping support is to assist in maintaining a quality assurance system, provide required facilities and support to the team, establish an expert mechanism for solving problem, audit performance and take preventive and corrective measures aimed for quality performance. The field survey team, their areas of expertise and other details are given in Annex 2 of this report.

The team leader of the study was in constant contact with all the team members during the survey. The . team was briefed every morning and progress was debriefed in a regular interval. The team leader was in regular contact with NEA focal person during the study. The approach followed included:

• Frequent, effective co-ordination and communication with the client. • Effective co-ordination and interaction with the team members. • Good and reliable management of the field logistics, equipment and other support facilities. • Careful management of the movement to and fro from the field site. • Use of standard formats and questionnaires for ensuring to the point, objective and uniform data collection and collation.

3.3 Communication and Consultation with Stakeholders

The project involves multiple stakeholders of different interests. Without a close consultation, cooperation and partiCipation of these stakeholders the objectives of the SIA study could not be realized. Thus, a mechanism of maximization of consultation and cooperation of the stakeholders were followed during the entire period of study. Awareness building of the stakeholders and use of multiple participation approaches were key focus area for realizing wider participation of the stakeholders in all stages of the SIA studies.

During the study period, the concerns and suggestions of stakeholders were collected, reviewed and incorporated in the SIA reports.

The project stakeholders were involved at three different stages. In the initial stage, primary focus of the plan was to introduce the project and its likely implication to the people at the local level and seek information and concerns of the people on the project and/or identify issues that are not well understood and need further investigation to understand their implications. The second stage of the Plan was to seek information on the baseline conditions of various resources at local level, their use, their importance, critical factors that govern the existing baseline etc. The third stage of the Plan was to seek information on the programs and measures and their adequacy to avoid, minimize, and compensate the adverse social impacts of the projects and maximize the social benefits. The findings from stakeholder discussions and interviews are presented succinctly in §4 below (and in more detail in Annex 4).

Various tools, methods and means can be utilized to involve the people in the project decision making process particularly related to social aspects. Public Notification, Distribution of Brochures, Rapid Rural Appraisal, PartiCipatory Rural Appraisal, Informal Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Interviews with Key Informants, Census Social Survey of the Affected Populations, etc., were applied depending upon local conditions. The FGD checklist for women, Adivashi/Janajati, Dalit is included in Annex 3 of this report.

3.4 SIA Fieldwork

The study team members have interacted with the local government, organizations, institutions, NGOs, CBOs and the members of civil societies to actively take part in the SIA, RAP and SMF studies. During the course of study, the consulting team members have noted the views and ideas of the stakeholders and encourage them to provide further input for successful completion of the study and implementation of the project.

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 13 The SIA, RAP and SMF requirements mentioned in OP of World Bank and GoN requirements were taken as a reference during the entire study period. It is widely agreed that for the project to be feasible for implementation it should be technically feasible, financially viable and socio­ economically and environmentally acceptable.

The study team of NESS has used "already available information" for the SIA study and analysis so as to minimize time for the study accomplishment. Primary information was sought only in cases where there were complete gaps.

For the SIA study, the contractor mobilized a multidisciplinary team of 10 specialists, proceeding in five groups of two specialists each, to conduct the fieldwork along the KCTLP TL corridor across the four project affected districts in eastern Nepal. Ultimately, the entire TL right-of-way, Angle Tower (AT) sites and Power Sub·Station (PSIS) sites were covered.

Each team first read all available reports and details of the project to become familiar with the project site. In the field, selected portions of relevant reports were carried for reference, along with maps with towerlcorridor details. A detailed questionnaire was prepared to be administered to those householders whose land has been selected for angle tower or sub-station construction, And, focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with a sampling of Adivasi/Janajati, Dalit, and Women's groups from the VDCs affected by the KCTLP (Annex 3).

During the 10 days of fieldwork, the following specific tasks were accomplished:

1. Conducted a desk review of available information from previous surveys (lEE) and secondary data from the districts and VDCs concerned.

2. Reviewed GON and WB legal and policy frameworks, focusing on the key social, economic, cultural, ethnic and political characteristics of the project area, including socio-political, environmental, socio-economic, and employment and livelihood patterns of the local people.

3. Identified and interviewed landowners of the pre-selected AT and PSIS construction sites with a predesigned questionnaire. Data were collected on their demographics, socio-cultural features, livelihood and employment patterns, use of natural resources, association or participation in formal and informal institutions, and their relationships/interactions with other ethnic groups. The affected sites include private land (where private landowners were interviewed), community forest (where community forest user group members were interviewed), and government land (government agencies were consulted at the DDC level).

4. Screened for the presence of Indigenous Peoples (Adivasi/Janajati) and Vulnerable Groups (Dalit, Women) residing under or within 250 meters of the proposed transmission line corridor, and focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with a representative sample of such groups. Altogether 53 FGDs were conducted (Table 3.1). These discussions were designed to determine ethnic identity markets such factors as (a) self-identification and recognition of the identity by others, (b) collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories and associated natural resources, (c) presence of distinct customary cultural, economic, social or political institutions, and (d) indigenous languages. Data were collected on demographics, socio-cultural features, livelihood and employment patterns, use of natural resources, formal and informal institutions, and their relationships/interactions with other ethnic groups.

5. Note that all consultations, interviews and discussions (in both #3 & 4, above) focused on the impacts on people and communities of land acquisition for Angle Towers, impacts on local livelihood patterns due to TL construction, general resource use in the communities (including both common natural and cultural resources used), and the presence and significance of other religious, cultural and/or historical resources. For further discussion see Annex 4.

6. Other project-affected individuals, communities and groups, and other stakeholders were also identified and interviews/discussions were carried out, including with local government bodies/agencies (DDCs, VDCs, DFOs, CBOslNGOs, ethnic and caste group associations, and

Social Impact Assessment &Management Repori, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 14 forest user groups), to assess their views, concerns, expectations and advice regarding the project.

Table 3.1 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with Indigenous and Vulnerable Groups

Ethnic Vulnerable Total District VDC Ward Settlement group Groups FGDs Terathum Chattedhunga 8. 9 Tudikhel Tamang Dalit . Women 3 Panchthar • Amarpur 9 Pinasi ghat Majhi -­ Women 2 Subhang 2 Chautara Limbu -­ Women 2 Bharapa 9 Simkharka Tall1ang · Dalit Women 3

Phidim 1 Dandagaun - -­ Women 1 1 Chokmagu Maidane -­ -­ Women 1 Siwa 1 Siwa Limbu -­ Women 2 I Nawamidanda · Pattie Bhanjhyang - -­ Women 1 i Imbung 1 Sisuba Limbu -­ Women 2 Pauwasartap 2 Sartap Limbu -­ Women 2 Chilingden 2 i Chap lung Limbu · ­ Women 2 ilam · Phakphok 5 Simkharka Rai -­ Women 2 Chamaita 9 i Phalate i Rai -­ Women 2 i Chamaita 9 i Simsara -­ • Dalit -­ 1 · Ektappa 1 Metalung Gurung Dalit Women 3 Mangalbare 7 i Sunwargaun Sunwar -­ I­ 1 Mangalbare ·... Sabjung - -­ '-Women 1 Sangrumba 9 Talkharka i Tamang -­ - 1 Sangrumba i JitpureBazaar - -­ Women 1 Sidhithumka 6 i Gorkhe Gau Limbu ! - 1 Sidhithumka KhandrungPanchami - Women 2 ~yak · Yannang - ~ -­ 1 · Soyak i Nawami - -­ Women 1 i Godak 3 Bhandaribesi . Magar Dalit Women 3 Chisapani 9 i Aapdanda Limbu · -­ \/\/Ornen 2 Danabari 9 i Saduadanda Rai -­ Women i 2 ~ahamai 5 Tamakhe - Dalit Women 2 ~ajho 2 I Jhilke Rai -­ Women 2 Chulachuli 5 • Sarkitar Rai -­ i Women 2 Jhapa Lakhanpur Geuriya -- Women 1 I Lakhanpur · Sabitra Chok - Dalit 1 Total: 53

The data collected in the field, from discussions, interviews and observations, have been compiled, collated and processed as appropriate, with speCial attention to stakeholder perspectives, needs, observations, issues and suggestions. They are presented here succinctly in the body of the report, with supporting tables and further details presented in Annex 4.

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 15 I Chapter 4: SUMMARY FINDINGS I

4. Summary Findings

4.1 Overview of the Project VDCs1

4.1.1 Physical Characteristics

Twenty five VDCs in four districts are directly impacted by the KCTL Project. Three districts are in the hills (Pahad): Terathum, Panchthar and lIam; and one is in the lowland Terai: Jhapa. Of the 51 power line angle towers (AT) sited along the TL corridor, 47 are located in the three hill districts - Terathum: 1, Panchthar: 17 and lIam: 28 and four in the terai district (Jhapa). There are also three power substation (PSIS) sites, two in the hills at Phidim VDC (Panchthar District) and Godak VDC (llam District), and one in the terai at Lakhanpur VDC (Jhapa District).

The transmission lines cross land that is generally rural, agricultural and relatively well populated, including cultivated (private) land, community forest land, government forest land, and barren land (and a few villages). For AT site numbers and location by VDC, ward and settlement, see Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Angle Towers (AT) and Power Substations (PSIS) in Project Affected VDCs

SN VDC Ward Nearest Infrastructure Land Type I Remarks SetUement AT PSIS I TERHATHUM DISTRICT (1 AT) 1. Chhatedhunga 7 Bokre AP-1 Private land, cultivated

I PANCHTHAR DISTRICT (19 AT, 1 PSIS) 2. Amarpur 8 Pinaseghat AP-O Private land, cultivated 3. Sub hang 2 Chulidanda, AP-2 Government land, barren Siruwani 4. Sub hang 2 Dabaltar AP-3 Government land, barren 5. Bharapa (transmission lines pass over VDC, but no angle tower)

6. I Phidim 4 Dangalgaun v' Government land, barren Numbered AP·4 land 7. Phidim 4 Gadgidanda AP-5 Private land, cultivated 8. Chokmagu 1 Dangalgaun AP-6 Government land, barren 9. I Chokmagu 8 Jorkulo AP-7 Private land, cultivated

10. i Chokmagu 6 Gauthali AP-8 Private land, cultivated 11. i Chokmagu 7 i Maidane AP-9 Private land. cultivated

12. I Siba 5 Maluwa AP-11 Private land, cultivated

13. Siba 4 i Siba AP-12 Private land, cultivated 14. i Siba 4 Magar AP-13 Private land, cultivated

15. i Siba 4 Srimantar AP~14 Private land, cultivated 16. Siba 4 Khamladin AP-15 Private land, cultivated 17. Nawamidanda 4 Patale Bhanjyang AP-16 Private land, cultivated 18. Imbung 8 Hongue AP-17 Private land, cultivated 19. Imbung 1 Panitankyadanda, AP-18 Private land, cultivated Sisuwa 20. Pauwasartap 2 Sartap AP-19 Private land, cultivated 21. Chilinden 2 Lukuwa AP-20 Private land, cultivated 22. Chilinden 3 Kamerudanda, AP-21 Government land, barren Deurali ILAM DISTRICT (26 AT,1 PSIS)

