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Contrariis Contrarius Patrician College of Arts and Science Department of Psychology Psychopathology - I Subject Code : SAT5A Odd Semester Presented By Dr.Ilakkiya https://www.patriciancollege.ac.in/ What is Psychologically Abnormal? • The Four D’s – Deviance – Distress – Dysfunction – Danger Four D’s in More Detail I. • Deviance – Deviance from or violation of a society’s ideas about proper function. • Norms- a society’s explicit and implicit rules for proper conduct. • Culture- a society’s shared rules that govern the behavior of its members, common history, values, beliefs, habits, skills, technology, and arts. – Includes a valuational aspect which varies from culture to culture. Four D’s in More Detail II. • Distress – Pain or discomfort • Dysfunctional or Maladaptive Behavior – It interferes with daily functioning. • Danger – Behavior that becomes dangerous to self or others. • Note: Abnormal behavior is to some degree arbitrary and culturally determined • Medical Model vs. Bio-psychosocial Model DSM DEFINITION: MENTAL DISORDER • [A mental disorder] is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress (a painful symptom) or disability (impairment in one or more areas of functioning) or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom. In addition, this syndrome or pattern must not be merely an expectable and culturally sanctioned response to a particular event, for example, the death of a loved one. Whatever its original cause, it must currently be considered a manifestation of a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction in the individual. Neither deviant behavior (e.g. political, religious, or sexual) nor conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual as described above. • Syndrome- a group of clinical observations or symptoms that tend to co- occur. Mental Disorder’s Qualifying Terms • Comorbidity-existence of two or more disorders • Acute- describes a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms • Chronic- describes a long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often of progressing seriousness • Mild/Moderate/Severe- describes a disorder of a low order of severity, intermediate order of severity, and a high degree of seriousness. • Episodic Disorder- describes a disorder that tends to abate and to recur • Recurrent- describes a disorder pattern that tends to come and go. The Extent of Abnormal Behavior • Epidemiology- study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population. • Prevalence- the proportion of active cases of a disorder that can be identified in a population at a given point in, or during a given period, of time. • Incidence- occurrence (onset) rate of a given disorder in a given population. • Lifetime Prevalence- the proportion of living persons in a population who have ever had a disorder up to the time of the epidemiological assessment. Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior • Demonology, Gods, and Magic – Cause- possession of evil spirits – Tx- exorcism • Early Greek and Roman Thought – Hippocrates (460-370 B.C) • Cause – Mental Disorders have natural causes – Brain Central Organ of Intellectual Activity – Heredity – Four Bodily Humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) • Tx – Tranquil lifestyle, abstinence from excesses, bleeding, exercise – Pleasant surroundings, massage, hydrotherapy, education, – Bleeding, purging, mechanical restraints Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior II • Early Greek and Roman Thought (cont) – Galen (130-200 A.D.) • Anatomy of Nervous System • Causes – Physical and Mental Categories – Head injuries, alcoholic excess, shock, fear, menstruation – Disappointment of love • Tx – Contrariis contrarius (opposite by opposite) • Middle Ages (500-1500) – Return to Demonology & Superstition and away from Physical Causes • Mass Madness (lycanthropy and tarantism) Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior III • Middle Ages (1500-1700s) – Establishment of Asylums and Shrines • Means of removing mentally ill from society – Horrid condition of filth and deprivation including: darkness, starvation, restraints, cold baths, tortures. • Beginning of the Modern Era – Biological Link between Brain and Mental Disorder • General Paresis & Syphilis • Classification System (Kraeplin) & Medical Model Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior IV – Establishing the Psychological Basis • Mesmerism • Nancy School • Psychoanalysis (Freud) – Hypnosis and Catharsis – Unconscious and Free Association – Establishing An Experimental Research • Laboratories • Behavioral Perspective – Classical Conditioning – Operant Conditioning Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior • Demonology, Gods, and Magic • Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, and Greeks often attributed such behavior to a demon or god who had taken possession • Whether the “possession” was assumed to involve good spirits or evil spirits usually depended on the affected individual’s symptoms. Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts • The Greek temples of healing ushered in the Golden Age of Greece under the Athenian leader Pericles (461–429 b.c.). • This period saw considerable progress in the understanding and treatment of mental disorders Greek physician Hippocrates • denied that deities and demons intervened in the development of illnesses and instead insisted that mental disorders, like other diseases, had natural causes and appropriate treatments • brain was the central organ of intellectual activity and that mental disorders were due to brain pathology. • emphasized the importance of heredity and predisposition and pointed out that injuries to the head could cause sensory and motor disorders. • Hippocrates classified all mental disorders into three general categories— mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever). • Four essential fluids of the body—blood (sanguis), phlegm, bile (choler), and black bile (melancholer). The fluids combined in different proportions within different individuals, and a person’s temperament was determined by which of the humors was dominant. Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness • Plato (429–347 b.c.) studied mentally disturbed individuals who had committed criminal acts and how to deal with them. He wrote that such persons were, in some “obvious” sense, not responsible for their acts and should not receive punishment in the same way as normal persons. • Aristotle (384–322b.c.), who was a pupil of Plato, wrote extensively on mental disorders. Among his most lasting contributions to psychology are his descriptions of consciousness. Later Greek and Roman Thought • Alexandria, Egypt • Medical practices developed to a higher level, and the temples dedicated to Saturn were first- rate sanatoria. • Pleasant surroundings were considered of great therapeutic value for mental patients, who were provided with constant activities including parties, dances, walks in the temple gardens, rowing along the Nile, and musical concerts. • the principle of contrariis contrarius (“opposite by opposite”)—for example, having their patients drink chilled wine while they were in a warm tub. Early Views of Mental Disorders in China • China was one of he earliest developed civilizations in which medicine. • Chinese medicine was based on a belief in natural rather than supernatural causes for illnesses. • The concept of yin and yang, the human body, like the cosmos, is divided into positive and negative forces • both complement and contradict each other. • Chung Ching, who has been called the Hippocrates of China. • views of physical and mental disorders on clinical observations, and he implicated organ pathologies as primary causes. Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages • The first mental hospital was established in Baghdad in a.d. 792; • Followed by others in Damascus and Aleppo • Avicenna from Persia (c. 980–1037),called the “prince of physicians • Author of The Canon of Medicine. • Avicenna frequently referred to hysteria, epilepsy, manic reactions, and melancholia. MASS MADNESS • The widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria. • Whole groups of people were affected simultaneously. Dancing manias (epidemics of raving, jumping, dancing, and convulsions) were reported as early as the tenth century. TARANTISM • A disorder that included an uncontrollable impulse to dance that was often attributed to the bite of the southern European tarantula or wolf spider. • later spread to Germany and the rest of Europe, known as Saint Vitus’s dance. Toward Humanitarian Approaches • Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, scientific questioning reemerged. The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe • Paracelsus (1490–1541), a Swiss physician, was an early critic of superstitious beliefs. • formulated the idea of psychic causes for mental illness, and advocated treatment by “bodily magnetism,” later called hypnosis. The Resurgence of Scientific Questioning in Europe • Johann Weyer (1515–1588), a German physician. • disturbed by the imprisonment, torture, and burning of people accused of witchcraft that he made a careful study. • too far ahead of his time. • Banned by the Church. • St. Vincent de Paul (1576–1660), at the risk of his life, declared, “Mental disease is no different than bodily disease and Christianity demands of the humane and powerful to protect, and
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