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Introduction 1 Notes Introduction 1. J. E. Cookson, The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997), v. 2. Christopher Lloyd, The British Seaman, 1200–1860: A Social Survey (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1968), 123. 3. H. V. Bowen, War and British Society, 1688–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 3. 4. Alan Forrest, Conscripts and Deserters: The Army and French Society dur- ing the Revolution and Empiree (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). 5. John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1783 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990); Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–18377 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). 6. HO/28/40: Lieut. Comm. Thomas Hawkes to J. W. Croker, 15 Aug 1811. 7. HO 28/7: R. Dawson, Lt. Governor of the Isle of Man, to Grenville, 20 July 1790. 8. The best studies of impressment are likely to be local histories for this reason. Keith Mercer, “Sailors and Citizens: Press Gangs and Naval- Civilian Relations in Nova Scotia, 1756–1815,” Journal of Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society 10 (2007): 87–113; Keith Mercer, “The Murder of Lieutenant Lawry: A Case Study of British Naval Impressment in Newfoundland, 1794,” Newfoundland and Labrador Studies 21, no. 2 (2006): 255–289. 9. HO 28/7: R. Dawson to Grenville, 20 July 1790; HO 28/24: Evan Nepean to John King, 11 July 1798; HO 28/34: John Barrow to J. Beckett, 1 September 1807; HO 28/40, John Barrow to J. Beckett, 21 August 1811. This simmering sense of injustice helps provide context for similar (but less clearly explained) violent episodes else- where, such as the ones witnessed by the young William Lovett in his Cornish fishing village. William Lovett, Life and Struggles of William Lovett (London: Macgibbon and Kee, 1967), 1–3. 10. I discuss some additional examples from the archives in Isaac Land, “The Humours of Sailortown: Atlantic History Meets Subculture Theory,” in City Limits, ed. Glenn Clark (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, forthcoming). 172 N otes 11. Anthony G. Brown, “The Nore Mutiny: Sedition or Ships’ Biscuits? A Reappraisal,” Mariner’s Mirror 92, no. 1 (February 2006): 63, for sailor shortage. 12. Margarette Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy: British Sea Power, 1750–18155 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002), 32. 13. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Classs (New York: Vintage, 1963); Jonathan Rose, The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001);the term in quotation marks fi rst appeared in Rosemary Ommer and Gerald Panting, eds., Working Men Who Got Wet (St. Johns: Memorial Uni- versity of Newfoundland, 1980). See also Colin Howell, and Richard Twomey, eds., Jack Tar in History: Essays in the History of Maritime Life and Labourr (Fredericton, New Brunswick: Acadiensis Press, 1991). Nicholas Rogers, The Press Gang: Naval Impressment and its Opponents in Georgian Britainn (London: Continuum, 2007) came into my hands too late for me to engage with it fully here. 14. The best-known work is Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). 15. N. A. M. Rodger, The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy (New York: Norton, 1986), 145–204. 16. I am referring to Robert Colls’s bold reading of Rodger’s work in John Hutchinson, Susan Reynolds, Anthony D. Smith, Robert Colls, and Krishan Kumar, “Debate on Krishan Kumar’s The Making of English National Identity,” Nations and Nationalism 13, no. 2 (2007): 193. 17. Rodger, Wooden World, 345: “It offends against every canon of expe- rience and common sense to suppose that men who proved under the supreme test of battle to be brave, disciplined, skilful and daring, were in their everyday lives the degraded subjects of an arbitrary tyranny.” On the same page: “[N]o one who has ever commanded ships or men imagines that cruelty and oppression are the way to mould an effificient fighting force.” Fiercely comprehensive claims of this sort can only be intended to silence disagreement, but consider Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 95–105; for the Red Army, Anthony Beevor, Stalingradd (New York: Viking, 1998), 85–86. 18. N. A. M. Rodger, “Stragglers and Deserters from the Royal Navy During the Seven Years’ War,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 57, no. 135 (May 1984): 56–79. See also Robert R. Dozier, For King, Constitution, and Country: The English Loyalists and the French Revolutionn (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983); Ian R. Christie, Stress and Stability in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain: Refl ections on the British Avoidance of Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon, 1984); Clive Emsley, “The Social Impact of the French N otes 173 Wars,” in Britain and the French Revolution, 1789–1815, edited by H. T. Dickinson (New York: St. Martin’s, 1989), 211–228; H. T. Dickinson, The Politics of the People in Eighteenth-Century Britain (New York: St. Martin’s, 1995). 