1. This SIA report focuses largely on the socio-economic situation in the population of the 25 project·affected VDCs. For further district level data, see the lEE Report §6.3.1: Project Districts. Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 16 - 23. Phakphok -­ (transmission lines pass over VDC, butno angle tower) 24., Chamaita 9 Simsara AP-22 Private land, cultivated 25. Ektappa (transmission lines pass over VDC, but no angle tower) 2S.! Mangalbare 5 Sabjung AP-23 Private land, cultivated 27. Mangalbare 2 Dandagaun AP-24 Private land, cultivated 28. Mangalbare 4 Surkedanda, AP-25 Government land, other National Tea Development Panitar Board 29. I Siddhithumka ? Buddhachowk. AP-26 Private land. cultivated Kalsing 30. Siddhithumpka 4 Khandrung, AP-27 Private land, cultivated Panchami 31. Siddhithumpka 3 Chuligaun AP-28 Government forest 32. Sangarumba -­ (transmission lines pass over VDC, but no angle tower) 33., Soyak 7 Nawamidanda AP-29 Private land, cultivated ~yak 7 Dhode AP-30 Private land, cultivated 35.' Soyak 9 Bikramdanda, AP-15 Private land, cultivated ! Sirkot 3S. Soyak 6 Tamakipa, AP-16 Private land, cultivated Bahana ---­ 37'1 Chisapani 9 Lamudanda, AP-17 Private land, cultivated Borung 38. i Chisapani 9 Karkidanda AP-18 Private land, barren 39. Danawari 9 Hangrayo, AP-19 Private land, cultivated Bhalukhop 40. Danawari 9 Hatikharka AP-110 Private land, barren 41. Mahamai 5 Tamakhe AP-111 Private land, cultivated 42. Mahamai 5 Sanguri AP-42 Private land, cultivated 43. Mahamai 5 Sanguri AP-43 Community Forest 44. Bajho (transmission lines pass over VDC, but no angle tower) 45. Chulachuli 5 Beteni AP-44 Government land. barren 4S.' Chulachuli 5 Beteni AP-45 Government forest 47. Chulachuli 5 Sarkitar AP-46 Private land, cultivated 48. Chulachuli 4 Budhi Khola AP-D6 Private land, cultivated ~- 49.1 Chulachuli 3 Barhagothe, Siran AP-D5 Private land, cultivated

SO. i Soyak ! 1 Balase AP-13 Private land, cultivated 51. Chisapani 4 Rangapani AP-12 Government land, barren 52. Godak 3 Setuwabesi ~ Government land, barren PSIS has no AP number 53.1 Godak 3 Danawaribesi, AP-11 Private land, cultivated Bhandaribesi 54. JHAPA DISTRICT (5 AT, 1 PSIS) 55.! Lakhanpur 3 Ratuwa Mai AP-D4 Government land, barren 56.1 Lakhanpur 1 Rangkathko AP-D3 Government land, barren Tuppa ..---. 57. Lakhanpur 1 Rangathko Tuppa AP-D2 Government land, barren ..­ I-­ . 58.1 Lakhanpur 1 Geuriva AP-D1 Government land, barren

59. Lakhanpur 1 Pathibharachowk, AP-DO Government land, barren SO. ! Lakhanpur 1 Camak ~ Government land, barren PSIS has no AP number

All three Power Sub-Stations are located on government land (barren), but the Angle Towers are sited on a variety of land types (Table 4.1). See Table 4.2 for the total number of Angle Towers by land type for each district.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 17 Table 4.2 Number of Angle Towers by Land Type by District

Land Type Terathum Panchthar lIam Jhapa Totals • Private land, cultivated 1 15 18 - 34 • Private land, barren - -­ 2 - 2 • Community forest - -­ 1 - 1 • Government forest -­ -­ 2 2 • Government land, barren - 4 2 5 11 • Government land, other -­ -­ 1 - 1 Totals 1 19 26 5 51

4. 2 Population

The Initial Environmental Examination (lEE), corroborated by the findings of this SIA Report, indicate that the 25 project VDCs through which the transmission lines pass have a total population of 168,747 (13% of the total population of the four districts), based on the 2001 census. The average household size is 5.34, with a male:female ratio of 1:1.02 (49.40% male to 50.60% female) (Ref. Table 4.3)

Table 4.3 Demographic Characteristics of the Project Districts

Total of District Jhapa lIam Panchthar Terhathum Project Districts Total Population 688,109 282,806 202,056 113,111 1,286,082 Male Population 341,675 142,434 99,042 54,932 638,083 Female Population 346,434 140,372 103,014 58,179 647,999 Male: Female ratio 1.01 0.99 1.04 1.06 1.02 No. of Households 137,301 54,565 37,260 20,682 249,808 Average Household Size 5.01 5.18 5.42 5.47 5.15 Area in sq. Km. 1,606 1,703 1,241 679 4,550 Population Density Person/sq.km. 428 166 163 167 283 Source: CBS, 2001

About 40% of the population of the project-affected VDCs is below 14 years of age, 54% is between the ages of 14 and 60, and 6% is above 60 years of age (lEE §6.3.2.1: Population).

More than 70 caste and ethnic groups inhabit the project VDCs. 2 The caste groups (as distinct from ethnic groups/Indigenous Nationalities) residing in the project VDCs fall into two general categories: (a) Brahmin and Chhetri (the so-called 'advantaged', or 'upper' or 'higher' castes), and (b) Dalit (or artisan castes, the socio-economically 'disadvantaged' or 'vulnerable' groups, sometimes called 'lower' castes).

The Vulnerable Groups, as defined in GON and WB development policy, include both Dalit castes and Women (irrespective of caste or ethnicity). (See Terms and Definitions, above.) The Dalit castes found in the project area are, in order of magnitude, the Kami or Blacksmith caste (3.56%), Damai or Dholi, Tailor caste (1.69%), and Sarki or Leatherworker caste (0.47%). All other Dalits (mostly in the Terai district of Jhapa) account for less than 1% each.

At the district level, the Brahmin and Chhetri castes predominate numerically. When considered together the Brahmin/Chhetri castes total 39.51 % of the population of the four districts, but at the level of the project-affected VDCs they only account for 26% of the population. By comparison, the major

2. See 'caste' and 'ethnic group' under Definition of Terms, above. Note that in some reports (including the lEE), the distinction between caste and ethnic groups is sometimes blurred. Following GON and WB policy regarding the identification of and special consideration for Indigenous Peoples, we distinguish clearly between them in this report. (See also lEE §6.3: Socia-Economic Environment, especially Table 6.3.20: Caste/Ethnic Groups in the Project VDCs; lEE Table 6.3.18: Population Distribution in the Project VDCs; and lEE Table 6.3.19: Population of Different Age Group and Sex, Project Affected VDCs.) Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, KabeJi Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 18 indigenous ethnic groups predominate numerically at the VDC level, with an overall 54% of the population.

There are ten ethnic groups resident in the four districts of the project. They are defined as Indigenous Nationalities (AdivasilJanjati). (See Terms and Definitions, above.) Eight are hill ethnic groups, including Limbu, Rai, Tamang and Magar; and two are lowland (Terai) ethnic groups (Rajbansi, Santhal). The more populous ethnic groups are the Limbu, Rai, Tamang and Magar. The smaller groups include Gurung, Majhi, Sunwar, Tharu, and others. 3

The Muslims resident in the project area account for only 0.02% of the population. They are found in three of the four project-affected districts: Jhapa (6.63% of the district population), Panchthar (0.57%) and Terathum (1.4%). Their percentage within the total population of the four project affected districts is 3.38%.

4.3 Community Groups Sample Surveys

4.3.1 IndigenolJs Groups (Adivasi/Janjati) Findings

Focus Group Discussions were held with representative groups of these Indigenous Peoples: Limbu (total population in the project VDCs: 42,925 or 24%), Rai (29,250 or 16.61%), Tamang (10,613 or 6%), Magar (7,045 or 3.99%), Gurung (1,647 or 0.93%), Majhi (714 or 0.40%) and Sunwar (1,416 or 0.80%) (CBS, 2001). Taken together all ethnic groups represent slightly over half of the population of the four project districts.

In the following summary of findings, a number of significant points are made including factors relating to ethnic identity and cultural heritage and specific or unique identifying cultural markers, their place in the larger society, ethnic group livelihoods and lifestyle (e.g., traditional cultural attributes, and contemporary conditions including group health, education and employment), their relative level of achievement, and perceptions of the project and of issues or needs arising. (For more detail by individual group, see Annex 4.)

a) Ethnic History, Origins and Identity

The project districts (Terathum. Panchthar. lIam and Jhapa) are four among the districts of eastern Nepal. Traditionally, this region of east Nepal (Arun purba; lit. 'East of the Arun river') has been known as Limbuwan, literally 'Land of the Limbus' (from which the contemporary Limbuwan political movement takes its name). The Limbu and Rai Indigenous Peoples are often lumped together and called, collectively, the Kiranti ethnic people. (Sometimes Sunwar are included in the list of Kiranti people). The Kirant, or Kiranti. are the true indigenous peoples of eastern Nepal. Other ethnic groups such as Tamang, Magar, and Gurung have migrated into the eastern hills only in recent generations from ancestral homelands farther west in the hill districts of central and western Nepal.

The Limbus of the project VDCs have especially strong self-identity, which is maintained through several local ethnic and cultural groups. Other groups, like the Gurung of Ektappa VDC and the Sunwar of Mangabare VDC are in the process of reclaiming their traditional ethnic and cultural identity.

b) Language and Oral Tradition

Only a few of the Indigenous Peoples of the project area speak indigenous local languages. Most have no unique language other than Nepali, the national language, which all speaks. The Kiranti ethnic groups (Limbu, Rai, Sunwar) each have their own language written in a unique Kiranti script (e.g., Yakthumba or Kiranti among the Limbu; Wantawa among the Rai; and Sunwar among the Sunwar). In addition, some Tamang and Magar speak their own language. In some locales there is a contemporary attempt to revitalize linguistic tradition by introducing it as a subject in school (e.g., Limbu and Rai).

3. For details, see lEE Table 6.3.20: Caste/Ethnic Groups in the Project VDCs. For comparative district-level data see Table 6.3.3: Ethnic Composition of the Project Districts. Note that the latter table includes some caste groups. Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabel; Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 19 c) Folk tales, song and dance

Each ethnic group has its own traditional folk tales, songs· and dances; with accompanying instruments. Most also practice Pan-Nepali folk music traditions. Indigenous folk music is typically heard during festivals that are unique to each ethnic group, and it is at these times that unique ethnic forms of dress are worn.

d) Festivals

While all celebrate the Pan-Nepali festivals of Dashain, Diwali (Tihar), Sankranti, and various seasonal or calendrical events, some have their own unique traditional celebrations. Sometimes ethnic names are given to national festivals (e.g., Limbu call Diwali as Yumasam). The most popular seasonal festivals are Ubhau/i, a spring festival prior to the cultivation of the rice crop, and Udhau/i, a fall harvest festival.

A main value of celebrating traditional festive events is to maintain cultural identity, mutual relationships and social order. In a few instances, locals are attempting to revive ancient and traditional festival events, including the wearing of ethnic costume and the recitation and singing of folk tales and songs (e.g., Gurung of Ektappa VDC, Sunwar of Mangalbare VDC).

e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites

Religion, ritual occasions and sacred sites

The ethnic groups practice Hinduism, Buddhism and/or forms of Animism or Shamanism -­ sometimes combined in such ways that they are hard to separate. Tamang, and some Magar, for example, are Buddhist and observe the Buddhist New Year (Lhosar) and Buddha's Birthday (Buddha Jayantl). Limbus and Rais practice local Kiranti religions (Manghim or Mangdhan to Limbus) which have a strong Nature worship orientation, recognizing sacred ground, stones, trees and water sites. Certain water sites (rivers, ponds) are especially sacred to one or another of the ethnic groups, including the Mai Khola (river) and others. All riversides and river waters are sacred to the Majhi, a fisherman group.

Some sacred sites are quite hear the Angle Tower sites, but no AT is sited directly on recognized sacred ground.

Funerary practice and burial sites

Both cremation and burial are practiced, and for some groups there are designated burial grounds, usually in association with a sacred grove or forest. The Limbu, for example, have well known cemeteries where they erect elaborate monuments in memory of the dead. The Majhi, unique among the ethnic groups, bury their dead on the river bank. No Angle Tower is known to be sited on a burial or cremation ground.

f) Life CrisislLife Cycle Events

The main life crises events are birth (and accompanying naming ceremonies), marriage (arranged, or love marriage and, in some instances, marriage by an older custom of capture or kidnapping), and death rituals (followed by burial or cremation). The wedding events (bibaha) are quite similar to those observed across Nepal, with a wedding party Uantl) , gift giving, and the like, following a patrifocal system (where the bride lives in the groom's house, with his extended family).

g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage

Distinct style of dress

Uniquely distinctive styles of dress, for men and for women, are common, although modern forms of dress have overtaken these traditions (especially among youth). Ethnic dress is typically seen during local cultural events and festival celebrations.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 20 Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry

Most instruments, tools, and ornaments are Pan-Nepali, though in a few instances unique and usually ancient ethnic variations are seen.

h) Socio-Cultural and Political Organizations

Socia-cultural and political associations

The larger and, therefore, socially more obvious ethnic groups (and settlements) tend to have established socio-cultural organizations for purposes of social cohesion and maintenance of ethnic traditions, and for promoting specific socio-cultural, political, judicial (dispute settlement), economic, sports and entertainment, education, welfare, environment, or development (especially health­ aSSOCiated) agendas (e.g., local youth groups or Yuva Samuha, mother's groups or Ama Samuha, and others).

The various community-based organizations (CBOs) are useflJl contact pOints during project implementation.

i) Land and Natural Resources

Private land holdings are the norm. In the past, however, a system of communal tenure known as Kipat, was practiced especially among the Limbu of eastern Nepal. In 1947 AD, however, Kipat was abolished and Kipat landholdings were converted to private holdings.

As elsewhere in Nepal, some local lands are designated as Guthi, or religious trust lands. None are known to be associated with Angle Towers on the TL corridor.

Private forest lands are common among the ethnic groups, and are used for a variety of purposes: e.g., fuelwood and fodder collection, building materials, for collection of herbs and ayurvedic and medical plants and wild foods (nuts, berries, tubers, etc.), and for grazing livestock. And, in some communities, there are community forests (Samudayik Ban) with participatory Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs).

The vast majority of Angle Towers are sited on private, cultivated land, and secondly on barren government land. Several others are sited on government land and in government forests, and one on community forest land. See Tables 4.1 and 4.2, above, for details of Angle Tower and Power Sub-Station locations. 4.4 Anticipated Impacts and Mitigation Measures

During the course of the SIA field research, the following attitudes, perceptions and expectations from the KCTL Project were expressed by the respondants during focus group discussions and interviews. They help form the background for the following Table 4.4: Matrix of Socio-Economic Conditions of Households and Communities in Project Affected VDCs.

4.4.1 Attitudes and Perceptions towards the KCTL Project

(a) General Perceptions and Expectations

Both the Kabeli hydroelectric and transmission line projects generally enjoy positive perceptions among the residents of the project affected VDCs, based on the focus group discussions held in the settlements. It is seen to have significant benefits forthcoming, both locally and nationally.

During almost every FGD, village partiCipants/discussants listed benefits that they expect to accrue from the project(s), including most prominently the following:

• local rural electrification where it does not already exist, and enhancements to the system where it does; • local employment on the project; Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 21 • skill enhancement training (for employment and livelihood improvement); • introduction and training in enhanced/modern agriculture and livestock rearing practices (including hybrid seeds, and animal health improvement); • rehabilitation and improved maintenance of rural roads; • improved health facilities (esp. safe drinking water, and sanitation); • enhanced educational awareness, facilities and opportunities; and • enhanced conditions for indigenous, women's and other vulnerable groups development.

(b) Modes of implementation of social development program

From most discussions it is clear that the local people wish to see the involvement of CBOs, NGOs and national experts in the implementation of the benefits listed above. Community participation in decision-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation are considered most valuable.

(c) Mitigation measures and modes of rehabilitation or restoration

In cases where compensation is due, the locals wish to see it in the following forms:

• Cash compensation; • Provision of land to project affected families (PAFs); and/or • Resettlement and rehabilitation for those PAFs displaced by the project (if any).

(d) Grievance and Hearing Mechanisms

The grievance and hearing mechanisms should be both transparent, and documented in writing.

(e) Monitoring and Evaluation

M&E should occur often and be participatory.

4.4.2 Socio-Economic and Environmental Conditions, Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Project VDCs

Based on the SIA field research, through discussion groups, interviews and observations, and the knowleqge of similar transmission line projects in Nepal, a list of existing conditions, potential impacts (direct and indirect) and of proposed mitigation measures has been developed. The findings are encapsulated in Table 4.4, below.

These findings are based on representative data collected from caste and ethnic groups, including Indigenous Groups (Adivasi/Janjati), and Vulnerable Groups (Dalit and Women), and are combined here as a general viewpoint.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 22 Table 4.4. Matrix of Socio·Economic Conditions, Impacts and Mitigation Measures in Project Affected VDCs

C@IS!!~GCONDITIONS I~",TICIPATED IMPACTS ISUGGESTED MITIGATION MEASURES INOTEs 1. ECONOMY/EMPLOYMENT I • Basic ~~~nomy & primary employ­ • Construction camp &workers • As far as possible employment on KCTLP will be Other than a few jobs on ment: Agriculture &livestock rearing, impact on local economy, given to local residents. KCTLP, little disruption to combined with foreign employment services & infrastructure. • Skill training necessary for employment on KCTLP basic employment is antic­ with remittances (esp. in Gulf states) • Economic loss & quality of life to be provided. ipated. Previous lack of &some military/police &government changes due to land use opportunity in skills training service work. Agriculture includes • Women's upliftment programs to be implemented, reported. changes (see also below, #2). esp. on micro-credit, village banking &savings, & standard field crops (rice, millet, corn, Cash crops have proven to small business operation. wheat) &cash crops (esp. tea planta- have great potential for I tion & alaichi (cardamom). • Local employment be maximized so that impacts raising hhs economies. • Secondary employment includes to local infrastructure &services will be minimised. Ethnic Rai informants daily wage labor work, carpentry, • Construction camps to be provisioned with report significant economic masonry, & small business. I separate consumer good shops to the outside income from cash cropping. Data incomplete, but same • Dalit most seriously deprived workforce for consumer products which are imported economically. to the local area. anticipated for Limbu & other ethnic groups. • Women-headed households • Priority given to vegetables &other daily consumer products grown locally for construction Close linkage here with I account for approximately 15% of Food Sufficiency/lnsuffi- landholders where ATs are sited. camp consumption. I ciency situation under #3, • The camps will be provisioned with separate below. communication services &transport services. • The camps will not use the local water supply facilities but will establish own water supply system .

....~ ------2. LAND USE, CROP LAND & FOREST LAND ------• With rare exception, land holdings • Project acquisition of private • Compensation for permanently occupied lands at • No population displace­ are not large; many are insufficient to agricultural lands at the 34 Angle transmission right of way (2.821 hal, & at PSIS ment or resettlement antic­ meet annual household needs for Towers (ATs). (4.324 hal. ipated. food production. • Minor land use change under • Partial compensation for temporary damage to • Need to engage locals as • Over half the land for ATs is private, TLs &ROW restrictions. crops/cropland &for rentals during TL construction participants in rehabilitation cultivated; much larger percentage • Minor built structures removal. period. program planning & imple­ under TL right-of-way between ATs. • No change in agricultural land use along Trans­ mentation, through NGOs & • Minor discomfort to affected CBOs. hhs. mission Line (TL) right-of-way (ROW) between ATs. • Need to transport salvaged • Compensation to ROW restriction (89.27 hal. Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 23 --_._­ materials. • Compensation to built structures (23 structures). • ROW restrictions on commu­ • Discomfort allowance to affected residential nity forest lands (cut-back due to households (discomfort & rentals). tree height restrictions); hence • Transportation allowances for the salvaged loss offodder, timber, & fuelwood materials. trees. • Rehabilitation programs to the seriously affected • Damage to standing crops households (to be defined in cooperation & with along ROW during TL construc­ participation of local groups). tion period. • Compensation to community forest user groups for • Temporary land rental during ROW tree height restrictions. construction. • Direct Impacts on Community Forest! Leasehold Forest Resources • Loss of standing trees on CF land to be compensated as per the norms of Forest Guidelines (2006) on the aqusition of forest land. • CFUG members to be given NTFP enhancement training programs & encouraged to develop NTFP plantation along TL ROW. • Interested CFUG members to be given job opportunities in the compensatory afforestation programs, as per Forest Guidelines (2006) 3. FOOD SUFFICIENCY

• Insufficient food supply from hhs • Impact of outside construction • Compensation for loss of fruit trees & agricultural Close linkage with Econ­ agriculture is the norm. Only 5% Hhs crew influx on local food production under ATs & for potential restrictions omy/Employment (#1), interviewed report food sufficiency for supplies. under TL ROW. above. 12 months. 15% for 9 mos. 37% for 6 • Training in improved agricultural & livestock rear­ mos. 39% for 3 mos. ing practices, & in cash crop raising. -- 4. ENVIRONMENT

• Local environment largely undis­ • Telephone & electric lines • Telephone & electricity user communities will be turbed government & community disruption under TL during TL given prior notification regarding disruption of forests. construction. services. Services to be re-established as soon as • Little concern for environmental • Potential environmental the completion of the cable stringing. issues due to low impact on the impacts with influx of outside • Clearance above the telephone & electrical environment by local communities. workforce for TL construction. distribution lines will be maintained in all areas.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 24 • The TL alignment avoids as far as possible community resources under the ROW. • Outside construction workforce will be discouraged from bringing family members to the local are (to lessen stress on environmental &social services). • Construction camps will not use fuelwood for daily food cooking; rather, LPG or kerosiene for cooking will be provided by the project at subsidized rates. • Construction camps sites will be located as much as possible outside public lands or community lands. • Any loss to the communial resources by the project will be compensated to the communities at the market price. • Placement of material stockpile in closed areas not obstructing the general visual aesthetics of the stockpile area • Foundation excavation works be limited to the required amount & placement of the material &spoil in environmentally friendly manner not disturbing the • Impact on communal! environ­ local visual aesthetics mental resources base from con­ struction activities. • Stockpile the cleared vegetation (timber & bio­ mass) in specific areas not disturbing the local visual aesthetics. • Impacts to local area aesthetics • Plantation of high growing local tree species on &tourism. either side of the ROW to hide the pylons &the cables at a safe distance from the cable & pylon structure outside the ROW. 5. HEALTH &SANITATION