19. Lloyd, British Seaman, 132–133. 20. Samuel Leech, A Voice from the Main Deck (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999), 17. 21. Stephen Conway, “War and National Identity in the Mid-Eighteenth- Century British Isles,” English Historical Review 116, no. 468 (September 2001): 863–893. The admittedly awkward-sounding term “trans-local feeling of solidarity” does have the merit of approach- ing this problem with the appropriate humility: Juliane Engelhardt, “Patriotism, Nationalism and Modernity: The Patriotic Societies in the Danish Conglomerate State, 1769–1814,” Nations and Nationalism 13, no. 2 (2007): 206. See also J. E. Cookson, “The Napoleonic Wars, Military Scotland and Tory Highlandism in the Early Nine- teenth Century,” Scottish Historical Review 78 (1999): 60–75; J. E. Cookson, “Service without Politics? Army, Militia and Volunteers in Britain during the American and French Revolutionary Wars,”War in His- tory 10, no. 4 (2003): 381–397; Stephen Conway, The British Isles and the War of American Independencee (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). 22. Mark Philp, ed., Resisting Napoleon: The British Response to the Threat of Invasion, 1797–18155 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006). 23. Linda Colley, “The Apotheosis of George III: Loyalty, Royalty, and the British Nation, 1760–1820,” Past and Present 102 (February 1984): 94–129. 24. Robert Fahrner, The Theatre Career of Charles Dibdin the Elder (1745–1814), (New York: Lang, 1989). 25. Conrad Gill, The Naval Mutinies of 17977 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1913) is still the standard work on these events. 26. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nationss, Book 1, Chapter 10. 27. Linda Colley, “Whose Nation?: Class and National Consciousness in Britain, 1750–1830,” Past and Present 113 (November 1986): 97–117; Linda Colley, “Britishness and Otherness: An Argument,” Journal of British Studies 31 (October 1992): 309–329; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992). For the continuing debate and response to Colley’s work on nationalism, see Krishan Kumar, The Making of English National Identity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003); Stephen Conway, War, State, and Society in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). 28. Lincoln, Representing the Royal Navy, 19, 62, 140–143; the window treatment is Plate 6. 29. Charles Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowdss (1852; London: George G. Harrap, 1956), 628–629. 174 N otes For material culture that made a fetish of the sailor, see the lavishly illustrated J. Welles Henderson and Rodney P. Carlisle, Marine Art and Antiques: Jack Tar, a Sailor’s Life, 1750–1910 (Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club, 1999). For an account focusing on this phenomenon, broadly defi ned, in the 1880s and 1890s, see Cynthia Fansler Behrman, Victorian Myths of the Sea (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1977). 30. Colley, Britons, 127. 31. John Nicol, The Life and Adventures of John Nicol, Marinerr (Edin- burgh: William Blackwood, 1822), 208–210. 32. Quarterly Revieww 35, no. 49 (January 1827): 164. For context on Lockhart, see William Thomas, “Religion and Politics in the Quar- terly Review, 1809–1853,” in History, Religion, and Culture: British Intellectual History, 1750–1950, ed. Stefan Collini, Richard What- more, and Brian Young (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 136–155. 33. Quarterly Review 35, no. 49 (January 1827): 149. 34. London Magazinee (June 1750): 266–268. 35. Colley remarked, I hope in jest, that the battle of Waterloo had “made the world safe for gentlemen again”: Britons, 191. Consider the dev- astating indictment of expedient and disingenuous wartime rhetoric in Rebecca Earle, “Creole Patriotism and the Myth of the ‘Loyal Indian’,” Past and Present 172 (August 2001): 125–145. The “gentlemen” on both sides of Spanish America’s wars for independence had a lot to say about the fi ne qualities of the Indians, but they had no intention of empowering the indigenous majority after the fi ghting was over. 36. My argument here has affi nities with, but goes beyond, E. P. Thompson, “Which Britons?” in E. P. Thompson, Making History: Writings on History and Culture (New York: New Press, 1994), 319–329. 37. Tyne Mercury, October 23, 1815; Norman McCord, “The Seamen’s Strike of 1815 in North-East England,” Economic History Revieww 21 (1968): 127–143. 38. Rogers, Press Gang, 125. Chapter 1 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1st edition (1768), s.v. “Clupea”; Britan- nica, 3rd edition (1797), s.v. “Fishery” and “Clupea”; Richard Ayton and William Daniell, A Voyage Round Great Britainn (London: Scolar, 1978), 3: 78–79. 2. Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Centuryy (London: Pelican, 1982), 56; Philip Payton, The Making of Modern Cornwall: Historical Experience and the Persistence of Difference (Redruth: Dyl- lansow Truran, 1992), 86–89; Jane Grigson, Jane Grigson’s Fish Book (London: Michael Joseph, 1993), s.v.
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