--- ,-----­ .-­ • Serious community & personal • Potential disruption to drinking • Care to be taken not to damage water systems A general of awareness of health & sanitation issues. water systems (natural water during TL construction. basic health issues &pre­ ventative measures • Below average access to safe sources &piped water). • Compensation for any damaged water systems drinking water. (natural sources & pipes). reported in most communi­ ties. • Below average access/use of & • TL construction workforce to be instructed & Adequate &safe sanitation (toilets) monitored regularly re: occupational health risks Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabefi Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 25 below average. • Direct impacts on occupational during construction works. • Knowledge, understanding & health. • Provision of first aid kits to all TL working sites, practice of good personal hygiene • Health & safety plans to be prepared & below average. operationalized for entire construction period to • Major illnesses: respiratory safeguard health & safety of construction workforce infection, diarrhea, skin allergies, (and nearby local residents) especially with uterine prolapse in women, high provisions of rescue in case of accidents. blood pressure, jaundice, & other. • Only healthy workers will be employed in the construction workforce. • Sanitary conditions of camps (e.g., tOilets, water supply, solid & liquid waste) to be managed by launching speCial sanitary programs. • Construction workforce to be provisioned with free condoms, & given personal health/hygiene informati on. • Health services to be provided to construction workforce shall not depend upon local health services. • Awareness programs will be launched at the begining of the project operation to the local communities close to the ROW land on the potential impacts & precautionary measures to be employed to protect onself from the electrical & electomagnetic fields & stray voltage. • Hoarding boards will be placed in critical places along ROW with instructions to safeguard from the • Direct impacts of electric & electrical, electromagnetic & stray voltage impacts. electromagnetic fields & stray • Barricade the Pylon structures from easy access voltage on public & environmen­ to the people tal health. • Provide regular training to maintenance work­ force about risks &safety measures to be taken while maintaining the line &sub-station. • Provide safety gear to maintenance workforce & • Direct impacts on radio, tele­ instruct their compulsory use during the mainten­ vision, telephone, mobile recep­ ancework. ______-L___ & implementable medical • Hoarding boards will be placed in critical places

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 26 devices. .--_.- l along ROW with instructions to safeguard populace ______J-______~_from electrical & electromagnetic fields. 6. EOUCA TION • Level of educational attainment I. Minimal impacts anticipated. • Assist in upgrading local schools & teacher educa­ In the short run, job skills generally not high: 29% illiterate. 37% tion training, especially to most seriously affected training & enhancements to completed only primary school. 12% hhs. agriculture & livestock lower secondary. 7.5% higher rearing practices may be secondary. Only 5.4% SLC level. more important in quickly Above that: negligible. enhancing/improving the • Educational facilities & opportunities local economy. insufficient or lacking. • Health education lacking. 7. SOCIAL, CULTURAL, LEGAL

• Traditional socio-cultural systems • Indirect Impacts on Law & • The local law & order authorities will be regularly exist. Order Situation. informed about the construction planning & sites of • Standard rural legal & security • Indirect impacts on local tradi­ construction works & ativities. situation, largely without police tion & culture. • The construction workforce will be regularly presence. instructed to respect local people & their traditions & culture & to avoid conflict with local people. • The construction workforce will be regularly instructed to remain within the camps in between 7pm to 6am daily unless required for construction works. • Avoid entering into private premises without informing & without the permission of the property owners. • Contractors & workforce to be instructed to honor local culture &traditions, &to behave with civility & respect with local population. ------~-----

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabel; Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 27 ANNEXES

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabel! Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 28 Annex 1: Survey License

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabefi Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 29 Annex 2: Field Study Schedule along with Team Composition

~. , --"----; I I ! I i Angle Group District VDCs Settlement I Points I Remarks I i Tudikhel, Bokre, I I Preference to I Tehrathum Chattedhunga , Negeshwori I AP-1 I Bokre I ! Khamkhu, Pakhagau, I JPreference to I Panchthar Subhar}9 I Ekcheppa, Chautara : AP-2 , AP-3 Chautara [ I I Dadagau, Chukfara, i Preference to I Panchthar Bharapa I Hokse Dadagau ! 1. Jyangjee ! Soktin, Tirtire, Jorsal i I . and Neeraj Panchthar Phidim I Bazaar AP-4, AP-5 I I I IPreference to IDangalgau, Kol bote , AP-6. AP-7, : Dangalgau, I I Tinmaule, Chokmagu, AP-8, AP-9 Kolbote, Tinmaule, I Panchthar Chokmagu Maidane, Bhadaure (Old AP-10) Chokmagu, I I AP-12,AP­ I 13, AP-14, Panchthar I Siwa I Siwa, Khamladin AP-15 I 2. Hari, Panchthar Nawamidanda Patle Bhanjyang AP-16 Prasan and I Kolbung, Hanyok, Sisuba, • AP-17, AP­ Dependra, I Panchthar IlmbUng Newa~au I 18 ! I I Bahungau, Dadagau. ! I Panchthar I Pauwasartap Sartap. Timbure i AP-19 I i Panchthar Chilingden Ctlyaplun, Lukuwa I AP-20

Dueurali or nearest ! ·lIam I Phakphok settlement of AP-21 i AP-21

Phalate, Simsara, I Chaulagaigau, Munsigau. I Illam I Chamaita Thapagau ,Khandrun I AP-22 I Metalun or Closest ! liam Ektappa Setllement Tapewa, Sabjun, Sunwargau, Majhuwa , I I 3. Abhishek I Mangalbare, : AP-23, AP­ I Preference to I . and Manoj i lIam Mangalbare Gagrebhanivang. Panitar 24 I Sunwargau I

Dhadegau, Jitpure i \lIam Sangarumba Bazaar, Talkharka, Lumde i AP-25 I I Choke bazaar, Bhirgau, I Ap-26, Ap­ Khandrun, Aiselukharka, I 27 and AP­ i Ham I Siddhithumka Siddhithumka, 128 AP-29, AP­ 30, AP-31 , AP-5, AP-4,

I Yannam, Soyak, Sirkot. AP-3, ,AP- Ham Sovak I Belase, Ekphewa, ·6 lIam Chisapani Satare I AP-2

AP-1 and 4. Dr.Don Proposed and , Hub or : Dr.Pratima Ilam I GodaK Setuwabesi, Bhnadarigau I Substation i I I i

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 30 "am 1SS'O.yL.:::ak:..:...- __....J.!.....:B::.::a:.:.;h:=a"n:.:,.:a"--_,___, I AP-6 1 ,: - , SanogaulBhorung, . Apdanda, Hangrayo, Ap-7,AP-8, I Chaurase, Chewali, AP-9, AP- i lIam Chisagani I Sadhuwadanda, Dhondre : 10 I IAp-11,AP- \ I Tamakhe, Tamakhe i 42 Old and I f------+:.:..:Mc.;:a::..:h.:::am:.:=a:..i_----+i...:.K.::.h""o:.::la:L'-,-P.:::a:-:;nd::.::u,-,-,..:::.S:a~",-gu:::.:r2i'_--tI.....:A-=P_-.....:4.:::.3-=O:..:.ld::.--+-_ -----l

r-"II,:Ba'ho I Jhike or nearb settlement I ---"'-'---r------1 I Beten;, Aj;ngare, sa::f" Manetar, Budhijhoda, i AP-44,AP- Ajingare may not

5. Dilli and I I' Sukuna, Ratholi, Peltimari, 45, AP-46 consist thick : Tej Raj I Chula..."c:.:..;h=.u1c:...i _---:-B=-a=-r..:.:h,:::,a;z.;o::.::th:..:.e~_____+-=.o'-'rA...:.P;...-.....:4",,-7_-t-.::;.se::.:t::.;,;IIe:;.;..:me:..:..n;,:..t----l

I,! I I ~22,3~ I I Lakha~~ur I i All Grou Lakhan ur I Sabitrachowk 'Substation • ~~~~~--+-~~~~-~~~~~-----+~~~~-+--~---~

Coordinatio n Salil Devkota, TL

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 31 Annex 3: Focus Group Discussion Checklist I Format for Socioeconomic and cultural Environment; Demographic features of nearby Settlements and List of Focus Group Participants

FGD Checklist for Women

Location (District, VDe, Ward and Tole !Gaun): Date: F ac ilitator: 1. Project Description (Presented by the FacilitatorlResearcher) 2. Socioeconomic Profile: (try to get information by caste/ethnic group if the FGD is Heterogeneous) • Population/demographic Features a Proportion of women population a Women headed HHs a Average Age of marriage and child birth • Main and secondary modes of livelihood • Education/ skill &trainings • Formal Employment • Health condition • Patterns of Land and Assets Owned by Women • Patterns of energy used a Cooking a Lighting • Access to other resources and assets a Safe Drinking Water a Toilet a School a Health Centre a Security centre • Access to natural resources a Forestifuelwood/fodder/timber/NTFPs a Animal grazing a River/recreation • Involvement in Decision Making a Domestic Sphere a Public Sphere • Overall status of women

3. Attitude toward the Project and Perceived Likely Impacts (high, low or medium 4. Mitigation Measures and Modes of Rehabilitation! or Restoration 5. General Perception and Understanding of Local Development Needs!lssues 6. Expectations from the Project . 7. Identification of Needs and their Priority within the Scope of the Project 8. Modes of Implementation of Social Development Program a Institutional arrangements a Participation and consultation a Grievances and hearing mechanism a Monitoring and evaluation

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corn'dor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 32 FGD Checklist for Dalit

Location (District, VDC, Ward and Tole /Gaun): Date: Facilitator: 1. Socioeconomic Profile: (try to get information by caste group if the FGD is Heterogeneous)

• Population/demographic Features o Total HHs o Total Population o Male/Female Ratio • Main and Secondary Modes of Livelihood • Land Ownership Patterns • Food Sufficiency Level • Level of Education/ skill & trainings • Formal Employment • Health Condition • Patterns of energy used o Cooking o Lighting • Access to other Resources and Assets o Safe Drinking Water o Toilet o School o Health Centre o Security centre • Access to natural resources o Forestlfuelwood/fodder/timber/NTFPs o Animal grazing o River/recreation • Involvement in Public Decision Making

2. Attitude toward the Project and Perceived Likely Impacts (high, low or medium 3. Mitigation Measures and Modes of Rehabilitation/ or Restoration 4. General Perception and Understanding of Local Development Needs/Issues 5. Expectations from the Project 6. Identification of Needs and their Priority within the Scope of the Project 7. Modes of Implementation of Social Development Program o Institutional arrangements o Participation and consultation o Grievances and hearing mechanism o Monitoring and evaluation

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 33 FGD Checklist for Janjati/Adibasi

Location (District, VDC, Ward and Tole IGaun):

Date:

Facilitator:

1. Project Description (Presented by the FacilitatorlResearcher) 2. Socioeconomic Profile: (try to get information by JanjatiiAdibasi group ifthe FGO is Heterogeneous) • Population/demographic features o Total HHs o Total population o Male/Female Ratio • Main and Secondary Modes of Livelihood • Land Ownership Patterns • Food Sufficiency Level • Level of Education/ skill &trainings • Formal Employment • Health Condition • Patterns of energy used o Cooking o Lighting • Access to other Resources and Assets o Safe Drinking Water o Toilet o School o Health Centre o Security centre • Involvement in Public Decision Making o Ethnic organization o NGOs o Political Parties o Neighborhood • Access to natural resources o Forest/fuelwood/fodder/timber/NTFPs o Animal grazing o River/recreation 3. Self-identification 1. Characteristics of Indigenous Peoples (Adhivasi Janajatis) 2. Distinct social, economic, cultural and political institutions 3.Cultural Heritage a. Cultural resources- temples, shrines, and sacred elements of the land-scape, artifacts and buildings etc. b. Archaeological resources-plants and animal remains, burial sites and architectural elements etc. 4.Language and Oral literature- ritual texts, curative chants, epic poems, musical genres, folk tales, creation tales, songs, myths, legends, word games, ethnic history, or historical narratives etc. 5.Ethnic history of your community, historical continuity in this present location 6.lndigenous Knowledge, tools and techniques 7.Some crucial factors to affected Adivashi Janajati's identity, survival and cultural viability 4. Land and Natural Resources 1. Traditional or de facto or customary rights to land and natural resources 2. Your traditional territory 3. Special relationship with their land as a basic to their existence and to all their beliefs, customs, traditions and culture. 4. Such relationships and their various social, cultural, economic, spiritual and political dimensions 5. Culture and rituals and their contributions in maintenance of social order Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 34 6. Cultural and spiritual specialties attached with Kabeli Khola 7. Communally owned region, forest, hunting areas 8. Animal and plant species found in this area that have cultural, rituals and religious functions/values

5. Religion, Rituals, Customs and Institutions 6. Attitude toward the Project and Perceived Likely Impacts (high, low or medium 7. Mitigation Measures and Modes of Rehabilitationl or Restoration 8. General Perception and Understanding of Local Development Needs/lssues 9. Expectations from the Project 10. Identification of Needs and their Priority within the Scope of the Project 11. Modes of Implementation of Social Development Program o Institutional arrangements o PartiCipation and consultation o Grievances and hearing mechanism o Monitoring and evaluation

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli OJrridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 35 Annex 4 Detailed Socio-Cultural Data on Characteristics of Indigenous Peoples in the KCTL Project Area

A. Socio-Cultural Characteristics of Ethnic Groups (Indigenous Peoples)

The following discussion of ethnic group identity, traditional practices and culture is generalized. Where local variations exist they are noted (by VDC and settlement). Selected practices such as land use, the location of sacred sites, the existence of local social or political organizations, and general attitudes and expectations about the project may have a bearing on project implementation and compensation.

The following seven Indigenous Peoples (ethnic groups) are described: Limbu (4.2.1), Rai (4.2.2), Tamang (4.2.3), Magar (4.2.4), Gurung (4.2.5), Majhi (4.2.6) and Sunwar (4.2.7). (A list of all Indigenous Peoples/ethnic groups of the project districts is found in Table A.1, below.) In the following discussion a number of significant points are made about each Indigenous ethnic group, including factors relating to their ethnic identity and cultural heritage including specific or unique identifying cultural markers, each group's place in the larger society, their relative level of achievement (including such modern factors as socio-economic advancement by taking employment abroad, and seeking educational opportunities), and local perceptions of the project and of issues or needs arising. Much of the data are encapsulated in the Annex Tables. Table A.i. Demographic Data and Location of Focus Group Discussions by Ethnic Group in the Project Area

1 I I Population District* " . Ethnic I-----,--:.-=;=\';;::.:.;;...-"'I,--+-'=Mo-:-=F-I VDC : Ward I Settlement . Group Hhs Male Female Total j Ratiot 1. Terathum Chattedhunga 1 8,9 i Tudikhel i Tamang 120 350 I 410 760 11: 1.17 2. Panchthar Amarpur I 9 J Pinasi ghat Majhi 16 65 I 70 135 1 1: 1.08 f-­ 3. , ISubhang I 2 I Chautara Limbu 5 30 20 I 50 1: 0.67 r-:----'. Bharapa 9 I Simkharka Tamang 6 21! 15 I 36: 1: 0.71 Siba 1 ,Siba Limbu 110 231 539 770: 1: 2.33 ~6.. Imbung I 1 ,Sisuba Limbu 150 495 405 900 I 1: 0.82 I;-i 7.. Pauwasartap I 2 .1 Sartap I Limbu 430 1212 1368 2580 J 1: 1.13 I;;-i 8. , Chilingden 2 I Chaplung : Limbu 80 192 288 480 11: 1.50 9. i lIam Phakphok 5 I Simsara ! Rai 19 51 64 115 1: 1.25 r---t 10. , Chaimaita I Phalate Rai 34 67 111 178' 1: 1.66 f---i 11. I Ektappa 1 JMetalung , Gurung 34 67 111 178 1: 1.66 r---t 12. i Mangalbare 7 I Sunwargau Sunwar 27 69 82 151 1: 1.22 ----l P Sangrumba 9 I Talkharka Tamang 62 178 264 442 1: 1.48 14. I iSidhithumka 6 I Gorkhe Gau Limbu 69 140 400 . 1: 1.86 !----i 15. I IGodak 3 I Bhandaribesi Magar 100 270 330 600 1: 1.21 116l. iChisapani 9: Aapdanda Limbu 35 199 243 442 : 1: 1.22 117.1 IDanabari 9: Saduadanda Rai 60 I 158 188 346 : 1: 1.22 18.1 IBajho 2 JJhilke Rai 33 J 104 124 228 i 1: 1.19 1191 1 Chulachuli 5 I Sarkitar Rai 50 150 200 350 ,1: 1.33

Totals: i 1428 4063 5052 I 9092 : 1: 1.24 Notes: • No ethnic group discussions were held in Jhapa District t The high ratio of female to male in many of these communities is explained by increased childbearing in an attempt to produce a male child (e.g. #s 5.10, 12 and 18 above). +There are many women-headed households in the project-affected VDCs (e.g .. in #14. Sidhithumka), a fact not uncommon in Nepal. Three reasons are usually given: husband is (a) deceased, (b) incapacitated (disabled) or Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 36 (c) employed abroad in a foreign country. A(1). Limbu

The Limbu are the largest Janjati ethnic group in the project area. Among the Indigenous Peoples inhabiting the four project districts, Limbu represent 24.29%4 of the entire population in the project­ affected VDCs. The data were collected from FGDs in Panchthar District (5 communities) and lIam District (2 communities). a} Ethnic History and Origins The history and origins of the Limbu people is shrouded in myth, legend, and mystery. Some believe that their ancestors came from Tibet or Mongolia many generations ago. For example, at Gorkhe Gaun in Siddhithumka VDC (ilam District), the local Limbus say that their ancestors came from Mongolia then split into two groups, one of which settled in parts of what is now Panchthar District and the other in lIam. Note, however, that an authoritative and conclusive ethnography of the origins of most of Nepal's ethnic minorities, including the Limbu, is yet to be written. In general, the Limbu inhabit the eastern Nepal hills "Arun purba", east of the Arun river valley. This includes the four districts through which the Kabeli transmission line corridor has been mapped and studied. Traditionally, this region of east Nepal has been known as Limbuwan (literally 'Land of the Limbus', from which the contemporary Limbuwan political movement takes its name). The Limbu Indigenous Peoples are often lumped together with the Rai and called, collectively, the Kiranti ethnic people. Traditional the Limbu lands of eastern Nepal are also known by the general term of Samuhik Tamsuk, which respondants to this study indicate they have been using since the time of their ancestors. The Limbu and Rai together, as the Kiranti people, are the true indigenous peoples of eastern Nepal. (Sometimes the Sunwar are included among the Kiranti.) Other Indigenous Peoples such as Tamang, Magar, and Gurung have migrated into the eastern hills only in recent generations. Their ancestral homelands are farther west in the hill districts of central and western Nepal. b) Language and Oral Tradition The Limbu traditionally spoke a language known as Yaklhumba or Kiranti, which is written using a script called Shri Janga. Nowadays, the Nepali language and its script (Devanagn) are eclipsing use of the Limbu language. The Limbu are very aware of this form of acculturation to predominant Nepalese cultural expression. In response to this loss of culture, in Imbung VDC (or Panchthar District), Limbu residents have introduced Umbu Upi (Limbu language texts) for study at the +2 level in the local Shri Satya Hangma Higher Secondary SchooL c) Folk tales, song and dance The Limbu have their own unique cultural folk tales and musical traditions known as hakparem sam/oma, khyal/e and pa/am. These and other folk tales/songs are usually told at the time of festivals and weddings. They kelang or dhol naach (a drum dance), the ya/angma (baja or dhan naach, a rice or harvest dance), udhauli naach (a post harvest dance held annually in Mangsir, mid-Nov. to mid-Dec.), ubhauli naach (a New Year and pre-planting festival held annually on Baisakh Purnima, the full moon of Baisakh/mid-April to mid-May), and chyabrung naach. d) Festivals The Limbu celebrate uniquely ethnic festival called Thewasam or Yumasam (commonly known across Nepal as DewalJ) which involves worship of clan gods. This festival has importance for keeping mutual relationships and social order. During this time a bull is killed and special food is prepared and shared among the celebrants. e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion

4 All population percentages in this Annex are based on recent census results (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2001). Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 37 The traditional ancestral religion of the Limbus is called Manghim or Mangdhan and is closely associated with animism and shamanism. Some aspects of the old religion are still practiced, but these days most Limbus follow forms of the predominant Hindu religion of Nepal. Nonetheless, animistic and shamanistic practices are widespread, as described briefly below, and the line between them and Hinduism is not very clear. In fact, there is great overlap between various religious practices and beliefs that results in a remarkable syncretism and religious tolerance. Ritual occasions Ritual activities vary by local group (clan or thar) and location. Usually, only the members of a specific clan may participate in a particular ritual or visit certain sacred sites. Typically, various plants and animals have ritual significance. For example, in the celebration of pitri puja (worship of deceased relative), some Limbus use the tail of a bull. The tail of yak and skin of thar (a type of wild sheep or deer) are also considered important in certain ritual and cultural contexts. Similarly, as elsewhere in Hindu Nepal, the cow is venerated (but never sacrificed or killed). Certain plants or plant parts such as the leaves of tite paati (Artemesia vulgariS) and other medicinal plants with many local names have religious significance. Sacred sites Limbu communities, as most all settlements in Nepal, have designated places of worship called Oevithan (generic goddess shrine), Shivathan (shrine or temple dedicated to Lord Shiva), and other. Near a village called Silaute in Panchthar District, there is a Bhanghim (aSSOCiated with bhang, marijuana). There is also a place to worship a goddess known as Singh a Devi at Silaute. In Siba village of Siba VDC, Panchthar, a site called Tagera Nuwagu is established for the worship of the god Vishnu. Funerary practice and burial sites Funeral practices vary. Limbus typically bury their dead. In some communities of Panchthar district, the burial site is known as Kaporkhana, or Chiyanghari (meaning 'burial ground'). In Chautara village of Subang VDC, Panchthar, a banyan and pipal tree are planted at the burial site. The typical burial monument looks like a small house or memorial chorten, and the land or place where these burial monuments are located are sometimes called chautara (Nep. 'platform'). f) Life CrisislLife Cycle Events Limbu life cycle events are similar to those of Hindu society. For example, after birth a boy's nwaran (naming ceremony) is done on the 4th day, and for girls on the 3rd day. At weddings the Limbus dance the dhol naach (drum dance). In case of illness, local villagers may call a local healer called a fedangma to help them. At death, close family members fast the entire day. Later, a post-funerary ceremony of remembrance is held on an odd numbered day in an odd month of an odd year. In case of an accidental death, a dhami or jhankri (types of shaman) is called upon to conduct a ritual to placate the soul of the deceased. g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage Distinct style of dress Limbu men traditionally wear a distinctive waistband (patuka) into which they tuck their khukuri knife. Men typically wear the common Nepali dress called kurta suruwal, the same as other ethnic . groups such as the Tamang and others. Limbu women's traditional dress was known as tilahari, chandrahar, langwagri, and ka/li. Ornaments worn in the ears and nose, or around the neck, are called chepte sun (necklace). dhungri (ear ring), bulaki (nose ornament). and sirbindi (a head decoration, also called samyang fung). Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry Limbu traditionally make small baskets called dalo, and such common farm implements and tools as halo (plough), doko (basket), namlo (tumpline), and choya (bamboo material for making doko and da/o).

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 38 Among the traditional Limbu weapons are: ta/war (sword), tir (arrow), bha/a (spear), dha/ (shield), and gu/e/i (slingshoot) and nisan (military banner). There is a legend that some of the weapons have historical significance because they were given to the Limbu by King Prithvi Narayan Shah during the unification of Nepal (18th century AD). h) Socia-Cultural and Political Organizations Socio-cultural associations Limbu clubs and other community associations are typically local or settlement-specific. They include youth clubs or neighborhood groups established to accomplish specific goals. For example: • At Chyaplung village of Ward 2, Chiliden VDC, Panchthar District: Tinchuli YuwafYouth Club, dedicated to social and development activities. • At Sartap village of Ward 2, Pauwasartap VDC, Panchthar: Falgun and Green Peace Club, dedicated to social and development activities, to sports and environmental works (e.g., tree plantation, health and sanitation) .. • At Siba village, Ward 1 of Siba VDC, Pan.chthar: Hatemalo Samuha/Association, 'dedicated to social and development activities. Associations such as these (and there are many others in the communities) can be helpful in promoting project activities and disseminating project-related information. Political associations Although no specific political associations (party affiliation or political agenda) were revealed to the researchers (possibly due of the sensitivity involved with politics throughout Nepal), it is known that the Limbu people belong to various political parties. Many, for example, are proud that the Speaker of the National Assembly (Subash Nemwang, a Limbu from east Nepal) is a prominent member of the UMUUnited Marxist Leninist Party. Others claim preference for the Nepal Congress Party, and some for the Maoist Party. East Nepal is also home to the Limbuwan nationalist movement, and there are some eastern hill residents who are sympathetic to the politically active Gorkhaland nationalist movement of neighboring Sikkim and West Bengal in India (Darjeeling and vicinity). i) Land and Natural Resources Most Limbu people own private land. Before the year 2031 VS (1974 AD) all Limbu lands were communal, and known as Kipat. In 2031, however, Kipat was abolished and Kipat landholdings were converted to private holdings. As elsewhere in Nepal, some local lands are deSignated as guthi, or religious trust lands. One example is at Silaute Village in Panchthar district, where there is uncultivated trust land of 100 ropani (5.09 ha.) in size. Private forest lands are also common among the Limbu. They are used for a variety of purposes, including the collection of fuelwood and fodder, and building materials, for collection of herbs and ayurvedic and medical plants and wild foods (nuts, berries, tubers, etc.), and for grazing livestock. And, in some communities, there are community forests (samudayik ban) with partiCipatory community forest user groups (CFUGs). j) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission Line Project General perceptions Opinions of the project by Limbus is generally positive, accompanied by the following sorts of observations: • Project should guarantee continuous electriCity locally • Project should develop the infrastructure needed • Towers should be erected on useless land, if possible • At Siba VDC (Panchthar): "We are not giving land if we don't get electricity," and "The Power Sub-Station should be at Siba, if possible." Mitigation measures and modes ofrehabilitation or restoration • Compensation by payment of money Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 39 • Compensation by providing land to affected families • For those displaced PAFs (if any), provide an appropriate rehabilitation site General perceptions/expectations and understandings/needs/issues • Needs indicated include: jobs; construction of schools (alternately: a college, a higher secondary school); construction of a hospital; provision of electricity; road construction; skill development program; safe drinking water supply and sanitation; Modes ofimplementation ofsocial development program • Institutional arrangements: community based; through NGOs and INGOs (locals expressed opinion that there is a high chance of corruption of implemented by the government); elsewhere the opinion was community-based implementation with government assistance; or, simply govemment-based programs. • Participation and consultation: by consultation with the local people; and development work should be organized; participation and involvement by all without respect to age, gender, religion or caste; Grievance and hearing mechanisms • In written form. Monitoring and evaluation • M&E should be continuous; by project and by community.

A.2. Rai The Rai are the second largest indigenous Janjati ethnic group in the project area. Only the Limbu have a larger population. Both are considered as the Kiranti people of eastern Nepal. The Rai represent 16.61 % of the population in the project-affected VDCs. The data for this section were collected from focus group discussion with ethnic Rai representing the neighboring villages of Phalate and Simsara, of Chamaita (Ward 9) and Phakphok (Ward 5), respectively, in Panchthar District. These two villages are very close neighbors with similar history, traditions and rituals. a) ) Ethnic History and Origins The Rai are indigenous to the eastern Nepal hills, part of the larger Kiranti people (which includes the Limbu, as well). About 200-250 years ago, the Rai ancestors of these villages were travelling through this place to India from Bhojpur and Khotang Districts when they realized this location was a suitable place to settle. b) Language and Oral Tradition Their language is known as Wantawa and the Kiranti script is called Upi. c) Folk tales, song and dance Song and dance Chadi, Sake/a, Yaichadi and Chakhewa are Rai songs sung during festivals. They are accompanied by the dho/ (drum) and shaking of yak tail ("Chauri ko puchhar hallaudai'). They perform different types of cultural dances (naach) like Dho/ Naach, Lakhe Naach, Debi Dewata Pukarne Naach. Musical instruments Typical musical instruments like dho/, damaru, jhyamta and ektare are played to celebrate festivals and ceremonies. d) Festivals They celebrate two major festivals, namely Ubhauli (on Baisakh Purnima, the full moon day of the month of mid-April/May) and Udhauli (Mangsir Purnima, mid-November/December). Ubhau/i is celebrated before the cultivation of the rice crop (paddy). At that time they worship god and pray for protection from drought, wind, hail and heavy rainfall, and for good rainfall to get better yield from

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 40 crop production, Thus, the main purpose of their pray is to project crops from Nature. Udhau/i is celebrated after harvesting of crop (paddy). They again pray god for the continuity of better yield of crop than the current year on coming year. Apart from celebrating these two festivals, they celebrate such other pan-Nepal festivals as Dashain, Tihar, Sankaranti, and others. e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion They follow the Kirat religion (similar to the Limbu). The priest is called a Kirant Guru. They are natural lovers and worship land, sacred stones, trees and water, and are against the sacrifice of animals. Ritual occasions See festivals, above. Sacred sites There are altogether nine sacred places, namely: Siddha Devithan (to the goddess Durga) where they worship during the festival of Dashain. Felling down of tree around this Devithan is prohibited. They also worship Ganesh, Lord Shiva and Parvati as their main gods and goddess. Both the Rai communities of Simsara and Phalate share common ritual sites. They also worship a stone of Simsara Khola and Shiva/aya at Chamaita, Ward 9). A pond located near Deura/i Danda is also considered to be sacred. Funerary practice and burial sites Usually they use both public and private land as the burial site. However, Rai of this settlement also uses Tinjure Danda as the burial site (also called Chihan Danda). f) Life Crisis/Life Cycle Events Birth Nawaran (naming ceremony) on the fifth day after childbirth for a daughter, and seventh day for a son. And, on the 22nd day after childbirth they call a priest for blessing. Marriage There are two types of marriage: love marriage and arranged marriage. In a love marriage, the girl runs away with the boy who takes her to his home after convincing his parents. After three days, the groom's family goes to bride's house to apologize for their son and to convince them of the marriage. The groom's family gives a goat to bride family as compensation (a type of punishment pay). Then, a marriage reception is organized at both sides. In an arranged marriage the groom's side approaches the prospective bride's family with a proposal, bringing alcohol and fruits. Once the bride's side accepts the gifts, the proposal is considered fixed. On the day of the wedding, the groom's party goes to the bride's home in a procession called a janti. The priest chants a mantra as the bride is admitted into the groom's home. Death The Kirat priest chants a mantra for the purification of the dead body. Then a shankha (conch shell) is blown and jhyamti is played as the body is carried to the burial site. Following death, family members abstainfrom eating oil and salt for seven to 12 days. For a natural death, the body is buried. In case of unnatural death (accident, suicide) the body is burned. g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage and Self Image Distinct style of dress The Rai wear a distinctive style of dress: the daura, suruwa/, topi, pagari, and khukuri for men, and chaubandi choli and khurmi for women. Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 41 Indigenous knowledge The Rai have inherent ethnic knowledge such as Dhami and Jhakri for diagnoses and healing. They also possess special skills to construct bows and arrows (dhanus kaand), which in ancient times were used for defense against enemies and to hunt wild animals. They also have knowledge for making typical musical instruments (e.g., dhol, damaru, jhyamta, ektare). Self-Image According to the Rai of these communities, major factors affecting their self-identity, survival and cultural viability relate to the effects of modernization and globalization including foreign employment and the attraction of youth towards Western culture. They also see their children going outside of the settlement for higher education and being influenced by foreign cultures. They also mention lack of institutional arrangements for the development and preservation of their unique Rai culture and traditions, and lack of government policies to support the preservation of their religion and culture. h) Socia-Cultural and Political Organizations They feel that as a distinct ethnic group they are behind in all aspects, especially in education and regarding foreign employment. There is no special organization working for the welfare of the Rai people (they have a demand to establish some organization which works for their welfare). Socia-cultural and political associations Nothing special. i) Land and Natural Resources Land Traditional or de facto customary rights to land and natural resources among the Rai include the traditional use of Tinjure Danda and the forest of Nunthala Danda for burial. The pasture of Tinjure is used by the Rai of Phalate village for grazing livestock. (If the project acquires these communal lands for the project, the locals must be compensated, or they should be allowed to utilize these land though they have no land ownership certificate.) They also claim the land from Deurali Bhanjyang to Phalate Bazaar as their traditional territory. Plants At the time of Nawaran, the child naming ceremony, the seeds of a plant called bhengur have ritual significance. And, at death, the thorn of aise/u (Rubus e/lipticus) as well as khar (thatch grass) and leaves of tite paati (Artemesia vulgaris) have ritual importance. At marriage they use the leaf of a tree named miche limba. They also use the following plants in various ritual activities: tite paati, banana leaf, fruits, paan leaf (Piper betle, the betel leaf). Animals Yak's wool in death rituals. And, while their religion does not permit them to sacrifice of animals, they nonetheless eat meat. j) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission Line Project General perceptions In general, the Rai have a positive perception of the project, but they expect a good compensation and supply of electricity to the settlements. General perceptions/expectations and understandings/needs/issues They listed the following expectations from the project Enhancement of rural electrification by replacing wooden poles by steel poles; high voltage electricity will help to establish tea factory in the area; road development; sanitation and health related programs; tourism enhancement program; modern agricultural techniques and livestock development programs (esp. hybrid livestock); program to cure and control recently spread disease affecting the alaichi (black cardamom) drop as well as diseases of livestock; and other disease of livestock; special programs to enhance the condition of women and indigenous groups; programs for educational awareness.

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 42 Modes ofimplementation ofsocial development program Through community based organizations. Grievance and hearing mechanisms Through written complaint.

A.3. Tamang Among the Indigenous Peoples inhabiting the project area, Tamangs represent only 6.01 % of the entire population in the project-affected VDCs. The data for this description of the Tamang Indigenous People is from focus group discussions in lIam District at Talkharka, Sangarumba VDC, at Simkharka, Bharapa VDC, Panchthar District, and at Tudikhel, Chattedhunga VDC, Terathum District. a) Ethnic History and Origins Tamangs trace their origins to the central Nepal districts of Sindhupalchok and Nuwakot. They are relatively recent migrants to the eastern hill districts (several generations back). Some Tamang communities are unsure of their ancestral origins. b) Language and Oral Tradition Tamang language, though not all Tamangs are able to speak their ancestral language. c) Folk tales, song and dance Dances known as damphu naach and Tamang-selo. d) Festivals See below. e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion The Tamang are Buddhist, and their temple is a gumba. Some also practice Hindu religious rituals. Ritual occasions Before starting out agricultural activity each year, they worship the snake, especially nag. At the occasions of a birth or a death, Tamangs perform a ritual called Lama padaune. At the time of a marriage they sing a Tamang song and beat a type of drum called damphu. At the time of childbirth and at death, Tamangs Sing Tamang songs and beat the damphu instrument. Sacred sites and practices Funerary practice and burial sites Tamangs either bury the dead, on private land, or they burn the body. f) Life Crisis/Life Cycle Events Some specific traditions are practiced at the times of birth, weddings, and death (as described in other sections here). g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage Distinct style ofdress On special occasions they wear a distinctive style of clothing made from allo, a natural fiber made from the Himalayan giant nettle plant. They wear this clothing especially on such occasions as Buddha's Birthday (Buddha Jayanll), and others. They also wear a traditional dress as khadi (home spun cotton) on special occasions. The khadi is woven on a charkha. Distinctive instruments, tools, omaments and weaponry Tamangs excel in house building and furniture making, but have no other indigenous knowledge of tools and techniques. Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 43 Distinctive food items Tamangs prepare a special soup or stew known as ku thu!pa, consisting of nine different ingredients, including buckwheat. barley and wheat. During festivals and at funerals, Tamangs alcohol and meat are necessary. h) Socio-Cultural and Political Organizations Socio-cultural associations Nothing significant reported. Political associations Nothing significant reported. i) Land and Natural Resources Land No unique traditional or de facto customary rights to land and natural resources, and there is no specific local territory with which they identify. In some communities there are communally managed forests and hunting areas. Animals andplants Similar to their caste and ethnic neighbors, the Tamangs revere the bar, pipa! and sima! trees. They also consider the cow as an animal of religious importance. j) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission Line Project General perceptions Generally high and positive attitude by the Tamang Indigenous People. In addition, they observed the following: • Project should supply: electricity, safe drinking water supply, health facilities, improved transportation (roads), employment. • Development works should come to their communities, such as improved transportation (roads), to enhance local livelihoods Mitigation measures and modes of rehabilitation or restoration • Give appropriate compensation; keep the number of trees to be cut to a minimum; if necessary, if houses are affected they should be replaced in another appropriate location; training programs and skill development must be given to enhance local livelihoods General perceptions/expectations and understandings/needs/issues • Every household will have continuous electricity supply; provide safe drinking water management; aid to local health facilities; skill development and training programs needed; and employment Modes of implementation of social development programs • Institutional arrangements: should be government based • Participation and consultation: Tamangs should participate and be consulted on any project that comes to their locality; Tamangs should be given training so that their participation will be effective. Grievance and hearing mechanisms • Public discussion, and discussion with experts with suggestions from educated people as primary way to solve problems Monitoring and evaluation • Appropriate and regular monitoring by Tamang as well as other local people; government expertise needed for efficiency of any project coming to the locality

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 44 A.4. Magar Among the Indigenous Peoples inhabiting the four project districts, Magars represent only 3.99% of the entire population in the project-affected VDCs.

These Magar group data are from one focus group discussion among Magar residents of Bhandaribesi village of Godak VDC, Ham District. a) Ethnic History and Origins Tradition tells us that the Magars migrated into east Nepal from other locations. Those of Godak VDC in Ham, for example, know that their ancestors migrated into Bhandari Besi settlement from the region of Koya Khola (river) near Bhojpur in Taplejung District. Before that, their ancestral origins are obscure, but Magar traditional original home is in the hill districts of central and western Nepal. b) Language and Oral Traditions Magar language, but all speak the national language of Nepali. c) Folk tales, song and dance Traditional Magar dances include these: hurra naach, kauda naach, maruni naach. d) Festivals See Ritual occasions, below. e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion Buddhist. The indigenous Magar religious belief system i called Tripitak. Ritual occasions Buddha Jayanti (Buddha's birthday). Maghe Sakranti celebrated annually in the month of Maghe (mid-Jan. to mid-Feb) (it is also a national public festival). Sacred sites The Magar Buddhist temple is a Gomba. The religious priest is called Bhusal. Funerary practice and burial sites Magar practice two ways to dispose of the dead - by cremation or burial. The chiyan (cremation site) and burial grounds are near the village. f) Life Crisis/Life Cycle Events No data. g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage Distinct style ofdress Lungi, Chaubandi Ghalek. Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry No data. h) Socia-Cultural and Political Organizations Socia-cultural associations No data. Political associations No data. i) Land and Natural Resources

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 45 The Magars of Bhandari Besi settlement in Godak VDC used to have a communal forest that they called 'Jyamirko Jungal', but they were unable to pay the government tax and it was taken back into the government forest system. j) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission Line Project No data.

A.5. Gurung Among the Indigenous Peoples inhabiting the four project districts, Gurungs number only 1647 individuals in the project VDCs, or 0.93% of the population of the VDCs. They are resident in only Panchthar and lIam Districts where they number only 6,325 persons, representing barely one half of 1% of the overall population).

The following data on the Gurung are from one focus group discussion among the Gurung residents of Metalung village of Ektappa VDC, Ward 1 (liam District). a) Ethnic History and Origins Like other Gurungs in the eastern hills, they are recent immigrants from farther west in Nepal. They are identified by their Nepalese citizenship, where their caste and religion are generally listed as Gurung and Buddhist, though in this settlement they generally follow the Hindu religion. The Gurungs of Metalung village claim residence here for seven generations. Their ancestors came to this place from Taplejung District and have been closely influenced by the culture of the Brahmin/Chhetri castes of the village. They have, therefore, long followed the culture, religion and rituals of these caste neighbors people, a trend that has continued to the present, though (under Religion, below, we see that they are attempting to recover some of their Buddhist cultural traditions from the past). b) Language and Oral Tradition These Gurungs do not speak the Gurung language. Over the generations they have abandoned many of their former identifying ethnic characteristics and have lost their ethnic language. All now speak Nepali. c) Folk tales, song and dance Nothing distinctive. d) Festivals See §e) Religion: Ritual occasions, below. e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion The Gurungs here are registered as Buddhist, though they practice aspects of both Hinduism and Buddhism. Their Hinduism mimics their Brahmin/Chhetri caste neighbors and reflects strong association and influence by the Hindu caste culture around them. During rituals associated with birth and death (see below), they engage a Buddhist Lama, whereas for other religious activities they call a Brahmin priest. Recently, the Gurungs of this locale have begun to return to their Buddhist roots for purposes of reclaiming their ethnic cultural heritage. For this purpose, they have contacted nearby Gurungs in Taplejung District. This indicates a renewed realization of their ethnic identity as an Indigenous People of Nepal. They say that their lack of knowledge regarding their own ancestral/traditional culture, religion, social institutions, oral literatures, and the like affects their ethnic identity, survival and cultural viability as an Indigenous People of Nepal. Ritual occasions Have no unique cultural heritage like a Buddhist gomba (temple) or Hindu temple or shrines. At the time of ubhauli, a pre-planting agricultural festival held on Baisakh Purnima (full moon day of Baisakh, April/May) they worship Sansari Danda, a nearby hillock where they release pigeons in a ritual practice called parewa udaune, and drink alcohol and offer fruits to the deities.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, KabeJi Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 46 Sacred sites Other' than Sansari Danda, described above, there are no special archaeological resources, plant and animal remains, nor burial sites or architectural elements. Funerary practice and burial sites No special burial sites. f) Life CrisislLife Cycle Events These Gurungs say that their rituals and other cultural elements play important roles in preserving their culture and traditions and in maintaining social harmony. Birth On the fifth or seventh day after chidlbirth, they call a Lama and for the child naming ceremony. For preparation of the child's horoscope, however, both Lama and Brahmin priests are called, though they tend to prefer a Brahmin for this. new born baby is named according to the day of week. Marriage There are three types of marriage: a) arranged marriage (magi bib aha ), b) love marriage or bhabi bibaha, and c) marriage by capture, described as marriage by theft or force between the fupu chela (boy) and mama cheli (girl). In an arranged marriage, members of the groom's party take alcohol and 21 rupees as sagun (rit) to the bride's home to fix the marriage. At the time of the wedding, the groom arrives at the bride's home in the traditional marriage party, or janta, along with relatives and friends. The traditional musical instrument called a panche baja is played during the ceremony. The father of the bride and of the groom then give each other tika before giving tika to the bride and groom. The bride also receives gifts of copper plates and gagri (containers), and a reception is held at both the home of the bride and of the groom. In love marriage, the girl runs away with boy and is generally taken by boy to his home after convincing his parents. Then, the groom's family goes to bride's house and to ap;ologize for the boy's actions; they then give a g6at to bride's family in compensation and as a punishment pay. Marriage by capture is rarely practiced any more, though it was more common some years back. Death The Gurungs of Metalung bury the deceased from a natural death and burn the deceased in the case of an accidental death. After death, the immediate family members abstain from consuming oil and salt for 14 days, while other relatives hold this same tradition for only three days. g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage Distinct style ofdress No unique style of dress. Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry They have no uniquely Gurung indigenous knowledge of tools or ornaments, but they do have special indigenous knowledge of certain herbs (e.g., titepati, thado unyu, jhayu wound) and they use such herbs as chiraito, asare phool, bhyakur, and tamo for relieving fever and for other cures or treatments. Some of them also practiced DhamilJhari for the treatment of fever, headache, stomach ache and protection against ghost amd evil spirits. They derive their knowledge of medicinal plants and the practice of Dhami/Jhari from their forefathers.\ h) Socio-Cultural and Political Organizations Socio-cultural associations They have no overarching Gurung social, economic, cultural or political institutions. Recently, however, a local organization called Sanjivani has been established in this settlement to deal with disputes arising in the locality. Among its other social responsibilities, the Sanjivani association provides provide vessels and utensils required for such rituals as marriage and death. i) Land and Natural Resources

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 47 Land There are no traditional or de facto customary rights to land and natural resources, except for communal forest and hunting areas. There is no traditional territory associated with the Gurungs overall, though land and resources are basic to their existence and playa role in many religious beliefs and social customs. Animals and plants Some animal and plant species found in this area have cultural, ritual and religious functions or values to these Gurungs. Among the animals, the wool of sheep has a role during the death ceremonies (many Gurungs of eastern Nepal are sheep herders). Among the plants, the bar and pipal trees, a flower called totala ko phul, mango leaves and supari nuts have special significance. i) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission Line Project General perceptions The Gurungs of Metalung, Ektappa VDC (lIam) feel that the project is promising and will contribute to local and national development. Mitigation measures and modes of rehabilitation or restoration The project, they say, should provide compensation for the land acquired for transmission line towers in a proper and transparent manner. General perceptions/expectations and understandings/needs/issues According to the Gurung informants engaged in the focus group discussion: • Most of the populations rely on agriculture and livestock rearing. Thus, programs should be developed that will enhance agriculture and livestock so that substantial income can be generated. The enhancement programs demanded are the provision of hybrid seeds and hybrid livestock, for example. • As the settlement has no electricity, the natural springs should be utilized for installing micro­ hydropower to supply electriCity. • Other suggestions: improved health facilities, enhanced educational institutions, rehabilitation and management of the existing road, and programs related to drinking water supply and sanitation.

A.S. Majhi The Majhi are identified as a fishing group and as boatmen. They generally reside along rivers. In the VDCs of the project area they number only 714 inhabitants, accounting for less 0.40% of the population. The data here come from a focus group discussion with one group of Majhi, located in the village of Pinaseghat, in Amarpur VDC of Panchthar District. a) Ethnic History and Origins They say that their ancestors migrated many generations ago from Kasi (Benaras), India, along the Ganges river. b) Language and Oral Tradition All speak Nepali; they have no unique language of their own. c) Folk tales, song and dance During the Dewali festival, Majhi women sing a song that is unique to this ethnic group, though they do not know the name of the song. It is a song to promote happiness within the community and to increase the mutual understanding. Similarly, they have a song specific to their ethnic group that is sung at funerals. d) Festivals See above.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Une Project 48 e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion and ritual occasions The Majhi Hindus and follow the same general religious practices as their Brahmin and Chhetri caste neighbors. Sacred sites They have no specific temples or shrines or specific sacred aspects to the landscape, though rivers are of special significance to their socio-economy. And, as do other Hindus, they revere the bar, pipal and simal trees for ritual purposes. Funerary practice and burial sites Unlike other caste and ethnic groups, the Majhi bury their dead at the bank of the river. During the death ceremony they gather and sing a song for the soul to gain eternal peace. The post-funeral ceremony is done for about 9-13 days after death. f) Life Crisisllife Cycle Events See above, regarding burial on a river bank at death. g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage Distinct style ofdress Nothing significant. Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry Nothing Significant. h) Socio-Cultural and Political Organizations Socio-cultural and political associations None that they identify. Other factors affecting self-identity The Majhi identify education and foreign employment as major factors in their contemporary identity as a group. i) land and Natural Resources There are no traditional or de facto customary rights to land and natural resources, though the Majhi depend on river resources, especially fisheries and boating, as critical elements of their traditional socio-economy. They identify no specific territory as their own. j) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission line Project General perceptions The Majhi community holds a positive (high) attitude toward the Kabeli Project. They expect to have their homes electrified after the project commences. They expect to be consulted and to participate in project activities that affect their locality. For grievances and hearings, they expect that public discussion and help from experts will be applied for regular monitoring and evaluation and problem-solving. But express some anxiety that their identity as a unique Nepalese Indigenous People is endangered by the project, after so many outsiders arrive to construct implement the project. (Note that the Majhi of Amarpur reside quite close to the Kabeli hydroelectric plant; hence, they expect significant impacts social and economic.) Mitigation measures and modes of rehabilitation or restoration They expect appropriate compensation for any impacts from the project. They wish to see training programs and skill development initiatives implemented in order to enhance their livelihoods. General perceptions/expectations and understandings/needs/issues

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 49 Specific needs expressed are: drinking water facilities, skill development and training programs, improved transportation infrastructure, and enhanced health and education facilities. They expect that the Majhi community will not be deprived from 24-hour electricity service. Modes ofimplementation ofsocial development programs • Institutional arrangement: government-based; Majhi should be participants and should be consulted on any project that comes to their locality. Grievance and hearing mechanisms • Public discussion, with expert inputs Monitoring and evaluation • M&E by locals with outside expertise as needed A.7.Sunwar The Sunwar represent only 0.52% of the population of the four project-affected Districts, and only slightly more (0.80%) in the specific project-affected VDCs. They are indigenous to the eastern districts of Nepal and are sometimes lumped with the Rai and Limbu as members of the Kirant group of Indigenous People.

The data here come from a focus group discussion with the Sunwar of Sunwargaun, in Mangelore VDC, lIam District. a) Ethnic History and Origins The ancestors of these Sunwar are said to have migrated eastward from the Likhu river area of the eastern district Ramechhap District, first to Panchthar District and finally to lIam (their present location), where they have been residing for the past six generations. b) Language and Oral Tradition The Sunwars speak their own Sunwar language, written in the Kiranti script. c) Folk tales, song and dance Kaincho is used as a singing tune generally during cultural dances like Udhau/i, Ubhau/i, Dhobini Naach, Kalchundi Naach, Dhol Naach and Dumsi Naach. They play typical instruments like dhol, jhyamdra, murchunga and binayo, during festivals, ceremonies and several other occasions and programs. d) Festivals Their festivals include Chandi naach, Udhauli, Uvhauli, Dashin and Tihar, Saune Sakranti, Maghe Sakranti, Chaite Dashain, etc., most of which have seasonal significance. e) Religion, Ritual Observances and Sacred Sites Religion and ritual occasions The Sunwar follow the Kirant religion, one of the oldest and common religion to eastern Nepal and some parts of northern India. See also Festivals, above. Sacred sites Their sacred sites include Syadhar Than, where they perform the Chandi Naach (dance) and worship during the seasonal Udhauli and Ubhauli celebrations. They have a strong belief in Lord Shiva, represented in the sacred shivlinga stone. They also worship the nearby Ratnamai river. Funerary practice and burial sites See below. f) Life Crisis/Life Cycle Events Birth Pregnant women are purified by being touched with fire by the eldest member of the society. They sacrifice a chicken on the third day after childbirth, and the baby is named on the fifth day. Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 50 Marriage There are two types of marriage, arranged and love marriage (bhagi bibaha). In the case ofa love marriage the groom's family gives a goat to the bride's family as compensation or apoloty for the actions of the son. In both types of marriage, a Jhankri (type of shaman) is used as the priest. Death At someone's death, all the villagers gather and take the dead body to the upper hill of the village for burial. They use lime at the burial place, and they worship there during the Dashain religious festival. For a period after one's death, their sons and daughters are not allowed to talk with people of other castes. The male mourners wear white cotton clotyh and shave their head (kesh mundan). Brothers and children of the deceased abstain from eating oil or salt for ten days or, in the case of the death of a child, the siblings abstain for seven days. All other relatives abstain for one day. On all ritual occasions the Sunwar take alcoholic drinks like raksi (spirit) and jaad (a type of fermented grain beer). g) Other Aspects of Cultural Heritage Distinct style ofdress Typical Sunwar male dress includes jhaflar, topi, daura and suruwal. Distinctive instruments, tools, ornaments and weaponry; indigenous knowledge Archaeological elements such as bow and arrow (dhanushkand) , and a special banner or flag as a symbol of god has been used by them from ancestral times. For their own defense and poaching, they used to use tools like bows and arrows, vhalas, kaddi, etc. They can still prepare these items, and some have made collections. The local Sunwars are planning to establish a museum for the collection of traditional cultural items like musical elements (dhof, jhyamda, bhunjchungda, binayo, etc), as well as costumes and other traditional materials. h) Socio-Cultural and Political Organizations Socio-cultural and political associations They have recently established an organization named 'Sunwar Sewa Samar as their local institution that work for the distinct social, economic, cultural and political issues and activities that take place in that area. Other factors affecting self-identity . The Sunwars consider themselves to have been dominated by Brahmin and other influential castes. They suffer from considerable poverty, which is one reason why their youth have recently taken up foreign employment where, they say, they have been further influenced by other cultures and religion. They have also sought educational advancement outside of the settlement, to enhance their status. i) Land and Natural Resources Land and water The Ratnamai river, in the vicinity of the settlement, has particular cultural and spiritual importance to this community. But beyond that there are no other special attachments to the land. Hunting was an ancestral practice in area forests. Plants and animals Among the plant species of importance in Sunwar culture are these: champ tree, tite paat; (Artemesia vulgaris, a medicinal plant), the blossom of totala, and dhupi (for incense). Important animal species and animal parts include the quills of dumsi (porcupine), horn of sheep and hide of deer. j) Attitudes and Perceptions Towards the Kabeli Transmission Line Project General perceptions The implementation of project is a proud feeling as it will be the backbone of electricity supply in the district, village and nation as a whole.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 51 Mitigation measures and modes ofrehabilitation or restoration The compensation should be provided as per the economic condition of the people. NEA should directly meet the affected p~ople while giving compensation General perceptions/expectations and understandings/needs/issues They expect a steady supply of electricity to their community from the project. In addition, they have noted these needs: skill enhancement program, market-oriented program, hybrid animal and crops­ related programs, and rehabilitation of the local village road. Modes ofimplementation ofsocial development programs They wish to see such programs operated through community based organizations. Grievance and hearing mechanisms Grievances and hearing mechanisms should be handled through public hearings. Monitoring and evaluation Should be conducted regularly.

Social Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabe/i Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 52 Table A.2: All Caste and Ethnic Groups of the Project Area Unidentified T~--~T---l 45 il~asteIE=rhniC Group Name Total-~ Caste .1 903 pO.51 I I . No. % 46 Bhote ~f--JL _9. 01 i r-~' ;-::-:~~--T-- 147 ! 1 Chhetri 18742 ,10.61.­ Hayu ~,4 -~O- Brahman - . 48 Dhobi 6 0.00 I Koiri' . 14 r-~ ,!:!i!L'---' 27956 15.82 49 o.ot 50 Baniya 30' 0.02 3 Newar ~922 2.79 [------,--'---r---- 4 Gurung 1647 _~i Darai 8 0.00 5 Teli 84 T 0.05 Rr52 Mallah 10785 6.10 153 Tatma 7 0.00 54 ! Rajbhar 6 r-_O.oq_ ~-~~;,- -I!ts=~ ~-- ,-----.-~-- 8 Lohar 28 0.02 55 Meche 3 0.00 ( 9 Ralp"iJ"t-- +- 9. 0.01 . 56 Munda _ 6 0.09_ 10 I Dhimal +---: 660 0.37 57 Sudhi =r==~~r--~~Q~ U.L~agar ___=045 ~ 3.99 58 Bad; f--OOO j 112 Kami H U297 3.56 ~_ r-I!"'~kai~___ ?_ I O.:QQ. 60 Lepcha 111 0.06 113 Limbu 42925 24.29 [--- t----".-~-~- ~4 Sanyasi--r---g99 0.57 61 Marwadi 39 0.02 15 Baniya 31 0.02 62 Bangali 12 0.01 63 Gaine 3 0.00 ~~;:~~a_r ~~~ 64 Dom 11 0.01 18 Badhae --n=~___ ~1 . 65 . Kalwar I 6 0.00 .JJ!. T~jpuriya . 687 . 0.39 66 Rau~__r 0 ~---c- O.OCL .1Q~ I Mu~lim __I_~L_1---9.02_ 167 ~twe~ I 4 ~, 0.09_ 21 ! Damai/Dholi 12983 1.69 n~rIha~f!1i____+--~---~-0.09_ 69 Dhimal 7! 0.00 ~~~urmi 45 0.03 --;--~--'-'-- I Brahman­ l 70 t-8huraute . 10 0.01 23 Tarai 31 0.02 I-=-':...... r-..;.c::;..~~ - --I--'--="':---f--~~:=:..-J l 71 IKoche' --1-J " 0.00 124 Hajam/Thakur 24 0.01 72 Nuniya I 2 0.00 i L 25 i Majhi 714 0.40 73 Chepang I 6 0.00 26 Kayastha . 48 0.03 I Tota_1___ 176712 1100.00 I Wa ~~:~~a ~~~ ~:~: Source: CBS, 2001 I 29 Yadav 131 0.07 [-30 I Thakuri---- r--12s-0.0-7­ G1 Musahar 104 0.06 ~ 132 GhartiIBhUje~I~=:J19~!0A1~

133 1 Rajbansi 316 I 0.18. I34T banuwar : 53 I 0·9L 135 ~:~:all L2 0.12 ~-unidentifie~-1~~ r1; I~:~ang- ! ~~bt-{* 138 Rai --=-=093.50 ~.&:L. 39 Sarki -l--823 0.47 40 Sherpa I 682 0.39 41 Kalwar 15 0.01 42 ~t.Jnuwar~416 0.80 . 3 Haluwai 74 0.04 ' ~-7hagar/-- -'---r--'--I E44---,?hagar ~~ .-..1?L_Q~i

Socia/Impact Assessment &Management Report, Kabeli Corridor 132 kV Transmission Line Project 53